CAL-C COMPUTER EDUCATION UNIVERSAL LEARNING CENTRE GHAUSHALLA ROAD AHMEDGARH

By AMRITPAL SINGH
A project report submitted in partial Fulfillment of the requirements for

CERTIFICATE COURSE IN COMPUTER MAINTENCE AND NETWORKING (H06) of Punjab Infotech

Punjab Information & Communication Technology Corporation Limited, 5th & 6th Floor, Udyog Bhawan, Sector 17, Chandigarh.

STUDENT DECLARATION
I here by declare that the project report entitled

MUTIVIBRATOR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course of

CERTIFICATE COURSE IN COMPUTER MAINTENANCE AND NETWORKING (H06)

To Punjab Infotech, India, is my original work and not submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship, or any other similar title or prizes.

Place: AHMEDGARH Date: 05-Feb-2010 Reg. No: UL14

EXAMINERS CERTIFICATION
The project report of

AMRITPAL SINGH

MUTIVIBRATOR
is approved and is acceptable in quality and form

Internal Examiner Name: HARDEV SINGH Qualification: 1 YR Diploma Computer Hardware

External Examiners Name: HARWINDER SINGH Qualification: 3 yrs Diploma in Computer Hardware Designation: FACULTY

CAL-C CENTRE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

MUTIVIBRATOR
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course of

CERTIFICATE COURSE IN COMPUTER MAINTENCE AND NETWORKING (H06)

of Punjab Infotech AMRITPAL SINGH has worked under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this report has been submitted for the award of any other degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar titles or prizes and that the work has not been published in any journal or Magazine.

Reg. No: UL14 Certified Guides Name: HARWINDER SINGH Qualification: : 3 yrs Diploma in Computer Hardware

AIM To study the working of multibrator and create a FLIP FLOP circuit

INTRODUCTION A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and

flip-flops. It is characterized by two amplifying devices (transistors, electron tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors and capacitors. Types of multivibrator circuit:

astable, in which the circuit is not stable in either stateit continuously oscillates from one state to the other. monostable, in which one of the states is stable, but the other is notthe circuit will flip into the unstable state for a determined period, but will eventually return to the stable state. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot. A common application is in eliminating switch bounce. bistable, in which the circuit will remain in either state indefinitely. The circuit can be flipped from one state to the other by an external event or trigger. Such a circuit is important as the fundamental building block of a register or memory device. This circuit is also known as a flip-flop.

LED
LED stands for Light Emitting Diode

This project is designed as an introduction to soldering, identifying common components, using the resistor colour code and placing components correctly on stripboard. The LED flashes at about 3Hz

WORKING
In its simplest form the multivibrator circuit consists of two crosscoupled transistors. Using resistor-capacitor networks within the

circuit to define the time periods of the unstable states, the various types may be implemented. Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals are required. Simple circuits tend to be inaccurate since many factors affect their timing, so they are rarely used where very high precision is required. Before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, chains of multivibrators found use as frequency dividers. A free-running multivibrator with a frequency of one-half to one-tenth of the reference frequency would accurately lock to the reference frequency. This technique was used in early electronic organs, to keep notes of different octaves accurately in tune. Other applications included early television systems, where the various line and frame frequencies were kept synchronized by pulses included in the video signal

A multivibrator circuit is a circuit that has identical components arranged on the left and right hand sides. In the case of the example below, the two PNP transistors, the capacitors and the LEDs are the key components. This circuit will trigger itself repeatedly and in this way the LEDs flash alternately.

Increasing the value of the two electrolytic capacitors increases the time each LED remains on/off. The transistors are general PNP type. It is important to protect the LEDs and this is achieved by adding the 680R (or lower if necessary) fixed resistors.

As the switch is pressed, the capacitors charge up and then discharge. As one capacitor charges the other discharges. As the capacitors discharge, each triggers the base of the transistor it is connected to. This allows current to pass from the collector to the emitter and the LEDs light, alternately.

COMPONENTS
1. 2.

2 PNP TRANSISTOR 2N3906 1 9v Battery

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

2 Capacitor 100 k 2 Resistance 680 2 capacitors 22uf wires PC Board

8. 2 LED