4-1 The Game of Imperialism

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

IB Topic Paper 2 I. Expansionism: the process of acquiring new territories. II. East to West a. 1820s: Monroe Doctrine. Under president Monroe, he stated that no Europeans should be involved in W. Hemisphere, aka. Americas backyard. Historically Britain has been involved yet that was before the doctrine. Great Britain is the most powerful in Europe at the moment. Europe is Great Britains backyard The doctrine however cannot be enforced until 1890s, under McKinley. b. 1840s: Manifest Destiny: a notion that Americans have an obligation to expand westward for it is Gods will. Wanting to expand from coast to coast. i. If anyone gets in your way (i.e. Indians) than it is Gods will so expansion will happen no matter what. ii. God given fate, destiny, will, and hands. iii. American Progress by John Gast. (1872) 1. Columbia- bringing progress to the west 2. Wild bears, buffalos, Indians were pushed out of the war by civilization. Progress is hand in hand with destiny. III. More Expansionism a. 1867 Midway Islands: It is a refueling post between China and the US. High population of people means that there are many consumers. b. 1867 Alaska: US expands here in 1867 yet it does not fully become a state until 1959. Sewards Folly: People laughed at Secretary of State Seward when he wanted to buy Alaska because they thought there was only polar bears and ice caps, yet there was oil and gold Black Gold c. 1890: Hawaii always grows because of volcanoes, good place because of the trading posts. Dole is the president; Exon Valdez oil spill. IV. 1880s- 1910s: Who is in the GAME? a. Spain: Puerto Rico, Philippines, China, Africa, Mexico, Cuba. b. Britain: Africa, China, Australia, SE and W Asia, India. c. France: Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) China, Africa, Canada

d. Netherlands: China, Africa, Indonesia. (Africa- they fought the Boar War: with Dutch and English; Indonesia: Formerly called Dutch East Indies.) V. Why would America want to expand? a. Western superiority: economically and political- notion of superiority. b. Religious: To spread Christianity (Protestantism) c. Worldwide: To spread the greatness of the American civilization d. Economically: To create new markets VI. Justification for Expansion: a. Social Darwinism: nations that are more wealthy are more fit to survive and it is Americas obligation to make those poor countries more fit to survive. b. White Mans Burden: Rudyard Kipling had this notion that we needed to expand because white men needed to impose civilization. civilize the savages Its a moral obligation more than a choice. c. Obligation: It was Gods will for us to. Manifest Destiny. d. Ethnocentrism: Your nation is always in the center. You are always in the right and are superior to anyone/ nation. This notion is centered subculture. Basically people differentiate themselves in smaller groups from a larger community Bruins vs. Huskies.

4-2 Panama Canal

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

I. Economic and geopolitical strategic location on Earth. The Suez Wez canal is strategic for British and French interests in India- the jewel on the crown Transportation: Major trade routes as the transcontinental railroads to the Atlantic to the rest of Europe. a. Presidents: McKinley Roosevelt Taft WW. All Republican except WW. b. Roosevelt: In illustrations, he has a very large mouth. Origins of Teddy Bear: Hunter in woods, he saw a bear but couldnt shoot a defenseless bear. i. Nobel Peace Prize: He ended the Russo- Japanese War ii. Speak softly, but carry a big stick He used the Navy and believed in force. c. Shortest distance is a straight line, the mountains had to be dynamited. II. The US in Panama a. France started the project but then they failed because they ran out of financial money and human labor (dysentery/ diarrhea). b. Teddy Roosevelt supported the Panama canal. Columbia controlled Panama Canal so he said that he supported their independence from Spain, in exchange they needed to give the rights to build a canal. The justification: the needs of a collective civilization He paid $22 million dollars. III. Building the Canal (1904-1914) a. 43,000 workers- needed people who had experience with malaria and tropical diseases.. b. A system of locks and gates. Using gravity and once finished, the Panamax (cargo ships that go through the Panama) would enter the Gatun Lake. IV. Foreign Policy a. Roosevelt Corollary: basically extension of the Monroe Doctrine. b. Taft: substitute dollars for bullets Send money to the leaders in exchange for doing whatever they want: dollar diplomacy. c. Wilson: Diaz Madero Gen. Huerta, Pancho Villa, Carranza

4-7 European Attitudes toward war

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

I. Paul Gilbert: at the end of the European power/ View of War a. Extension of Policy: assume roles that lead into war i. Economic/ political imperialism: modern times tends to be more demonized as people become more greedy. Increasing territory means gaining more resources. Warfare is an extension of whatever policy you have in place. (i.e. Indians and the US: Manifest Destiny) ii. Geopolitical: strategic territories b. Hindsight: war of terrible destruction. We should view this war because of infrastructure and human lives. We want to be able to blame someone for something. No one really knew the causalities of WW1. Kind of. Offensive tactics were for previous wars but for WW1, it was a defensive war. c. Who is to blame: nation or individuals? II. War and Destruction a. New age of industrialization. Lay down your Arms. Spoke about the many different types of weapons. Bertha von Suttner. She encourages individuals to be a pacifist. i. Goals were to encourage pacifist movement; machine gun vs. spears b. Hage International Peace Conferences: conference to get all countries to decrease armaments. i. Purpose was to minimize the number of armaments. ii. Value and limitation: never outlawed in war. c. Assumptions: War would not last so long because all the European economies needed each other for different resources/ raw materials. The economic impact was too great. People did know that WW1 would take four years. III. Government/ Leadership Fears a. Criminalize warfare. BOP b. Change i. Economic: danger of prophesied revolution. Everyone feared that the peasants would lead a revolt against the bourgeoisie and government.

ii. Political: conscription of male population. You must have a draft, but most importantly you need citizenry to believe a reason why. If you give a pretext for war it is called Cassus Belli. IV. Summer of 1914 and Pretext a. Innocent victim of aggression: All the alliances and entente were all defensive. Only can mobilize if a country gets attacked. Russia mobilized when Serbia got attacked. The British should not have mobilized because it was on defensive alliances. i. Righteousness of defense: you can shoot a person if they were ready to attack you, and you defend yourself it is legal. ii. Protection of values: you have a right to defend yourself, mobilize, protect your women and children. iii. Dehumanize your enemy: increased hated of enemy; propaganda- depict some people in certain ways do when you go to war, you dont kill human beings iv. Good vs. Evil: if you are not on the US side then you are evil. America is heroic. b. Turmoil in the lower classes: i. Britain, France, Italy: increasing strikes. Women for equality. British legislations: women demand suffrage. Riots were rampant as women were getting beaten on the streets ii. Germany: Reichstag elect social democrats. Business leaders feared socialist individuals as they were moving towards the left. A very good way to bring people together is to be very nationalistic. iii. Max Weber: German who talked about functionalism, The State; talked about different people in societies and how everyone had a different function. Even though people have function, with less connection w/ people the suicide rates go up. Governments must find the value of function. When people go to work for 12-15 hours a day, they dont have chances for glory war changed that perspective. V. The Appeal of War a. German sociologist: Max Weber who believed in an orderly bureaucratized society b. End the monotony of an industrialized society

c. Hope and expectations. VI. The reality of War a. 37.5 million casualties, low number, some say that this was only the number of the Russian population b. Entire male generation gets annihilated esp. in Russia. Russia lacks men so they had a system where Russian women would get sold overseas. c. Loss of European authority esp. for the British for they did not know what they were getting into.

4-10 Militarism

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

I. Lessons for 1871 (Franco-Prussian War) a. Preparation for War i. During peace time ii. Arms race: soldiers and weapons iii. Drawing up war plans. Mobilize for six weeks to defeat the French II. Arms Race a. How was this possible? i. Increased communication (logistics: supply ammunition to soldiers) ii. Mass production from the Industrial Revolution; the efficiency of transportation increases from the railroads. iii. Advances in weapons design 1. Efficient explosives: (nitro-glycerine) metal canister explodes metal penetrates skin- harms vital organs kills many soldiers 2. Efficient rifles (snipers 2000 yards) 3. Self loading gun machines. Takes out a least soldiers. 4. Artillery made out of steel- 10 + km range 5. Ships: wood iron; sail steam power; thicker armor. Dreadnoughts: Japanese were the first to use (battleships) Revolving turrets 6. Naval guns: steel, revolving turrets 7. Undersea- submarines, boat torpedoes 8. Airplanes and airships: Latch open and throw a grenade at the enemy iv. Fortresses: Must be stronger so you use concrete and steel. Key role in the Battle of Verdun: underground fortresses and hidden b. Creation of Fear: The enemy is close to you; over the top of the trench. Colonel is on top with a whistle. No Mans Land consists of barb wire, mustard gas, and machine guns. Stalemate: any one advances only a mile. i. Arms manufacturers: Nobel (Sw.) develops weapons and is called the merchant of death He read his own obituary didnt want to be recognized as this merchant and so he created The

Nobel Peace Prize. Creusot (Fr.), Skoda (A-H), Krupp (Germ.) Vested interest: propagandize fear. ii. 1898: Kaiser- The future of Germany lies on the water 18981911- The Germans are having an Anglo-German naval race. The British have a policy that states that no matter what we must have more than the second and third country put together. This was a standing condition. 1. 1905 Dreadnought 2. 1912: German shifted to army Tirpitz Germany admiral; outlast your enemy. iii. Military plans liked to railway timetables. Trans-Siberian railroad pertains to Russia. HMS/ USS iv. Belief in short war. Coal- Britain; Steel- Germany; Ural Valley of France. Why? Because the economies are interconnected. Germans belief that the war was short: The Schlieffen Plan v. Military failures: 1. Generals: offensive strategies in a defensive war. NG. Never adapted to trench warfare which was defensivethe generals always played offensive because they wanted glory. They wanted something highlighted in the newspaper to boot moral and glory. To attain this, glory must always be offensive. 2. Separation between military experts ad diplomats: diplomats wanted a victory for the newspapers III. WAS THIS A CAUSE OF WAR? a. Lord Grey (Br. Foreign Secretary) [G]reater armaments lead to war... the sense of insecurity and fear caused by them... made war inevitable. Nuclear bomb- so far they try to avoid a nuclear war. Replace last aspect w/ avoidable instead of inevitable. b. Projections of Arms Levels: Russia as biggest threat. He called them the great colossus. Germans feared Russians b/c of the populationtaking over the world. c. Franco-German Arms Race and Anglo-German Arms race. Militarism doesnt seem connected w/ WW1. The origins of war happens w/ Archduke assassination.

i. War arose out of Russo-Austrian confrontation (A-H declared war on July 28, 1914). June 28, 1914: assassination of Archduke ii. British does not declare war (Aug. 4) until after Belgium is invaded. The Alliance System does not lead to WW1 because Belgium is neutral. iii. Germany declares war on Russia on August 1st, and on France on August 3rd. iv. Had to go despite 65% casualties because they were all alliances.

4-11 Total war

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

I. 18th-19th Century: Limited war was between rulers and armies. a. Arthur Marwick: In total war, civilians were not affected in war. Seiges that took plave in US History is sort of not true. Civilians were not supposed to be targeted but they were. There are couple components according to Marwicht that is different from the century war. b. All encompassing i. Across the world ii. Conscription: Europe (1914); British (1916); America (1917) iii. Civilian targets: rulers and nations get replaced with nations at war people who were producing fruits are now making textiles for soldiers and ammunition iv. Big Bertha: big gun/ artillery guns; Paris guns- Germans specialize in long distances. Force a surrender/ knock out personnel. v. Unrestricted submarine warfare: beside HMS Lustania, Vigilancia (American) Susek (French) II. Severity a. Casualties i. 10 m. killed 20 m. wounded. There I more in number. The flu killed 30 m. ii. 5 m. widows; 9 m. orphans b. Treatment of POW c. Bitterness towards the enemy; they had to justify killing so they dehumanized: took the rights away from the people. Germany becomes a hated nation. Kaiser Wilhelm II. Italian cartoon called Devouring the World Italy was an original ally. You cannot call a dog a German Shepard. Sauerkraut is now called liberty cabbage. d. British propaganda: Miss. Edith Cavell worked for the Red Cross. The Red Cross means that they are trying to save soldiers from both sides. Germans accidentally killed her e. Like WW2- Adolf Hitler targeted a specific group of people. WW1 the OE had a genocide eon the Christian Armenians. f. Atrocity: OE and A-H were the were the sick men of Europe. i. Diversity: OE was Muslim oriented ii. 1894-1896: 1000,000 killed

iii. WW1: 1915 conscription of Armenian males. We would fight for OE if the OE is not even protecting us. OE said that the women and children were here and we will kill them if you do not go. iv. 1.5 m. died v. Temporary law of expropriation and confiscation: have a day to sell all things and whatever they sell they could keep. III. Mobilization of Resources a. Railway controlled- logistics b. supply of raw materials (continued) c. Rationing: save you own food. called liberty/ victory gardens d. civilian conscription :workforce African Americans: last to be fired and first to be fired e. Controlled time: Daylight Savings Time Britain William Willet. Dies before going into effect. They used it because of natural light in factories. IV. Undermining of Institutions a. Powers transferred to military. Generals are the bulk of the leaders i. French: National Assembly Joffre controlled the war zones. ii. Germany: Hindenburg and Ludendorff iii. Britain: Lord Kitchener- War Minister iv. Collapse of Empire: Russia Romanov Czar Nicholas II; A-H Hapsburg; Germany Hollenzollerns. b. Social Revolutions i. Bolsheviks: the revolutions ii. Suffrage: womens rights take place in most countries V. Psychological Trauma a. PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder-literature i. British war poets: Own and Sassoon ii. Romantic idealism to despair iii. Germany: Erich Maria Remarque: All Quiet on the Western Front iv. Shell shock

4-17 War Aims/ Outcome

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

Germany September Programme 1914: German Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg Buffer territories Thrust Russian frontier father east Mitteleuropa: central European economic association Belgium as a vassal state colony French ore fields and war indemnity (15-20) G, Fr., Br. and Bel. Colonies (mittelafrika) French: -Alsace-Lorraine mineral rich esp. with coal. -West of Rhine (severed from Germany) DMZ Russians -Schleswig to Denmark. Didnt want Schleswig to go to Germany at all. Wanted N. Germans Goes from Artic to North Sea geopolitics. -Constantinople: Russians wanted access to the Mediterranean- able to gain resources and Dardanelles Black Sea straits British: -Prime minister- Lloyd George- Jan 1918 Belgian independence. Britain get involved because of Belgian. -Alsace-Lorraine to France. -Occupies lands restored to allies. Who the outcome benefits. -No interference in Russian affairs. -Polish independence: Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Map of Europe gets redrawn result of the war. Ethnic minorities get divided and that -Self-determination for A-H and German colonies. Direct terminology for WW in 14 Points. The British agree with it -Reparations for violations of international law. British were looking out for France. WW opposed reparations. -International organization: limit armaments and decrease the risk of any war. This is eventually called the League of Nations. US -WW 14 Points speech- Jan. 1918.

-No more secret diplomacy. Ironic because if its a secret you still wouldnt know about it. R and F had it and so G felt threatened. Tied F and R together. Left people uneasy in Europe. -Freedom of navigation: Unrestricted submarine warfare 128 Americans were on board the Lithuania. -Central powers armies leave Russia G, A-H -Belgian independence -Alsace Lorraine to France -Autonomy for A-H peoples- esp. to people of Serbia. -Free passage through Dardanelles -Polish independence -14th point: association of nations to prevent wars. Threat of mass number of nations. Dissuade war by the gang mentality Consequences of War -G withdrawal from certain areas in WW1. What overlaps? -2/3 Fr. Soldiers are injured. -8-10 million are dead: rough estimates -Pacifisms vs. Fascism: The Vermin Republic in Germany. Pacifist: F and Br. and R dont want another war. -Physical devastation: Crops esp. with famine. -Belligerents w/ debts. TS means that it is an aggression nation. Anyone in war. Debt- F, Br. R, indebted to the US. The US become creditor nation. Must give gold instead. US possess about 1/3 of the gold supply. -Japan: SE Asia. Some colonies had to be given up. The British kept Malaysia. Formation of new countries -Effects: nationalism becomes rampant/ strong. Fr. and Br. seek to avoid war called appeasement. Debtor vs. creditor nations. Tolerance of genocide. Sick man of Europe- A-H and OE OE becomes Turkey. German resentment: short term; bankers were Jews Anti-Semitism. Rise of Nazis: long term. Hitler gets elected in office democratically. -Stab in the Back: Germans felt betrayed by banks in Germany selling out to US. Soldiers felt bankers sold money to the US. That became the basis of the

Review Sheet

10/28/2013 8:50:00 AM

1. Manifest Destiny w/ White Mans Burden. Midway Islands and Hawaii. America expands westward. 2. Duty/ obligation/ responsibility to expand. Those who get in your way get the way of destiny. Work of art: John Gast illustrates that Columbia pictured 3. No E. power should be involved in the W. Hemisphere. 1890s it was REALLY enforced under McKinley 4. Extension of the Monroe doctrine. The US can and will be involved in the W. Hemisphere. 5. 6. Social Darwinism: obligation to make a poor nation more fit to survive. Terminology called paternalism treat others as if they were children; ethnocentrism: 7. McKinley: Spanish-A war: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Monroe Doctrine. Every US president protects the Monroe Doctrine. Taft: dollar diplomacy- involved in Nicaragua and Dominican Republican. WW: Diaz kill. Madero is killed. Poncho Villa, Huerta, Carranza. 8. Big stick: use force and navy. 9. Ethnocentrism and racism. What will America do with the Philippines? 10. Open door policy. US were the gatekeepers. We controlled. Sphere in influence guarantees exclusive trading rights. Boxer Rebellion: society of righteous and harmonious fist they were the ones who wanted to kick out the countries. 11. Explosion of the American Ship Maine. With enough yellow journalism to blame Spain. De Lome letter criticize WW to say that he was weak. Reconcentration camps, reconcentrados. Cuban was fighting for independence. Ultimatum that Spain gave to Cuba. 12. Exaggeration of truth. Muckraker 13. Yellow journalists. New York Journal 14. New York World 15. Aggressive policy enforced by the British. Extreme nationalism, ethnocentrisms. 16. Person in charge of the reconcentration camps. (Spain) called the butcher

17. Agreements with Cuba. As part of it you can acquire military bases. If anyone threatened the well being of Cuba then the US will come and defend it. 18. DO NOT NEED TO KNOW 19. The treaty ends the Spanish-American War. Philippines. Guatamamala. Puerto rico the us gains. We gave 20 million for Philippines. 20. Nationalist leaders/ revolutionary of the Philippines. Tried to push Spanish out. 1946 the Philippines get independence. 21. 22. Panama canal- system of locks and gate 1904-1948 under Theodore Roosevelt. Columbians possessed it. We staged a revolt in it. Justificationthe needs of civilization. The humid and hot weather. 23. Diaz, poncho villa. Etc. 24. MAIN- they Hague conference the sclifflin plan. Military timetable w/ railroad. franco-german rivalry. Defensive vs. offensive. Dreadnoughts. 25. Alliances- knows the alliances and make sure you know the countries. Triple alliance, triple entente when the us comes it is simply known as the allies. 26. Morocco. Powder keg. Balkan middle Europe. September program. Fisher and fay. 27. A-h and Serbia. Idea that there was an alliance between pan-Slavism. A Slavic national alliance. Germany Austrian Hungary. The Black Hand. princip . Assassination date. 28. 29. Moroccan crisis the website and quiz. 1. The tangier speech. This 19051906 French wanted morocco as a protectorate the Kaiser is testing the entente cordial- British and French. Morocco Kaiser supported being independent. 2. Algeciras conference- the French and Germans. Group of nations 13 nations. 2 nations stuck together G and A-H was against 11 nations. 3. Agadir crisis- the sultan works with French palace attacked the French sent things. Took panther. And the berlin. The treaty of fez. As a result, the French maintained morocco and the Germans got access to the Congo in Africa. British sides with the French. 30. Pretext vs. cause vs. standing condition. The royal navy sc; pretext you convince citizens. Imperialism- sc. 31.

32. Chauvism- ethnocentrism its in the wars and warfare reading. Jingoism. Belligerents- any aggressive nation in the war whether it be defense ding or offensive. 33. German militarism Paul Kennedy, data, 34. The Balkans peninsula. A power vacuum. No one has direct control- any moment someone can come and get some dominance or power also called the powered keg 35. Ottoman empire; A-H 36. 0 37. Stalemate: trench warfare no really advances more than a mile. Daily 100-50 yards. The advantage always goes to the defense. Tanks, gas. 38. Unconventional gas, flame throwers, mine artillery, Paris gun, big bertha, 39. 40. Depends on what nations. Battle of the some some is the river run red because so bloody. Battle of Verdun very famous quote he shall not pass 41. Convey system is isolated and neutral. We are escort the ships and keep the. The British know this and have unrestricted submarine warfare. We sink Germans before we sink us. When we are in. Zimmerman telegram British to Mexico. Sinking of Lusitania. Propaganda. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. Irreconcilables win because ewe never joined the league of nations 47. Big issues/ repressions German war guilt cause. Article 221 treaty of Versailles. 132 billion gold marks --- 33 billion dollars. Over 30 years. 48. Armistice; November 11, 1918. Aka veterans 11 day 11 months 11 hours. 49. 50. 51. R52. James joll the biggest cause for the ww1. Russians and France. Any kind of alliance system is an economic necessity. Revisionist historian. 53. September program & the treaty of versatile- war guilt 231 cause

54. Political changes that took place new boundary lines and collapse of it. Hollzererns and Romanovs, habspbergs 55. April 25, 1915 Anzac day. Veterans day for New Zealand and australisna. Auxiliary corps: commemorates battle of phillipilinese to control Constantinople. Gallipoli. Not a victory to allies. Australians and New Zealand to commemorate the fallen.