EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint

- 1 - 19/03/13

1 INTRODUCTION

Filling a Structural Hollow Section (SHS) column
with concrete can markedly increase its load
carrying capacity. The characteristic performance
of such a structural member is well understood.
Over the last two decades, various ambient
temperature design manuals have been produced
based on both UK (British Steel 1992) and
European (CIDECT 1995) Ultimate Limit State
(ULS) Design codes.
It is also known that a concrete infill will
improve the thermal characteristics of a composite
column and reduce the amount of external fire
protection necessary when such a column is fully
utilised as a load carrying member. However, at
present, only limited deeply conservative design
advice is available on how to utilise this (see
Table 1). The need to quantify this effect became
more urgent after the introduction of a new UK
ULS Fire Design code (British Standards 1990)
for steel structural members based on a variable
limiting steel temperature obtained by reference to
a reduced fire design load.
Accordingly, in 1995, British Steel Tubes and
Pipes, in collaboration with the intumescent paint
manufacturer Nullifire, initiated a series of
indicative furnace tests (Edwards & Wainman , in
prep) on a range of unloaded SHS sections.

2 PRESENT SPECIFICATION METHODOLOGY

In the UK, the required thickness of external fire
protection to a steel member is specified by
reference to the Section Factor of the SHS shell,
where;-

Exposed Perimeter
Section Factor (Hp/A) =
c.s.a. of the SHS

A Circular Section is a uniform pure shape, so
when fully exposed to a fire, the Section Factor will
be based on the full perimeter and cross-sectional
area, i.e;-

t.D 1
Hp/A = =
t/4.D
2
- t/4.(D - 2.t
s
)
2
t
s.
(1 - t
s
/D)


An unprotected Hot Finished SHS has rounded
corners, but ignoring the corner effects will still
produce a closely accurate assessment of its Section
Factor, so;-

1
Hp/A =
t
s.
[1 - 2t
s
/(B + D)]



The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by
Intumescent Paint
M. Edwards
Technical Marketing, British Steel Tubes and Pipes, UK










ABSTRACT: Filling a Structural Hollow Section column with concrete will increase its load carrying
capacity. The concrete infill will also improve the thermal characteristics of the composite column and reduce
the amount of external fire protection necessary. However, only limited design advice is presently available
on how to quantify this effect. British Steel in collaboration with the intumescent paint manufacturer Nullifire
have undertaken a series of investigative fire tests on a range of unloaded SHS specimens. The test data has
produced a specific assessment method to predict the performance of an intumescent paint in fire. Generalised
expressions have also been developed to assess the Effective Section Factors of protected filled SHS in fire
that can be used with any type of external protection. Additional fire tests on fully loaded columns have also
confirmed that the same ULS limiting temperatures can be used with both filled and unfilled SHS columns.
EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint
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For a square section this simplifies to;-

1
Hp/A =


t
s.
(1 - t
s
/B)

The Section Factor is intended for use with
tables giving specified thicknesses of both
generic and proprietary inert protection systems.
A table for assessing the permissible reduction in
external protection thickness due to the presence
of a concrete core is given in BS 5950 Part 8,
viz;-

Table 1. Protection modification factor (C)
Hp/A
(e)
C Hp/A
(f)

50-75 1.00 50-75
100 0.92 92.0
125 0.88 110.0
150 0.81 121.5
175 0.75 131.8
200 0.69 138.0
260 -300 0.55 143 -175

i.e, if the specified thickness of protection by
reference to the EMPTY SHS shell = ti , then the
reduced thickness required = ti
r
= C.ti

This is
equivalent to reducing the Section Factor by the
same proportion (also see Table 1). In practice, it
has been observed during real fire tests (Edwards
1998) that filled sections appear to have
substantially lower Section Factors.
3 MODELLING THE BEHAVIOUR OF
PROTECTED CONCRETE FILLED SHS
SECTIONS

Figure 1 shows the observed temperature time
profile of a 150 sq x 6.3 concrete filled SHS
column heated to the ISO curve while externally
protected by a layer of Nullifire S605 intumescent
paint with an initial thickness of 1819 microns.
Figure 2 shows the measured temperature
developments within the concrete along the
diagonal. It can be seen that once intumescence
has occurred, the temperature time development
of the SHS is relatively linear (as is to be expected
for a protected section with a low effective
Section Factor). Moreover, the individual layers
of concrete all appear to have a similar rate of
temperature increase once the free water in each
layer has been boiled off. This suggests that the
temperature profiles of the column interiors can be
simply modelled in terms of an underlying
uniform heating rate without explicit reference to
the external fire regime or the thermal behaviour
of the protection layer.



Figure 1 Temperature development in the SHS shell
of a protected filled SHS

Figure 2 Temperature development within the
concrete core of a protected filled SHS
3.1 Protected Circular Section Cores
For a circular core, the underlying heating rate of the
concrete can be quantified as;-

(u
l
- u
i
)
AQ
c
=
c
.c
c
.A
c
.
(T
l
- T
wd
)

T
with;- T
wd
=
[1 + c
c
. (u
l
- u
i
)/(p
w.
L
h
)]
where;-

u
l
= Limiting temperature of the SHS
u
i
= Initial temperature of the SHS

c
= density of the concrete
(taken as 2300 kg/m
3
)
c
c
= specific heat of the concrete (see below)
A
c
= csa of concrete core
T
l
= Time to reach limiting temperature
T
wd
= Water Dwell Time (minutes)
L = Latent heat of water (2150 kJ/kg)
p
w
= unit water content of the concrete
by weight (taken as 0.04)

The temperature gradient through the core can
now be estimated as a one-dimensional heat flow by
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Test Time (minutes)
C
o
n
c
r
e
t
e

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
C
)
UC6 - 10mm deep
UC7 - 20 mm deep
UC8 - 30 mm deep
UC9 - 50 mm deep
UC5 - centre point
Test 1 : 150 sq x 6.3 SHS Column
Upper Level A : DIAGONAL CONCRETE Temperatures
Time to Failure : 102 min
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Test Time (minutes)
S
t
e
e
l

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
C
)
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Test 1 : 150 sq x 6.3 SHS Column
Upper Level A : STEEL Temperatures
Time to Failure : 102 min
EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint
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dividing the core up into N annuli of equal area.
Each annulus will then, in turn, absorb a constant
proportion (1/Nth) of the heat while allowing the
remainder to be conducted through it towards the
centre. So for the nth annulus;-

Au
n
= AQ
c.
(q- n/N).(1/2tk).[1- (N- n)/(N+1-n)]
0.5


while q > n/N (1)

n-1
and u
n
= u
l
- (Au
n
)/2 - E(Au
x
)
0

where;-

Au
n
= Temperature gradient across the
n
th
annulus
Au
x
= Temperature gradient across the
x
th
annulus
u
l
= Limiting temperature of the SHS
u
n
= Temperature of the n
th
annulus
q = proportion of the concrete area
actually being heated
k = conductivity of the concrete
(see below)

The temperature profile through the circular
core can be simply obtained on a spread sheet by
summing the contents of N cells using trial values
of q. This can be done using an iterative macro,
with conditional checks. Once these conditions
have been satisfied, the average temperature of the
core (uav) and a resulting core utilisation factor
() can be calculated as;-


c
c
c
(u
av
- u
i
)
= .

s
c
s
(u
l
- u
i
)
3.2 Protected Square Section Cores
For a square section, the underlying heating rate
of the concrete can be based on heat flow through
one side face of the section and quantified as ;-

(u
l
- u
i
)
AQ
c
=
c
.c
c
.A
c
/4.
(T
l
- T
wd
)

The temperature gradient through the core can
now be initially estimated as a one-dimensional
heat flow by dividing the core up from the side
face to the centre line into N vertical strips of
equal area. Each strip will then, in turn, absorb a
constant proportion (1/N
th
) of the horizontal heat
flow from that face, while allowing the remainder
to be conducted through it towards the centre.
However, there will also be an identical vertical
heat flow from the horizontal faces. The only way
to satisfy both conditions simultaneously is to
subdivide a quadrant of the core into an N x N grid
and place the resulting temperature gradients along
the grid diagonal. So, at position (n,n) on the core
diagonal;-

Au
(n,n)
= AQ
c
.(q - n/N).(1/2Nk) while q > n/N (2)

There will also be a secondary temperature
gradient occuring between the the core diagonal and
core centre line. This can be closely approximated
by assuming that;-

N1

Au
(n,N)
= Au
(n,n)
.( 1 + (N - n)/En ) (3)

1

The temperature profile along the diagonal of a
square core can now be simply obtained on a spread
sheet by using equation (2) to sum the contents of N
q. Again this can be
done using an iterative macro, with a conditional
check. Temperature off-sets within the core quadrant
can then be assigned to the individual elements of
the
N x N grid using equation (3). The average
temperature of the core (u
av
) and the resulting
utilisation factor (
3.3 Unprotected Filled Sections
Within limits, the temperature of an unprotected
section after a given ISO heating time can be
obtained using the published formula;-

T = 0.54 .(u
s
- 50)/(Hp/A)
e
0.6


In fact, a more accurate estimate can be made
using the modification;-

T = 0.135 .|u
s

2
/(Hp/A)
e
]
0.604
(4)

This formula can be incorporated into the
procedures given above for protected sections by
continually replacing u
l
with u
s
and recalculating as
the iteration progresses. It is then possible to assess
both the final steel section temperature and effective
section factor after a fixed heating time (15, 30 or 45
minutes).
3.4 Concrete Thermal parameters
The specific heat and conductivity of concrete vary
markedly with temperature. According to the base
document of Eurocode 4.0 part 1.2 ;-

c = 0.90 + 0.08.(u
c
/120) - 0.004.(u
c
/120)
2
kJ/kg/
o
C

k = 2.0 - 0.24.(u
c
/120) + 0.012.(u
c
/120)
2
W/m/
o
C

EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint
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Comparison between assessed and measured
temperature profiles showed that only average
values need be used for these parameters during
the iteration processes described above and that
these could be quantified using the temperature at
the 1/2 area depth on the centre line.
4 INDICATIVE TEST SPECIMENS

A total of 34 indicative specimens were heated to
the ISO temperature-time curve using a private
gas fired test furnace owned by the Nullifire
Company at Coventry. These specimens can be
divided into three groups;-

a) Specimen Group 1 - Empty/Protected Sections

Test group 1 comprised seven empty SHS
specimens coated with Nullifire S605 intumescent
paint. These specimens were used to initialy
assess the performance of the paint. Table 2 gives
details of these specimens including the time
taken for each to reach the average temperature of
550oC used to quantify the paint performance. An
initial regression was performed on these
specimens using the standard formula for inert
external protection, viz;-

t
i
0.77
T = C.


(Hp/A)
e
0.77


It was found that this formula had to be
modified to include a size effect, i.e;-

B + C.(1 + s/D).t
i
0.77

T = A + (5)
(Hp/A)
e
0.77


where;- s = section size

This additional parameter probably reflects the
actual pattern of intumescence that occurs on an
SHS, namely a corner/diameter effect that
becomes less pronounced as section size
increases.


Values for the coefficients and resulting correlation
are given as regression group r1 in Table 4.



b) Specimen Group 2 - Filled/Protected Sections

Test group 2 comprised twenty three filled SHS
specimens, again coated with Nullifire S605
intumescent paint. These specimens were used to
quantify the performance of the paint on filled
sections and compare preformance with the empty
sections. Table 3 gives details of these specimens,
again including the time taken for each to reach the
average temperature of 550
o
C .
An initial regression was performed using
equation (5), then a second, more conservative
regression performed that excluded the three best
specimens. The coeffients and correlations obtained
are given as regression groups r2 and r3 in Table 4.

c) Specimen Group 3 - Filled/Unprotected Sections

Table 4. Regression Coefficients and Correlations
Case No. A B C D r
2

r1 - unfilled 7 14.0 219 2.49 401 0.984
r2 - filled 23 2.5 795 1.66 287 0.964
r3 - filled 20 1.5 792 1.60 264 0.985
r4 - all spec. 30 10.6 559 1.61 243 0.984
Table 2. Test Group 1 (7 Specimens)
Spc Size
t
i
Hp/A Time to 550
o
C (min)
mcrons m
-1
test reg 1 reg 3
nk1 114.3 x 3.6 471 286.8 21.0 21.3 14.9
nl2 114.3 x 6.3 2111 168.0 38.0 40.7 32.8
na1 100 x 4.0 481 260.4 21.0 22.0 15.9
nc1 100 x 10.0 2230 111.1 53.0 51.1 44.6
nd4 200 x 6.3 2730 163.9 54.0 50.9 41.5
ne2 200 x 10.0 617 105.3 35.5 34.6 34.3
nf3 200 x 16.0 2810 67.9 86.5 88.1 81.4
Table 3. Test Group 2 (23 Specimens)
Spec.
Ident
Size t
i
Hp/A (m
-1
) Time to
550
o
C (min)
mcrns empty full test reg3
nk2 114.3
x 3.6
670 286.8 68.04 40.0 45.5
nk3 1534 -"- 61.35 61.0 61.9
nl3 114.3
x 6.3
1110 168.0 56.46 59.0 59.5
nl4 2139
-"- 54.10
80.0 76.9
na2 100
x 4.0
2580 260.4 66.00 67.5 69.9
na3 1440 -"- 66.30 66.0 56.3
nb2 100
x 6.3
1050 169.4 62.69 57.0 53.4
nb3 2130
-"- 60.53
75.0 69.2
nc2 100
x 10.0
690 111.1 56.47 56.0 52.0
nc3 1870 -"- 55.60 67.0 70.3
nd1 200
x 6.3
622 163.9 54.29 56.0 56.3
nd2 1730 -"- 43.21 111.0 93.0
nd3 2800 -"- 41.80 120.0 117.5
ne3 200
x 10.0
1810 105.3 38.69 111.0 103.0
ne4 2870 -"- 37.64 122.0 128.8
nf1 200
x 16.0
634 67.9 36.92 74.5 75.6
nf2 1800 -"- 32.82 121.0 116.5
nf4 2790 -"- 31.97 141.0 143.9
ng4 300
x 8.0
818 128.4 41.86 77.0 79.7
ng2 2660 -"- 36.05 144.0 145.0
nh1 300
x 10.0
417 103.4 41.22 63.0 66.9
nh2 1420 -"- 36.43 113.0 108.3
nh3 1910 -"- 35.24 129.0 126.1
EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint
- 5 - 19/03/13

A small group of 4 specimens were filled with
concrete but left unprotected. Details are given in
Table 5 which shows their assessed effective
Section Factors after heating to 550
0
C ; the
predicted time it should take for them to reach this
temperature according to regression 3 and the
actual measured time for them to do so.

Table 5. Test Group 3 (4 specimens)
Spec. Size Hp/A (m
-1
) Time to 550
o
C
(minutes)
empty filled test predict
nl1 114.3 x 6.3 168.0 74.13 19.5 20.8
nb1 100 x 6.3 169.4 76.70 19.5 19.9
ne1 200 x 10.0 105.3 55.15 23.0 24.9
ng1 300 x 8.0 128.4 56.22 24.0 24.6
4.1 Comparative Performance
In practice, all three regressions give similar
significance to each component of the formula.
Figure 3 shows the estimated fire times for all 30
protected specimens calculated using the most
conservative prediction formula.


Figure 3 Predicted v Measured Times to 550
o
C.
5 GENERAL PERFORMANCE EQUATIONS

Modified versions of the simple assessment
spread sheets and their macros were used to obtain
discrete values for the effective Section Factors
for the full range of Circular and Square British
Steel Hollow Sections at 540
o
C , the standard
limiting temperature of fully utilised columns.

Figure 4 Comparative Section Factors of Filled v
Empty SHS

Figure 4 shows a comparison of the assessed
effective factor obtained for protected Circular
Sections. It can be seen that these values are
substantially lower than those given in Table 1
according to the present recommendations.
Using the following approach, the discrete values
of effective Section Factors obtained from these
spread sheets were also regressed to obtain simple
expressions that would directly evaluate effective
Section Factors;-

i) The Effective Section Factor for a section can be
defined as;-

Exposed Perimeter of the SHS
(Hp/A)e =
Effective csa of the filled SHS

P
=


A
s
+ .A
c


ii) This formula can be simplified to;-

1
(Hp/A)e =
(t
s
+ t
ce
).[1 - (t
s
+ t
ce
)/D]

where;- t
ce
= apparent increase in CHS wall
thickness due to the presence of
the concrete

iii) The value of t
ce
is time dependent and has been
quantified to a high accuracy for filled CHS as;-

either t
ce
= 1.858.T
0.5
when d
i
> 24.717.T
0.5


or t
ce
= 0.1206.d
i
.[2 - d
i
/(17.955.T
0.5
)]

when d
i
s 24.717.T
0.5


where;- T = the ISO heating time in minutes
d
i
= the internal CHS diameter in mm

iv) The apparent increase in the wall thickness of
SQUARE sections has also been explicitly
quantified in tabular form. Explicit formulae are still
being developed to take account of the two
dimensional heat flow. However, a slightly
conservative set of expressions have been
developed using CHS style formulae, namely;-

either:- t
ce
= 1.810.T
0.5
when b
i
> 20.972.T
0.5

or:- t
ce
= 0.1193.b
i
.[2 - b
i
/(16.422.T
0.5
)]

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Emp t y CH S Se c t io n Fa c t o r (1 / m)
10
20
30
40
50
60
F
i l
l
e
d

C
H
S
S
e
c
t
i
o
n

F
a
c
t
o
r
(
1
/
m
)
2 h o u rs I SO h ea t in g
1 . 5 h o u rs I SO he a t in g
1 h o u r I SO h e a t in g
Estimated usi ng general i sed Concrete Thermal
Parameters accordi ng to EC4 Part 1.2
Effe ctiv e Sect ion Fac tors for Protec ted Filled CHS
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
M e a su re d T ime t o 5 5 0 C (min u t e s)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d

T
i m
e

t
o

5
5
0

C
(
m
i n
u
t
e
s
)
u n f ille d se c t io n s
f ille d CH S
f ille d Sq u a re s
Exc lu d e d
Sq u a re s
L PC T e st
Co lu mn s
T = 1.4 + [791 + 1.6.(1 + d/264).ti ^0.77]/(Hp/A)^0.77
r^2 = 0.985
Regression of f illed- protec ted sec tions
excluding 3 best indicative specimens
EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint
- 6 - 19/03/13

when b
i
s 20.972.T
0.5



where;- T = the ISO heating time in minutes
b
i
= the Internal square section size in mm
6 COLUMN TESTS

While the indicative series was continuing, a
series of six full size protected SHS column
specimens were fabricated and fire tested at the
Loss Prevention Centre and used to investigate if
the existing load ratio method/limiting
temperature method for steel columns could be
safely applied to protected composite SHS
columns (Edwards, in prep)
Five test specimens were designed using SHS
of markedly differing sizes but with the same wall
thickness and SHS Section Factor so as to
produce a clear indication of the mass cooling
effect of the concrete and how the presence of
load bearing concrete would modify the failure
temperatures in fire. A sixth specimen using the
maximum possible wall thickness (16.0 mm) was
also introduced.
6.1 Fire Test Load Ratio and Limiting
Temperature
The actual Load Ratio of a member in fire (and
the resulting Limiting Temperature) depends both
on the type of member and the relative
magnitude of the Permanent and Live Loads.
Assuming that the member is being used with
100% efficiency in a room temperature design;
that the Permanent Load is Equal to the Imposed
Load; that the Imposed Load will reduce in fire
and that Wind Load can be discounted, then;-

D + 0.8.L
Fire Test Load Ratio (R) =
1.4.D + 1.6.L

with D = L

1.8
so, R = = 0.6
3.0

Table 6, below, is reproduced from BS5950
Part 8 and shows the Limiting Temperatures to be
used with protected steel columns for the
generalised range of possible Fire Design Load
ratios ;-

Table 6. Limiting Temperatures for steel columns
Column
Slenderness
Limiting Temp. at Load Ratio of:
0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
s 70 510 540 580 615 655 710
> 70 s 180 460 510 545 590 635 635
NOTE: column slenderness = effective length divided by
radius of gyration

6.2 Test Details

The six columns were fabricated and filled with a
commercial structural grade concrete at the Loss
Prevention Centre, Elstree. The axial capacity of
each column was calculated using BS 5400 Part 5
procedures based on measured SHS material
properties and the concrete 28 day cube strength and
the normal material strength reduction factors. The
concrete contribution (o) to the axial capacity was
also assessed. The fire test load was taken as 60%
of this capacity. Each column would then have a
limiting temperature of 540
o
C, if they behaved in an
identical fashion to steel columns.

Table 7. LPC Column Tests - Failure Temperatures
Sp.
SHS
Size
Time to
Failure /
dft ()
Contrib.
Factor
SHS Limiting
Temperature (
o
C)
o Nominal

Actual

min
o
C
o
C
C1 168.3
x 6.3
116.5
(2444)
0.288
540 610
C2 323.9
x 6.3
165.8
(1785)
0.465
539 692
S1 150
x 6.3
101.5
(1819)
0.217
540 613
S2 200
x 6.3
108.8
(1783)
0.250
540 616
S3 200
x 16.0
116.5
(1940)
0.117
540 550
S4 300
x 6.3
145.5
(1791)
0.417
540 661


Table 8. LPC Column Tests - Actual and Predicted
Times to 550
o
C
Spec
No
Size t
i
Hp/A (m
-1
) Time to 550
o
C
(min)
mcrn empty full test reg3
C1 168.3 x 6.3 2444 164.9 42.76 102.0 104.2
C2 323.9 x 6.3 1785 161.9 41.08 115.5 115.5
S1 150 x 6.3 1819 165.7 47.81 95.0 82.9
S2 200 x 6.3 1783 163.9 44.07 105.5 92.8
S3 200 x 16.0 1940 67.93 33.00 116.0 119.6
S4 300 x 6.3 1791 162.1 39.67 128.0 112.0

The temperature-time developments of these
columns were also measured so that estimates could
be made of their effective Section Factors for a
limiting temperature of 550
o
C. These Factors and
EDWARDS - The Performance in Fire of Concrete Filled SHS Columns Protected by Intumescent Paint
- 7 - 19/03/13

the resulting predicted times for the LPC columns
to attain this temperature are given in Table 8 and
included in Figure.3
6 CONCLUSIONS

The indicative test data has produced a specific
method to predict the performance of an
intumescent paint in fire, In addition, generalised
expressions were also obtained for the Effective
Section Factors of protected filled SHS that can be
used with any type of external protection.
Moreover, the full size column tests have
confirmed that the same ULS limiting
temperatures can be used with both filled and
unfilled SHS columns. This should allow full
advantage to be taken of the load carrying
capacity and improved Section Factor of
composite SHS columns in fire.
REFERENCES

British Steel 1992.Design Manual for Concrete Filled SHS
Columns Part 1, TD 296: Part 1/3E/92, British Steel
Tubes and Pipes, Corby, Northants, 1992
The Steel Construction Institute 1994.Composite Column
Design to Eurocode 4, (based on DD ENV 1994-1-
1:1994 Part 1.1, with reference to the UK NAD), SCI
Publication No. 142, The Steel Construction Institute,
Ascot, 1994
CIDECT 1995. Design Guide for Concrete Filled Hollow
Section Columns under Static and Seismic Loading,
Verlag TUV, Rheinland, Koln, 1995
British Standards Institution 1990. BS 5950 Structural use of
Steelwork in building, Part 8. Code of Practice for fire
resistant design, British Standards Institution, London,
1990
.Edwards M. 1998. Reinstatement of Concrete Filled
Structural Hollow Section Columns following Short
Duration Fires, Phase 2 - Standard Fire tests on Full
Size Columns, British Steel Tubes and Pipes, Corby,
Northants, 1998
Edwards M. & Wainman D. in prep. British Steel Project
S2808: Fire Tests on Concrete Filled SHS Indicative
Specimens protected by Intumescent Paint, British Steel
Tubes and Pipes, Corby, Northants. (to be published)
Loss Prevention Council 1998. TE89574; Fire Resistance
test on a Loaded SHS Column (168.3 dia x 6.3) filled
with concrete and protected by a Nullifire paint system,
Loss Prevention Council, Borehamwood, UK, 1998
Loss Prevention Council 1998. TE89575; Fire Resistance
test on a Loaded SHS Column (323.9 dia x 6.3) filled
with concrete and protected by a Nullifire paint system,
Loss Prevention Council, Borehamwood, UK, 1998
Loss Prevention Council 1998. TE89576; Fire Resistance
test on a Loaded SHS Column (150 x 150 x 6.3) filled
with concrete and protected by a Nullifire paint system,
Loss Prevention Council, Borehamwood, UK, 1998
Loss Prevention Council 1998. TE89577; Fire Resistance test
on a Loaded SHS Column (200 x 200 x 6.3) filled with
concrete and protected by a Nullifire paint system, Loss
Prevention Council, Borehamwood, UK, 1998
Loss Prevention Council 1998. TE89578; Fire Resistance test
on a Loaded SHS Column (200 x 200 x 16.0) filled with
concrete and protected by a Nullifire paint system, Loss
Prevention Council, Borehamwood, UK, 1998
Loss Prevention Council 1998. TE89579; Fire Resistance test
on a Loaded SHS Column (300 x 300 x 6.3) filled with
concrete and protected by a Nullifire paint system, Loss
Prevention Council, Borehamwood, UK, 1998
Edwards M. in prep. British Steel Project S2940: Fire Tests on
Fully Loaded Concrete Filled SHS Columns protected by
Intumescent Paint, British Steel Tubes and Pipes, Corby,
Northants. (to be published)