Trial Western Australian Certificate of Education

Question/Answer Booklet

HUMAN
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE

Please place your student identification label in this box

Stage 3
Student Number:

In figures
In words

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Name: ____________________________________
Teacher: __________________________________

Time allowed for this paper

Reading time before commencing work:
Working time for paper:

ten minutes
three hours

Materials required/recommended for this paper

To be provided by the supervisor
This Question/Answer Booklet
Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
To be provided by the candidate
Standard items: pens, pencils, eraser, correction fluid, ruler, highlighters
Special items:

non-programmable calculators satisfying the conditions set by the Curriculum

Council for this course

Important note to candidates

No other items may be taken into the examination room. It is your responsibility
to ensure that you do not have any unauthorised notes or other items of a
non-personal nature in the examination room. If you have any unauthorised
material with you, hand it to the supervisor before reading any further.
See next page

Structure of this paper

Number
of
questions
available

Number of
questions
to be
answered

Suggested
working
time
(minutes)

Marks
available

Percentage
of exam

Section One:
Multiple-choice

30

30

40

30

30

Section Two:
Short answer

90

100

50

Section Three:
Extended answer

50

40

20

Section

Student
Score

100

Instructions to candidates
1.

The rules for the conduct of Western Australian external examinations are detailed in the
Year 12 Information Handbook 2011. Sitting this examination implies that you agree to
abide by these rules.

2.

Answer the questions according to the following instructions.

Section One: Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer Sheet
provided. For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use
only a blue or black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a
cross through that square, do not erase or use correction fluid, and shade
your new answer. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect answers. No
marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.
Sections Two and Three: Write answers in this Question/Answer Booklet.

3.

You must be careful to confine your responses to the specific questions asked and to
follow any instructions that are specific to a particular question.

4.

Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the
page.
Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in
the original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number.
Fill in the number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the
page.

Section One: Multiple-choice

30% (30 Marks)

This section has 30 questions. Answer all questions on the separate Multiple-choice Answer
Sheet provided. For each question shade the box to indicate your answer. Use only a blue or
black pen to shade the boxes. If you make a mistake, place a cross through that square, do not
erase or use correction fluid, and shade your new answer. Marks will not be deducted for incorrect
answers. No marks will be given if more than one answer is completed for any question.
Suggested working time for this section is 30 minutes.

Questions 1 and 2 refer to the diagram presented below

1.

Which of the following correctly identifies the structures labelled A, B and C?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2.

A: Dorsal root
A: Ventral root
A: Ventral root
A: Dorsal root

B: Motor neuron
B: Sensory neuron
B: Receptor
B: Sensory neuron

C: Receptor
C: Effector
C: Motor end plate
C: Receptor

If a nerve blockage is applied at point D, a person will be

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

unable to feel a stimulus but will still be able to respond in a reflex manner.
able to feel a stimulus but will not be able to respond with appropriate movement.
unaffected in terms of reflex action.
able to exert conscious control over movement but reflex action is not possible.

See next page

3.

Which of the following correctly contrasts the action of nerves to the action of hormones?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

4.

The role of the cerebellum is to

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

5.

Hormonal action is chemical in nature but nervous action is electricalchemical.

Hormonal action is more specific than nervous action.
Hormonal action will slow body activities but nervous action will increase body
activities.
Nervous action will produce a longer lasting response than hormonal action.

coordinate subconscious motor behaviour.

initiate voluntary movement.
override dangerous reflex responses.
monitor heart and lung function.

A student receives a sudden fright and experiences an increase in heart rate. The
division of the nervous system responsible for this change is best described as
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

autonomic and sympathetic.

somatic and sympathetic.
autonomic and parasympathetic.
somatic and sympathetic.

Question 6 refers to the diagram below of the adrenal gland.

A

6.

Which of the following correctly identifies the effect of a hormone released from the
portion labelled A (i.e. the outer part)?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

An increase in breathing rate and heart rate.

Vasodilation and an increase in heat loss.
A change in the concentration of potassium salts in urine.
A increase in blood pH.

Questions 7 and 8 refer to the diagram below.

D
C

7.

The presence of protein in a urine sample indicates kidney damage. In such a case, the
damage is most likely to be located at structure
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

8.

A
B
C
D

Under the influence of ADH structure A will

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

excrete decreased levels of urea.

carry a more concentrated urine.
reabsorb greater amounts of sodium salt.
secrete substances such as creatinine into the urine.

See next page

9.

Concerning an athlete who needs to cool down after running a marathon, which one of
the following statements is correct?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

10.

Which one of the following statements is an example of artificial, passive immunity?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

11.

are locations along the DNA where RNA polymerase begins transcription.
control the production of t-RNA and initiate translation at the ribosomes.
will switch on promoter genes and initiate structural protein production.
produce proteins that bind to operator genes, inhibiting transcription.

Which of the following is an example of epigenetics?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

13

A foetus receives antibodies across the placenta.

A breast feeding infant absorbs antibodies in the breast milk.
Elderly patients with flu symptoms are injected with antibodies.
A class of school children are vaccinated against whooping cough.

Regulator genes
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

12.

Under parasympathetic stimulation, vasodilation will increase heat loss by

radiation.
Under sympathetic stimulation, sweating will increase heat loss by evaporation.
Under parasympathetic stimulation, breathing rate will increase and thereby
increase heat loss by convection.
Under sympathetic stimulation, an increased heart rate will increase heat loss by
assisting vasodilation.

Recording the effect of exposure to ultra-violet radiation on melanin production.

Use of DNA sequencing to clarify genetic relationships within families.
The transfer of a gene from one cell to another.
Studying the ability of histones to bind and block DNA action.

If a genetic feature is inherited as a polygenic condition, then

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

an individuals phenotype is a result of the additive effect of more than two

alleles.
the effect of environmental conditions on the phenotype is greater than normal.
it is not possible to predict the genotype of offspring.
there is only one gene for the condition but a variety of possible alleles.

Questions 14 and 15 refer to the illustration below:

14.

The production of this image would require all of the following EXCEPT
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

15.

This image is of use in each of the following situations EXCEPT

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

16.

a ligase.
restriction enzymes.
a small electric current.
a gel material.

determining the evolutionary relationships between living primates.

identifying cells that would be suitable for use in stem cell research.
matching DNA samples between crime scenes and suspects.
locating appropriate breeding partners for endangered species.

A woman has a regular menstrual cycle. She had blood taken and analysed. Which of
the following would support having low levels of FSH in the blood?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Ovulation occurs late.

Elevated levels of progesterone in the blood.
LH levels in the blood remain high.
Decreased levels of oestrogen in the blood.

See next page

Questions 17 refers to the illustration below:

17.

During muscle contraction, the

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

18.

I band and sarcomere will shorten whilst the A band remains unchanged.
I band increases in length but the A band and sarcomere will shorten.
sarcomere shortens but the I band and A band remain unchanged.
I band, A band and sarcomere will move towards the tendons of the muscle.

During muscle contraction

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

calcium is removed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum so that myosin filaments are
free to move.
the neurotransmitter adrenalin is used to connect myosin and actin filaments .
energy stored in ATP is released so that cross bridges will form between the
myosin and actin filaments.
in response to a flood of calcium, myosin filaments slide over the actin filaments.

Questions 19 and 20 refer to the diagram below that illustrates four freely moveable
joints.

19.

Which of the following statements is true?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

20.

Movements at joint C are limited to flexion and extension.

Joints B and D are best classified as ball and socket joints.
Joints A, C and D are stabilised by ligaments but joint B is not.
The greatest range of movement is achieved by joint D.

In order for flexion to occur at joint A

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

triceps must act as an antagonist and biceps must relax.

triceps must act as an agonist and biceps must contract.
biceps must act as an antagonist and triceps must relax.
biceps must act as an agonist and triceps must relax.

See next page

Questions 21 and 22 refer to the illustration below.

21.

Which of the following statements is correct?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

22.

Consider the structure labelled E, which of the following statements is correct?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

23.

Structures C and E allow for free movement of the joint.

Structures B and C produce synovial fluid.
Structure A transfers movement from the muscle to the joint.
Structure D prevents excess movement.

Structure E is a region of dense, compact bone.

Structure E contains yellow marrow, a site for fat storage.
Structure E will store red marrow and is a site for white blood cell production.
Structure E contains the major tissue damaged by osteoarthritis.

Tissue engineering requires each of the following EXCEPT

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

a source of cells to produce structural proteins.

the introduction of genetically modified cells.
a matrix / tissue skeleton.
cells that specialise in communication.

24.

A primate evolutionary trend is

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

25.

Genetic mutations are considered to be the driving force for evolution. This is because
mutations
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

26.

an increase in joint mobility.

a decrease in the gestation period.
an increase in prognathism.
the development of bipedalism.

encourage breeding and hence, gene flow, between populations.

are rare and always provide individuals with a selective advantage.
rid the population of non-adapted individuals.
provide new features upon which selective agents can act.

Some animal species have remained unchanged for many thousands of years.
According to natural selection this is because
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

interbreeding remains limited.

no mutations have occurred within the species.
selective pressures remain unchanged.
offspring are produced in sufficient numbers to offset environmental changes.

Question 27 refers to the illustration below that represents an early hominin fossil

27.

This fossil is considered more like a human than a chimpanzee or ape because
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

the size of its molars are relatively larger than those of an ape.
the cranial capacity is reduced.
the development of a forehead has begun
the face demonstrates increased prognathism.

See next page

28.

Concerning evolutionary trends in the hominins, which of the following statements is

true?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

The use of fire appears before bipedalism.

clothing and religious rituals appear with Homo neanderthalensis.
A decrease in the number of teeth culminates in the appearance of a chin.
Homo sapiens have the largest cranial capacity.

Question 29 refers to the diagram below that illustrates part of a hominin tool kit

29.

The hominin most likely associated with this type of tool industry would be
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

30.

the australopithecines.
Homo habilis.
Homo erectus.
Homo neanderthalensis.

Which of the following contains cultural features possessed by Homo sapiens but NOT
by Homo neanderthalensis?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Tools of precision such as fish hooks and needles.

Clothing and co-operative hunting.
Care for the sick and elderly, as well as, religious rituals.
Constructed shelters and home bases.

End of Section One

Section Two: Short answer

50% (100 Marks)

This section has ten questions. Answer all questions. Write your answers in the space
provided.
Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.
Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the
original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the
number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.

Suggested working time for this section is 90 minutes.

Question 31

(13 marks)

The diagram below is an illustration of the pituitary gland and two of its hormones.

Oxytocin
Luteinising
Hormone

(a)

(i) Describe the effect of Luteinising Hormone in females (1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________
(ii) Describe the effect of oxytocin in females.

See next page

(1 mark)

______________________________________________________________________

(b)

Describe the difference in the production and release of these two hormones.
(4 marks)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

(c)

Dysfunction of the pituitary gland may produce a condition known as hyperthyroidism.

Describe two changes in blood hormone composition that may indicate a person is
suffering hyperthyroidism.
(2 marks)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

(d)

Describe a treatment that can be used to correct hyperthyroidism.

(2 marks)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

(e)

Hormones may be classified as steroids or proteins. Explain the difference in operation

between these two types of hormones.
(3 marks)

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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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Question 32
(a)

(11 marks)

Describe the effect of glucagon on blood glucose levels.

(1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b)

Describe the effect of glucagon on liver cells that enables it to achieve this effect.
(2 marks)

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See next page

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(c)

In terms of glucose and insulin what blood levels indicate Type 2 Diabetes? How can a
doctor treat Type 2 Diabetes?
(2 marks)
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(d)

In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has employed genetic engineering

techniques in the large scale production of insulin. However, some scientists are excited
at the prospects of gene therapy as a permanent treatment for Type 1 Diabetes.
Distinguish between these two biotechnological techniques

(6 marks)

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Question 33

(14 marks)

A pharmaceutical company enjoyed great success with a drug that increased muscle bulk in
patients suffering diseases of ageing that caused muscle wasting. The drug was administered
by intra-venous injection. The company wished to improve the convenience of their product and
decided to investigate an oral form of the drug.
The pharmaceutical company identified a group of patients in two separate cities. To the
patients in one city they halted intra-venous injections and administered the drug in an oral form
whilst the patients in the other city continued with their normal intra-venous programme. Each
group of patients contained 100 individuals.

Doctors took a small sample of muscle tissue every 3 months over the period of a year. The
amount of protein in each muscle sample was measured and recorded.
A summary of the doctors data is presented below. Examine the data presented and answer
the questions that follow.
Muscle Protein (g/g muscle tissue)

(a)

(i)

Mode of
Administration

3 months

6 months

9 months

12 months

Oral

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.6

Intravenous
Injection

0.3

0.5

0.7

0.8

State the hypothesis for this investigation.

(1 mark)
(1 mark)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
(ii)

State the independent variable.

(1 mark)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(iii)

State the dependent variable.

(1 mark)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b)

On the grid provided, construct a graph that can be used to represent this data.
If you wish to have a second attempt at this item, the grid is repeated at the end of the
examination booklet. Indicate clearly on this page if you have used the second
grid and cancel the working on the grid on this page.
(4 marks)

See next page

(c)

State a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this investigation

(1 mark)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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(d)

Other than being a control, explain why it was necessary to have a sample size of 100
people in each group.
(2 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(e)

A scientist was critical of this experimental design because each group consisted of
individuals from only one city. Explain why this is a valid criticism and explain how the
experiment could be designed to avoid this problem.
(4
marks)
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Question 34
(a)

(11 marks)

Complete the table below by describing the role played by each component of the
humoral immune response.
(4 marks)

Component

Role in Humoral Response

Plasma Cells
Memory Cells
Antigen
Helper
T-Lymphocytes

(b)

Using the axes provided below, sketch a graph to illustrate the immune response by
which a vaccination is able to produce immunity to disease. Include in your answer what
happens when the individual is first exposed to the specific pathogen and what occurs
on a subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. Please label the axes and ensure you
indicate the points of vaccination and infection.
(3 marks)

(c)

Pharmaceutical companies may create a vaccine in a variety of ways. List two such
techniques.
(2 marks)
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(d)

Pharmaceutical companies must consider a variety of ethical issues when producing

vaccines. Outline two such ethical concerns.
(2 marks)

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See next page

Question 35

(9 marks)

A geneticist exploring the genetic and family relationship between two small, isolated tribes of
people on nearby islands measured the frequency of the mutant HLA 27 allele, an allele
responsible for enhancing the production of a blood protein involved in the making of a blood
clotting factor. The normal blood protein is produced by the HLA 1 allele.
The results obtained are shown in the table below. Use these results to answer parts (a) and (b)
below.

(a)

Frequency of Allele

Island 1

Island 2

Mainland

HLA 27

0.10

0.05

0.40

HLA 1

0.90

0.95

0.60

Explain a possible cause of the difference in gene frequency that exists between the
mainland and the islands.
(2 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b)

Explain the difference in gene frequency that exists between the two islands.
(2 marks)
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(c)

Sickle-Cell Anaemia disease is a disease that is harmful. However, in equatorial Africa

the frequency of the allele responsible for the disease remains relatively high. Explain
this phenomenon.
(2 marks)
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(d)

Complete the table below with one explanation for each piece of evidence suggested.
(3 marks)

Evidence

Support for Evolution

Fossils

Protein Analysis

Homologous
Structures

Question 36
(a)

(7 marks)

In primate evolution, what is meant by the term: olfactory optical shift?

(1 mark)

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(b)

Describe the physical evidence that supports the idea of an olfactory optical shift
and state the likely environmental pressure for such a change.
(3 marks)
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See next page

Use the illustration below to answer part (c). It shows an early hominin skull in
comparison to the skull of a modern human.

(c)

Identify and describe THREE separate evolutionary changes evident in the skulls shown
above and suggest ONE reason for each change.
(3 marks)

Evolutionary Change

Reason for Change

Question 37

(10 marks)

An anthropologist, exploring a cave in Indonesia, discovered amongst charcoal fire remains, a

fossilised hominin skull and nearby, a fossilised hominin femur. She established they were early
Homo sapiens but was not sure as to whether they belonged to the same individual or two
individuals from the same tribe or perhaps, were not related at all in time or space.
(a)

Describe the process by which these skeletal remains became fossilised.

(2 marks)

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(b)

Describe two events that may influence the fossil record and cause the anthropologist to
consider the possibility that the close proximity of the fossils to each other is a
coincidence.
(2 marks)
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(c)

Anthropologists employ dating techniques to help determine the relationship of fossils to

each other. Describe an absolute and a relative dative technique employed by
anthropologists.
(6 marks)

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Question 38

(13 marks)

The diagram below is an illustration of the microscopic appearance of a section of compact

bone.

C
D

(a)

Identify the structures labelled A and B.

(2 marks)

A
B
(b)

Describe the function of the structures labelled C and D.

(2 marks)

C
D
(c)

Identify structure E, which consists of thin, concentric plates of bone and describe its
composition.
(2 marks)
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(d)

Describe the effects of osteoporosis on this tissue. How may this condition be treated?
(4 marks)
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(e)

Describe the structure of an immovable joint. Provide one example of an immovable

joint.
(3 marks)

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Question 39

(12 marks)

The diagram below shows a typical neuron from the efferent division of the peripheral nervous
system.

GREY MATTER OF SPINAL CORD

VENTRAL ROOT AND PERIPHERAL NERVE

(a)

Identify the structure labelled A and state its function.

(2 marks)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(b)

Describe the difference in structure and location of a neuron if it had been from the
afferent division of the peripheral nervous system.
(2 marks)
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(c)

An athlete who has just completed a 400 metre sprint will experience lower than normal
pH levels in their blood. Explain how this situation is corrected by the nervous system.
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(5 marks)
(d)

This same athlete complained of feeling dehydrated. Explain how this situation is
corrected by the nervous system.
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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(3 marks)

See next page

End of Section Two

Section Three: Extended answer

20% (40 Marks)

This section contains three (3) questions. You must answer two (2) questions. Write your
answers in the space provided.
Spare pages are included at the end of this booklet. They can be used for planning your
responses and/or as additional space if required to continue an answer.
Planning: If you use the spare pages for planning, indicate this clearly at the top of the page.
Continuing an answer: If you need to use the space to continue an answer, indicate in the
original answer space where the answer is continued, i.e. give the page number. Fill in the
number of the question(s) that you are continuing to answer at the top of the page.
Responses could include clearly labelled diagrams with explanatory notes; lists of points with
linking sentences; clearly labelled tables and graphs; and annotated flow diagrams with
introductory notes.
Suggested working time: 60 minutes.

Question 40

(20 marks)

a) Describe how protein synthesis occurs. For maximum marks ensure you use the correct
scientific terminology to identify where these processes occur, the processes involved
and what are the main molecules involved. Please ensure you identify the events in the
correct sequence.
(10 marks)
b) The understanding of DNA and its mode of action has been advanced through the
development of new technologies. Two such technologies include: Genetic Probes and
Polymerase Chain Reactions.
Describe these technologies and discuss their influence on our improving understanding
of the nature of DNA.
(10 marks)

See next page

QUESTION 41

(20 marks)

a) A person decides to raise his water bottle for a drink. The decision to do this originates in
the association area of the cerebrum and the action is initiated in the motor cortex. Then,
it must travel along neurons to the required muscles.
Describe the generation and propagation of the nerve impulse as it travels from the
motor cortex to the required muscles.
(13 marks)
b) Alzheimer s disease is a disease that affects the cerebral cortex.
Describe the effects of this disease and how stem cells have the potential to be an
effective treatment.
(7 marks)

QUESTION 42

(20 marks)

a) A series of adaptations that provided for erect stance are considered to be an essential
component for later cultural evolution in early hominins. The Australopithecines are
considered to be the first hominins to display these adaptations to erect posture.
Consider the lower limb, including the pelvis. Describe four adaptations to erect posture
that are exhibited by the australopithecines and discuss the advantage they provide.
Discuss their impact on subsequent cultural evolution in the early hominins.
(10 marks)
b) There is a theory that states that the Australopithecines underwent speciation to produce
Homo habilis. Describe the process by which this may have occurred.
(6 marks)
c) Outline the cultural advances that developed from the Australopithecines to Homo
erectus.
(4 marks)

End of Questions

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Use the grid to answer question 33(b) if you have cancelled your first attempt.