GIP Renater

Architecture and evolution of the Internet

J. Prvost Prevost@Renater.fr +33 1 5394 2 3 htt!"##$$$.Renater.fr Updated : 6 Novembre 2003

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Content

%he architecture of the Internet and its evolution " %he Internet " a cloud of IP net$or&s %he net$or& for an I'P " co(!onents Architecture and evolution " $h)* ho$ Addressin+* routin+* na(in+ ,vervie$ of advanced services

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The Internet

%he Internet " a cloud of I'P net$or&s.

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The Internet, a world-wide service

%he Internet is -,% a net$or&. It is a $orld.$ide service* loosel) coordinated* !rovided /) a hu+e nu(/er of inde!endant net$or&s* /ased on " A common protocol : IP.
Today : vers on !. Start n" : vers on 6.

A #$"e n$mber o% Internet Serv ce Prov ders &ISP'( eac# ) t# ts o)n net)or*. +any ,lobal Interc#an"e Po nts &,I-'( t#ro$"# )# c# t#ese net)or*s can e.c#an"e IP tra%% c. An) Internet user can e0chan+e data $ith an) other one. ATHENS 2003

The Internet, a world-wide service and a cloud of ISP networks

ISP ISP

ISP ISP

ISP

ISP GIX ISP ISP

ISP

GIX ISP ISP ISP ISP ATHENS 2003 ISP ISP

ISP ISP GIX

GIX ISP

ISP ISP

ISP ISP

The components of an ISP network

%he net$or& for an I'P " (ain co(!onents

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An ISP network : routers, links, a !C

Other ISPs, Users

IP router

Link

Network Control

NOC

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An ISP network : The !C : the control tower of the network

-,1 " -et$or& ,!eration 1enter Adm n strat on and day/to/day operat on o% t#e net)or*( mon tor n" etc0
E.ample : rece ve error n%ormat on 1 compla nts %rom ot#er ISPs and $sers( t#en act on ro$ters and1or telecom operators & % l n* do)n' to set t r "#t a"a n

Network

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Internet services, telecommunications, infrastructures

ISP ISP ISP

ISP ISP ISP

ISP

IP services

Internet service providers They use the services provided by Telecom operators They use the services provided by

Links

In!r"structure #c"bles$

Infrastructure operators (undersea fiber optic cables, cables alongside railway tracks )

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T"pical Internet infrastructures %he Internet can use an) t)!e of infrastructure. Typ cally( %or med $m or lon" d stance l n*s : 2pt cal % ber : $p to #$ndreds o% ,b t1s. Terrestr al or
$ndersea. Installat on : costly $ndersea( c#eap % terrestr al

3opper cables : #$ndreds o% +b t1s Satell te :$p to #$ndreds o% +b t1s. Usa"e : very costly S#ort d stance &camp$s( to)n' : 4 ber 5ad o( 6I4I A7S8 &t#e so/called 9 # "# speed Internet : : #$ndreds o% *b t1s' T; cable net)or*s Po)er l nes : start n"

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#$ample : the main su%marine optical ca%les :

T# s s ro$"#ly e=$ valent to t#e Internert %lo) bet)een cont nents See : #ttp:11))).dr .co.<p1a$to1report1tele"eo1t" s$bmap03.#tm

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#$ample : the main su%marine optical ca%les : &oom on a t"pical dense re'ion :

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Architecture and evolution of the Internet

Architecture and evolution of the Internet " 2o$ it is (ana+ed 3or not (ana+ed4.

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(ow the evolution of the Internet is mana'ed :

It is -,% 3centrall)4 (ana+ed. It is /ased on a lar+e set of technical and o!erational consensus. 2bta n n" a consens$s on a " ven top c may ta*e years 2o$ is the evolution of the architecture 3to!olo+)* servicess4 (ana+ed 5 6#o dec des > 2o$ is the evolution of the technolo+) (ana+ed 5 6#o dec des > ATHENS 2003

)ho decides a%out the architecture of the Internet :

%he architecture " 6 t# n an ISP net)or* : topolo"y( band) dt#( net)or* serv ces > ?et))en ISP net)or*s : )# c# ,I-es( )# c# nterconnect n" l n*s > %he I'Ps 6 and onl) the i'Ps . %heir decisions 3i.e.* the architecture of the Internet4 is (ainl) /ased on " %raffic flo$s and corres!ondin+ revenues* Availa/ilit) and cost of infrastructures that teleco( o!erators !rovide. ATHENS 2003

)ho decides a%out the technolo'" of the Internet :

Advanced user co((unities " Un vers t es( researc# centres( ma nly n US( 3anada( As a and lar"e E$ropean co$ntr es Advanced routin+ hard$are (anufacturers " +a nly n US and 3anada( @ recently a %e) &too %e)' start/$ps n E$rope I7%8 " Internet 7n+ineerin+ %as& 8orce Internet standards &543s' 9ar+e I'Ps !rovidin+ advanced services Have to dec de % any ne) serv ce s "ood %or operat onal and commerc al serv ces. THEA dec de( beca$se t s THEI5 money 0 ATHENS 2003

Addressin', routin', namin' :

Addressin+* routin+* na(in+ " %he heart 3and /rain54 of the Internet

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Addressin', routin', namin'

Addressin+ " 7ach o/:ect 3router * station4 has a uni;ue IP address " IPv! : B23.2B0.0B2.BBB : only so many addresses.
Not eno$"# t#ese days : As a( A%r ca( even E$rope

IPv6 : m$c# lar"er address space. S$ table %or accommodat n" t#e "ro)t# o% t#e Inernet %or at least C0 years >
Incl$d n" ne)( address/#$n"ry $sa"es s$c# as : 3, &U+TS' mob le p#ones Home net)or* n" 3ars ...

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Transferrin' data over the Internet : Addressin', routin', namin'

<ou :ust send a !ac&et 3= data+ra(>4 alon+. -ice. ?ut ho$ does it reach its destinee 5 Addressin+ " 7ach Internet.accessi/le o/:ect has a uni;ue IP address. Addresses are attri/uted 3$orld.$ide4 /) I1A-In E$rope( dele"ated by I3ANN to 5IPE ISPs obta n %rom 5IPE 9 bloc*s o% addresses : T#ey attr b$te t#ese addresses to t#e r c$stomers
?$t addresses st ll belon" to t#e ISP &and so may c#an"e D'

Eac# c$stomer attr b$tes nd v d$al addresse&s' to ts end/$sers ATHENS

I% not eno$"# addresses ava lable &IPv!' $se 9 address 2003 translat on : : costly( compl cated( almost ncompat ble ) t# some

Transferrin' data over the Internet : Addressin', routin', namin'

Routin+ " 2o$ to = route > data+ra(s fro( the sender to the destinee ?ased on IP addresses + lo+ical to!olo+) of the I'Ps net$or&s + !olic) rules Routed fro( router to router accordin+ to routin+ infor(ation 3includin+ the net$or& lo+ical to!olo+)4 as &no$n /) each router

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Transferrin' data over the Internet : Addressin', routin', namin'

Routin+ " Protocols for !assin+ routin+ infor(ation /et$een routers " Ins de 9 A$tonomo$s Systems &AS' : &an sp net)or*( or part o% a lar"e ISP net)or*' : ?et)een AS : ?,P etc0

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Transferrin' data over the Internet : Addressin', routin', namin'

-a(in+ "
Addresses are not user.friendl) and not !er(anent. 'o $e use = do(ain na(es >. 7ach o/:ect in the Internet has 3or can have4 a uni;ue na(e "
E.ample : ))).Par s.ENSA+.%r
4r : top/level doma n name ENSA+ : doma n name Par s : s$b/doma n name : t#e Par s center o% ENSA+ ))) : t#e mac# ne ns de Par s.ENSA+.%r

Attri/ution of do(ain na(es "

6orld/) de : I3ANN 6 t# n Top/level doma n 45 : by A4NI3 &non/pro% t nst t$t on' 6 t# n ENSA+ and ts s$b/doma ns : by ENSA+ A doma n name belon"s to t#e $ser or"an sm( not to ts ISP. Hence t s stable &permanent'.

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Transferrin' data over the Internet : Addressin', routin', namin'

-a(in+ "
Routers 3and local net$or&s4 use IP addresses e0clusivel). @sers 3and user.oriented a!!lications4 use do(ain na(es. 1orres!ondance do(ain na(e IP address "
7one by 7NS : 7oma n Name Servers. Nat onal or )orld/) de 7NS deal ) t# top/level doma ns &T87s'. Inst t$t on/) de 7NS deal ) t# s$b/doma n names. Almost any re=$est "o n" t#ro$"# t#e 7NS &s$c# as re=$est n" a 6eb pa"e %rom a 6eb server' needs t#e 7NS %or reac# n" t#e relevant server. T87 7NS servers are #eav ly soll c ted D Po)er%$ll mac# nes( n/pl cated . 3an be #armed by den al/o%/serv ce attac*s : 9 p rates can stop t#e Internet :. 6ell( not t#e Internet( b$t t#e 7NS servers...

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!verview of advanced services

An overvie$ of so(e advanced services In a fe$ slides Aore a/out it in other !resentations.

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*irst overview of some advanced network services : +ualit" of Service

Bo' " Bualit) ,f 'ervice Chat ha!!ens $hen a net$or& co(!onent is overloaded 5 Chat ha!!ens de!ends on $hich sche(e of Bualit) of 'ervice the I'P a!!lies " Pac*ets dropped( and1or pac*ets pr or t sed ...
Overlo"ded link

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*irst overview of some advanced network services : multicast :

Sender

%eceiver

IP router &ultic"st ' sender, ("ny receivers Link %eceiver %eceiver ATHENS 2003 %eceiver

*irst overview of some advanced network services : IPv, :

%he ne$ Internet " 2u+e addressin+ s!ace -e$ services

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*in de la pr-sentation

Buestions 5 Ans$ers 3(a)/e4 D

? ometr c dent % cat on ... An IPv6 address %or +e So t#at )#en Ao$ eat +e( Ao$ *no) tEs +E D

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