Chapter #14: Forging the National Economy Big Picture Themes 1.

. A wave of immigration came over starting in the 1840s, headed up by hungry Irish and Germans seeking a better life. Both of these groups were looked upon with suspicion, but they were hard workers and did well for themselves. 2. The factory system was in its infancy, led by Eli Whitneys interchangeable parts Cyrus McCormicks mechanical reaping machine paved the way for modern agriculture. 3. Changes were foreshadowed including women beginning to work outside the home. 4. The nation became smaller and tied together more closely thanks to (a) railroads being built, (b) canals such as the Erie, (c) steamships, and (d) the Pony Express. IDENTIFICATIONS: American Industrial Revolution A period of time when there was a boost in the technology and the production of goods that quickened the way people worked and lived. Nativism Nativists were Americans who disapproved of the overwhelming hoards of immigrants "invading" American turf who eventually might overtake them in numbers and in political influence. They also worried that immigrants would steal the jobs of natives and add an unwanted heavily Roman Catholic influence. Canal Age The Erie Canal began the canal age, and transportation greatly increased. Time was greatly reduced, which also made products cheaper. Samuel Slater Known as the American "Father of the Factory System," he snuck out of his native Britain having memorized plans for textile machinery. He founded the first textile mill in America with the help of a Quaker in 1791. Eli Whitney/Cotton Gin Born in Massachusetts, went to Yale, then moved south for work. After hearing that Southern poverty would be eliminated if there was an easier way to separate cotton fiber from seeds, he invented the cotton gin in a mere ten days. Elias Howe Apprentice to a Boston watch maker; made sewing machine that could make 250 stitches a minute. Lowell/Waltham System Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts. As much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process. Workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Commonwealth v. Hunt First judgment in the United States that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. Erie Canal Connected the Hudson River with Lake Erie; oversaw by Governor DeWitt Clinton.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Westward Movement Know: "Self-Reliance" 1. What were settlers of the frontier like? Men and women who settled the frontier faced many hardships. Women on the frontier sometimes worked side by side with men. They often helped with the harvest knew how to drive a team of horses. Shaping the Western Landscape Know: Kentucky Bluegrass, Rendezvous, Bison, George Catlin 2. "The westward movement also molded the physical environment." Explain. Pioneers exhausted the land in tobacco regions and left behind barren and rain-gutted fields. Settlers burned off cane and made bluegrass. Buffalo robes flourished, leading to total annihilation of massive bison herds that covered the prairies. This was called ecological imperialism. The March of the Millions Know: Chicago, Irish and Germans, America Letters 3. How and why did American demographics change from 1820 to 1860? Because of the Irish Potato Famine, a vast amount of Irish immigrated to the United States. This was during the Black Forties. Germans also moved to the U.S. and thus, the country became a melting pot. The Emerald Isle Moves West Know: Molly Maguires, Tammany Hall, Paddy Wagons, Twisting the British Lion's Tail 4. After reading this section, does it seem logical or unbelievable that an Irish-American became president in 1960? Explain. I think it is a mix of both. In the time period, there was an influx of Irish immigrants in the U.S. However, to block out these immigrants, societies such as the Order of the Star Spangled Banner demeaned them. The Irish did make great contributions however, which makes them qualified for the presidency. The German Forty-Eighters Know: Carl Schurz, Conestoga wagon, Kindergarten, Beer 5. Did the Germans make as large a contribution to America as the Irish did? Explain. The Germans brought with them many things like the Conestoga wagon, Kentucky rifle and the Christmas tree. They were better educated than the Americans and supported kindergarten. Germans brought many contributions, more than the Irish, but were politically weak because Germans were widely spread out throughout the west. Flare-Ups of Antiforeignism Know: Nativists, Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, American (Know-Nothing) Party 6. Why were immigrants from Germany and Ireland feared and hated? German and Irish immigrants were hated because Americans thought they would outbreed, outvote, and overwhelm them. Americans also hated the immigrants for taking their jobs. They also did not want the immigrants Roman Catholic faith from spreading. Creeping Mechanization Know: Factory System, Industrial Revolution 8. What barriers stood in the way of the industrial Revolution in the United States? Land was cheap in America so people didn't want to work in factories when they could work outdoors. Peasants bought the cheap land and since agriculture was still prevalent in the South, outdoor work was much more common and loved.

Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine Know: Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Cotton Gin, King Cotton 9. Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney caused the North and South to develop in opposite directions. Explain. Samuel Slater was the father of the factory system and made the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread. Eli Whitney built the cotton gin, which made cotton highly profitable overnight. The South depended on cotton while the North couldn't produce it; they relied on machines. Marvels in Manufacturing Know: Interchangeable Parts, Isaac Singer, Limited Liability, Free Incorporation Laws, Samuel F. B. Morse 10. Which were more important in Antebellum America, new inventions or changes in business forms and legal status? Explain. Changes in legal status proved to be more important in Antebellum America. Samuel Morse rose to fame and fortune by inventing the Morse code. Workers and "Wage Slaves" Know: Wage Slaves, Strikebreakers (Scabs), Commonwealth v. Hunt 11. What demands did labor have in the 1830's and 1840's? Labor was characterized with long hours, low wages and bad meals. Laborers worked in unsanitary, poorly ventilated buildings. Strikes were not allowed; the employer could resort to importing strikebreakers straight off the boats from the Old World. Women and the Economy Know: Lowell Mills, Catherine Beecher, Cult of Domesticity, Fertility Rate, Child-centered Homes 12. What types of work were done by women in Antebellum America? (Be careful on this one.) Farm women and girls spun yarn, wove cloth and made candles, soap, butter and cheese. Most women started having less children which meant they could have child-centered families. Women were also able to marry out of love and generally were not forced by their parents. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields Know: Corn, John Deere, Steel Plow, Cyrus McCormick, Mechanical Mower-reaper, Cash-crop Agriculture 13. What factors led to increased productivity for farmers? John Deere's steel plow broke the tough soil. Cyrus McCormick's mechanical mower-reaper made working much easier. A husbandman could do the work of 5 men with sickles and scythes. Highways and Steamboats Know: Lancaster Turnpike, National (Cumberland) Road, Robert Fulton 14. Why were turnpikes and steamboats important? It was safer and faster. Turnpikes attracted a rich trade to Philadelphia and stimulated western development. Steamboats played a vital role in the opening of the West and South. Not only could they float their produce out to market but they could ship in their shoes, hardware, and other manufactured necessities at low costs. "Clinton's Big Ditch" in New York Know: Erie Canal 15. The Erie Canal brought revolutionary change to two regions. Explain. In the years after its completion in 1825, the cost of transporting goods between the Midwest and New York City fell precipitously. Between 1825 and 1857, New York built eight canals as such. The Iron Horse 16. Name some of the advantages and disadvantages of early railroads.

The early railroads were able to connect the nation, enabling better trade. However, they were extremely dangerous and many people who operated them died. Cables, Clippers, and Pony Riders Know: Trans-Atlantic Cable, Clipper Ships, Stagecoaches, Pony Express 17. The clipper ship, stagecoach and Pony Express ultimately failed because they were not forward looking. Explain. Just as the clippers had succumbed to steam, so were the express riders unhorsed by Morse's clacking keys, which began tapping messages to California in 1861. The swift ships and the fleet ponies ushered out a dying technology of wind and muscle. The Transport Web Binds the Union Know: Division of Labor 18. Explain the effects of division of labor on a national and personal basis. Division of labor is the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks. On a national basis division of labor is associated with a capitalistic system allowing people to have hope to move up the ladder. It creates job for everybody. On a personal level, it allows one to rise up economically. The Market Revolution Know: John Jacob Astor, Social Mobility 19. To what extent was social mobility possible in the United States in the years before the Civil War? In the United States, because of the belief in individual freedom, there was not the same caste system where a person born poor stayed poor. Anyone willing to work hard was able to accumulate wealth and move up in society (Samuel Morse)

Chapter #15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture Big Picture Themes 1. The "Second Great Awakening" began in the 1830s. Its purpose was to wake people from lackluster religion and, like the First Great Awakening, was led by passionate and emotional preachers. 2. The Mormons emerged from these beginnings and wandered westward to the Great Salt Lake. 3. Free public schools began in large measure. 4. There was push to ban alcohol called "temperance." This was led by the ladies; they felt the way to save the family was to ban alcohol. 5. The first women's rights convention was held at Seneca Falls, NY. They asserted that all men, and women were created equal. 6. Many "utopia experiments" began. The overall mission was to perfect society and create true equality. Most simply failed and none of them succeeded in the ways envisioned. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Great Awakening A series of religious revivals starting in 1801. It stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. Had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery. Women were leaders. Shakers A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. Mormons Group of people part of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Followed Joseph Smith and later followed Brigham Young on a Utah pilgrimage. Brigham Young Led the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon Republic of Desert. Young believed in polygamy and strong social order. Transcendentalists Ideas that emerged mainly in literature in the mid-19th century centered on individualism and the rejection of traditional religion. Ralph Waldo Emerson Leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance, spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the abolitionists. Henry David Thoreau Transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He inspired social and political reformers. Thoreau was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by practicing passive resistance.

Utopia A society with perfect social and political conditions. The ideal society that could never be. Brook Farm Utopian society established by transcendentalist George Ripley near Boston in 1841. Members shared equally in farm work and leisure discussions of literature and art. New Harmony Communal established in New Harmony, Indiana by Scottish industrial Robert Owen. Oneida Community A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. They practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. Also practiced eugeny. Temperance Crusade The most successful of reform movements where Beecher published sermons against drinking the "demon rum". Viewed alcohol as a threat to public morality. Seneca Falls Convention Memorable 1848 meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Sentiments was read. American Colonization Society People who expressed moral and religious concern over slavery. This group established Liberia where Africans migrated to if they were free or emancipated. William Lloyd Garrison A militant abolitionist, he became editor of The Liberator in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slaveholders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession. David Walker Black abolitionist who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. Exerted a radicalizing influence on the abolitionist movements of his day and beyond. He has inspired many generations of Black leaders and activists of all backgrounds. Hudson River School A group of artists focused on painting the natural beauty of American landscapes (surge in landscape painting with post-war nationalism).

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Reviving Religion Know: Alexis de Tocqueville, The Age of Reason, Deism, Unitarians, Second Great Awakening, Camp Meetings, Charles Grandison Finney 1. In what ways did religion in the United States become more liberal and more conservative in the early decades of the 19th century? Founding Fathers embraced the liberal doctrines of Deism that Thomas Paine promoted. However, the Christian religion still had great influence over the souls of men in America. Deism was more liberal because you did not believe in God.

Denominational Diversity Know: Burned-Over-District, Millerites (Adventists) 2. What effect did the Second Great Awakening have on organized religion? This tidal wave of spiritual fervor left in its wake countless converted souls, many shattered and reorganized churches, and numerous new sects. It also encouraged effervescent evangelicalism that bubbled up into innumerable areas of American life. A Desert Zion in Utah (Website if interest: http://www.pbs.org/mormons/view) Know: Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, Brigham Young 3. What characteristics of the Mormons caused them to be persecuted by their neighbors? This cooperative sect antagonized rank-and-file Americans, who were individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise. The Mormons aroused further anger by voting as a unit and by openly but understandingly drilling their militia for defensive purposes. Free Schools for a Free People Know: Three R's, Horace Mann, Noah Webster, McGuffey's Readers 4. What advances were made in the field of education from 1820 to 1850? Horace Mann campaigned effectively for more and better schoolhouses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers and an expanded curriculum. Higher Goals for Higher Learning Know: University of Virginia, Oberlin College, Mary Lyon, Lyceum, Magazines 5. In what ways did higher education become more modern in the antebellum years? The religious zeal of the Second Great Awakening led to the planting of many small, denominational liberal arts colleges. Adults could now expand knowledge at libraries; through traveling lecturers, lyceums and magazines. An Age of Reform Know: Sylvester Graham, Penitentiaries, Dorothea Dix 6. How and why did Dorothea Dix participate in the reform movements? She traveled some 60,000 miles in 8 years and assembled her damning reports on insanity and asylums from firsthand observations. Dix did so because she wanted to reform the asylum system. Demon Rum--The "Old Deluder" Know: American Temperance Society, Neil S. Dow, Maine Law of 1851 7. Assess the successfulness of the temperance reformers. Within a few years, about a thousand local groups sprang into existence. Prior to the Civil War, there was much less drinking among women and also much less per capita consumption of hard liquor. Women in Revolt Know: Spinsters, Alexis de Tocqueville, Cult of Domesticity, Catherine Beecher, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Amelia Bloomer, Seneca Falls, Declaration of Sentiments 8. Describe the status of women in the first half of the 19th century. A wife was supposed to immerse herself to her lord and master. She could not vote, could legally be beaten by husband and could not retain title to her property once married. Wilderness Utopias Know: Utopias, New Harmony, Brook Farm, Oneida Community, Complex Marriage, Shakers 9. In what ways were utopian communities different from mainstream America?

The communistic experiments were in competition with democratic free enterprise and free land. They sank into a morass of contradiction and confusion. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement Know: Benjamin Silliman, John J. Audubon 10. Was the United States a leader in the world in scientific pursuits? Explain. American writers promoted safety, speed and economy. As far as basic science was concerned, Americans were best known for borrowing and adapting the findings of Europeans. Makers of America: The Oneida Community Know: John Humphrey Noyes, Bible Communism, Mutual Criticism 11. The word "utopia" is a word that is "derived from Greek that slyly combines the meanings of `a good place' and `no such place'." Does the Oneida Community fit this definition? Explain. That sunny thought was shared by many early 19th century utopians, but Noyes added some wrinkles of his own. He believed that the key to happiness is the suppression of selfishness, and Christians should not own property or indulge in relationships. Artistic Achievements Know: Thomas Jefferson, Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumbull, Hudson River School, Daguerreotype, Stephen C. Foster 12. "The antebellum period was a time in which American art began to come of age." Assess. During the nationalistic upsurge of the War of 1812, American painters of portraits turned increasingly from human landscapes to romantic mirrorings of local landscapes. The Blossoming of a National Literature Know: Knickerbocker Group, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant 13. In the early 1800's American writers emerged, who were recognized world-wide for their ability. What made them uniquely American? English as well as American themes were used, combining a pleasing style with delicate charm and quiet humor. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism Know: Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walden: Or Life in the Woods, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, Walt Whitman 14. Which of the transcendentalists mentioned here best illustrated the theory in his life and writings? Explain. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a practical philosopher who enriched thousands of lives through fresh and vibrant essays. Catching the individualistic mood of the Republic, he stressed self-reliance, self-improvement, selfconfidence, optimism and freedom. Glowing Literary Lights Know: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Louisa May Alcott, Emily Dickinson 15. Name six important American writers and explain the significance of each. Literary Individualists and Dissenters Know: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville 16. Why do you think Poe and Melville were not appreciated as much in America at the time as they were in other times and places? The south was extremely immersed in agriculture. Poe and Melville came from non-farming families; people at the time were accustomed to more straightforward and upbeat prose. Portrayers of the Past Know: George Bancroft, William H. Prescott, Francis Parkman

17. How did the geographic background of early historians affect the history they wrote? Early American historians of prominence were New Englanders; these writers numbered abolitionists and hence were disposed to view Southern slavery unsympathetically.