QUESTIONS Physics of sound, study of sound Wave motion consisting of series of refraction & condensation produced in air or other

medium by vibrating body.It is an alternation of stress, pressure, particle velocity & particle displacement that is transmitted through air or other medium by a vibrating object. Requirements to produce sound

ANSWERS Acoustics Sound

1. Transmitting medium should be elastic 2. Presence of vibrating body 3. Receiver/end user of energy Interpretation of sound

Objectively: a purely phenomena consisting of wave motion in air or any transmitting medium. . Subjectively: the sensation produced by outside stimulation on the ear. Characteristics of sound according to form & frequency of vibration Irregular in vibration, no definite range of frequency Regular in vibration; consists of fundamental frequencies & harmonics whose combination is pleasant to the ear. Characteristics of sound wave.

1. Noise 2. Music Noise Music 1.Frequency (Audio: 20 Hz 20 kHz) 2. Period 3. Velocity of Propagation. Ultrasonic waves 1. Medical diagnosis/bloodless surgery 2. Removal of tumors Infrasonic waves Supersonic Pressure Level (SPL) Sound Intensity (I) 1. Reference Acoustic Power (RAP) 2. Reference Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Reference Acoustic Power (RAP) Frequency limits

Sound produced by an object w/c is vibrating at a frequency higher than a human ear can hear barely penetrating due to short wavelength. Application of Ultrasonic waves.

Compressional waves whose frequency is less than that to w/c the ear is sensitive. Object traveling faster than the speed of sound. Measure of sound pressure to a certain reference (units in bars = dyne/cm2) Average rate of transmission of sound energy in a given direction through a cross-sectional area. Specific reference level for sound intensity measurement.

Minimum sound power density that is barely audible to human ear.

Audible sound is w/in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

Occurs at 120dB. Physical properties of sound.

Threshold of Pain. 1. Volume 2. Pitch 3. Loudness 4. Loudness level 5. Timbre 6. Intensity 7. Sibilance Volume Pitch Loudness Loudness level

0 dB hearing threshold; 120 dB pain threshold Highness/lowness sound frequency. Measure in terms of MEL Strength of auditory sensation (refers to listeners subjective perception of a sound sensation) Measure in terms of SONE. Objective interpretation of loudness. The loudness level of puretone is equal to the intensity of a 1 kHz tone that sounds equally loud. Expressed in terms pf PHONS. Make sound distinguishable from the others. Average rate of transmission of energy through a cross sectional area of 1 m2 at right angles to the direction of propagation. It is expressed in terms of changes in pressure. Overstressing or overacting of sh & s sounds: determines the brightness of the music. Interval between two frequencies Basic musical pitch of a musical note. Multiples of the fundamental of lowest frequency. Two tones sounded in succession or together. Frequencies w/ ratios 3:4:5. Sound bounces back when it hits a rigid body: may result to echo & reverbaration. Energy is decreased as absorbed; sound energy is converted to heat. The front of the wave slows down as it enters the wall & an angle of refraction occurs. Sound proceeds to its directed path. The fraction of the total received sound energy absorbed by the surface. Acoustical Phenomena

Timbre Intensity

Sibilance

Octave Fundamental Harmonics Interval Major triad Reflection Absorption

Onward Transmission Absorption coefficient () 1. Echo 2. Reverberation 3. Flutter 4. Interference Echo

Reflection or repetition of sound. Is apparent to an observer if the time interval between direct & indirect waves or greater than 1/17 sec.

Uneven decay of sound, normally because of inter-reflection between opposing parallel or concave sources. Uneven or enequal distribution of sound energy due to the cancellation & addition of sound energy. Time required for the mean square sound pressure of a given frequency in an enclosure, initially in steady state, to decrease after the source is stopped, to one millionth of its initial value (i.e the time for 60 dB decay) The fraction of the total received sound energy absorbed by the surface. Unit of absorption. Average absorption of a person. The science of sound An observer s auiditory impression of the strength of a sound. Measured by the sound pressure level of a standard pure tone of specified frequency w/c is assessed by normal observers as being equally loud. Unit of pitch. The pitch of any sound judged by listeners to be n times that of a mel . A pitch interval of 2:1. The tone whose frequency is twice that of the given tone. The unit of loudness when: a. The standard pure tone is produced by a sensibly plane sinusoidal progressive sound wave coming from directly in front of the observer & having a frequency of 1000 Hz. b. The sound pressure level in the free progressive wave is expressed in dB above 2 x 105 N/m2. The attribute of auditory sensation in terms of w/c sound may be ordered on a scale related primarily to frequency. A sound in w/c the sound pressure varies sinusoidally w/ time. The waveform may be represented by a sine wave. The persistence of sound in an enclosure due to repeated reflections at the boundaries. The time required for the mean square sound pressure of a given frequency in an enclosure, initially in a steady state, to decrease after the source is stopped, to one millionth of its initial value (i.e the time for 60 dB decay) The unit of loudness on a scale designed to give scale numbers approximately proportional to the loudness. In a specified direction, the sound energy flux through unit area, normal to that direction. The total sound energy radiated per unit time. -Is equal to 140 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the sound power of the source to the reference sound power (10-12 W) -At a point in a sound field; the alternating component of the pressure at the point. Unit: N/m2.

Reverberation Flutter Interference Reverberation Time (RT60)

Absorption Coefficient () Sabine +.7 sabine Acoustics Loudness Loudness level Mel Octave Phon

Pitch Pure Tone Reverberation Reverberation Time

Sone Sound Intensity (I) Sound Power Sound Power Level (SPL)