NPO MASHINOSTROYENIA

(SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION MACHINEBUILDING ASSOCIATION)

STRELA
LAUNCH VEHICLE USER MANUAL

SECOND EDITION

1999
NPO Mashinostroyenia proprietary

CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................4 2. GENERAL DATA ON STRELA LAUNCH VEHICLE ..........................................................5 3. MISSION PERFORMANCE .....................................................................................................13 4. MECHANICAL INTERFACE...................................................................................................19 5. ELECTRICAL INTERFACE .....................................................................................................21 6. RADIO FREQUENCY/ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFACE ..............................................24 7. ENVIRONMENTS......................................................................................................................26 8. MISSION ANALYSIS................................................................................................................41 9. VERIFICATION TESTS.............................................................................................................44 10. GROUND EQUIPMENT AND LAUNCH OPERATIONS ...................................................49 11. GROUND TELEMETRY AND TRACKING EQUIPMENT.................................................60 12. LAUNCH PROGRAM MANAGEMENT...............................................................................61

1. INTRODUCTION
This User Reference Book presents information necessary to spacecraft (S/C) developers in order to learn basic characteristics of the Strela missile and space complex (MSC) and to adapt satellites or other payloads to the launch vehicle (LV). Strela MSC is intended to solve, on a commercial basis, the following tasks: - placing light-class (mass up to 2,000 kg) spacecraft onto low Earth orbits, - launching flight vehicles to fly in the Earth's atmosphere. Strela MSC has been developed by the Scientific Production Machinebuilding Association (Russian abbreviation NPO Mashinostroyenia, NPO Mash, NPOM) on the basis of RS-18 intercontinental ballistic missile and equipment of its launch and technical complexes. Strela MSC includes: - Strela launch vehicle, - launch complex, - technical complex, - command post. Strela launch vehicle fully uses the structure and systems of RS-18 missile, the difference between the vehicles being that the warhead is replaced with a commercial payload and a measuring instruments compartment is added. RS-18 missile is very reliable, 144 launches out of the total number of 147 were successful. In converting the standard missile complex with RS-18 ICBM into Strela MSC, reliability factors are preserved under conditions characteristic of the standard missile complex. Conversion of the missile complex with RS-18 ICBM into Strela MSC and its commercial application meet provisions of the Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Weapons of July 31, 1991 and are being carried out in accordance with the Russian Federation Government Decree of October 22, 1992 No. 820 "On Rational Use in the National Economy of Missile Complexes Which Are to Be Liquidated Pursuant to Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Weapons" and the "Federal Program of Industrial Utilization of Armaments and Military Hardware for a Period Until the Year 2000" approved by the Government Decree of May 25, 1994 No. 548 and of January 5, 1999 No. 12 r. The main cosmodrome of Strela MSC is the Svobodny Cosmodrome, starting from 2000 Strela LV launches will be performed from this Cosmodrome, spacecraft can be placed from the Svobodny Cosmodrome into orbits with inclination of 51,8-61 and 90-99 as well as into SSO. In addition, launches of Strela LV can be carried out from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. In this case spacecraft can be placed into orbits with i=62,8. Strela LV lifting capability allows to put payloads of 560-2000 kg lifting mass into 2000-200 km circular orbits respectively. Detailed payload lifting characteristics of Strela LV are given in section 3. Strela MSC will provide potential customers with cost-effective, reliable and operative access to space in order to satisfy their various needs. It is planned that launch services using Strela MSC will be provided within 18 months from signing of the contract. Customers who want additional information are welcome to contact NPO Mashinostroyenia at the following address: 33 Gagarin St., Reutov, Moscow region, 143952 Russia Fax: (095) 302-20-01 Tel: (095) 307-04-96. e mail FNPC@npomash.ru

2.0 GENERAL DATA ON STRELA LAUNCH VEHICLE

Strela launch vehicle presents a liquid two-stage missile with a mechanisms and instruments section created on the basis of RS-18 intercontinental ballistic missile being removed from service with the Russian Federation Defense Ministry. The booster section which includes the first and the second stages is mounted in the transportation and launch container. The mechanisms and instruments section together with the space head section is mounted in the container superstructure. The autonomous onboard control system provides the launch vehicle control and stabilization at all phases of the flight. Strela launch vehicle configuration is shown in Fig. 2.1. The launch vehicle consists of : - booster section which includes the first and the second stage boosters, - mechanisms and instruments section, - space head section. A spacecraft is located under the nose fairing. Booster section (1st and 2nd stage boosters) The first stage booster propulsion plant consists of four autonomous single-chamber liquidpropellant engines. The second stage booster propulsion plant includes a liquid-propellant sustainer engine and a four-chamber liquid-propellant control engine with autonomous actuators to control/to turn the combustion chambers. Both stages use propellant components: nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) and non-symmetrical dimethylhydrazine. Stage separation is performed using a system of solid-propellant deceleration engines. Mechanisms and instruments section Mechanisms and instruments section (MIS) houses the autonomous onboard control system with an onboard power source and a propulsion plant which is used to generate a velocity pulse in the boost phase apogee. Thus, it performs the function of a single-action boost (acceleration) unit. Space head section The space head section (SHS) consists of: - measuring instruments compartment (MIC) with adapter, - intermediate/mating stage, - nose fairing, - spacecraft. The spacecraft is joined with the adapter of the measuring instrument compartment. Strela launch vehicle uses head sections of two configurations. Fig. 2.2 and 2.3 show head section configurations with payload locations. SHS can house several S/C. Fig.2.4 show accomodation scheme while simultaneously placing three spacecraft into orbit. Measuring instruments compartment The measuring instruments compartment has a diameter of 2.4 m and a height of 0.8 m and it houses: - telemetric measurements system,

6 - tracking system, - 1st and 2nd stage booster engines emergency cutoff system, - the stabilization system propulsion plant for the phase of unpowered flight, - onboard power sources. The payload adapter with the separation system is mounted on the measuring instruments compartment.

Fig. 2. 1

10

Fig. 2. 4

11

12 The telemetric measurements system provides monitoring of the launch vehicle autonomous onboard control system operation during the boost phase as well as monitors nose fairing jettisoning and spacecraft separation. The tracking system provides monitoring of the boost trajectory. The electrical connectors for connecting S/C with ground equipment in the process of prelaunch preparation and with LV onboard control system are mounted in the measuring instruments compartment. S/C separation is performed on commands of LV onboard control system. Nose fairing Two fairing configurations can be used in the Strela launch vehicle space head section. The two nose fairings' design is similar; they consist of two halves made of metal sheet with internal longitudinal and transverse ribs. The fairing is jettisoned at an altitude of about 110-150 km. The jettisoning altitude is determined by the required spacecraft orbit altitude and by heat constraints on the spacecraft. In order to meet the requirement concerning the heat flow to the spacecraft from the nose faring structure during the boost phase, the fairing internal surface is covered with thermal insulation material. Head section intermediate/mating stage The intermediate stage is meant for mounting the nose fairing. The spacecraft is fixed to the intermediate stage via an adapter. The design of interim/mating stages to be used in various SHS, is similar and they differ only in geometrical dimensions. Launch vehicle basic characteristics Maximum liftoff mass ...............................................................105 tons Diameter .....................................................................................2.5 m Maximum length with SHS - 1 .................................................26 m Maximum length with SHS - 2 .................................................29.2 m Launch container diameter without protruding elements ......2.9 m

13

3.0 MISSION PERFORMANCE

3.1 Strela launch vehicle payload lifting capabilities This section presents Strela LV payload lifting capabilities to put spacecraft into Earth artificial satellite orbits from the Svobodny and Baikonur Cosmodromes. A spacecraft is a part of the space head section (SHS) mounted on the LV. SHS can have different nose fairings and interim/mating stages, and depending on this, SHS-1 and SHS-2 are distinguished. From the Svobodny Cosmodrome, S/C can be launched into orbits with an inclination of 51,8-61 and 90-99, as well as into sun-synchronous orbits. From the Baikonur Cosmodrome, S/C can be launched into the orbit with an inclination of 62,8; the launch path available is limited by impact areas for parts to be separated. Presented in Fig.3.1 are lifting capabilities of Strela LV in injection of S/C into circular orbits of 250-2000 km altitude with varios inclination with full consumption of the 1-st and 2-nd stage fuel to inject and MIS fuel to accelerate. Presented in Fig.3.2-3.3 are lifting capabilities of Strela LV in injection of S/C into elliptical orbits with 250, 500, 750 and 1000 km. perigee altitude and 2000 km apogee altitude. The lifting capabilities of Strela LV presented in Fig.3.1-3.3 correspond to the configuration with SHS-2; for the configuration with SHS-1, the spacecraft mass is bigger by 105 kg. 3.2 Flight scheme Placing spacecraft into circular (or elliptical) orbits is performed according the following scheme: The propulsion plant of the first and the second stages provides the injection of the MIS and SHS cluster into a transfer elliptical orbit with apogee corresponding to the preset altitude of a circular orbit or a perigee of an elliptical orbit according the flight mission programs. After separation from the 2-nd stage booster, the MIS and SHS cluster continues an unpowered flight during which the cluster stabilization is carried out with the help of the propulsion plant of the measuring instruments compartment. When the apogee of the injection orbit has been reached, the MIS propulsion plant is ignited to impart the acceleration impulse. Fig.3.4 is presents an injection scheme of 700 kg. spacecraft from the Svobodny Cosmodrome into 1,000 km. circular orbit with i=90. The following parameters of the spacecraft trajectory are given in Fig.3.4: t - flight time from liftoff (s), V - relative velocity (m/s), H - altitude (km), - trajectory angle (degs), q - dynamic head (kg/m2), L - distance from the launch site (km) in characteristic points of the boost trajectory: - moment of maximum dynamic head, - point of the 1st and the 2nd stage separation, - point of the nose fairing jettisoning, - point of MIS and SHS separation from LV

14

Fig. 3.1

15

Fig. 3.2

16

Fig. 3.3

17

18 3.3 Injection accuracy Maximum errors in placing spacecraft on orbit by Strela LV within the above-specified range of altitudes and inclinations are as follows: - altitude - not more than 1%, - inclination - not more than - 0.05. 3.4 Cluster orientation and S/C separation In principle, any spacecraft orientation is possible. Considering the MIS technical capabilities after the spacecraft has been brought to orbit, MIS systems can execute a number of commands written in the flight mission in order to provide the required spacecraft orientation prior to separation. Maximum MIS angular rates prior to spacecraft separation are as follows: WX = 2/sec WY = 2/sec WZ = 2/sec Maximum spacecraft angular rates after separation WX, WY, WZ do not exceed 2.5/sec. WX = 2,5/sec WY = 2,5/sec WZ = 2,5/sec Angular rates values are determined for a specific spacecraft depending on its mass and center of masses. Angular accuracy of MIS with S/C orientation prior to S/C separation does not exceed, in degrees, 0.05t where t is flight time in minutes from the moment of liftoff. Angular accuracy of MIS with S/C stabilization prior to S/C separation does not exceed 1.5.

19

4. MECHANICAL INTERFACE
4.1. S/C zone configuration S/C zone configuration for different types of head section fairings are shown in Fig. 2.2 and 2.3 in Section 2. Dimensions of S/C location zones depend on the type of adapter used and on the separation system, and they are to be determined for each S/C. 4.2. Adapter and S/C separation system In order to mechanically couple S/C with Strela LV, an adapter is user in order to go from the 1,500 mm diameter to the S/C mounting diameter (in the LV S/C separation system). The adapter is mounted on the upper ring of the MIS conical part and fastened with bolts. Three types of adapters with a bolts interface on diameters 937 mm, 1194 mm, and 1666 mm are planed for S/C mechanical integration with Strela LV. Fig. 4.1 shows the principal diagram and geometry of the adapter with a separation system including pyro bolts (up to 8 pieces) on the 1,194 mm diameter and spring pushers. S/C is separated with the help of spring pushers. The separation system uses four spring pushers. Two sets of pushers can be used: one set with total work of 12 kgm for spacecraft of up to 800 kg, and another set with total work of 20 kgm for spacecraft of 800 2000 kg. Relative separation velocity is not less than 0.6 m/s. The pushers are mounted on the measurement instruments section adapter. Physical separation is monitored with two sensors. The adapter can be modified for each particular S/C with consideration for S/C geometry and center of masses. The separation system always remains common. It is possible to use a separation system provided by S/C developers. The separation system is mounted on the adapter upper ring and fastened with bolts. When several S/C are launched simultaneously, the adapter is not mounted; a platform with individual mounting seats, adapters and separation systems for each S/C is mounted in its place (see Fig. 2.4).

20

21

5. ELECTRICAL INTERFACE
This section defines services in providing electrical connections to S/C which the customer may need to fulfill its tasks. 5.1 Umbilical connectors Two cables forming part of the adapter are used to electrically interface Strela LV with S/C. One cable is used for circuits of S/C equipment control from the LV control system, for monitoring of S/C onboard equipment state, for monitoring of S/C onboard equipment state for S/C remote control from the ground equipment and for power supply to S/C equipment during pre-launch operation. The second cable is used for S/C telemetric monitoring via the LV onboard telemetry equipment. From the S/C side the cable has one standard serial connector of 9P socket OC 91 102 3.645.122 E.364.028. Two connectors of the type plug OC 91 102 3.645.125 .364.001, 6. 364.045 must be mounted on S/C. Each 9P connector has 90 pins of 1 mm diameter. Each cable has on the LV side three umbilical connectors developed on the basis of serial connector 2 364.126 : - connector type from the adapter side - 233322; from the LV side233321; - each 2 connector has 30 pins of 1,5 mm diameter; - number of 9P connectors in one cable 1; - number of 2 connectors in one cable 3; The connectors are separated from the LV side with the help pyro devices prior to S/C separation. 5.2 Umbilical links To interface the S/C equipment with the S/C electrical ground support equipment (GSE) an umbilical board to be separated during motion after the LV engines ignition is mounted on LV. This board consists of: - two connectors of 533.647 187 type power connectors to feed dc to S/C; - connector of 91-102, 3 647 122 type to interface GSE with S/C. The interface cable with S/C from the GSE side includes: - connector of 91C-102 socket type for the GSE connection. - shielded circuits including twisted pairs allowing to carry out the required exchange and control operations during the S/C equipment monitoring ; - two jumpers from the GSE side to control the liftoff contact signal; - jumpers to control coupling of connectors; - body pin 3; - dc peak voltage across the circuit 32 V; - maximum current 1 A; - maximum total power 150 W; - insulation between communication link circuit and body not less than 10 M Ohm. When the umbilical links are disconnected, the current flow in the links is to be eliminated. Necessity to electrically interface S/C with GSE during the LV launch is to be agreed additionally.

22 5.3 Electrical commands dedicated to S/C. 5.3.1 Pyro commands generated by LV for S/C units (on the customers request) and for S/C separation from LV are given by relay switches according to the 2 x 3 scheme. The comand are preset in the LV flight sequence. Communication features: - commands number up to 6; - command duration 0.1 sec; - interval between two commands 0.1 sec; - insulation between communication links circuits and body not less then 10 M Ohm; - current delivered to pyro charge more than 2 A. 5.3.2 Dry loop commands. The dry loop commands generated by LV to S/C units are given by relay switches according to the 2 x 3 scheme. The command is generated by the closure of normally open contacts of actuating relays. Each command occupies 4 pins of the detachable joint of the connector, one contact is common: Communication features: - number of commands up to 12; - command duration 0.1 sec; - interval between two commands 0.1 sec; - low current activation circuits not more than 0.2 A. - insulation between circuits and body not less than 10 M Ohm; - constraints on the S/C side: - dc peak voltage 30 V; - maximum current 0.5 A. 5.3.3 Electrical command to S/C. Electrical commands to S/C are generated neither by LV on the ground (during LV prelaunch preparation) nor in flight. The electrical commands can be generated by GSE during S/C checkouts (prior to launch operation on LV). Communication features: - number of commands is determined by the algorithm of GSE checkouts; - output voltage not more than 32 V; - maximum current not more than 1A; - insulation between circuits and the structure not less then 10 M Ohm; The data transmission on the separation status of S/C from LV is carried out with the help of data telemetering transmission modes from LV. The transmission is performed by signals from units of liftoff end sensor type. 5.4 Earth ground continuity S/C must have the earth reference point close to the separation plane. Electrical resistance between any S/C metallic element and the closest reference point on the adapter structure should be less than 10m Ohm at the 10 mA current. 5.5 Providing telemetric monitoring of the S/C. The Strela LV radio telemetric system can provide S/C telemetric monitoring in the following volume: - 20 analog parameters (0 - 6.2 V) and 30 signal (event) parameters converted from analog into digital form by on D with adaptive sampling frequency of up to 100 Hz depending on activity and priority degree; accuracy of analog parameter transmission 0.5% ;

23 - 7 analog (0 - 6.2 V) vibration parameters with 100 Hz discreteness and transmission accuracy of 7% (without D); - 5 temperature parameters from thermal electrical (0 - 60 mV) or thermal resistance (0 140 Ohm) sensors with 12.5 Hz discreteness and maximum transmission accuracy error 0.4 mV (thermal emf) or 0.3 Ohm (resistance). The telemetric equipment includes an electronic memory unit which allows to record the data , subsequently to read and transmit it for a second time with 8sec. delay for 16 analog and 22 signal S/C parameters via ADC with 100 Hz discreteness during the boost phase; as well as to record, subsequently to read and to transmit for a second time, and with acceleration by 4 times, 40 analog and 15 signal (through D) S/C parameters with 25 Hz discreteness during stabilization, acceleration and S/C separation phases. When S/C is separated beyond the radio visibility zone of ground telemetering stations the information recorded during 500 sec. prior to S/C separation and 12 sec. after S/C separation is transmitted during the LV second revolution after entering the radio visibility zone. The Strela LV telemetric equipment operates at all phases of pre-launch preparation, launch, boost phase and S/C separation. Telemetric monitoring of S/C parameters is carried out until the moment of S/C separation. To improve the jamproofness of communication channel the Krona type equipment is used which also provides activity selection and discreteness of parameters converted from analog " - " type to digital form. The S/C data are transmitted to LV with the help of a cable with connectors that of the adapter ( see pare. 5.1). The connectors are disconnected prior to S/C separation with the help of pyro devices

24

6. RADIOFREQUENCY/ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFACE
This section presents parameters which define Strela LV radio frequency/electromagnetic interface with S/C. Strela LV radio frequency/electromagnetic environments affecting S/C are presented in subsection 7.7, methods of analysis and tests confirming harmony of LV radio frequency/electromagnetic interface with S/C are discussed in sections 8 and 9. 6.1 Radio engineering means of telemetric and tracking systems 6.1.1 Strela LV uses the following radio engineering means: - SKUT radio telemetric equipment with meter waveband transmitters; - 38G6 receiver-transmitter of the Kama tracking system; - user equipment of GLONASS (Russia) and GPS (USA) navigational space system signals with tracking information transmission via TM channels. SKUT equipment transmitters, 38G6 receiver-transmitters, user equipment of GLONASS and GPS signals and their antenna feed units are located in the measuring instruments compartment. 6.1.2 Strela LV measurement system is powered from the autonomous power source (a storage battery which is switched on prior to launch) which has no galvanic connections with power networks of other systems and the LV frame. 6.1.3 The LV outer metallized surface is used as a basic surface for radio signal emitters of SKUT and 38G6 equipment transmitters. Radio signal emission inside the section is practically determined by screen attenuation of the cables, waveguides and radio frequency connectors. 6.1.4 The overall circuit of SKUT telemetric measurements system has direct galvanic connection with the missile frame which is determined by a necessity of transmitting modulating signals to transmitters which have galvanic connection of the overall circuit with the LV frame. 6.2 Characteristics of basic and side emissions, basic and side reception channels, emission and reception spectrum width of telemetric and tracking systems 6.2.1 SKUT equipment meter waveband transmitter - carrier frequencies 203.3 and 219.3 MHz; - radio signal form frequency modulated radio impulses with a pulse period to pulse duration ratio of 2, repetition frequency of (3200.032) kHz; - transmitters pulse power from 15 to 40 W; - signal bandwidth at the level of minus 3 dB is 1.25 MHz, that at the level of minus 40 dB is 4 MHz; - attenuation level of the carrier frequency harmonics relative to the main signal is not less than 50 dB. 6.2.2 38G6 device: transmitter signal character - single radio pulses, carrier frequency nominal value f0 = 2,860 10.0 MHz, pulse duration 1.0 0.2 mcs pulse power - from 100 to 250 W, main emission band - 6.15 MHz, relative levels of extra-band emissions: in the band of f0 8 MHz - minus 30 dB, in the band of f0 20 MHz - minus 40 dB, in the band of f0 30 MHz - minus 50 dB,

25 in the band of f0 44 MHz - minus 60 dB, at the frequency of f0 36.35 MHz - minus 48 dB, at the frequency of 2f0 - minus 54 dB, at the frequency of 3f0 - minus 62 dB, character of the receiver input signal - coded pair of radio pulses, carrier frequency f3 - 2,725 MHz, cod distance - 5.8 mcs, pulse duration - 0.75 0.05 mcs, repetition frequency is within 300 - 5,000 Hz, receiver sensitivity at the nominal frequency f3 - 10-10 W (minus 100 dB/W), receiver frequency at the frequencies f3 3 MHz - 2 10-10 W (minus 97 dB/W), relative sensitivity level of side reception channels: at the frequency of (f3 - 49) MHz - 21 dB, at the frequency of (f3 + 2,623) MHz - 41.5 dB, at the frequency of (f3 + 2,651) MHz - 39 dB, at the frequency of (f3 + 5,320) MHz - 50 dB, at the frequency of (f3 + 5,400) MHz - 45 dB, bandwidth rectangularity coefficient - 2.55. 6.3 Special conditions covering telemetric data and tracking measurements In accordance with provisions of the Treaty on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Weapons of July 31, 1991, all information transmitted from Strela LV (including payload) is to be handed over to the American side within time limits specified in the Treaty. 6.4 Electromagnetic environments generated by LV The spacecraft should be compatible with LV as concerns electric and electromagnetic fields generated by Strela LV. Radio equipment mounted in S/C should maintain workability under conditions of electromagnetic interference from 38G6, SKUT transmitters having the above-specified characteristics. 6.5 Electromagnetic environments generated by S/C 6.5.1 Radio equipment mounted in S/C should not create electromagnetic interference in the operational and side reception bands of 38G6 device given above with consideration for real values of antenna decouplings. 6.5.2 The level of electromagnetic interference created by S/C equipment and its service equipment should not exceed 10 dB mcV/m (3 mcV/m) in the frequency band of 2,725 60 MHz. 6.5.3 Laying of S/C onboard cables should provide necessary isolation/decoupling from feed lines of the measurement system transmitters. 6.5.4 During electrical interfacing of S/C equipment with telemetry by telemetric checkout signals, it should be born in mind that the overall telemetry circuit is connected to the LV frame. 6.5.5 During interfacing S/C equipment with Strela LV control system equipment, galvanic isolation/decoupling between the S/C power network and the LV power network should be provided. The S/C equipment should be powered from an autonomous power source.

26

7. ENVIRONMENTS
7.1 General In the process of ground operations and during the flight, the payload is exposed to multiple environments which can affect its technical characteristics and workability. These environments are given in Table 7.1 and are described below. Table 7.1 Environments Operational phase Pre-launch Launch and flight preparation

Mechanical S/C natural frequencies Pressure change under the nose fairing Thermal Contamination Radio frequency and electromagnetic 7.2 Mechanical

+ + +

+ + + + + +

This subsection contains data on the level of mechanical loads affecting the payload during joint operation with LV. The levels of mechanical loads affecting the payload have been determined on the basis of experimental data obtained during RS-18 ICBM launches. 7.2.1 Static flight limit loads The static flight limit loads in the S/C centre of gravity are given in Table 7.2 for various injection phases. Table 7.2 Loading case Longitudinal 1st stage 2nd stage MIS 8.7 6.7 0.4 Acceleration, g Transverse 2 0.5 0.1

Fig. 7.1 shows longitudinal static loads vs. flight time.

27

Fig. 7.1 7.2.2 Vibration loads Vibration loads on S/C are presented in the form of wide-band random vibrations and sinusoidal vibrations. Vibration loads on S/C in the form of sinusoidal vibrations are presented: - for the boost phase - in Table 7.3, - for the MIS operation phase - in Table 7.4. Vibration loads on S/C in the form of wide-band random vibrations are presented: - for the boost phase - in Table 7.5 and in Fig. 7.2, - for the MIS operation phase - in Table 7.6 and in Fig. 7.2. Table 7.3 Frequency range, Hz Acceleration amplitude, g 5 25 0.8 0.8 - 3.1 25 200 200 600 3.1 - 4.6 4.6 - 5.4 600 - 2,000 Duration 300 seconds Note: Acceleration amplitudes within the frequency ranges vary according to the linear law. Table 7.4 Frequency range, Hz 15 200 200 600 600 - 2,000 Duration Acceleration amplitude, g 0.8 - 2.3 2.3 - 3.8 3.8 180 seconds

Note: Acceleration amplitudes within the frequency ranges vary according to the linear law.

28

Table 7.5 Frequency range, Hz 20 - 90 90 - 180 180 - 400 400 - 2,000 Standard deviation Duration Spectral power density, g2/Hz 0.011 0.011 - 0.021 0.021 0.021 - 0.008 5.1 GRMS 300 seconds

Note: Spectral power densities within frequency ranges 90 - 180 Hz and 400 - 2,000 Hz vary according to the linear law in the logarithmic scale. Table 7.6 Frequency range, Hz 20 150 150 180 180 600 600 - 2,000 Duration Spectral power density, g2/Hz 0.010 0.010 - 0.015 0.015 0.015 - 0.004 180 seconds

Note: Spectral power densities within frequency ranges 150 - 180 Hz and 600 - 2,000 Hz vary according to the linear law in the logarithmic scale.

1 - boost phase 2 - MIS operation phase Fig. 7.2

29 7.2.3 Vibration shock loads Vibration shock loads at transient phases of Strela LV operation (propulsion plant ignition and cutoff) are presented in Table 7.7. Table 7.7 Frequency range, Hz 2 10 10 12 25 30 Acceleration amplitude, g 3.0 5.0 5.0 Action duration, sec 1.0 2.0 5.0 0.8 Number of loading 2 1 1

Note: Presented vibration shock loads act in longitudinal and transverse directions. 7.2.4 Acoustic loads Acoustic loads on the S/C brought into space by Strela LV are shown in Table 7.8. Table 7.8 Frequency range, Hz Acoustic pressure, dB Flight In the silo At Q max 118 123 123 128 126 132 126 138 126 138 126 138 126 133 126 133 128 138 128 138 129 138 129 138 129 138 129 138 129 138 129 138 128 132 127 130 126 126 149 140 2.5 seconds 30 seconds

20 - 31.5 31.5 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 63 63 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 125 125 - 160 160 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 315 315 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 630 630 - 800 800 - 1,000 1,000 - 1,250 1,250 - 1,600 1,600 - 2,000 Total acoustic pressure level, dB Duration

The acoustic pressure values given in table 7.8 with total level 149 dB refer to the Strela LV normal launch from a silo launcher and they were obtained based upon the results of RS-18 ICBM launches proceeding from the probability condition of not exceeding 2 .

30 7.2.5 Shock loads Shock loads on the S/C brought into space by Strela LV during the MIS propulsion plant ignition and cutoff, nose fairing jettisoning and pyro devices operation are shown in Fig. 7.3 in the form of a vibration load spectrum envelope. Maximum shock loads during S/C separation from the LV in the event of using pyro separation devices are shown in Fig. 7.4.

Fig. 7.3

31

Fig. 7.4 7.3 Payload natural frequencies In order to provide Strela LV control and stabilization capability, the S/C developer must meet the following requirements to the spacecraft's elastic dynamic characteristics: - the S/C structure fixed to a rigid base in the mating plane must have natural frequencies of elastic vibrations not less than 40 Hz in the longitudinal direction and not less than 15 Hz in the lateral direction. The same conditions must be met in order to provide absence of resonances in S/C units, subsystems and structural elements at the LV's natural vibration frequencies. 7.4 Pressure variation under the nose fairing This subsection presents data on pressure variation under the nose fairing during the Strela LV boost phase. In order to reduce pressure difference on the nose fairing outer and inner surfaces during the boost phase, there are drain holes in the nose fairing lower part. The drain holes size provides pressure leveling inside the nose fairing and on the outer surface. The difference between the inner and outer pressure does not exceed 0.01 kg/cm 2 during the whole boost phase until the nose fairing separation.

32 Pressure variation inside the nose fairing is graphically shown in Fig. 7.5. The pressure under the fairing lies within the limits between Pmax and Pmin with consideration for atmospheric pressure spread. The mean curve is nominal static pressure of standard atmosphere at the respective flight altitude.

1 -Pmax 2 - Pmean 3 - Pmin Fig. 7.5 7.5 Thermal environment This subsection presents data on thermal loads on the S/C at the following phases: - location in the technical complex premises, - transportation to the launch site and preparation for launch, - flight under the fairing, - flight after fairing jettisoning. 7.5.1 Conditions in the technical complex premises Temperature 15 - 25 C Humidity 30 - 70% Cleanliness 100,000 7.5.2 Conditions during transportation to the launch site and during pre-launch preparation During LV transportation to the launch site and staying there, the fairing is covered with a thermal bag under which, using the thermostatting system, the temperature between 10 and 30 and humidity of 30 - 70% is maintained.

33 During three hours of the head section mating with the LV and three hours prior to launch, the thermostatting system does not operate. Allowable temperature of the S/C in this period is ensured by respective S/C warming or cooling in advance and the degree of warming or cooling is assessed on the basis of the S/C thermal model. 7.5.3 Conditions during the flight under the fairing The nose farings have thermal protection coatings on the other surface. The SHS-1 nose fairing has thermal insulation coating on the inner surface. Fig. 7.6 shows the thermal protection coating application scheme of SHS-1 nose fairing, and fig. 7.7 shows that for SHS-2.

Fig. 7.6

34

Fig. 7.7 Maximum heat flows in any S/C point from the SHS-1 nose fairing surface during the injection into 200 and 2,000 km circular orbit are given in table 7.9. Table 7.9 Structural element of SHS-1 nose faring Fairing spherical part Fairing conical part Fairing cylindrical part Maximum heating rate, q, W/m2 orbital trajectory altitude orbital trajectory altitude H=250 km H=2,000 km 230 190 465 330 190 155

Table 7.10 gives maximum heat flows to S/C from the inner surface of SHS-2 fairing during the launching into 250 km and 2,000 km circular orbits.

35 Table 7.10 Structural element of SHS-2 nose faring Fairing spherical part Fairing conical part cone 14 cone 3 Fairing cylindrical part Maximum heating rate, q, W/m2 orbital trajectory altitude orbital trajectory altitude H=250 km H=2,000 km 380 410 1120 630 1000 810 480 820

Emissivity level of SHS-1 inner surface is taken as equal to 0.1. Emissivity level of SHS-2 inner surface is taken as equal to 0.8. In fig. 7.8 7.9 given temperature relations of SHS-1 nose fairing inner surface during S/C launching into 250 km and 2,000 km circular orbits. Fig. 7.10 7.11 presented time relations of heat flows from SHS-1 nose fairing inner surfaces to S/C during launching into 250 km and 2,000 km circular orbits. Fig. 7.12 7.13 presented temperature relations of SHS-2 nose fairing inner surfaces during S/C launching into 250 km and 2,000 km circular orbits. Fig. 7.14 7.15 give time relations of heat flows from SHS-2 nose fairing inner surfaces to S/C during launching into 250 km and 2,000 km circular orbits.

Fig. 7.8

36

Fig. 7.9

Fig. 7.10

37

Fig. 7.11

Fig. 7.12

38

Fig. 7.13

Fig. 7.14

39

Fig. 7.15 7.5.4 Conditions in flight after fairing jettisoning The moment of the fairing jettisoning is selected from the condition of maintaining the total heat flow (due to collisions with molecules and atoms of the air and oxygen atoms recombination) not higher than 1,135 W/m2 on the flat face normal to the LV velocity vector which corresponds to H>120km. 7.6 Contamination This subsection presents data on S/C surface contamination during the following phases: - ground operations including transportation and preparation for launch, - flight under the nose fairing, - fairing jettisoning, - flight after fairing jettisoning. 7.6.1 Conditions during ground operations At all phases of ground operations including transportation and preparation for launch, ambient cleanliness of 100,000 is ensured. 7.6.2 Conditions during the flight under the nose fairing The fairing inner surface is covered with materials with low gas emission at all temperatures and pressures. 7.6.3 Conditions at fairing jettisoning The fairing halves are separated with the help of spring pushers controlled by a closed-type pyro system which eliminates S/C contamination. 7.6.4 Conditions after fairing jettisoning S/C contamination because of deceleration engines operation does not exceed 4 mg/m2. S/C contamination because of MIS boosters operation in the presence of reflective screens does not exceed 4 mg/m2.

40 7.7 Radio frequency and electromagnetic environments 7.7.1 Strela LV radio equipment Strela LV uses the following radio equipment which creates specific radio frequency and electromagnetic environment in the payload zone: - radio telemety system with two transmitters (in meter and decimeter wavelengths) and antennas, - receiver- transmitter of the tracking system with an antenna which operates in turn as a receiver or a transmitter. 7.7.2 Radio frequency and electromagnetic situation Transmitters of telemetry and tracking systems and their antenna feed units are mounted in the measuring instruments compartment located between the LV and the mating stage carrying the S/C. During LV and S/C integrated/joint tests as well as during the flight after nose fairing jettisoning, transmitter radiation creates electromagnetic interference for S/C. Transmitter power and operation range are shown in Table 7.7. Table 7.7 System Telemetry measurements Tracking measurements Radiation frequency, MHz 130 - 150 1,000 - 1,100 2,700 - 3,000 Maximum (pulse) power, W 40 16 250

Strela LV tracking system receiver-transmitter receives a radio signal at the frequency of 2,725 1.5 MHz, reception band is up to 30 MHz, sensitivity is of the order of 1.5 10-11 W.

41

8. MISSION ANALYSES
This section presents methods of the launch program analysis. 8.1 Tasks to be solved during the launch program analysis The launch program analysis solves the following tasks: - confirmation of a possibility of placing the S/C onto the required orbit by Strela LV, - confirmation of Strela LV safety in joint operation with the S/C, - confirmation of S/C safety during its launch by Strela LV, - confirmation of Strela LV/ S/C interface compatibility, - obtaining necessary initial data for carrying out verification tests and evaluation of their results, - obtaining necessary initial data for evaluation of telemetry and tracking measurements including the process of Strela LV and S/C separation and other critical situations such as engine ignition, thrust cutoff, stage separation, fairing separation, stabilization prior to S/C separation. 8.2 Methods used in the launch program analysis Methods used in the launch program analysis include: - mathematics modeling, - probability and statistic estimations, - assessment of technical systems functioning and their parameters, - interpretation of obtained data, - interpolation and/or extrapolation of data obtained for similar equipment in similar conditions, - assessment on the basis of similarity criteria. 8.3 Strategy of the launch program analysis 8.3.1 The launch program analysis is carried out in three phases: - preliminary analysis based upon the data and mathematical models supplied by the side which represents the interests of S/C at NPO Mashinostroyenia prior to verification tests or some of their types, - final pre-launch analysis which takes into consideration data obtained during verification tests (analysis of pre-launch preparation, launch, flight and S/C separation is based upon the data which can be confirmed by telemetry and tracking measurements), - integrated pre-launch analysis. 8.3.2 Before the start of launch program implementation, the customer has to send to NPO Mashinostroyenia, within the time frame agreed upon by the side representing the interests of S/C and NPO Mashinostroyenia, a document containing requirements to S/C / LV interfaces (Interface Requirements Document). This document must contain: - S/C mission/objective, - S/C mass, inertia and center-of-mass characteristics, - S/C outline drawings and diagrams including fixation points and handling points for all ground operations, - mechanical, electrical and radio frequency/electromagnetic interface data,

42 - data on S/C electromagnetic radiation during ground operations and during joint operation with LV, - data on S/C deployable and separatable parts, - data on pyro devices, high-pressure bottles and other increased-danger systems mounted on S/C, - S/C orbit parameters with allowable spread, - required launch window, - requirements to accuracy of placing into orbit, orientation and stabilization prior to S/C separation and constraints connected with S/C separation, - allowable values of environments affecting S/C at all phases of pre-launch preparation and joint operation of S/C and LV, - safety requirements in S/C handling, - list of additional services of NPO Mashinostroyenia required for S/C preparation for launch, - requirements to equipment for operations with S/C, - time and number of launches, - procedure of S/C preparation on the technical site and the launch site including a list of operations , their sequence and duration. 8.3.3 In the time frame specified in the launch services contract, the side representing the S/C interests must deliver to NPO Mashinostroyenia: - S/C structural dynamic mathematical model, - S/C thermal mathematical model, - operational documents for organization of work with S/C at the place of launch (at the technical and launch complexes). 8.3.4 Data on S/C specified in para. 8.3.2, 8.3.3 should be presented for all S/C configurations connected with operations performed or supported by NPO Mashinostroyenia during preparation of S/C for launch and during joint operation of S/C and Strela LV. S/C mathematical models must be presented in formats agreed upon with NPO Mashinostroyenia. The sides should use agreed-upon coordinate systems. 8.3.5 In the time frame agreed upon by the sides, prior to the start of the final pre-launch analysis by NPO Mashinostroyenia, the side representing the S/C interests must deliver to NPO Mashinostroyenia a report on S/C verification tests. 8.3.6 NPO Mashinostroyenia will, on the basis of analysis of the Interface Requirements Document and operational documents for work with S/C, develop and submit to the customer for approval the S/C /Strela LV Compatibility Analysis Plan, which contains a list of all verification tasks and a list of NPO Mashinostroyenia operations at all the three phases of the launch program analysis. 8.4 Confirmation of S/C /Strela LV compatibility Basing on the data delivered to NPO Mashinostroyenia in accordance with para. 8.3.2, 8.3.3, 8.3.5, NPO Mashinostroyenia will, in order to confirm S/C / Strela LV compatibility, perform the following operations. 8.4.1 Ballistic analysis in order to confirm orbit parameters and launch windows. 8.4.2 Analysis of the separation process and dynamics of S/C separation from LV in order to confirm the absence of repeated contacts and collisions of S/C with LV elements. 8.4.3 Pair analysis of dynamic and quasistatic loads for the integrated LV/ S/C system for all critical situations (see para. 8.1) as well as for cases of maximum lateral g-levels. The following parameters will be determined in the analysis:

43 - loads on S/C, - g-levels, - displacements and clearance variations between S/C and LV elements including the nose fairing. 8.4.4 Analysis of critical clearances to confirm the absence of off design contacts between S/C and LV elements. 8.4.5 S/C thermal analysis from the moment of covering S/C with a nose fairing until placing S/C on the required orbit. 8.4.6 Analysis of radio frequency links in order to confirm radio frequency reserves. 8.4.7 Preliminary analysis of electromagnetic compatibility based on the following data: - operational time of S/C equipment and its service equipment during reception and radiation, - powers and operational frequencies of S/C transmitters and service equipment, - level of S/C extra-band radiations, - S/C equipment sensitivity and operational reception bandwidths, - data on side reception channels, - data on S/C equipment immunity to radiations in the frequency band of Strela LV equipment radiation (130 - 150 MHz, 1,000 - 1,100 MHz, 2,700 - 3,000 MHz). 8.5 Interface Control Document On the basis of the launch program analysis, NPO Mashinostroyenia will, in the time frame specified in the contract, prepare and submit for approval to the customer (to the side representing the S/C interests) the Interface Control Document (IMD). Its content should provide assurance in total compatibility of S/C and Strela LV. 8.6 Post launch assessment After launch, NPO Mashinostroyenia will, on the basis of telemetric measurements and tracking data, prepare and submit for approal to the side representing the S/C interests a report on the implementation of the launch program which will include: - implementation of the cyclogram of pre-launch operations, launch, flight, fairing separation, S/C decoupling and separation, - implementation of requirements to orbit parameters, - parameters of environments, - description of anomalous phenomena.

44

9. VERIFICATION TESTS
This section presents requirements to the procedure and scope of tests which have to be carried out in order to confirm compatibility of S/C (payload) with Strela LV. The test plan is to be prepared by the customer (the side representing the S/C interests) and to be agreed upon with NPO Mashinostroyenia. Verification test results are to be jointly reviewed by the customer and NPO Mashinostroyenia. 9.1 Mechanical tests 9.1.1 Linear acceleration test This test's objective is to confirm S/C strength and stiffnes during maximum quasistatic accelerations applied to the S/C center of gravity. Qualification factor (ratio of qualification levels to operational flight levels) f is 1.25. It is allowed to carry out the linear acceleration test on the S/C mechanical model. Qualification levels of linear accelerations are as follows: - in the longitudinal direction - 10.9 g, - in the lateral direction - 2.50 g. 9.1.2 Modal analysis The objective of the modal analysis (frequency test) is experimental identification of the S/C oscillations frequencies, shape, decrements and characteristics of S/C response to dynamic loads in order to confirm the S/C mathematical model and to check if the requirements to the S/C structure natural frequencies are met. It is allowed to carry out the frequency test on the S/C mechanical model. The test results must be supplied by the customer in the form agreed upon with NPO Mashinostroyenia. 9.1.3 Vibration tests Vibration test regimes for the S/C are presented in the form of sinusoidal vibrations (SV) and wide-band random vibrations (WBRV). Regimes of qualification and acceptance SV vibration tests are presented: - in Table 9.1 for the boost phase, - in Table 9.2 for the MIS operation phase. Table 9.1 Frequency range, Hz 5- 25 25 200 200 600 600 - 2,000 Duration Acceleration amplitude, g Qualification level Acceptance level 1.0 0.8 1.0 - 4.0 4.0 - 6.0 0.8 - 3.1 3.1 - 4.6

6.0 - 7.0 4.6 - 5.4 300 seconds along each 150 seconds along each of the axes X, Y, Z of the axes X, Y, Z

Note: Acceleration amplitudes within the frequency ranges vary according to the linear law.

45 Table 9.2 Frequency range, Hz 15 200 200 600 600 - 2,000 Duration Acceleration amplitude, g Qualification level Acceptance level 1.0 - 3.0 0.8 - 2.3 2.0 - 5.0 2.3 - 3.8 5.0 3.8 180 second along each 100 seconds along each of the axes X, Y, Z of the axes X, Y, Z

Note: Acceleration amplitudes within the frequency ranges vary according to the linear law. Frequency scanning speed in the qualification test in the operating modes given in Tables 9.1 and 9.2 must be two octaves per minute and in the acceptance test, it must be four octaves per minute. Operating modes of qualification and acceptance WBRV vibration tests are presented: - in Table 9.3 and in Fig. 9.1 for the boost phase, - in Table 9.4 and in Fig. 9.1 for the MIS operation phase. Table 9.3 Frequency range, Hz 20 90 90 180 180 400 400 - 2,000 Root-mean-square deviation Duration Spectral power density, g2/Hz Qualification level Acceptance level 0.011 0.019 0.011 - 0.021 0.019 - 0.036 0.021 0.036 0.021 - 0.008 0.036 - 0.014 6.7 GRMS 5.1 GRMS 300 seconds along each 150 seconds along each of the axes X, Y, Z of the axes X, Y, Z

Note: Spectral power densities within the frequency ranges 90 - 1,280 Hz and 400 - 2,000 Hz vary according to the linear law in the logarithmic scale.

46 Table 9.4 Frequency range, Hz 20 150 150 180 180 600 600 - 2,000 Duration Spectral power density, g2/Hz Qualification level Acceptance level 0.010 0.0185 0.010 - 0.015 0.0185 - 0.022 0.015 0.022 0.015 - 0.004 0.022 - 0.007 180 seconds along each 100 seconds along each of the axes X, Y, Z of the axes X, Y, Z

Note: Spectral power densities within the frequency ranges 150 - 180 Hz and 600 - 2,000 Hz vary according to the linear law in the logarithmic scale.

1- boost phase, acceptance test mode 2 - boost phase, qualification test mode 3 - MIS operation phase, acceptance test mode 4 - MIS operation phase, qualification test mode Fig. 9.1

47 9.1.4 Vibration shock load test Vibration shock load test qualification modes are presented in Table 9.5. Table 9.5 Frequency range, Hz 2 10 10 12 25 - 30 Acceleration amplitude, g 3.0 5.0 5.0 Duration , seconds 1.0 2.0 2.5 0.8 Number of loadings 2 1 1

Note: Tests are carried out along each of the axes X, Y, Z. 9.1.5 Acoustic test Qualification and acceptance test modes are presented in Table 9.6. Acoustic load qualification test modes for S/C brought into space by Strela LV are obtained by way of increasing flight levels by 4 dB. Table 9.6

Frequency range, Hz 20 - 31.5 31.5 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 63 63 - 80 80 - 100 100 - 125 125 - 160 160 - 200 200 - 250 250 - 315 315 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 630 630 - 800 800 - 1,000 1,000 - 1,250 1,250 - 1,600 1,600 - 2,000 Total acoustic pressure level, dB Duration

Acoustic pressure level, dB Qualification level Acceptance level 118 123 120 125 123 128 125 130 126 132 130 136 126 138 130 142 126 138 130 142 126 138 130 142 126 133 130 137 126 133 130 137 128 138 132 142 128 138 132 142 129 138 133 142 129 138 133 142 129 138 133 142 129 138 133 142 129 138 133 142 129 138 133 142 128 132 132 136 127 130 131 134 126 126 130 130 153 144 149 144 5s 60 s 2.5 s 30 s

Note: Time of reaching the test level is 10 - 30 seconds (0 dB = 2 10-5 Pa).

48 9.1.6 Shock load test Shock load qualification test modes for S/C brought into space by Strela LV at MIS propulsion plant ignition and thrust cutoff, fairing jettisoning and pyro devices operation are presented in Table 9.7. Table 9.7 Peak shock acceleration, g Pulse duration, ms Number of shocks 100.0 1 3 50.0 3 3 Notes: 1. Shock pulse shape is triangular or semisinusoidal. 2. Tests in the above modes are carried out along each of the axes X, Y, Z.

9.2 Interface functional tests These tests are carried out jointly by the customer (by the side representing the payload interests) and NPO Mashinostroyenia. Test time and place are to be jointly determined. 9.2.1 Electrical interface tests They are carried out in order to check electrical interfaces between LV and S/C (payload). 9.2.2 Mechanical interface tests They are carried out in order to check mating ability of the payload with LV and to confirm basic dimensions characterizing mechanical interface. Each flight-qualified S/C will be obligatorily checked for mating ability with LV in the separation plane. 9.2.3 Umbilical connector separation tests They are carried out in order to check functioning of umbilical connectors at their separation. Separation forces for each umbilical connector are measured and the following table is filled in. Connector designation and type Minimum disengagement force Maximum disengagement force

9.3 Tests at the launch place NPO Mashinostroyenia will assist the customer in carrying out the following integrated tests of S/C mounted on LV: - electrical tests of the S/C - LV - ground equipment system, - tests of radio frequency connection of S/C with ground equipment at the launch place.

49

10. GROUND EQUIPMENT LAUNCH OPERATIONS

OF

THE

COSMODROMES.

10.1 Svobodny cosmodrome The main cosmodrome for S/C launch by Strela LV is the Svobodny Cosmodrome located in the Amur region north of Blagoveshchensk town, region center. Cosmodrome coordinates 51,8N and 128,2E. The relief of the terrain adjoining the Cosmodrome is hilly with hill heights up to 400 m. Mixed forests occupy about 70% of the terrain. The climate is continental. Prevailing day time temperatures are from 10C to 15C in winter. Minimum temperature can reach 40C. Prevailing day time temperatures are from +18C up to +25C in summer, maximum summer temperatures are +30C+32C. The north-west and south-east winds with 15 m/sec velocity dominate during the year. The Svobodny Cosmodrome location allows to launch S/C into orbits with inclinations within the ranges of 51,863 and 9099 including sun - synchronous orbits. The cosmodrome has the infrastructure required to ensure the carrying out of S/C and LV preparation for launch and launch operations. The infrastructure includes: technical complex; launch complex; complex of facilities and technical support systems; communication and power supply systems; social objects. The Svobodny cosmodrome layout is presented in fig. 10.1. 10.1.1 Technical complex The cosmodrome technical complex includes technical position (TP) of Strela LV and technical position of S/C and SHS. The Strela LV technical position is designed to receive, prepare and store the Strela LV components. The Strela LV technical position consists of: storages for: 1st and 2nd stages booster sections and MIS; mobile technological equipment units; propellant components; facilities for filling preparation of propellant components; filling and neutralization station for MIS, MIC propulsion plant filling; nitrogen producing station; room for a test bench for checkouts of LV control system instruments. The S/C and SHS technical position (fig. 10.2 and 10.3) is designed to receive, check and assembly S/C and SHS, to prepare them for integration with LV. In order to support the above activities at TP, the following rooms are located and equipped: premises for S/C units and systems accommodation, S/C ground, technological and checkout equipment; premises for SHS components accommodation, ground , technological and checkout equipment for operations with SHS; premises for S/C assembly and tests; premises for SHS assembly and tests, including S/C mating with SHS; storage for containers with equipment; support sanitary-technical rooms (cloak-room, shower-room, lavatory); rooms for management and service personnel accommodation and rest.

Fig. 10.1 50

51

Fig. 10.2.

Fig. 10.3.

52

Fig. 10.4

Fig. 10.5

53 The technical position for S/C preparation and test (Fig. 10.4) is located in the building with a test hall (30x12x9 m) with a bridge crane of 5 t lifting capacity having 5.5 m height from the floor till the hook. The building has side service premises. The rooms are equipped with switch panels with U=380 V, 3 phases, f=50 Hz, I=20 A (minimum) and standard sockets of U=210240 V and f=50 Hz. The temperature condition in working rooms is maintained in the range of +15C+25C, relative humidity up to 80%. The cleanliness class of the premises during operation with S/C is 100,000. The technical position for SHS assembly and test (Fig. 10.5) is located in the building with test hall (39x12x10 m), two bridge cranes of 15 t and 5 t lifting capacity having 10 m height from the floor till the hook. The building has side service premises. The premises are equipped with switch panels of U=380 V, 3 phases, f=50 Hz, I=20 A (minimum) and standard sockets of U=210240 V and f=50 Hz. The temperature condition in working rooms is maintained in the range of +15C+25C, relative humidity 3080%. The TP premises are equipped with a loudspeaker and operative telephone communications. 10.1.2 Launch complex The cosmodrome launch complex is designed to prepare for launch and launch the Strela LV with various-class S/C. The launch complex includes: silo launcher (SL) with technological equipment and technical systems; command post; cable control and communication lines; power supply system; security system; facilities, communication lines, approach lines. At the first phase (20002001) the cosmodrome will have one SL modified for Strela LV launch. It is located at 515006N and 1281630E. In the future the SL amount can be brought up to 23. The control of pre-launch and launch operations is carried out from the command post equipped with remote control system and communication system with SL and ground control complex. At SL, possibility is provided to check the S/C initial state by means of connecting the S/C equipment located in SL by cable communication. To protect LV and SHS from exposure to atmospheric phenomena (rain, snow) in the silo (fig. 10.6) and maintain the temperature condition in the silo, the opening is covered with a technological protective cover. The cosmodrome has mobile technological equipment to provide transporting, loading unloading, mounting and integration with Strela LV and SHS as well as to provide filling of booster sections of 1st and 2nd stages and servicing LV in SL.

54

Fig. 10.6

55 10.2 Launch operations 10.2.1 Organization of the LV launch preparation cycle The Strela LV with SHS launch preparation cycle has nominal duration of 18 working days out of which 10 days are necessary for LV preparation prior to mating with SHS, 8 days for joint checkouts at the launch complex and for final preparation of LV integrated with SHS for launch. The preparation time of S/C and SHS at the technical complex is 8 working days. 10.2.2 Preparation for launch at the technical complex L 19 days L 18 days L 1 to L 17 days L 16 to L 8 days L 17 to L 12 days L 9 to L 8 days Arrival of Strela LV and SHS components to the cosmodrome. Arrival of S/C and its ground equipment to the technical complex. Mounting of the S/C ground equipment in premises of the technical position; its preparation for work. S/C assembly and tests. S/C filling. SHS equipment checkouts; SHS preparation for assembly. MIC propulsion plant filling. SHS assembly (S/C mating, nose fairing with interim/mating stage mounting. SHS checkouts. Preparation for transporting to the launch complex.

LV and S/C preparation for launch begins 18 days prior to launch and continues in parallel and independently until the day L 9. S/C preparation operations are carried out in the clean zone of TP premises in the period from the day L 16 until the L 9 day. S/C filling is performed within the same period. SHS checkouts and SHS preparation for assembly are carried out in the integration and test building room on the assembly (mounting) stand from the L 17 until L 12 days. S/C assembly with SHS and subsequent checkouts are performed in the clean zone of the TP premises in the period from the L 9 until the L 8 days. The S/C delivery in the customer's container is carried out by air to the airport in Blagoveshchensk and further to the technical position in the wagon with temperature control or on a special vehicle where temperature control is provided. The SHS transportation to the launch complex is carried out on the transportation and loading vehicle using thermal bag if necessary (Fig.10.7).

56

Fig. 10.7.

57 10.2.3 Launch preparation operations at the launch complex L 18 to L 8 days L 8 days L 8 to L 6 days L 6 to L 4 days L 4 to L 2 days L 2 to L 0 days L - 2 hours L 2 hours L0 LV mounting in silo launcher (SL). Electrical checkouts. LV and SL preparation to SHS mating. SHS transportation to the launch complex. SHS mating with LV. Electric tests with telemetry recording. Data analysis. S/C electrical checkouts at the launch complex. Test results analysis. Strela LV filling. Final operations on LV an SL. LV and SL Personnel evacuation. Pre-launch preparation Launch

The following operations are carried out in the period of from L 18 until L 8 days: mounting the booster section of the 1st and 2nd stages in SL; transportation of the filled MIS to the launch complex and its mating with the booster section; mating of transporting launching container (TLC) with superstructure; mounting of the gas protector on TLC; laying and joining of expendable pneumatic and hydraulic pipelines and cables of an single action; electrical checkouts with SHS equivalent; In the period from the day L 8 until the day L 4 SHS mating with LV and electrical checkouts of SHS systems and S/C with results analysis are carried out. The decision to fill LV with propellant components is taken according to the analysis results. In the period from the day L 4 to the day L 2, LV filling is performed. Upon completion of final operations on SL, the pre-launch operations and the launch are carried out from the command post. 10.3. Launch preparation operations and launch from the Baikonur Cosmodrome The Baikonur Cosmodrome located in the Republic of Kazakhstan can be used for S/C launching into the orbit with 62.8 inclination. The scheme of the Baikonur Cosmodrome is given in fig. 10.8. The technical and launch complexes available in the cosmodrome for RS-18 ICBM launches ensure fully preparation and launch of SHS using the Strela LV. The S/C and SHS preparation is carried out in the integration and test building in which there is a clean room consisting of three sections: clean premises of the class 100,000 for S/C assembly and tests (80 m 2); clean premises of the class 100,000 for SHS assembly (90 m 2); airlock (100 m2) in which S/C container, SHS elements and ground equipment are cleaned prior to their transportation into clean premises 1 and 2.

Fig. 10.8 58

59 In order to carry out loading-unloading operations with S/C and SHS elements, there is a bridge crane in the clean room, the height from the floor till the crane hook is 10 m. The preparation technology of the Strela LV and SHS at the Baikonur Cosmodrome is similar to the preparation technology at the Svobodny Cosmodrome.

60

11. GROUND TELEMETRY AND TRACKING EQUIPMENT

The ground equipment for telemetry and tracking measurements during the Strela LV launches is a part of the existing ground measurements complex (GMC) and performs the following: flight tracking and prediction of drop places for the LV separated parts; reception and processing of telemetric data; proximate analysis and continuous commentary on the flight; displaying recording and dissemination of processed telemetric data. GMC elements functions are regulated by a special document (GMC Operation Program) which defines their operational programs for each mission. In case of launches from the Svobodny Cosmodrome the equipment of the measuring point and GMC points located on the RF territory receive the data at the boost phase during up to 800 seconds of flight for launch into orbit with 90 99 inclination and during up to 500 seconds of flight for launch into orbits with 51.8 61 inclination. To receive the data at the flight phases beyond the GMC visibility zone: for telemetry, the onboard memory can be used; at the beginning of the second revolution the recorded data are transmitted to measurements complexes forming part of the control complex ground equipment; for tracking the customer equipment of the GLONASS GPS or TERMINATOR-type GPS can be used. The trajectory parameters can also be determined by comparison of the LV navigation system design and actual parameters received during the launch. The parameters of the LV navigation system are regulated in the telemetry frame by the onboard digital computer of the LV control system. In case of launches from the Baikonur Cosmodrome the currently existing ground measurement points on the RF and Kazakhstan territory receive the data of TM measurements and tracking measurements for the orbits with 62.8 inclination during up to 1300 seconds of flight. Data reception at the flight phases beyond the visibility zones of measurements points can be provided by equipment and methods, which are used during the launches from the Svobodny Cosmodrome.

61

12. LAUNCH PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

12.1. Launch program management Launch program management means providing by NPO Mashinostroyenia of services for customers S/C launching into orbit. Launch services are to be in accordance with the scope of works specified in the contract. 12.2. Licenses, permissions, approval 12.2.1. NPO Mashinostroyenia ensures receipt of all governmental licenses, permissions, approvals and other documents in the RF Government required to carry out launch services. 12.2.2. The Customer ensures receipt of required licenses, permissions, approvals and other documents in the Government of his country concerning export from the customers country and the import to Russian Federation of technical information, S/C and support equipment. 12.2.3. NPO Mashinostroyenia renders assistance in S/C and support equipment delivery to the RF and organization of their transportation to the launch site; assistance in customs clearance, in providing transportation and communication means, comfortable dwelling. 12.3. Launch program analysis, documentation 12.3.1. Tasks, methods and strategy of launch program analysis are givens Section 8. 12.3.2. NPO Mashinostroyenia and the customer develop and present to the other side timely and in full the required initial data and documents to ensure the launch program management. The list of documents with indication of responsibility for their issue will be prepared in accordance with the General Launch Program Schedule (table 12.1). The list of the customers initial data to support the launch services will be prepared in accordance with section 8. Time frames for initial data presentation are specified in the contract based upon General Launch Program Schedule fulfilment. 12.4. Preparation for launch and launch at the Cosmodrome 12.4.1. Preparation for launch and launch at the Cosmodrome include the following operations: launch preparation operations at the technical complex; launch operations; making provisions for LV separated parts drop areas; safety measures along the flight route; LV flight monitoring, telemetry and tracking measurements; search for and recovery of LV elements, their decontamination and disposal; land reclamation activity in connection with launch aftermaths liquidation; issuing reports on the launch results. The sequence and schedule of work are given in Section 10. 12.4.2. Launch preparation and implementation will be supervised by an Inter-Agency Commission Composed of representatives of NPO Mashinostroenia, the Customer and RF Government agencies. The Commission s authorized to make an ultimate decision to perform the launch. 12.5. Launch program management structure 12.5.1. After signing the contract by both sides, NPO Mashinostroyenia and the customer appoint the project coordinator from each side. The project coordinators examine and coordinate

62 the performance of launch services and technical obligations of concerned sides under the present contract. The project coordinators must have enough powers to regulate any technical problems which can arise during the present contract fulfillment as well as daily administrative matters. 12.5.2. NPO Mashinostroyenia is responsible for holding meetings on the analysis of the technical state and readiness for flight in accordance with the General Launch Program Schedule prepared by NPO Mashinostroyenia and the Customer within one month after signing of the contract. 12.5.3. All notifications and information exchange between the sides are to be in writing. 12.6. General Launch Program Schedule The launch program general schedule is presented in Fig 12.1. This schedule has been prepared for the 1st launch. Each subsequent launch can be performed six weeks after the previous launch.

63