STONE WORK

SPECIFICATIONS

91 - 92

CONTENTS
Page LIST OF MANDA TORY TESTS LIST OF BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7 .11 7.12 7.13 7.14 TERMINOLOGY RANDOM RUBBLE STONE MASONRY COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY-FIRST SORT 170 171 173
177

COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY - SECOND SORT PLAIN ASHLAR MASONRY PUNCHED ASHLAR (ORDINARY) MASONRY MOULDED, SUNK., CARVED ASHLAR MASONRY STONE VENEERING WORK STONE CHAJJA SHELVES, COPING, PLAIN CORNICES STRING COURSES ETC. STONEJALI LATERITE STONE MASONRY SLATE STONE MASONRY PRECAST CONCRETE STONE BLOCK MASONRY HOLLOW AND SOLID CONCRETE BLOCK IvfASONRY

178 178
181

181 182 184 184 185 185 186 186

190
194 195 196 197 198 199
200

Fig. NO.1

Stone work

Fig. No.2 to 7 Tenninology Fig. No.8 Fig. No.9 Fig. No. 10 Fig. No. 11 Fig. No. 12 Fig. No.. 13 Random Rubble Masonry Coursed Rubble Stone Masonry Ashlar stone masonry Ashlar stone mansory with brick backing Moulded, sunk, carved stone masonry Arches & Chajjas
202

201

FiRNoJ 14, 15 Stone veneering

& 203
204

Fig. No. 16

General arrangements of cramps

169

..

STONE WORK
List of Bureau of Indian Standard codes

1122-1974 1124-1974 1126-1974 1125-1974 1128-1974 1974 l. 737-1986 1129-1972 1123-1975 1121-(Pt.I)

. . . .

Specifications for wrought aluminium anda1umiI1iumalloy. steel and strip for gencraleni...neering purpose.
MetJ.'1ods for determination of properties and strengt.~s of natural building . stDnes (part I-compressive strength).

Methods for determination of specific gravity of natural building stones. Methods of identification of natural building stones. Methods of test for detennination of water absorption, apparent specific gravity and porosity of natural buildillg stones. Methods of test for determination of weathering of natural building stones. Methods of test for deterrninati0l! of durability of natural building stones. Specification for Lime stones (slab Recommendations

& tiles) .

for dressing of natural building stones.

10. 1200 (Pt. IV) 1976 Methods of measurements of building and Civil engineering works-stone masonry 11. 1597 (Pt. I) 1967 12 .. 1597 (pt. II)-1967 Code of practice for construction of rubble stone masonry Code of practice for construction of ashlar stone masonry Glossary of terms relating to stones. quarrying and dressing

13. 1805 ~ 1973

14.2185

- (Pt. 1)-1979 Specifications for concrete masonry units. Hollow and solid concrete blocks Code of Practice for construction of hollow concrete block masonry Specification for laterite stone block for masonry Sand stone (slab

15. 2572-1963 16. 3620-1979 17. 3622 - 1977 18. 4101-(Pt.1)-1967 19. 4101-(part 11)-67

& tiles)

Code of practice for external facings and veneers (Pait I-stone facing.) Code of practice for external facing and veneers: (part II -Cement concerete facing). Specifications for precast concrete stone masonry blocks

20. 12440-1988

170

7.0 Terminology Ashlar Stone masonry using dressed block of given dimensions having faces perpendicularto each other and laid in courses Bed Joint TIle joint where one stone presses on another for example, a horizontal joint in a wall or radiating joint between the voussoirs of arch (See fig No. and 13)

Cornice

Ahorlzontal moulded projection which crowns or finishes either a wall, any horizontal division of wall, or any architectural feature (See

Fig IC.)
Cramp

A small piece of metal or the hardestortoughtest stone procurable, sunk in mortices and fixed across joints as additional ties. The ends of metal cramps are bent at right angles and stone cramps are dovetailed (See Fig. IE). Course A layer of stones in wali including the bed mortar. Dowels Dowels are small sections of metal, stone or pebbles bedded with mortar in corresponding mortice in bed or side joint or adjacent stones (See fig . 1A) Jamb The part of the wall at the side of an opening.

Block a) Hollow (Open and closed cavity) block A concrete masonry urnt with any; one of the external dimension greaterthan the corresponding dimension of a brick and having one or . more large holes or cavities wmch either pass through the block (open cavity) or do effectively pass through the block (closed cavity) a.l1d having the solid material between 50% and 75% of the total volume of the block calculated from the overall dimensions. b) Solid Block

Joggle A concrete masonry unit with external dtmensions greater than corresponding dimension of a brick and having solid matcrial not less tl1an 75% of the total volume of the blockca1culated from over all dimension
Bond

A key besween.the stones by providing a groove in one stone to take a corresponding concealed projection in the edges on the other stone (See Fig. lB) Natural Bed The planes of stratification sedimentary rocks. Parapet A solid or pierced guatd wall for flat stone terrace or balcony (or abridge) or a curb wall at t."'1e lower part of a pitched roof which is exposed to atmosphere on face back and top (see fig 1C) Quoin A quoin is lhe external angle of wall or buUd- . iIlg. The term Is <uso applied to stone. specially that occurs in a

An interlocking arrangement of structural units in a wan to ensure stability Bond Stone (Through stone) Selected long stone used to hold a wall togehi.er transversly (see fig.8) Corbel Stone bonded well into the wall with part of it projecting out of the face of wall to form a bearing surfaces

171

s;,;;}ectedand neatly dressed for fanning slich ai'1gle.

Random

Chisel Drafted Margin The dresing done with a drafting chisel in narrow strips of width generally 2 to 5 em. Chisel drafted margin shall be punch dressed. Hammer Dressed Suiface

Random or irregular size

&"1(1 shapes.

A hammer dressed stone shall have no sharp

and inegular comers and shall have a comparatively even surface so as to fit well in masonry. Hammer dressed stone is also known as hamRubble Masonry Masonry built of stones either incgular in shapes as quarried or squared and only hammer - dressed ai1dhaving comparative1 y thick joints. As far as possible. stones for mbble masonry shall be anglllar. Skewback Sloping surface against which the springing of an arch rests. Spandrel Space between the haunches below the decking level. String Course Ahorizontal band, plain or moulded, "Usually projecting slightly from theface of waB (see fig IC) Suifadng or dressing of stones mer raced, quany faced and rustic faced.- The bushing from the general wallface shall not be more tha..'140mm on exposed face and IOmm on faces to be plastered (Fig.2) Rock Faced Surface A rock faced stone shall have a minimum of 25mm wide chisel drafted margin at the four edges, aU the edges being in the same plane (Fig 3). Rou.gh Tooled Surface

The stones are dressed to have different surfaces as indicated ~low. Template or Bed Block A block of stone or concrete bedded on a wall to ~stribute the pressure from a concentrated load. Self Faced Surfaces Surfaces of stone slabs used for roofing flooring, lintels etc. as obtained from quarry. Squared Back Surface Means the surface shall be dressed back at right angles to the face of the stone.

A rough tooled surface shall have a series of bands, made by means of a plane chisel 4 to 5cm wide, more or less parallel to tool marks ~all overthe surface. 'These marks may be eit.i.er horlzontal, vertical or at an angle of 45 as directed (Eg. 4). The edges and corners shall ..be squ_are and true. The depth or gap between the surface and stright edge,-held against the surface shall net be more than 3mm (Rough tooled stones are used where fairly regular plane faces are required for masonry work).
Punched Dressed Surface A rough surface is further dresse~ by means of punch chisel to show series of parallel ridges. The depth of gap between the surface and a straight edge held against the surface shall not exceed 3mm (Fig. 5). Punched dressed stones ,are used where even surfaces are required. Close Picked Suiface A punched stone is further dressed by means of point chisel so as to obtain a finer surface, ridges or chisel marks left over being very tiny.

172

The depth of gap between the surface and a straight edge kept over the surface shall not exceed l.5mm (Fig 6). Fine tooled Surface ClQse picked surface is further dressed so that all the projections are removed andfairly smooth surface is obtained. The surfaces shall have 3 to 4 lines per centimetre width depending on the degree of hardness of stone and degree of fineness required (Fig 7). This type of dressing . is commonly adopted for asWar work. Polished Surface Surfaces having a high gloss finish. Polishing of stones shall be done by rubbing them with suitable abrasive, wetting the surface where neces,sary with water. Alternatively polishing of stones shall be done by holding them firmly on the top of revolving table 'to which some abrasive material like sand or carborundum is fed. The final polishing shall be performed by rubber or felt, using oxide of lime (called by trade name as putty powder) as a polishing medium.

7.1 RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY

7.1.1. Stone: The stone shall be of the type
specified such as granite, trap, limestone, sand stone, quartzite, etc; 'and shall be obtained from the quarries, approved by the Engineer - in Charge. Stone shall be hard, sound, durable and free from weathering decay and defects like cavities, cracks, flaws, sand holes, injurious veins, patches ofloose or soft materials and other similar defects t.iJ.at may adverseJ.y affect its strength and appearance. As far as possible stones shall be of uniform colour, quality or texture. Generally stony shall not contain crypst crystalline silica or chart, mica and othr deleterious materials like iron-oxide organic impurities etc. Stones with round surface shall not be used. The compressive trength of common types of stones shall be as per table I and the percentage of water absorption shall generally not exceed 5 % for stones other than specified in table I. For laterite tbis percentage is 12%. '

Table I
Type of stone Maximum Water Abosption percentge by weight Granite Basalt Lime stone (Slab Sand Stone (Slab Marble Quartzite Laterite (Block)
I

Minimum Compressive strength kg/sq cm

0.5
0.5

1000 400
200

& Tiles)

0.15

& Tiles)

2.5
0.40 0.40

300
500

800
35
. ~

12

Note: 1 Test for compressive strength shall be carried out as laid down in IS: 1121 (Part I)'~:i974. Note: 2 Test for water absorption shall be carried out as laid down in IS: 1124-1974.

173

7.1.2

Size of stones

shall be hammered down with wooden mallet into the position firmly bedded in mortar,. Chips or sprawls of stones may be used for filing of interstices between the adjacent stones in heartening and these shall not exceed 20% of the quantity of stone masonry. To form a bond between successive courses plum stones projecting vertically by about 15 to 20cm shall be firmly embedded in the hearterring at the interval of about one metre in every course. No hollow space shall be left any where in the masonry. The masonry "'cork in wall shall be carried up true to plumb or to specified baiter. Random rubble masonry shall be brought to the level courses at plinth, window sills,lintel <mdroof levels. Levelling shall be done with concrete comprising of one part of the mortar as used for masonry and two parts of graded stone aggregate of 20mm nominal size. masonry in structure shall be carried liniformly. Where the masonry of one part is to be delayed, the work shall be raked back at an ~mglenot steeper than 45'
TI1C

Normally stones used should be small enough to be lifted and placed by hand. Unless otherwise indicated, the length of stones for stone masonry shall not exceed three times the height and the breadth or bas~ shall not be greater than three fouI1h th~ thickness of wall, or not less than 15cm. The height of stone may be upto 30 em. 7.1.3 Random Rubble Masonry shaH be uncoursed or brought to courses as specified (Fig. 8&9) Uncoursed random rubble masonry shall be constructed with stones of sizes as referred to in para 7.1.2 and shapes picked up ra.ndom from the stones brought from the approved quarry. 0tones having sharp comers or round surfaces shall, however, not be used. 7.1.4 Random rubble masonry brought to the course is similar to uncours,ed random rubble masonry except that the courses arc roughly levelled at intervals varying from 30cm to 90cm in hei ght according to the size of stones used.

7.1.5

Dressing

Each stone shall be hammer dressed on the face, the sides and the bed. Hammer dressing shall enable the stones to be laid close to neighbouring stones such that the bushing in . the face shall not project more than 40mm on the exposed face and 10mm on the face to be plastered.

7.1.8

Bond Stones
running right through shall be provided in and in case of walls a set of two or more each other by atleast in a line from face of

7.1.6

Mortar

B.ond or through stones the thickness of wans, walls upto 60cm duck above 60cm thickness. bond stones overlapping 15cm shall be provided the v,mll to the back.

TIle mortar used for joining shall be as specified. '

7.1.7

Laying

All stones shaH be wetted before use. Each stone shall be placed close to the stones already laid so that the thickness of the mortar joints at the face is not more than 20mm. Face stones be an'anged suitably to stagger t.'1c vertical joints and long vertical joints shaH be avoided, Stones for hearting or interior fining
-;haU

In case of highly ahsorbent types of stones (porous lime stone fuid sand stone etc.) single piece bond stones may give rise to dampness. For all thicknesses of such walls, a set of two or mbre bond stoDes overlapping each other by atleast 15cm shall be provided. Length of each such bond stone shall not be less thel1 two third
of the thjc};.ness of tJ.'1cwall.

Vv11ere bond stones of suitable lengths are not available precast cement concrete block of 1:3:6 mix (1 cement: 3 coarse sand: 6 graded

174

stone aggregate 20mm nominal size) of cross section not less than 225 square centimetres and length equal to the thickness of wall shall be used in lieu of bond stones. (This shall be applicable only in masonry below ground level a,nd where masonry above ground level is fimilly required to be plastered). At least one bond stone or a set of bond stones shall be provided for every 0.5 sqm of the area of waU surface.- All bond stones shall be marked smtably with paint as directed by t~e Engineerin-charge;

be filled and made good with cement concrete 1:3:6 (1 cement: 3 coarse sand: 6 stone aggregate 20mm nominal size).

7.1.12 Curing .
Masonry work in cement or composite mortar shall be kept constantly moist on all faces for a minimum period of seven days. In case of masonry with fat lime mortar curing shall commence two days after laying of masonry and shall continue for atIeast seven days there after.

7.1.9

Quoin and Jamb Stones

7.1.13 Protection
Green work shall be protected from rain by suitable covering. The work shall also be suitably protected from damage, mortar dropping and rain during construction ..

The quoin and jamb stones shall be of selected stones neatly dressed with hat-nmer or chisel to form the required angle. Quoin stones shall not be less than 0.01 cum Lfl volume. Height of quoins aIld jamb stones shall not be less than 15 em. Quoins shall be laid header and stretcher alternatively. 7.1.10

7.1.14 Measurements
7.1.14.1 The length, height and thickness shall be measured correct to a em. The thickness of wall shall be measured at joints excluding the bushing. Only specified dimensions shall be allowed; anything extra shall be ignored. The _ quantity shall be calculated in cubic metre nearest to two places of decimaL .7.1.14.2 The work under the following categories shall be measured separately.

Joints

Stones shall be so laid that aU joints are fully packed 'with mortar and chips. Face joints shan not be more than 20mril thick. The - joints shall be struck flush and fipished .at the time oflaying when plastering or pointing is not to be done. For the surfaces to be plastered or pointed, the joints shall be raked to a minimum depth of 20mm when ~e mortar is still green.

i)

From foundation to plirith level (level one) a) work in or under water and or liquid mud work in or under foul positions

7.1.11 Scaffolding
Single scaffolding having one set of vertical support shall be allowed, The supports shall be sound and strong, tied together by horizontal pieces, over which the scaffolding planks shall be fixed. The inner end of the horizontal scaf_folding member may rest in a hole provided in the masonry. S~ch holes, however, shall not be allowed in pillars under one metre in width or near the skew back of arches. The holes left in masonry work for supporting scaffolding shall

b) ii)

From plinth level (Level one) to floor two level From floor two level to floor three level <Ll1d so on.

iii)

iv) - Stone masonry in parapet shall be measured together with -the corresponding item in the wan of the storey next below.

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7.1.14.3 No deduction shall be made nor extra payment made for the following. i) Endsofdissin1ilarmaterials (that is joists , beams, lintels, posts, girders, rafters purlins, trusses, corbels, steps etc.) upto 0.1 sqm in section. Openings each upto 0,1 sqm in area. In calculating the area of openings, any separate lintels or sills shall be included ,alongwith the size of opening but the end portions of the lintels shall be excluded and the extra width of rebated reveals, if any, shall also be excluded. ill) . Wall plates and bPA plates, and bearing of cha.ijas and the like, where the thickness does not exceed lOem and the bearing does not extend over the full thickness of the wall. Note ;,The bearing of floor and roof shall be deducted from wall masonry. iv) Drain holes and recesses for cement concrete blocks to embed hold fasts fordoors, windows etc. ' Building in masonry, iron fixture, pipes upto 300mm dia, hold fasts of doors and windows etc. Forming chases in masonry each upto section of 350 sqcm.

sured for splaying of jambs, throating .and making arch to support t:l1eopening.

7.1.14.6 Square or rectangular pillars

These shall be measured as walls, .but 'extra payment shall be allowed for stone work in square or rectangular pillars over the rate for stone work in walls. Rectangular pillar shall mean a detached masonry support rectangular in section, such that its breadth does not exceed two and a half times the thickness.

ii)

7.1.14.7 Circular pillars (Columns)

These shall be measured as per actual dimensions, but extra p~yment shall be allowed for ston~ work in circular pillars overothe rate for stone work in walls. The diameter as well as length shall be measured correct to a em.

7j.14~8Tapered waIls shallbemeasu~dnet, . as per actual dimensions and paid for as other walls.
7.1.14.9 Curved Masonry
Stone masonry curv~d on plan to a mean radius exceeding?6 metres shaH be measured and included with general stone work. Stone work circular on plan to a mean radius not exceeding 6 mettes' shall be measured separately and shall include all cuttings and waste and templates. It shall be measured as the mean length of the wall. 7.1.15 Rate

v)

vi)

Masonry (excluding fixing brick work) in chimney breasts with smoke of air flues not exceeding 20 sqdm (0.20 sqm) in sectional area shall be measured as ~olid and no extra payment shall be made for pargetting and coring such flues. Where flues exceed 20sq.dm (0.20 sqm) sectional area, deduction shall be made for the same and pargetting and coring flues shall be measured in running metres stating size of flues and paid for separately. Aperture for fire place shall not be deducted and no extra payment made for splaying of jambs and throating. ' 7.1.14.5 Apertures for fire places shall not be deducted and extra labour shall not be mea-

The rate shall include the cost of materials and labour required for all the operations described above and shall include the following.; a) Raking outjoints'for.plastering or point.ing done as a separate item, or finishllg flush as the work proceeds ... Preparing tops and sides of eXisting walls for raising an,d extending.
\

b)

c)

Rough cutting and waste for forming gables cores, skew backs or spandrels of arches; splays at eaves and all rough

176

cutting in the body of walling unless otherwise specified. d) Bond stones or cement concrete bond blocks Leading and making holes for pipes etc. Bedding and pointing,wall plates, lintels, sills etc. in or on w~s, bedding roof tiles and corrugated sheets in or on walls. Building in'ends of joists, beams, lintels etc.

and all vertical joints shall be truly vertical. The height of each course shall not be less than 15cm nor more than 3Ocm. Face stones shall be laid alternate headers and st~tchers. No pinning shall be allowed on the face. No face stone shall be less in breadth than its 'height and atleast one third of the stones shall tail into the work for length not less than twice their height. The hearting or the interior filling of the wall shall consist of stones carefully,laid on their proper beds in mortar; chips and spallsof s~one being used where necessary to avoid thick beds of joints of mortar and at the same time ensuring that no hollow spaces are left anywhere in the masonry. The chips shall not i;>e used below the hearting stone to bring these upto the level of face stones. The use of chips shall be restricted to the fillingof interstices between the adjacent stones in hearting and these shall not exceed 10% of the quantity of stone masonry. The masonry in a structure shall be carried up uniformly but where breaks are. unavoidable, the joints shall be .raked back at angle not steepert.han 45. Toothing shall not be allowed.

e) f)

g)

7.2

COURSED RUBBLE MASONRY FIRST SORT (FIG 9)

7.2.1

Stone
Shall be as specified in 7.1.1.

7.2.2

Size of stone
Shall be as specified in 7.1.2.

7.2.3

Dressing

Face stones shall be hammer dressed on all beds, and joints so as to give them approximately rectangular block shape. These shall be squared on all joints and beds. The bed joint shall be rough chisel dressed for atleast 8cm back from the face, and side jointsJor at least .4cm such that no portion of the dressed surface is more than 6mm from a straight edge placed . on it. The bushiIlg on the face shall not project mOre than 4cm as an exposed face and one em. on a face to be plastered. The hammer dressed
~ .c

7.2.6

Bond Stones

Shall be as specified in 7.1.8 except that a bond stone or a set of bond stones shall be inserted 1.5 to 1.8 metres apart, in every course.

7.2.7

Quoins

stone shall also h~ve a rough tooling for mini. mum width of 2.5cmalong the four edges. of the face of the stone, when stone work is exposed .

7.2.4

Mortar
",

The mortar for jointing shall be as specified.

'-

The quoins shall be of tJ1esame'h~ight. as the , course in which these OCcur.Th~s~ shall be at least 45cm long and,shall be laid stretchers and headers alternatively. These shall be laid square, . on the beds, which shall be rough-chisel dressed .to a depth of at least JOcm. In case of exposed 'York,. these stones shall have a minimum of 2.5cm wide chisel drafts at four edges, all the edges being in the saine plane.

7.2.5 'Laying
All stones shall be wetted before use. The walls .. -

7.2.8' Joints
All'.bed joints shall be horizontal and all side joints vertical. All joints shall be fully packed

shall 'be carried up truly plumb or to specified batter. All courses shall be taid truly horizontal

177,
:>t}

with mortar, face joints shall not be more than one em thick . When plastering or pointing is not required to be done; the joints shall be struck flush and finished at the time oflaying. Otherwise, joints shall be raked to a minimum depth of 20mm by raking tool during the progre8s of work, when the mortar is still green. 7.2.9 Curing, scaffolding, Measurements and Rates shall be as specified under 7.1

When plastering or pointing is not required to . be done, the joints shall be. struck flush and . finished at the time of laying. Otherwise, the joints shall be raked to a minimum depth of 20mm by raking tool during progress of worle, where the mortar is still green.

7.3.8 . Curing, scaffolding, measurement and

Rates Shall be as specified under 7.1
7.4

Plain Ashlar Masonry (Fig 10)

7.3

COURSED~IJBBLEMASONRYSECOND SORT (FIG 9)

7.4.1

7.3.1

Stone
Shall be- as specified in 7.1.1 ..

Stone shall be of the type specified. It shall be hard, sound, durable and tough, free from cracks, decay and weathering and defects like cavities, cracks, flaws, sand holes, veins, patches of soft or loose materials etc. Before starting the work, the contractor shall get the stones approved by Engineer-in-Charge.

7.3.2

Size of Stone
Shall be as specified in 7.1.2.

7.3.3

Dressing

7.4.2

Size of Stone

Shall be as specified in 7.2.3. except that no portion of dressed surface shall exceed lOmm from a straight edge placed on it.

7.3.4 'Mortar
The mortar for jointing shan be as specified.

Normally stones used should be small enough to be lifted and placed by hand. the length of the stone shall not exceed three times the height . and tp.ebreadth on base shall not be greater than three fourth of the thickness of wall nor less than 15cm. The height 30cm.

of stone may be upto

7.3.5

Laying

7.4.3

Dressing

Shall be as specified in 7.2.5 excepfthat the use of chips shall not exceed 15% of the quantity of stone masonry and stone, in each course need not be of the same height but not more L'1antwo stones shall be used ~ the height of a course.

7.3.6

Bond Stone, Quoins

Shall be as specified in 7.2.6 and 7'.2.7 respectively.

7.3.7

Joints

All bed joints shall be horizontal and all side vertical. All joints shall be fully packed with mortar, face joints shall not be more than 2 cm thick.

, Every stone shall be cut to the required size and shape, so as to be free from waviness and to give truly vertical and horizontal, joints. In exPosed masonry, the faces that are to remain exposed in the final position and the adjoining faces to a depth of 6mm shall be the fine chisel dressed so that when checked with 60cm straight edge, no point varies from it by more than tmm. The top and bottom faces that are to form the bed joints shall be chisel dressed so that variation from 60cm straight edge at no point exceeds 3mm. Faces which are to fonn the vertical joints should be chisel dfessed so that variation at any point with 60cm straight edge does not exceed 6)]lm. Any vertical face that is to .come against ba9king of masonry shall be

dressed such that variation from straight edge does not exceed IOrnm. All angles and edges that are to remain exposed in the final position shall be true, square and free from chippings. A sample of dressed stone shall be prepared for approval of Engineer - in - Charge. It shall be kept at the worksite as a sample after being approved.

from the brick masonry for embedding the bond stoncin the backng nor any extra payment shall be made for any extra labour involved in making holes in brick masonry backing. When necessary, jib crane or other mechanical applia .. lces shall be used to hoist the heavy pieces of stones and place these into correct positions. care being taken that the comers of the stone are not damaged. Stone sl1al1 be covered with gunny bags, before tying chain or rope is passed over it, and it shall be handlled carefully. No piece which has been damaged shall be used in work.

7.4.4

Mortar

The mortar for jointing shall be as specified.

7.4.5

Laying

All stones shall be wetted before placing in position. These shall be floated on mortar and bedded properly in position with wooden mallets without the use of chips or under pinning of any sort. The walls and pillars $hall be carried up truly plumb or battered as shown in dra\ . ings. AU courses shall be laid truly horizontal and aU vertical joints shall be truly vertical. In case of ashlar work without backing of brick work or coursed rubble masonry, face stone shall be laid headers and stretchers altrnately unless otherwise directed. The headers shall be aranged to come as nearly as possible in the middle of stretchers above and below. Stone shall be laid in regular courses of not less then 15cm in height and all the courses shall be of same height, unless otherwise specified. . For ashlar facing with backing of brick work or coursed rubble masonry (See Fig 11) face stone shall be laid in alternate courses of headers and stretchers unless otherwise directed. Face stone and bond stone course shall be maintained throughout. All connected masonry in a structure shall be caried up nearly at one uniform level throughout, but where breaks ae avoidable, the joint shall be made in good long steps so as to prevent cracks developing between new and old work. Bond stone provided in the masonry shall be payable in the item of Ashlar masonry. Neither any deduction will be made

7.4.6

Bond Stones
Shall be as specified in 7.1:-8

7.4.7

Joints

All joints shall be full of mortar. These shall be not more than 6mm thick. Face joints shall be uniform throughout and a unifonn recess of 20rnm depth from face shall be left with the help of the steel plate during the progress of work.

7.4.8

Pointing

All exposed joints shall be pointed with mortar as specified. The pointing when finished shall be sunk from stone face by 5mm or as specified. The depth of mortar in pointing work shall not be less than 15mm.

7.4.9

Curing

Masonry work in cement or composite mortar shall be kept constantly moist on all faces for a minimum period of seven days. In case of masonry wit.~ fat lime mortar, curing shall commence two days after laying of masonry and shall continue for atleast seven days thereafter.

7.4.10 Protections
Green work shall be protected from rain by suitable covering. The work shall also be suitably protected from daniage, mortar dropping and rain during construction.

179

7.4.11 Satffolding
Double scaffolding having two sets of vertical supports shall be provided. The supports shall be sOUnd and strong, tied together with horizontal pieces over which scaffolding planks shall be , . fixed. 704.12 ' MeasQrements The finished work shall be measured correct to a centimetre in respect of length, breadth and heigh~. The cubical contents shall be calculated in cubic metre nearest to two places of deCimal. 704.12.1 No deduction nor fillY extra payment shill be made for the following: i) Ends of dissiniilarmaterials (that is joists, beams, lintels, posts, girders, rafters, purlins, trusses, corbels, steps etc.) upto 0.1 sqm in section. upto 0.1 sqrn in area. In calcuarea of opening, any separate ~tels or sills shall be included alongwith ~e size of t.'1e operrlng but the end portion of the lintels shall be excluded and extra width of rebated ~veals, if any, shall also be excluded. Wall plates and bed plates and bearing of chajja and the like, where the thickness does not exceed lOem and the bearing does hot extend over the full thickness of the wall. Note: The bearing of floor and roof slabs shall be deducted from wall masonry. iv) Drainage holes and recesses left for cc- . ment concrete blocks to embed hold-fasts for doors and windows, building in the masonry iron fixture and. pipes upto 300mm diameter .. v) Stone walling'in chimney breasts, chimney staCks, smoke or air flues not exceed'jngO~;K>sqm in sectional area shall be
'., 1,

~ measured as solid and no extra measure/:

ment shall be made for pargetting and coring such flues. Where flues exceed 0.20 sqm' in, sectional area, deduction shall be made forth~ same andpargetting and coring flues paid for separately. 7.4.12.2 lars. Square, Rectangular or Circular Pil- '

Shall be measured and paid for as walls, but extra payment shall be allowed for such pillars . and columns over the rate for stone work in walls. Rectangular pillars shall mean a detached masonry support, rectangular in section, SUCh that its breadth shall not exceed two and half times the thickness.

7.4.12.3 Curved Stone Work

Stone work curved on a plan'to a mean radius exceeding six metres shall be measured net and included with general stone work. Stone work circular on a plan to a mean radius not exceeding six me~'Shall be measured separately and extra p~~::::;nt shall be allowed and shall inclulit ~,Wttting and waste and templates. It shall be measured as the mean length of wall.

ii)

~mngs

"~':the

7.4.13 Rate
The rate shall include the cost of materials and labour required f9r all the operations described above. Stone facing or wall lining uptoand not exceeding 8cm ~ckness shall be paid for under "Stone work for wall lining etc. (Veneer work)" The stone work of thickness exceeding 8cm shallbe paid under relevant items of work..

7.5

PUNCHED

ASHLAR

(ORDI-

NARY) MASONRY

(Fig10)

7.5.1 Stone
Shall be as specified in 7.4.1

7.5.2

Size of stone
-Shall be as specified ill 7.4.2

180

7.5.3

Dressing

7.6.2.1 Samplz
The full size layout of the moulding etc. shall be prepared on platform from which sheet templates shall be cut and the stone dressed to templates to a uniform and fine finish. All visible angles and edge shall be true square and free from chippings. A sample of dressed stone shall be prepared for approval and it shall be kept as sample after being approved by Engineer - in - Charge. In case of ashlar moulded and carved columns a full size model of the required moulding, .. carving etc. shall be prepared in plaster of paris and kept at site of work as sample work after being approved by the Engineer - in - Charge. The stones shall be moulded and carved in accordance with the approved mOdel to a uniform and fine finish.

Shall be as specified in 7.4.3 except that the faces exposed in view shall have a fine dressed chisel draft 2.5cm wide all round the edges and shall be rough tooled between the drafts, such that the dressed surface shall not be more than 3mm from a straight edge placed over it.

7.5.4

Other Details

The specifications for mortars, laying and fixing, bond stone, joints, pointing, curing, protections, scaffolding, measurements and rates shall be same as specified in 7.4.

7~
7.6.1

MOULDED, SUNK,CARVED
ASHLAR MASONRY (Fig 12)

Stone
Shall be as specified in 7.4.1

7.6.3

Other details

7.6.2

Dressing

Shall be as specified in 7.4.4, 7.4.5 and 7.4.7 to 7.4.11.

Every stone shall be cut to the required size a.T1d shape and chisel dressed on all beds and joints so as to be free from any waviness and to give perfectly vertical, horizontal, radial or circular joirits with adjoining stones as the case may be. The dressed surface shall not be more than 3mm from a straight edge placed on it. The face shall be gauged, cut, chamfered, grooved, rebated sunk or plain moulded and fine tooled as shown in the working drawing~. The joints 6mm from the face shall also be fine tooled so that straight edge laid along it is in contact with every point. It shall be finest surface which can be given to a stone with the chisel and without rubbing. In case of sunk or moulded masonry, the comer stone shall be dressed at true right angles ortru6 to the -shape as specified. The comers being straight and vertical. For arch (See Fig. 13), dome or circular work (See Fig:12) the stone shall be dressed to required wedge shape so that joints shall be truly radial.

7.6.4

Centring and Shuttering

Centring and shuttering required for arch dome or circular moulded work shall be constructed as directed by the Engineer - in - Charge.

7.6.5

Measurements

The dimensions of the circumscribing rectangles of the dressed stone used in the work shall be measured correct to a cm and cubical contents shall be calculated in cubic metres, nearest to two places of decimal. 7.6.5.1 In case of sunk or moulded work the measurements for the work: shall be taken course by course. The plain stone used in conjunction with sunk or moulded stone shall be measured ~d paid for under the relevant' item of stone work. 7.6.5.2 Sunk or moulded work ill rectangular, square and circular pillars, moulded cornices and string courses shall be measured under stone work sunk or moulded but extra payment

13-4/CPWD/ND/92

181

shall be allowed over the general work in each case. No such extra payment shall be allowed for moulded sUing and plinth courses. 7.6.5.3 In case of arch dome or circular moulded work for arches exceeding six metres L'1 clear span extra payment for additional cost of centring shall be made on the actual area of so~t including strutting, bolting, wedging, easing, striping and removal.

copper pins 75mm long and 6mm diameter or as specified. 7.7.4.2 Further the stones shall be secured to !:hebacking by means of cramps. The material for cramps shall have high resistance to corrosion under conditions of dampness and against the chemical action of mortar or concrete in Wlli9h cramps are usually embedded. Cramps shall be of 25mm x 6mm and 30 em long in case of backing of stone masonry walls and brick masonry walls thicker than 23Omm. In case of backing with brick masonry walls 230 mm or less thick or RCC members, cramps shall be of 25 x 6 mm and length as per requirement made out of gun metal or any other metal specified in para 7.7.4.6. Generally the outer length of cramp in half brick work back ing shall be 115mm and in one brick work backing it shall be 15Omm. Typical shape and details of cramps for such backing are indicated in figure No. 15 for general guidance. 'This can be modified as directed by the Engirieer-inOlarge if so, required at site. Cramps shall be spaced not more than 60cm apart horizontally. Alternatively the stone may be secured to the backing by means of stone dowels lOx5x2.5cm as per shape indicated in Figure 14 and the adjoining stone secun~d to each other by means of gun metal cramps or copper pins of the specified size. Minimum one cramp/stone dowel shall be used to f.;.~cure one slab to the backi.l1.g .. 7~7.4.3 Cramps may be attached to its sides (see Fig 16A, 16B) or top and bottom (see Fig. 16C to F) or sides, top and bottom (see Fig. 16G&H). The minimum number of cramps required for fixing facing unit to the wall are illustrated in Fig 16. The actual number of cramps and their sections, however, shall be as per requirements of design to carry the loads. 7.7.4.4 Where cramps are used to hold the unit in position only, the facings shall be provided with a continuous support on which the stones rest at the ground level and other storey levels, the support being in the form of projection

,/

7.6.6

Rate

The rate includes the cost of all materials and labour involved in all the operations described above, including centring and shuttering for arch, dome or circular moulded work.

7.7

STONE VENEERING WORK (Fig. 14,15 & 16)

Stone lining upto 8em shall be treated as veneering work and lining of greater thiclu,css as plain Ashlar Masonry.

7.7.1

Stone
, Shall be as specified in 7.4.1.

The stone shall be cut into siabs of required thickness along the planes parallel to the natural bed of stone.

7.7.2

Dressing

Shall be as specified in 7.4.3 except that dressing at the back shall not be done, so as to ensure better grip with the hearting or backing. The dressed slabs shall be of the L~i.cknessas specified, with pennissible tolerance of 2mm.

7.7.3

Mortar
Mortar for fixing shall, be as specified

7.7.4

Laying

The stone shall be wetted before laying. They shall then be fixed with mortar in position without the use of chips or underpinning of any sort. /

, 7.7.4.1 Where so desired, the adjoining stones

. shall be secured to each other by means of

182

from or recess into the concrete floor slab, or a beam between the columns or a metal angle attached to the floor slab or beams. These supports shall preferably be at vertical intervals not more than 3.5m apart and also over the heads of all openings. Such supports shall also be provided where there is transition from thin facings below to thick facings above. 7.7.4.5 Alternatively cramps may be used to hold the units in position and in addition to support the units thus transferring the weight of the units to the backing. Such cramp should be properly designed as per IS:4101 (Pt. I) - 1967 7.7.4.6 The cramps maybe of gun metal or copper Alloyed with zink, tin, nickle, lead and! or stainless steel. 7.7.4.7 The pins, cramps and dowels shall be laid in cement mortar 1:2 (1 cement: 2 fine sand) and their samples got approved by the Engineer-in-Charge and kept at site. 7.7.4.8 The walls shall be carried up truly plumb. All courses shall be laid truly horizontal and all vertical joints truly vertical. The stone shall break joints on the face for atleast half the height of the course, unless otherwise shown in the drawings. TIle 'stone shall be laid in regular courses not less than 20cm height and all the stones shall be of the same height unless otherwise specified. No stone shall be less in length than one and a half times its height unless otherwise specified. 7.7.4.9 As far as possible the backing shall be carried up simultaneously with the face work. In case of reinfOiced cement concrete backing, the liningshall be secured to the backing after it has set and got.cured. The cramps shall be fixed in concrete at the required positions, while laying. 7.7.5 Joints

If any hollow groundings are detected by taping the face stones, these shall be taken out and relaid. The thickness of joints shall be as small as possible, not exceeding 5mm. For a close butt jointed facing the thickness shall not exceed 1.5mm. The face joints shall be uniform thrOughout. Where joint filler or compound is to be used, the joints shall be raked out to a depth of at least 25mm after the mortar in the joints has set sufficiently and the filler or compound applied. The joints may be subsequently finished with a mortar suited to the appearance of the work. It is preferable to use joint sealing compounds where the facings are exposed to heavy rainfall and winds and their selections would depend upon local experience and availability of joint sealing compounds. In their absence only masonry mortars 1:1:6 (1 cement: 1 lime putty: 6 sand) which are proved to be successful from "local exposure conditions shaY be used.

7.7.6

Other Details

Specifications for pointing, curing, protections and scaffolding shall be as specified under 7.4 7.7.7 Measurements

The length and breadth of the" finished work shall be measured in metre correct to em. The area should be calculated in sq.metre correct to two places of decilnal. The veneering work curved on pl<m shall be measured as plai.i1 work, but extra payment shall be allowed for radii not exceeding six metres on external face. For radii beyond six metres the work shall be measured as plain " work only, even the face may have to dressed" to curve. 7.7.8. Rate

The joints shall be done with composite cement lime mortar 1:1:6 (1 cement: 1lime putty : 6 fine sand). All joints shall be full of mortar. Special care shall be taken to see that the groundings for veneer work are full of mortar.

The rate includes the cost of materials and labour involved in all tbe operations described above, except for the cost of providing and fixing pins, dowels and metal cramps and ledges and supports, which shall be paid for separately unless otherwise stipulated in the item of work.

183

7.8
7.8.1

,STONECHAJJA (FIG. 13.)

7.8.4

Pointing

Stone _slabs shall be hard, sound and durable. These shall be chisel dressed on all faces which are exposed. to view and rough dressed at other surface. Angles shall be true and edge lines straight. The finished thickness shall be as stipulated with permissible tolerance of 2mm. ,The length of stone slabs in chajja shall not be less than 60. cm unless otherwise specified. 7.8.2 In case of sloping chajja the stone shall be sloped as specified. It shall have minimum bearing of 20cm measured horizontally on the wall and the'bearing \shall also -be similarly sloped. Each slab shall have a hole in the centre of the bearing area through'which the anchoring M.S. holding down bolt shall pass. The holding down bolts shall be 12 mm diameter , and shall be bent at right angles at its lowest end and burried horizontally for at least 7 em in a joint 30 cm below the bearing surface. Each holding down bolt shall be secured at top by suitable washer and nut. The chajjas shall be provided with cove supports, where cove is in brick masonry, it shall project out from the wall as under: 45 em wide chajja, cove projection depth of rove 3 courses. 15 em,

The joints shall be pointed with 1:2 cement mortar (1cement: 2 stone dust) with an admixture of pigment to match the stone shade; and properly cured.

7.8.5

Other Details

Specifications for curing, protections and scaffolding shall be as specified under 7.4.

7.8.6

Measurements

The length and breadth of the finished work shall be measured correct to a cm. The area of chajja projecting beyond the wall shall 'be . calculated in sq m correct to twp places of decimal. In case of sloping chajja, the sloping breadth shall be measured correct to a cm and the area of chajja projecting beyoIid the wall shall be calculated in sq m correct to two places 'of decimal.

7.8.7

Rate

The rare shall include the cost of all materials and labour involved in all the operations described above. Anchoring the coves, shall be deemed to be iIilcuded in the rate, only when it is so stipulated in the description of the item. /

7.9

SHELVES, COPING, PLAIN,

, CORNICES, STRING COURSES ETC.

60 cm wide chajja" cove projection 20 cm, depth of cove 4 courses 75 cm wide chajja, cove projection 25 cm, depth of cove 5 courses. 90 em wide chajja, cove projection 30 em, depth of cove 6 courses. 7.8.3 In case of horizontal chajja, the stone shall be fixed horizontally with a slight outer slope of about 1 cm .. It shall have minimum bearing of 15 cm on the wall. Holding down bolts shall be provided, only'where so specified.

7.9.1

Stone

Stone shall be of uniform colour and texture and of the kind as stipulated.

7.9.2

Dressing

The exposed faces and sides of shelves shall be chisel dressed such that the dressed surface shall not be more then -3 mm from a straight edge placed on it. All visible angles and edges shall be free from chippings. The surfaces to be burried in the masonry shall be rough dressed.

184

7.9.3

Laying

These shall be laid in mortar of specified mix and fixed as shown in drawing or as directed by the Engineer-in Charge. 7.9.4 Other details

thickness. The jali shalibe cut as per pattern shown on the drawings. All exposed faces shall be fine tooled to a uniform and smooth fiIlish. Fixing shall be done with the adjoining woTkin grooves, rebates etc., as shown in the drawing or as directed by the Engineer-ill-charge. A tolerance of 2 mm shall be allowed in tbe specified thickness of the jali. 7.10.3 Measurements

Specifications for pointing, curing, protections and scaffolding shall be as specified under 7.4: 7 :9.5 Measurements

7.9.5.1 Shelves The length and breadth shall be measured inclusive of bearings correct to a em. The thickness shall be as specified with permissible tolerance of + 2 mm. The area shall be calculated in sqm correct to two places of decimal. 7.9.5.2 Copings .

The length and breadth ofth~ stone fOrmlng the jali including its borders shall be measured correct to a cm and the area shall be calculated in square metres nearest to two places of decimal. 7.10.4 Rate- Itincludes the cost oflabour and

The dimensions of the circumscribing rectangles of the dress~ stones as used in work shall be measured correct to a cm. The cubical contents shall be calculated correct to' two places of decimal in cu m.

materials required for all the operations desribed above. It also includes the cost of making grooves or rebates in the adjoining work for fixing jali. 7.11 7.11.1 LATERITE Dressing STONE MASONRY

Laterite stones shall be hammer dressed into 7.9.5.3 Plain Cornices, String Courses and Plinth Courses The length, breadth and depth of the stone .including bearing shall be measured correct to a em. The cubical contents shall be calculated correct to two places of decimal in cu m. 7.9.5.4 No deduction shall be made from the masonry of wall forthe bearing of stone shelves, cornices, string courses. 7.9.6 Rate rectangular blocks so that all faces are free from waviness and uneveness, and the edges are true and square. The least thickncss/breadth shall be not less than height. The length shall generally be equal to twice the breadth, unless other-. wise specified. 7.11.2 Laying

The rate shall include the cost of all materials and labour required in all the operations described above. 7.10 7.10.1 7.10.2 STONE JALI Stone Shall be as specified in 7.4.1 Dressing and Fixing

The dressed stones shall be laid i? regular courses of not less than 15 cm h~ight. All courses in the masonry shall be of the same height unless otherwise directed. The stones shall be laid in alternate header stretcher fashion, alaemative coursesofheader and stretchers orin any other suitable fashion as directed. The vertical joints shall break by atleast 65 mm. No specific comer stones are necessary. Quoin may be provided. where so indicated. 7.11.3 Joints

The stone shall be. cut into slabs of required thickness so as to make jali of the specified

All be~joints shall be truly vertical, the thicknes~ of joints shall not exceed .15 mm. Each

185

stone shall be carefully laid in plac~ with joints completely filled with mortar. On faces, where no plastering or pointing is required to be done, the joints shall be struck flush as the work proceeds. In other cases, joints shall be raked square to a minimum depth of 15 mm by a racking tool during the progress of work while the mortar is still green. 7.11.4 Scaffolding, curing and protection Same as in para 7.4 shall apply. 7.11.5 Measurement

Block Density - The density calculated by dividing the mass of a block by the over all volume including holes or cavaties. Stone Spalls Broken stone pieces of varying sizes obtained by breaking the natural river boulders or quarry stones. Concrete Stone Masonry Block: A precast cement concrete solid block having stone spalls in it (25-30 percent of block volume) and cement concrete withdense stone aggregate and sand. It is 100% solid Stone Face Exposed Block: A concrete stone masonry block where the stone spalls are exposed at one of'its face. The face, when forms the exposed wall fac<;the wall gets the texture of stone su~ace exposed. ~ 7.13.1 Dimensions and Tolerances

& Rates

Same as in para 7.4 shall apply. 7.12 SLA TE STONE-MASONRY ..,

Slate stone shall be obtained from the approved quarry, as indicated, and shall not be less than 5 cm thick, Slate stones shall be carefully hanlmered down into place with woOden mallet and firmly bedded with mortar. Chips and spalls shall be wedged in to avoid thick bed joints of the mortar. Spalls and pinnings may show on face. Thickness ofmortarin.beds and joints shall not exceed 25 mm. No face work shall be provided. 7.12.1 Slate stone masonry shall be built uncoursed. Walls shall be levelled up at the top of plinth, sill and lintel level of openings and at top with minimum amount of chips and spalls. For walls upto 45cm thick, 25% of face area shall be of bOndstones. For walls over 45 cm thick, 10% offace area'shall be of bond stones, Quoin and jambs stones shall be laid headers and stretchers alternatively. 7.12.2 Scaffolding, Curing

Concrete stone masonry block is a solid block and shall be referred to by its nominal dim!(nsions. The term 'nominal' means that the dimension includes the thickness of the mortar joint. Actual dimensions shall be 10 mm short of the nominal dimensions. The nominal dimensions of concrete stone masonry block shall be as follows:Length Height Width 300 mm 150 iI\.mand 100, 150

& 200 mm

& Protection

These shall be as specified in 7.4 7.12.3 Measurement

In a4dition, block shall be manufactured in one third, half, two thirds and three quarters of its full length. The nominal dimensions of the units are so designed that taking account of the thickriess of mortar joints, they will produce wall lengths and heights which will conform to the prin~ ciples of modular coordination. Blocks of other nominal dimensions may also be made if so directed by the Engineer-incharge

& Rate

These shall be as specified in 7.4. 7.13 PRECAST CONCRETE BLOCKS MASONRY Terminology STONE

7.13.0

For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.

186

7.13.2 For accomodating vertical, reinforcement required in earthquake resistant construction, special block of half width and with semi circular r~cess in it (see fig. below) shall be used. These 'dimeJ}sions are suitable for 200 mm thick wall. Similar blocks shall bemade

of the Engineer-in Charge: IS 2fJ9-1989. 4551989, 1489-1991. 6909-1990, 8041 ..1990, 8043-1991. 7.13.7.2 When cem~nt conforming to IS:2691989 is used, replacement of cement by fly ash confonning to 15:3812-1981 may be permitted up to a limit of 20%. However, it shall be ensured that blending of flyash with cement is as intimate as possible, to achieve maximum uniformity . 7.13.7.3 Stone spans

for walls of thiC~I!!"~

~~

d?77

'2""-4QO nun.

The stone spalls shall be of size ranging from 50 to 250 mm in dimension. The stone spills shall be hard, sound, round in shape, durable, free from decay (hid weathering. These shall not be flaky. The spalls shall have rough surface for better bond with cement concrete.
-\*-~----7'I-

~"ec;.I)\L.

All dirnensjons in millimeters e&.Oc. lIIo~ GMIHlj)PIIIoolG. V,~'t'I"'AL. ':;1'4/;.a..

Good quality stones, such as granite, sand stone and basalt shall be used. Slate shale or any other soft and flaky stone shall not be used. The spalls shall be obtained from approved quarry or by breaking river boulder. Large size shall be broken into the required sizes and shall be stacked into two categories. a) b) 100 mm and above, and Below 100 mm.

7.13.3 'lhe maxjmum variation in the length of the units shall not be more than 5 mm and maximum variation inheight and width of units more than 3 mm. 7.13.4 Subject to the tolerances specified in 7.13.3 the faces of blocks shall be flat and rectangular, opposite faces shall be parallel, and all arises shall be square~ The bedding smfaces shall be at right angles to the faces of the blocks.

7.1:'.7.4

Aggregates

7.13.4 Blocks with Special faces

Blocks with special faces .shall be manufactured and supplied as specified in the item or agreement.

The aggregates used in the manufacture of block shall be clean and free from all deleteri .. ous matter, and shall conform to the requirements ofIS:383-1970. Maximum size of the coarse aggregate shall be 10 mm. Sand used in the manufacture of blocks shall be well graded, clean and free from deleterious matter, and shall conform to the requirements of IS: 383-1970. Besides it shall have fine particles 15 to 20% paSSlI'lg 300 micron IS Sieve and 5 to 15% passing 150 micron IS Sieve. It is recommended that the fineness modulus of the combined aggregate shall be between 3.6 and 4.

7.13.6 Classification
Concrete stone masonry blocks shall be classified according to their average compressive strength as given in Table 2.

7.13.7 Materials 7.13.7.1 Cement

Cement complying with any of the following Indian Standards may be used at the discretion

187

..

7.1307.5 Flayash conforming to IS : 38121981 may be used for part replacement of fine aggregate upto a limit of 20%.

order to vibrate and compact the concrete under pressure.

7.13.8 Manufacture
Blocks may be manufactured either ~1ruction site or in factory on a central platform using steel moulds with or surface vibration for compaction of concrete. at concasting without cement

7.13.9.4 Mixing
Concrete shall normally be mixed in a mechanical mixer unless otherwise permitted by Engineer-in-charge. In case of hand mixing 10% extra cement shall be used without any extra payment. Mixing shall be continued until there is a uniform distribution of the materials, and the mass is uniform in colour and consistency.

7.13.8.1 Mould
Moulds shall be fablicated using mild steel plates and mild steel angles for stiffening the plates . The mould shall pc either fixed type (box with four side walls fixed at corners, and top and bottom open) or split type. Split type may be either individual or gang mould. Where the compaction of the concrete is done manually, the mould may be either fixed type or split type. When the compaction of the blocks is done with surface vibrator, the mould shall be only split type (individual or gang mould).

7.13.10 Placing and Compaction

. Depending upon the size of the stone spalls, these shall be used either in one layer or in two layers. When used in two layers, large size spalls of 100 mm and above shall be placed in the bottom and concrete poured all around and at top, and shall be tamped manually. Second layer of stone spalls of size 50 mm and above shall be placed over the first layer, and again concrete is poured all around and upto 20 to 30 mm above the top level of mould.

7.13.10.1 Depending upon the size of block

the average volume of stone spalls used should generally be between 25 to 30%. However, in no block, it shall be less than 20% of the volume of block.

7.13.9 Mix 7.13.9.1 The cement concrete mix for concrete

stone masonry blocks shall not be richer than one part by volume of cement to 9 parts by volume of combined fine and coarse aggregates, and shall not be leaner than one part by volume of cement to 13 parts by volume of combined fine and coarse aggregates.

7.13.10.2 Each stone spall shall have a minimum space of about 15 to 20 mm around it. For blocks with exposed stone texture, the stone spalls shall touch the surface of the mould. 7.13.10.3 Blocks may be compacted manually
as well as mech.anically. In case of-manual compaction, the concrete laid after the first layer of stone spalls shall be. tamped with mason's tOOland again it shall be tamped with suitable tampers and compacted from top and finally struck off level with trowel. In case of mechanical "compaction, the mould shall be filled up to overflow, vibrated aM mechanically tamped using external vibrator and struck off level.

7.13.9.2 In case of blocks where compaction

is done manually, concrete mix of medium consistency (10-12 mm slump) shall be used in order to enable proper compaction and demoulding. The consistency of the mix should be such that it may cohere when compressed in the hand without free water being visible ..

7.13.9.3 In case of blocks where compaction is

done by external vibrator, concrete mix ofvery low consistency (zero slump) shall be used in

188

7.13.10.4 Demoulding shall be done 5 to 10 .

minutes after compaction. In case of fixed type mould it shall be pulled up with side handles while pressing down the block with the plate at top with thumb., In case of splittype mould, the sides shall be removed first and the partition plates (gang mould) shall be pulled up subse . quently.

7.13.12.1 General
All blocks shall be sound and free from cracks or other defects which may interfere with the proper placing of the unit or impair the strength or performance of the construction.

7.13.12.2

Where blocks are to be used in

7.13.10.5 After demoulding, the blocks shall

be protected until they are sufficiently hardened to permit handling without damage.

exposed wall construction,the face or faces that are to be exposed shall be free of chips, cracks or other imperfections, except that not more than 5% of a consigment coptains slight cracks or small chipping.

7.13.11.. Curing
The blocks hardened shall then be cured in a curing water tank or in a curing yard and shall be kept continuously moist for atleast 14 days.

7.13.12.3

Dimensions
of the blocks when

The overall dimensions

7.13.11.1 Drying
After curing, the blocks shall be dried for a period of two to four weeks depending upon weather before beihg used on ~e work. The blocks shall be allowed to complete their initial _shrinkage before they are laid in a wall.

measured as given in Appendix A ~fIS 124401988 shall be in accordance with 7.13.1 subject to the tolerance mentioned therein.

7.13.12.4 Compressive strength

The minimum compressive strength at 28 day~, being the average of eight blocks, and the minimum compressive strength at 28 days of individual blocks, when tested in the manner described in Appendix B, of IS:12440-1988, shall be as prescribed in Table 2.

7.13.12

Physic~lIRequirements

TABLE 2
COMPRESSIVE Class . Designation STRENGTH OF CONCRETE STONE MASONRY BLOCKS Minimum average compressive strength on blocks N/mm2 5.0
6.0 7.0 9.0

Minimum strength of individual blocks N/mm2

3.5

5
6 7
9

4.2

5.0
6.3

10

10.0

7.5

For 100 mm wide blocks (for 100 mm thick walls), the minimum strength may be 3.5 N/mm2

189

7.13.12.5 Water absorption

The water absorption beLrlgthe average of three blocks, when determined in the manner prescribed in Appendix C, ofIS 12440-1988 shall be not more than 6% by mass. 7.13.13 Tests
A

.crete blocks except with regard to the mix of cement concrets and sizes of aggregates which shall be as indicated. Hollow blocks shall be sound, free from cracks, broken edges, honey combing and other defects that would interfere with the proper placing of block or impair the strength or performance of construction.
7':.14.2

7.~_i.3.i3. J Tests as c.fcsc.l~bcd .in ~ppel-"]dix

Dhnenslons

&- Tal-crance",

Ons 12440:1988 shall be conducted on samples of blocks selectetl according to the sampling procedure given in 7.13. ~3.2 to ensureconformity with the physical requirements laid down in 7.13.12. 7.13.13.2 A sample of 15 blocks shallbe taken from a lot of 5000. or part there of manufactured under similar conditions, of the same size and batch. 7.13.1'4 7.13.14.1 Criteria for Conformity.

7.14.2.1

Concrete masonry building units shall be made in sizes and shapes to fitdifferent construction needs. They include sttetcher, comer, double comer or pier, jamb,header, bull nose, and partition block, and concrete floor units. 7.14.2.2 Concrete Block-hollow (open or closed cavity) or solid shaH be referred to by its nominal diminsions. The nominal dimensions shall be, as follows: Length Height of concrete block

The lot shall be considered as

conforming to the requirements of the specification if the cOhditions mentioned in 7.13.14.2., 7.13 .14.3 are satisfied. 7.13.14.2 The number of blocks with dimenSiOI).8' outside the tolerance limit and/or with visual defects, among those inspected shall be not more than two. 7.13.14.3 For compressive strength, the mean value determined shall be greater than or equal to the minimum limit specified in 7.13.12.4. 7.13.14.4 For water absorption the mean value detennined shall be equal to or less than maximum limit specified in 7.13.12.5.

400,500 or 600 mm 200 or 100 mm 50,75,100, 150, 200, 2500r300mm

Width

In additiQn, block shall be manufactured in half lengths of200, 250 or 300 mm to correspond to the full lengths. The maximum variation in the length of the' units shall be not more than 5mm and maximum variation in height and width of unit, not more than 3mm.

7.14.3. Classification
7.14.3.1. Hollow (open and closed cavity) Concrete Blocks. The hollow (open and closed cavity) concrete blocks shall conform to the following three grades. (a) Grade' A 'These are used as load bearing units and /shall have a minimum blockdensity of 1500 kg/m3. These shall be manufactured forminimum average com-

. 7.13.15 Laying

..,

The laying of precast concrete stone block masonry shall be as per para 7.14.6. i 7.14.0 Hollow and solid concrete block ma-

sonry
,

7.14.1

Hollow and soild concrete blocks-

Shall conform to the requirements ofIS: 21851979. Specification for hollow and solid con-

190

pressive strengths of3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 7.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days(see table 3) (d) (b) Grade 'B' -These are also used as load bearing units and shall have a block density less than 1500 kg/m 3 but notless than lOOOkg/m3These shall be manufactured for minimum, average compressive strengths of 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days (See table-3) Grade 'C'- These are used as non-load bearing units and shall have a block density less than 1500 kg/m3 but not less than 1000 kg/m3 These shall be manufactured for minimum average compressive

~trength of 1.5 N/mm2 at 28 days (see Tabel 3). Grade' D' - The solid concrete blocks are used as load bearing units and shall have a block density not less than 1800 kg/m3 These shall be manufactured for minimum average compressive strengths of 4.0 and 5.0 N/mm2 respectively (see Table3)

7.14.4 Physical Requirements

(c) , 7.14.4.1 Compressive strength '- The average crushing strength of eight blocks, when deteminbd in accordance with IS 2185-1979 shall be not less than as specified:in table given below:

Table 3
Physical Requirements Not less than 1800 4.0 Net less than 5.0 1.5 1.2 3.0 5.0 2.0 2 .4 Grade M Minimum inmum Individual 3.5 Not 4.5 5.6 .6 5.5 1500 3 .2 4.0 less that 1500 but not 1 Units 1000 2.8 4.4 7.0 than N/mm2 N{mm2 C (1.5) . less than than 1000 Density (2) of (4) Average Strength of less A (7.0) (4.5) D (4.0) (5.0) (3) Type A(5.5) but not (5) units Solid load

.
I

191

7.11.4.2 Drying Shrinkage- The drying shrinkage of the blocks (average of three blocks), when unrestrained, shall be detennined in accordance with IS : 2185 -1979 and shall not be exceed 0.1 percent 7.14.4.3 Moisture Movement: The moisture

mined in the manner described in IS : 21851979 shall be not more than 10 percent by mass. 7.14.4.5 Face shells and webs shall increase in . thickness from the bottom to the top of the unit. Depending upon the core moulds used, the face shells and webs shall be flared and tapered or straight tapered, t.~e fonner providing a wider surface for mortar. The thickness of the face shell and web shell be not less than the values given in Table below,

movement (average of three blocks), when determined in the manner described in IS 21851979, shall not exceed 0.09 percent. 7.14.4.4 Water Absorption~ 1,'hewater absorption (average of three blocks), when deter-

(3)

Thickness of 35 30 38 30 30 . shell 25 25 25 Face Total Web Web, Min. 25. Thickness, Thickness per (2) (4)

TABLE 4 in any Course

200mm length Walling Min. of ACE SHELL AND WEB THICKNESS k

After curing, the blocks shall be dried in shade before being used on the work. They shall be stacked with voids horizontal to facilitate through passage of air. The blocks shall be 7.14.4.7 Blocks with special faces shall be manufactured and supplied as dire~~~d bYJl1.e/ - -- allowed to complete thei~, initial shrinkage Engineer-in-charge. before they are laid in wall. 7.14.5 Curing and drying 7.14.6 Construction of lVIasonry-

7.14.4.6: Subject to the tolerances specified in 7.14.2.2 and the provisions of 7.14.4.7. The face of masonry units shall be flat and rectangular, opposite face shall be parallel, and all arises shall be square. The bedding surfaces shall be at right angles to the faces of the blocks.

ously moist for iltleast 14 days. When the blocks are cured. in an immersion tank, the water of the tank shall be changed at least every four days.

The blocks shall be cured in an immersion tank or in a curing yard and shall be kept continu-

For single storeyed buildings, the hollows of blocks in foundation and basement masonry

192

shall be filled up with sand and only the top foundation course shall be of solid blocks. But for two or more storeyed buildings, solid concrete blocks shall be used in foundation courses, plinth, and basement walls, unless otherwise indicated. If hollow blocks are used, their hollows shall be filled up with cement concrete " 1:3:6 using 12.5mm nominal size,aggregates.

roof course shall be finished smooth with a layer of cement and coarse sand mortar 1:3, lOmm thick and covered with a thick coat of white wash or crude oil, to ensure free movement of slab.

7.14.11 Intersecting

walls

7.14.7 Wettillg of Blocks

Blocks need not be wetted befon~ cr du,ring laying in the walls. In case the climate wt!i"~~" tions so require, the top and the sides of the blocks may only be slightly moistened so as to prevent absorption of water from the mortar and ensure the development of the required . bond with the mortar.
1

When two walls meet or intersect and the courses are to be laid up at me same time, a true masonry bond between at least 50% of the units at the intersection is necessary. When such inrersecting walls are laid up separately, pocke~s\ith 20mm maximum vertical spacing shall be left in the first wall laid. The corresponding c.Gcrse of the 'second wall shall be built into these pockets.

7.14.12 Ki~~';
The top course ofbioc!dn the pier shall be built in solid blocks. Hollow ~oncrete block shall not be usoo for isolated piers, unless their hollows are specified to be filled with cement concrete.

7.14.8 Laying
Blocks shall be laid in mortar, as indicated and thoroughly bedded in mortar, spread over the entire top surface of the previous course of blocks to a uniform layerofnotless than 1(hTlm and not more than 12mm in thickD.ess. All courses shall be'laid truly'horizontal and all vertical joints made truly vertical. Blocks shall break joints with those above and below fornot less than quarter of their length. Precast half length closers (and not cut from full size blocks) shall be used. For battered faces, bedding shall be at rightangles to the face unless otherwise directed. Care shall be taken during construction to see that edges of blocks are not damaged. 7.14.9 Provisions frames for door and window

7.14.13 Fixtures, fittings, etc. shall be built into the masonry in cement and coarse sand mortar 1:3 while laying the blocks where possible. Hold fasts shall be built into the joints of the masonry durIng laying.
Holes, chases, sleeves, openin,gs, etc of the required size and shape shall be formed in the masonry with special blocks while laying, for fixing pipes, service lines, passage of water etc. After service lines, pipes etc are fixed, voids left, if any, shall be filled up with cement concrete 1:3:6(1 cement 3 coarse sand: 6 stone aggregate 20mm nominal size) and neatly finished.

A course of solid concrete block masonry shall be provided under door and window openings (or a 10em thick precast concrete sill block under windows). The solid course shall extend for at least 20cm beyond the opening on either' side. For jambs of very large doors and windows either solid units are used, or the hollow's shall be filled in with concrete of mix 1:3:6 using 12.5 mm nominal size aggregates.

7.14.14 Finishes
Rendering shall not be done to the walls when walls are wet. Joints for plastering or pointing as specifieo shall be raked to a depth of 12 mm. Joints on internal faces, unless otl1erwise indicated, shall be raked for plastering, If the internal faces of masonry are not to be plastered the joints shall be finished flush as the work proceeds or pointed flush where so indicated.

7.14.10 Provisions for Roof

The course immediately below the roof slab shall be built with solid blocks: The top of the

193

STONE

WORK
CHAPTER -STONE WORK

CLAUSE - 7.02 FIG.1

OOWEL JOINT
COPING

"""1>0"

filLL

JOC.Cl

JOGGLE JOIN'!

SECTION OF ASHLAR

WITH BRICK 8ACKING

194

STONE

WORK

CHAPTER

-S TONE
- 7, 02

WORK

TERMINOLOGY

CL AUSE
F I GU R E

-' 2 TO 7.

o
FIG.2 HAMMER DRESSED 'STONE SURFACE FIG.3 ROCK FACED STONE SURFACE

o -1------.-1 0
=====
-\
==-=====--==--=.

o
PUNCHED STONE FACE SURFACE

-=========-=

FIG.S

o i~]~~{:{~)tt~iI~ '.~.-:~'~ .. ~,: .. '.0

(Chisel
" , ""

drafted)
. ,

('.,"

.'

FIG.

l.

ROUGH

TOOLED

S TONE

SURFACE

FIG.6

CLO SED

PICKED

S TONE

SURFACE

F\G.7

FI N E

TOOLED

STONE,

5 URFACE

195

RANDOM

RUBBLE

MASONRY
CHAPTER - 5 TONE WaR K CLAUSE - 7.1 FIGURE 8.

SECT ION

ELEVATION

Drawing not to scale. All dimensions are in mm. 1196

RUBBLE

STONE MASONRY'~ COURSED

CHAPTER - STONE WORK ,f" tl!.' iI<:E 0 7. 3 \.. ",~~~ _ - 7"') ,.c:. a.

FIG.9

--

FIRST

SORT

SECOND

SORT

\'<'".:t!.

.lvINr.5 1'0 'OE

"VI-;}

ELEVAT! ON

NOY,"'ORE

AN 2.0,

/ -'

C, HIP:; "-'OT , 1LC;ISO 10 OF .".., !1IVAM'TI'T~

i.

,...80"ID OR THROUGH STONItS , '500 .TO ,~OO "PI\RT(C.LI':A.':t

OF STONF'. M"S.OMAy

EVEN

COURSE

EVEN

COURSE

197
14:-4/CPWDIND/92

ASHLAR

MASONRY
,

CHAPTER - STONE WORK CLAU5E FIGURE - 74 - 10. &7 5

PlAIN

PUNCHED

( OR DINARY )

. ~".-"

..

'.:.:'::-::, '.'!.', ':111::

,', :':,~

11J:~.:lIh'i,' :,\:.'lit:!, III'."

ELEVATION

'-Face joints to be not mor e than 5mm thick

ELEVATION

Bond-or through stone." 1500 t01800 apart clear

{Bond through stene 1500 cr to 18CD apart clear

ODD

COURSE

ODD

COURSE

.'

EVEN

COURSE

EVEN

COURSE

Drawing not to scale, All dimensions are in mm.

198

ASHLAR, "
(WI TH

STONE
8 Ri CK BACKiNG
I\

CHAPTER

- 5 TOlolE

WOf!(K

F!GUHE

11.

5 t on e

ELEVA

liON

SEC nON

/- mar tar

EVEN

COURSE

~--

ODD

COUR S E

Drawing

not

to scale.

/~.II dim ~nsions

or e in mm.

199

MOULDEDJSUNK1CARVED-STONE
DOME
COLUMN

WORK

CHAPT ER - STONE WORK CLAUSE - 7,6' :t 12. FIGURE

Stone work in ashl ar

Expose d Q mm faces........,.

specia moulded IIy carved Stone work in do me

8.

and

si d ~ j?ints from face!

'f

"

shall be tooled

ine

PI ain ashlar stone work in

col u m n

Ston e work " ashl a r plain, moulded &, carved column Sunk or .moulded

5 too e w.o.rk . ciircular pillar s In (columns) .

OF A COLUMN

EL EVA T ION

PF

DOME

WITH

FINIAL

ELEVATION

-Backing

Pia in
B
~ L

ashlar

OF A WALL WITH A PROJECTION .

SECTIONAL

PLAN

..... 1/ Plohi ashlar

Sunk
MOULDED B
~ B

work

SUNK

SECTION 'OF A

WA L L
0.-

SECTION AL A PORCH

-+-~'

PLAN

OF

PILLAR

Note:-

Sunk or moulded stone work sh ow n sha d ed I to b,e measur.d as Ixbxh

( .~ ..,

Dr~wing

not

to seal e .

200

STONE WORK

IN ARCHES

&

CHAJJA
-

CHAPTER

-S TONE

WORK

CLAUSEFIGURE

7S .&78
-13.

---Springing
--- Skewback

SPAN

CIRCULAR

ARCH

~x-I>-~/Y \
, ~iangular ~ ~.~. washer Stone c h a jja ~

'\\\

Anchoring bolt
12 mm

SPAN

-. 6I;PJ~IN~S
_f-.-_600

-OO

reave 1 & courses depth

- Brick wark

Plaster FLAT ARCH

GHAJJA

OrQwi ng . not

to seal e.

All dimensions are in mm.

201

STONE
'L
, ..

VENEERJN

G
CH-APTE R STONE WORK

- J

..

/,
1\

ClAUSEI .. C FIG.14 J1,- . , r- I rL 1"

~,

7.7&7.1.4.2
\:!IRICK BACKIWG

.~

.. .

':r.C)\.JMETAL
,.~" "t..-IP (400 I_O/'iG I-lOT..,ORE.
'

. .... ~T6t-1O:''''UUaf!: '50""t<1 TI!1_C,kI:Ca~f' AI~I

"

'~P.N GOO

'\PART-

~
ER

pi!'!

"
SECTIONAL PLAN
STOIJE DowEL
c
Gut-! METAL
"

.SEC110NAL PLAN
. Gl'N METAL

~RAMP

, CRAMp

~cTioNAL

ELEVATION AT
t

'P.Q',

SECTIONAL ELEV~'ON
STOWE.

ATR.S:

t;>OW~L

C . N ME-TA\..

CRAM P

STOIJE

. E.NE.ER

50 THICK

SECT10N

AT 'X,v."

P*
~

RtTlONAlPlAN
... :-,s

AT'A
~....

. , '.' .' ,.

ENlARGED DETAIL! AT it'

" ,., . " 2' ','r',is
'iENEER STO"

,, ' .

,.

... '.','

,.

,.

,.'"
~.'. ',',',',',','"

, "

. ,"

'.'

"

"

..

.' ',12

'

..

-K6,

PART SECTIONAL PLAN AT'C'

IPSI

' s.

10/11

.------~----._-

"

PART

SEC. ELEYATfON AT A

PART SEC. ELEVATfON AT'C'

100

/~2S
~ZS~

,/

-Ld
T
2S

. ,/~ "'x~ 's

1<
.15
G

../"'" y2$

,r
~ 2TK

~IS

300 LONG GUN METAL

CRAM P 'GENERAL

165 ~ONG GUN METAL

CRAMP

s0'i STONE
DOWEL

FIXING

ARRANGEMENT

202

STONE
TYPICAL FIXING

VENEERING
ARRANGEMENT

CHAPTER

- STONE WORK CLAUSE -7.7.4-,2 & 7.7.ltr. 5

FIG.15

, __ '

J.-

_-,-,~-Oj PLAJ

i~

~--

E LEVATrONl
L - II S M!-II rOM HAl.l" L - \'50 M'"'I ,,"oR ~ULL SRI

i
DASH

~lr:i
PLAN

ti

(i;

-1>+

A<;;PE.R SITE 0

o
C'I

V:VAR\ABlE P,E~\.)I REM"",.rt'II::SSOF"\lEt-IEE.R

r
SCi,UARE.

4-

BRI.::k

C.K BACKING I~AC.K"JG

- -

SAS~t)()'" USED.

,nHCI(-l ~COI'<IM ---' :t"i ~"'I~AL l_LH~

FIG.15A. CRAMP FORBR!:CK

FRONT EL EVATION SIDE ELEVATION 8ACK~NG FIG.IS 8 CRAMP FOR R.C.C. WORK BAC,KING
I'"ASTENER
It-\CLUD'>-IG

CORROSIV,\'.

, . I.H

WAS~;;'R

,.' ~ 0 L," 0 F' M I \-I. !'. I Z I:-

'v-.

5'5)(."7 MM __

'

.
~ -

~, -'

;.-

" 6. _ '." rt.c:.~.WA~L:; ,,

,(
,

['"
#

STONE

'H:NEERINC;

(:>

,,"Act t'>' ,
MOR1'AR

JOINTS
Eo MM

NOT 1'0 Ql.E MORE

THA>-I

AS SPEc" FIEI.)

.'.- '" ~
"!OATA" to
I' MMTHIC;K.

,
.......

Lllr----: :' :
'rr ~ ..
__

.~-

+-~./ SECTION1~
FIG.15C TYPICAL

!tomm Ot'd'.S~Ct"O

FRONT

' ELEVATION

DETAILS

OF CRAMPS FOR R_CGBACKrNG

/'

2tJ3.

GENERALARRANGEMENSOF

CRAMPS
CHAPTER CLAU 5E - STONE WORK. -

7.7.4.3

FIGURE

- 16.

; :
.

,.

H
ARRAGEMENT IS SHOWN ABOVE FOR VENEERINGS

NOTE:-

CRAMPS

WITH LONGER SIDES VERTICAL . FOR' VENEERINGS HAVI1'JG THE LONGER SIDES HORIZONTAL, CRAMPS WOUlD_ BE ARRANGED TO SUIT THE ALTERED POSITIONS. DR AWING NOT TO SCALE.

..

NOTES

205

NOT ES

"

206

NOTES

207

NOTES

20B