Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

MODULE- 62A
Hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies

The hydraulic jump is defined as the sudden and turbulent passage of water from a super critical state to sub critical state. The flow in a hydraulic jump is accomplished by the formation of extremely turbulent rollers and there is a considerable dissipation of energy. It occurs in a canal below a regulating sluice at the foot of a spillway or at the place where a steep channel bottom slope suddenly changes to a flat slope. It is a example for Rapid varied flow. Applications of hydraulic jump: 1. It is used to dissipate the energy in water flowing over spillway and other hydraulic structures to prevent scouring downstream. 2. It can be used to mix chemicals used for water purification. 3. It can be used to aerate water for city water supply.

Types of hydraulic jump: ( ) of the incoming flow should be always greater than one for a , there are five distinct types of hydraulic jump.

The Froude number

jump to occur. Depending on this 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

: 1-1.7: undular jump: water surface shows undulations. : 1.7-2.5: weak jump: small rollers 2.5-4.5: oscillating jump 4.5-9.0: steady jump >9.0: strong jump

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering Analysis of hydraulic jump:

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

Due to appreciable energy loss associated with the hydraulic jump, the application of the energy equation to the channel sections before and after the jump does not provide an adequate means of analysis. The use of momentum equation will serve the purpose.

Applying momentum equation in section 1-1 and 2-2 = = [ ] [ = + = ]

P+M is called specific force. Specific force before jump= specific force after jump = ( * + = * )= + =2 =2 for rectangular channel =

Here

and

are called sequent depths.

Energy loss: = =( ) ( )

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering =( =( =

( )

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

)+ )+

*
(

+
) ( )

Total pressure and centre of pressure: Total pressure: when a static mass of fluid comes in contact with a surface, either plane or curved, a force is exerted by the fluid on the surface. This force is known as total pressure. Centre of pressure: The point of application of total pressure on the surface is known as centre of pressure or centroid of total pressure distribution is centre of pressure. 1. Total pressure and centre of pressure on a vertical plane surface:

Total pressure P=p.A= Center of pressure = H acts at a distance of h from top JH ACADEMY Page 3

Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

2. Total pressure and center of pressure on a vertical plane surface

Total pressure on a strip= Total pressure on entire surface = P = = = Where Centre of pressure centroidal distance of the surface from water surface

centroidal distance of pressure diagram from water surface.

* +

+ *

Where

moment of inertia about top surface

But =
[ ]

= = =

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

3. Total pressure and centre of pressure on inclined plane surface:

Total pressure:

= P= = = =

Centre of pressure:

But
[

But And

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

4. Total pressure and centre of pressure on curved surfaces:

Total pressure on the projected area of the curved surface on the vertical plane The weight of liquid contained in the portion in the portion extending vertically above the curved surface up to the free surface of the liquid. R= ( )

Buoyancy force: When a body is immersed in a fluid either wholly or partially it is subjected to an upward force which tends to lift it up. This tendency for an immersed body to be lifted up in the fluid, due to an upward force opposite to the action of gravity is known as buoyancy. The point of application of this force is called centre of buoyancy.

Principle of flotation: It states that the weight of a body floating in a fluid is equal to the buoyant force which in turn equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Meta centre (M): The point of intersection between the axis of floating body passing through the point B (centre of buoyancy) and a (centre of gravity) and a vertical line passing the new centre of Buoyancy B, (centre of buoyancy after small angular displacement). Meta centric height: Distance between the centre of gravity G and the meta centre M of a floating body is known as meta centric height. Stability of submerged and floating bodies: 1. Stable equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of stable equilibrium if a small angular displacement of the body sets up a couple that tends to oppose the angular displacement of the body, there by tending to bring the body back to its original position. This is happen when meta centre is lying above the centre of gravity. JH ACADEMY Page 6

Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

2. Unstable equilibrium: A body is said to be in a stable of unstable equilibrium if a small angular displacement of the body sets up a couple that tends to further increase in the angular displacement of the body, there by not allowing the body to restore its original position. This is happen when meta centre is lying below centre of gravity. 3. Neutral equilibrium: A body is said to be in a state of neutral equilibrium, if a small angular displacement of the body does not set up couple of any kind. i.e meta centre and centre of gravity coincides. Meta centric height:

Couple due to wedges = Total couple = = = Thus couple is equal to =

Where V=volume of the liquid displaced by the ship.

Liquids in relative equilibrium: Liquid container subjected to constant horigental acceleration

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

W ere

or ge

l cceler

Liquid constrains subjected to constant rotation:

Measurement of pressures. Gauge pressure =Absoluate pressure Atmospheric pressure Vacuume pressure= Atmospheric pressure - Absoluate pressure Manometers: 1.

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

Where 2.

=specific gravity of liquid.

3.

4.

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Sub: Water Resources Engineering

Topic : Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics

( ( ( = * ( ) +

) ) )

5.

6.

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