1

Types of Research
There are three types of research. These are basic research, applied research, and developmental research. 1. Basic research. This is also called as fundamental research or pure research. It seeks to discover basic truths or principles. It is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the characteristics of known without any particular thought as to immediate practical utility. In other words, the results of basic research in theoretical knowledge have no immediate usefulness or value to man. Some examples of basic researches are as follows:

Boyles law. Robert Boyles law states that If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a confined gas is inversely proportional to the pressure. Charles Law. Jacques Charles Law states that The volume of a dry gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature, provided the pressure remains constant. Archimedes principle. Aristotle Archimedes discovered what is known as Archimedes Law of Buoyancy. He stated that An object in a liquid will experience a buoyant force just equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. He extended his principle further as An object with float if the buoyant force of the earth for the object. Hookes Law. Robert Hookes law states that Within the limit of perfect elasticity, strain is directly proportional to stress. Newtons Law. Isaac Newton conducted pure research known as Newtons Law of motion which states that A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion will continue to move with the same velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

2. Applied research. This type of research involves seeking new applications of scientific knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as the development of a new system or produce, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem. In other words, applied research produces knowledge of practical use to man. For instance, fish wastes pollution problem. Fish bone meal as wastes or offal of boneless milkfish, goatfish tapa, tilapia fillet, boneless siganid, canned sardines, canned tuna, and many others are great problems in the community. The people in the community always smell putrid odor which is unhealthful. To solve this problem, utilization and commercialization of fish bone meals as offal of boneless milkfish, goatfish, tapa, canned sardines, canned tuna and many others into fish value-added products are conducted. Hence, fish wastes utilization is applied research because a new method and new procedure are applied to solve into food items. Another problem is gas shortage. To solve this problem, research on the production of gas is conducted to roll back the prices of oil. 3. Developmental research. This is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices. This process involves practitioners who study a certain problem in vivo and from such experience draw their decisions and development as well as evaluation. In other words, if a researcher continues to find practical applications from theoretical knowledge and use this existing knowledge to produce useful products it is called development research. Research and development (R and D) often refers to activities in this field performed or sponsored by funding agencies. For instance, the culture of seaweeds, particular Eucheuma using staking method has existed in a particular locality. This can be improved by using lantay method.

Meaning of Research
Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that links an individuals speculation with reality. In other words, research is the systematic study of trend or event which involves careful collections, presentation, analysis and interpretation of quantitative data or facts that relates mans thinking with reality.

Characteristics of Research
There are seven characteristics of research. These are (1) empirical, (2) logical, (3) cyclical, (4) analytical, (5) critical, (6) methodical, and (7) replicability. 1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. The collection of data relies on practical experience without giving consideration to scientific knowledge or theory. 2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Scientific study is done in an orderly manner so that the investigator has confidence on the results. Systematic examination of the procedures used in the research enables the investigator to draw valid conclusions. Thus, the logic of valid research makes it important for decision making. For instance, the study is Weight-Length Relationship of Prawn Cultured in Fishpond Using Pellets and Bread Meal as Feeds. If the correlation value obtained is 0.91, very high relationship, then the researcher can draw valid conclusion that the heavier the weight of prawn, the longer is the length or as the weight increases, the length also increases. Another example, if the study is Academic Achievement of Senior Teacher Education Students in Public and Private Universities in Region 6 (Western Visayas). If the results showed no significant difference on the academic achievement of senior teacher education students in public and private universities really differ with each other. One is better than the other; either students from public or private universities have better academic achievement. Thus, research is logical. 3. Cyclical. Research is a cycle process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. For instance, an investigator who completes his study states his findings and draws up his conclusions and recommendations. In his recommendations, several studies may be conducted, hence, research is cyclical. For example, his study is Luncheon Meat from Bone Meal of Milkfish and Goatfish as Offal of Boneless Milkfish and Goatfish Tapa. His recommendations are follows:
o o o o

Another study on utilization of bone meal from siganid and sardines as offal of boneless siganid and canned sardines should be conducted; Nutritive values of luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish and goatfish should be conducted; Another study should be conducted on commercial and fish bone meal luncheon meat; Utilization and commercialization of fish bone meal luncheon meat and its shelf-life should be conducted and many others. From these recommendations, there are four possible researches to be conducted, hence, research, is cyclical.

4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, experimental, and case study. In historical research, the data gathered focus in the past; in descriptive research, the study focuses on the present situation; experimental, future; and case study, past, present, and future.
o

Descriptive research is most common among the four research designs conducted by graduate students. Experimental research is seldom applied by graduate students due to time consuming. But this design is encouraged to be conducted by experts in research. Due to the expected return of investment (ROI), the

3 research budget must not be exhausted. In other words, INVEST-HARVEST principle is applied. If a researcher invests or spends money in research, he has to harvest or gain money to have return of investment. Commercialization of research output must be done by the researcher. However, historical research is least conducted by researchers, but case study method is commonly conducted by guidance counselors.

5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. A higher level of confidence must be established. For instance, 1.0 percent or 5.0 percent level of confidence may be scientifically utilized to test the research hypothesis. Based on these levels of confidence, the investigator is confidently precise in his interpretations on whether to reject or accept the null hypothesis. 6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures. For instance, if the researchers study is experimental research with two variables, control and experimental groups or two experimental groups, hence, he uses two-group design; if three or more variables, parallel-group design.
o

If the study is The Effectiveness of Teaching English to Grade Three Pupils Using Rhetoric and Content-Based Approaches, two-group design is appropriate because there are two variables, namely, rhetoric approach and content-based approach. And the most appropriate statistical tool to be used is t-test because t-test is applicable to bivariate experimental design. If the study has three or more variables, for instance, Acceptability, Salability, Profitability and Nutritive Values of Luncheon Meat from Bone Meal of Milkfish, Goatfish, Siganid, and Sardines, parallel-group design is appropriate because there are four variables. These variables are bone meal luncheon meat from milkfish, goatfish, siganid, and sardines. F-test or analysis of variance is the appropriate statistical tool used because this is applicable to multivariate experimental design. Hence, research is methodical.

7.Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. Similarities and differences of replicated researches can be compared. The more replications of researches, the more valid and conclusive results would be. Replicability of the study means using the same instrument, method, and procedure but to different subjects and venue. For instance, if the subjects of the previous study were grade three pupils in public schools in Metro Manila, but the subjects of the present study is different, it can be grade three pupils from public from public schools in Iloilo City.

Meaning of Variable
There is a saying that no two individuals are alike even identical twins are different. Even if twins have the same sex, they differ in their personality, attitude, character, skills, abilities and values. This stems from the fact that individuals are different. A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or magnitude under different conditions. Numerical values or categories represent these quantities.
Types of Variable

There are five types of variables. These are independent variables, dependent variable, moderator variable, control variable, an intervening variable. 1. Independent variable. This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the research to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. For instants, an investigator wants to determine the effect of chicken dung (independent variable) upon the yield (dependent variable) of carrots planted in pots. He plants carrots in five pots with different treatments such as 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, and 7% of chicken dung as organic fertilizer. Chicken dung is the independent variable because it is the stimulus variable that is manipulated.

2. Dependent variable. This is the response variable which is observed and measures to determine the effect of the independent variable. It changes when the independent varies. For example, a research wishes to ascertain the effect of pellets upon the survival rate of prawn cultured in the fishpond. There are three rearing ponds with different treatments are 5%, 10% and 15% of pellets based on body weight of prawn. Survival rate is the dependent variable because it is the response variable and changes when the independent variable (pellets) varies. In another example, a researcher wishes to determine the effect of academic rank professors, i.e., full professors, i.e., assistant professors, and observes their research performance. In this example, the dependent variable is research performance because it changes as a result of variation s in academic rank. If academic rank is high, what happens to research performance? If academic rank is low, what happens to research performance? 3. Moderator variable. This is a secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. For instance, if an investigator wishes to determine the effects of the independent variable A on the dependent variable B, but suspects that a third factor C changes or modifies the relationship between A and B, the C is considered as the moderator variable. 4. Control variable. This is a variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the effects of independent variable A on dependent variable B. He may control Z (control variable) because he cannot do many variables simultaneously. In other words, he may eliminate or remove D to neutralize the effects. Control variable will guarantee that it will not have a moderating effect on the relationship between A and B. 5. Intervening variable. This is a variable which interferes with the independent and dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variables. For instance, a researcher wishes to determine how A (independent variable) will effect B (dependent variable). It is possible that F (intervening variable) might have an effect on B. Suppose an investigator wishes to study the effect of pellets (5%, 10%, and 15%) as feed upon the survival rate of prawn cultured in the fishpond. Pellets (feed) are the independent variable. But it is possible that oxygen, salinity, temperature, and pH as intervening variables might have an effect on survival rate of prawn. Another example is when a researcher wants the effect of lantay and hanging methods on the yield of Eucheuma cultured in Estancia Bay, Iloilo, Philippines. Lantay and hanging methods are independent variables and yield is the dependent variable. But it is possible that wave, salinity, temperature, oxygen, and pH as intervening variables might have an effect on the yield of Eucheuma. As a third example, an investigator wishes to determine the effect of academic rank on the research achievement of professors. Academic rank is the independent variable and research achievement is the dependent variable. But it is possible that age, gender, civil status, experiences, socioeconomic status, values, and attitudes as intervening variables might have an effect on research performance.

Classification of Research
Research is classified into library research, field research, and laboratory research. 1. Library research. This is done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems of the study are available. The historical method of research lends itself to library research because the study is focused on the past and much of the secondary sources are found in the library. Some of the historical evidence may, of course, be from archeological findings. Field and laboratory researches also make use of the library researches but the answers to certain problems are not available in the library. The data are gathered through survey or experimentation. 2. Field research. Here, research is conducted in a natural setting. No changes in the environment are made. Field research using the experimental method is the Cultivation of Eucheuma Using Lantay and Staking Methods in Estancia Bay, Iloilo, Philippines. In this study, Eucheuma is cultured in the natural environment. All things are made equal except on the methods used in cultivation. T-test is used to determine the significant difference on the mean weight of Euchema using lantay and staking methods.

Another example of field research is Cultivation of Oyster (Ostrea iredalei) in Carigara Bay, Leyte, Philippines using Hanging and Bamboo Raft Methods. In this study, oyster (O.iredalei) is cultured in a natural environment. All things are held constant except on the methods used in cultivation. T-test is used to test the significant mean difference on the weight of oyster using hanging and bamboo raft methods. 3. Laboratory research. The research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped are. The purposes are: (1) to test hypotheses derived from theory, (2) to control variance under research conditions, and (3) to discover the relations between the dependent and independent variables. Laboratory research is applicable to experimental, descriptive, and case study methods. An example of laboratory research using the experimental method is Cultivation of Blue Crab (Neptunus pelagicus) in Aquaria Using Pellets and Bread Meal as Feeds. The researcher used six aquaria for three replications each. Three aquaria for cultivation of blue crab using pellets and brad meal as feeds. Another example of laboratory research is Effectiveness of Teaching Mathematics Using Conventional and Modern Methods. The researcher who should be a Mathematics teacher should choose his subjects of the study with almost the same mental ability in both conventional and modern methods. Test is the instrument used in gathering data in this study. All things are made equal except the method used. T-test is used to test the significant mean difference of the scores of students in conventional and modern methods of teaching Mathematics.

Values of Research to Man

Research is of great value to man. Through research, the quality of mans life has improved from conventional to modern, hence, life becomes not only meaningful but enriching as well. Therefore, man must be a dreamer and ambitious, but he must be industrious, the values of research to man is as follows: 1. Research improves quality of life. Research has led man to search for ways to improve his life. It has led him to focus on proving processes and means, which he must love and find interesting. For instance, let us focus on a study on Research Achievements and Socioeconomic Status of Professors in State Universities and College (SUCs. Research is the primary mission of professors in SUCs. If they perform many competitive researches they become research awardees. Hence, they are professors in deed. However, there are professors who do not conduct researches at all after completing the degree, thus, they have not performed their mission and are professors in name. These and dissertations are not considered as researches conducted by them because they are requirements for graduation. In the foregoing study, if the findings show that the more research achievements of professors are, the higher are the socioeconomic status will be; and the least research achievements are, the lower the socioeconomic status will be; hence, research achievements have significant bearing with the socioeconomic status individual. On the other hand, if the findings show that professors with more competitive research achievements are socially and economically in secured, this means research achievements of professors have no significant implication with socioeconomic status. By and large, in the field of education, the more competitive research achievements of professors are, the higher their salary will be because they can get the highest academic rank as College/University Professor, whereas professors with least research achievements would find it difficult to obtain the highest academic rank. Another example in which research has improved the quality of life where it does not need the acquisition of the highest educational degree is the case of an enterprise (SMEs). For instance, his enterprise is on the utilization and commercialization of fish bone meal as offal of boneless milkfish, goatfish tapa, tilapia fillets, canned sardines and canned tuna into value added products. These value added products from fish wastes are canned luncheon meat, canned spread, embotido, burger, fish balls, polvoron, sausage, meat loaf, and quekiam. These research products are much salable here and abroad and the research-oriented entrepreneur becomes socially and economically secured, thus, he improves his quality of life.

2. Research improves instruction. Research has no beginning and no end. It is a never-ending task. Educators, policy makers, and educational researchers continue to conduct research to improve instruction. Studies on the different methods, strategies, and approaches in teaching various subject areas, grade and year levels have been conducted to determine which method, strategy, or approach is best and most effective in teaching. Several innovations have been introduced to improve instruction. Conventional or traditional teaching is no longer practiced and only the modern ones are applied. A modern teacher is expected to possess the following qualities Model, Obedient, Dedicated, Efficient, Research-oriented, Noble, Talented, Effective, Active, Creative, Honest, Economical, and Resourceful. These qualities can be shortened by the acronym MODERN TEACHER. Through research, instruction has improved because the modern teacher introduces innovations and integrates the 3Rs (rational thinking, right conduct, and research) in all subject areas in his teaching. 3. Research improves students achievement. The students achievement could be improved if the Modern Teacher keeps himself updated on issues and trends about the modern methods and strategies in teaching by reading related researches or conducting his own research. By so doing, students; achievements in licensure board examination is high. 4. Research improves teachers competence. Theres a saying, Many Are called but only a few are chosen as teachers because they are licensed as professional teacher. But not competent due to lack improvement in his teaching at all. He reports to classes for compliance, but his ten years of experience in teaching is equivalent to one year only, yet repeated for nine years. On the other hand, a competent teacher is research-oriented teacher. He always conducts research to improve his competence and produce graduates who respond to the socioeconomic development of the country and can compete with other graduates of the world. 5. Research satisfies mans needs. In the 19th century, the needs of man were not as fully satisfied as they are today. Man suffered from the conventional ways of living. For instance, there were no airplanes, no vehicle facilities, no electrification, no communication facilities, no kitchen facilities, no movie houses and many others. Due to the advancement in science and technology, mans conventional ways have changed from traditional to modern ways. Airplanes and vehicles were invented to satisfy mans needs to travel other places; electrification has been discovered to satisfy mans needs because almost all equipment, is run by electricity, like light, ventilation, air-conditioning equipment, computer, rice cooker, oven, television, escalator, elevator, karaoke, cassette, and many others. If man wants a heat mechanical device during winter, heater equipment is available. If one wants cool mechanical device during summer, air-conditioning equipment is available. If he wants to see and talk to his relatives and friends abroad, web camera is available. If he wants to know current happenings here and abroad, television is available. These modern facilities that the satisfy mans needs are all products of research. 6. Research reduces the burden of work. Modern devices and equipment such as cellular phones, web cameras, computers, copier machines, fax machines, washing machines, cooking equipment, freezers, refrigerators, gas ranges and many others are some of the products of research that reduce mans burden of work. 7. Research has deep-seated psychological aspects. Research stimulates and ennobles the human spirit. It challenges man to get rid of the danger of stagnation. It is an open door to a better tomorrow and it guides him in his efforts to obtain good results which contribute to his satisfaction and self-fulfillment. 8. Research improves the exportation of food products. Through research, the exportation of food products has improved. The Philippine products being exported are mangoes, banana, canned pineapples, canned crab meat, frozen yellow-fin tuna, frozen boneless milkfish, frozen headless shrimp and prawn, frozen tilapia fillet, frozen nemipterid fillet, frozen crevalle fillet, frozen whiting fillet, and many others. Some of the international research agencies that help provide the support for research in the Philippines are IRRI (International Rice Research Institutes), JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency), KOICA (Korea International Cooperation Agency), IFS (International Foundation for Science), and ACIAR (Australian Center for International Agricultural Research).

With the continuing increase of population and because rice and fish remain the staple food for Filipinos, the Philippines must combine scientific programs of rice and fish production with a programs on responsible parenthood so that parents will only produce children whom they can afford to properly nourish and educate. If more Filipinos become capable of conducting research in agriculture and aquaculture, the exportation of food products may be increased. 9. Research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measure of the country. The Philippines in the period of economic crises. Prices of commodities keep on increasing and peso devaluation continues. If all Filipinos are research-oriented, these problems may be solved. Priorities of researches to be funded by research agencies like the Department of Budget and Management (DBM), Department of Education (DepEd), and many others have return of investment (ROI) so that the research budget will not be exhausted. Experimental researches must be given priority when it comes to research grants. To train the researchers to conduct research with ROI, graduate school theses and dissertations must focus on researches with ROI and hold in abeyance on descriptive research since the Philippines is in the period of economic recovery and austerity measure. Research outputs must also be converted into income generating projects to train students to earn while they learn. If all research with ROI is given priority by the government, research responds to the economic recovery and austerity measure of country. 10. Research trains graduates to become responsive to the economic development of the country and compete globally. Curricular offerings in the Philippines must focus on experimental research and entrepreneurships. Training and retraining of teachers in conducting experimental research with entrepreneurship of research outputs should be done so that they can deliver the goods and services to the students effectively, efficiently, and excellently. There are four mandated functions of SUCs (State Universities and colleges) and private schools as well, namely: Instruction, research, Extension, and Production. Of the four functions, 100 percent of the instructors and professors perform Instruction, but Research is the weakest link among the four functions. This is due to lack of incentives given to researchers. Through constant training and retaining of faculty members in research with entrepreneurship on research output, they can deliver the goods and services to the students effectively, efficiently, and excellently, thus, graduates can compete globally and respond to the economic development of the country.

The Research Problem

By a large, majority of the thesis writers and neophytes in research find difficulty in searching for a research problem. Once a problem is found, they still find difficulty in formulating specific problems and objectives. Sometimes, they do not see that a simple question may actually be a research problem stated in an interrogative form. Likewise, they are misled into thinking that research objectives are the same as instructional objectives. It is a must that thesis/dissertation writers and neophyte researches should know how to choose a researchable problem, formulate specific problems and objectives. They should also see that even simple questions are research problems stated in interrogative forms. Moreover, they should see the difference between research objectives and instructional objectives. The Research Problem 1. There are five factors to consider determining whether that a problem is researchable or not. These factors are as follows: the problem is existing in the locality or country but no known solution to the problem; the solution can be answered by using statistical methods and techniques; there are probable solutions but they are not yet tested; the occurrence of phenomena requires scientific investigation to arrive at precise solution; and serious needs/problems of the people where it demands research.

2. Based on the foregoing factors, the investigator can choose a researchable problem. The research must be stated vividly and explicitly expressed in interrogative form for questions have the virtue of posing a problem directly. 3. A good research problem should respond to the economic recovery of the country wherein the research output can be converted into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) . Descriptive research is held in abeyance in developing country, like the Philippines, because the budget is exhausted due to no return of investment (ROI) at all. Research should focus on INVEST-HARVEST principle. That is, if a researcher invests or spends money in research, he harvests or gains money. By so doing, the budget is not exhausted and the profit can contribute to the economic recovery of the country in the form of tax because the researcher/ entrepreneurs pays his taxes. 4. For example, an experimental research problem with return of investment is Utilization and Commercialization Of Fish Bone Meal as Offal of Boneless Milkfish, Goatfish Tapa, and Tilapia Fillet into Luncheon Meat. The specific problems are as follows: 1. What is the acceptability of the quality attributes of fish bone meal as offal of boneless milkfish, goatfish tapa, and tilapia fillet into luncheon meat? 2. What is the gross sales and profit of luncheon meat from bone meal and with highest return in investment 3. Which of the products is most acceptable, salable, profitable, and with highest return of investment? 4. Is there a significant difference on the acceptability of the quality attributes of these product? 5. What is the percentage of protein and calcium contents of fish luncheon meat from bone meal of milkfish, goatfish, and tilapia? Another example of experimental research problem wherein the research output can be converted into small and medium enterprises based on the results of the study is Cultivation of Eucheuma Using Lantay and Hanging Methods in Municipal Waters of estancia, Iloilo, Philippines. The specific problems are as follows. 1. What is the mean growth increment of Euchema cultured in municipal waters of Estancia, Iloilo, Philippines using lantay and hanging methods? 2. Which of the two methods, lantay or hanging is more effective in cultivation of Euchema? 3. Is there a significant difference on the mean growth increment of Euchema cultured in municipal waters of Estancia, Iloilo, Philippines using lantay and hanging methods? Another example of experimental research is Yield of Tomatoes Planted in Pots Using night Soil and chicken. Dung as Fertilizers. This study is applicable in urban areas wherein there is no enough space to plant. The specific problems are as follows: 1. What is the yield of tomatoes planted in pots using night soil and chicken dung as fertilizers? 2. Which of the fertilizers, night soil or chicken dung, is more effective in planting tomatoes in pot? 3. Is there a significant difference on the yield of tomatoes planted in pots using night soil and chicken dung? An example of descriptive research problem: The major problem is Achievement and Nutritional Intake of Teacher Education Students Who Reside at Home and Boarding Houses. The specific problems are as follows: 1. What is the achievement and nutritional intake of teacher education students who reside at home and boarding houses? 2. Which of the teacher education students, residing at home boarding houses, have higher achievement? 3. Is there a significant difference on the achievement and nutritional intake of teacher education students who reside at home and boarding houses?

Another examples of descriptive research problem is Educational Qualification and Performance of Teachers in the city and Province of Iloilo, Philippines, The specific problems are as follows: 1. What is the mean educational qualification of teachers in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines? 2. What is mean performance of the teachers in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines? 3. Is there a significant difference on the educational qualification and performance of teachers in the city and province of Iloilo, Philippines when they are classified as to age, gender, civil status, experience, and academic rank?

Characteristics of a Research Problem

Generally speaking, whether a research problem is historical, descriptive, and experimental or ease study, the characteristics of a research problem has the acronym SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time bound. This means that a research problem should be: Specific. The problem should be specifically stated. For instance. Euchema cultured in municipal waters of estancia, Iloilo, Philippines using lantay and hanging methods? For descriptive research, What is the mean growth increment of Euchema cultured in municipal waters of Estancia, Iloilo, Philippines using Lantay and hanging methods? Measurable. It is easy to measure by using research instruments, apparatus o r equipments. For example, in experimental research , the equipment and apparatus used in collecting data on the cultivation of Euchema using Lantay and hanging methods are weighing scale to get the weight of seaweed: refractometer, salinity of water : thermometer, temperature of water: DO meter , dissolved oxygen of water, and pH meter, acidity of water. For descriptive research, the instruments used in gathering of data are questionnaires, tests, checklists, and many others. Achievable. The data are achievable using correct statistical tool used in this specific problem Is there a significant difference on the mean growth increment of Euchema using lantay and hanging, is better. If nosignificant difference existed, this means the mean growth increment of Euchema using lantay and hanging methods are almost the same. Realistic. Real results are attained because they are gathered scientifically and not manipulated or maneuvered. Time bound. Time frame is required in every activity because the shorter completion of the activity , the better.

Sources of Research Problem

There are several sources of research problem that a researcher can investigate. It said that Research was born out of Mans Major Needs and Problems Demand Research. The sources of research problems are specialization of the researcher, current and past researchers, recommendation from theses, dissertations, and research journals, and original and creative ideas from the researcher based on the problems met in the locality and country. 1. Specialization of the researcher. Specialization of the researcher is an impetus towards research. If the researchers forte is Fish Processing, he may investigate to determine the acceptability and nutritive values of fish value- added products from offal of boneless milkfish, goatfish tapa. Canned sardines. Canned tuna and boneless siganid. If the products are acceptable and nutritious, he recommends to the consumers through advertisement in radio and television that

10

fish value-added products from offal boneless milkfish, goatfish tapa. Canned sardines, canned tuna and boneless siganid are acceptable and nutritious. Likewise the researcher disseminates also the information through technology transfer like outreach activities to housewives, rural folks, out of school youths, and unemployed graduates in order that these individuals can avail of these technologies and make them live hood projects hence , augment their income, alleviate poverty, and improve their quality of life. On other hand, if English is the field of specialization of the researcher and wishes to improve his method of teaching using his method of teaching English, thus, he conducts a study on teaching of English using a different methods too high and low achievers. If significant difference exists on the achievements of high and low achievers he may use the best method of teaching English that is most effective to both high and low achievers. 2. Current and Past Researches. Current and past researches are rich sources of research problems even for research replication by using the same instrument, apparatus or equipment. But for descriptive research, the instrument such as questionnaires or tests is administered to different groups of subject and areas in order to compare the similarities and difference of the findings. 3. Recommendations for theses, dissertations, and research journals. The researcher of the said thesis, dissertations and research journals recommend for future researches to be conducted as sources also of research problem. 4. Original and Creative ideas of the researcher based on the problems in the locality and country. For instance, the problems met in the locality and country are fished bone meal as offal fishery products for export such as boneless milk and tilapia fillet are thrown here and there which pollute the environment . Through original and creative ideas of the researcher of these problems , he conducts as study on the utilization and commercialization of this fish wastes.

Criteria of Good Research Problem

1. Interesting. An interesting research problem attracts the attention of the researcher and other people to conduct the research problem without incentive or research grant at all. Due to enthusiasm to conduct the researcher project even without incentive or research grant at all. Due to enthusiasm to conduct the research project, the researcher will use his personal money to finance the research project and will perform beyond official hours and is determined to work on it until its completion. 2. Innovative. For instance the study is Utilization and Commercialization of fish bone meal from Offal of Boneless Milkfish into luncheon Meat. This study is new, original, and unique from it is the 1st of its kind in the world that offal of boneless milkfish which only pollutes the environment when thrown are utilized into fish value added products, like luncheon meat. The product is salable and profitable, and contributes to the economic development of the country. 3. Cost effective. A good research problem should be economical and effective in solving the needs and problem of the society: it should also augment socioeconomic and health conditions of the people and many others. The Invest and Harvest s or gains money from research output. In other words, a research output has return of investments (ROI). Moreso, it is nutritiously good for the health of the people. For example, the research output of milkfish luncheon meat is commercialized and is salable, profitable, economical, and with high turn of investments. Moreso, it contains protein and calcium. Protein is used to build and repair worn out tissues of the body, Calcium prevents osteoporosis (bone decay) and dental caries (tooth decay).

11

4. Relevant to the needs and problems of the people. Researches must keep in mind that they conduct research not for their personal aggrandizement but to solve the needs and problems of the people. A good research problem responds to the needs and problems of the people. An example of a research project to respond to the foregoing need and problem of the people is Utilization and Commercialization Of burger from offal to boneless milkfish and canned bones, dorsal fin, and flesh scrap as well as canned tuna wastes such as backbone, head, trail, rib bones, and flesh scrap are utilized into burger. Housewives, rural folks, fisher folks, out of school youths, jobless adults, and unemployed graduates should put up live hood projects on milkfish burger and tuna burger, thus, augment their income, alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life. Food security can also be attained. 5. Relevant to government thrusts. A research problem must respond to the government thrusts. For instance, governments thrust is on waste management or WAR WASTES. An investigator will conduct a study to fight against wastes. An example of a research problem on war wastes is utilization of fish wastes from goatfish tapa, canned sardines, and boneless siganid into sausage. By so doing fish has zero wastes. Another example on war wastes is Utilization of garbage into fertilizer. Hence, utilization of garbage into fertilizer respond to the government thrust. Likewise, TRASH TURNS TO CASH. 6. Measurable and time bound. A good research problem is measurable by using research instruments, apparatus or equipment, as well as statistical tools to arrive at scientific and meaningful results. A good research project can be completed within a time frame stated. The shorter can the completion of the project, the better.

The Research Objectives

The investigator must not be confused that research objectives are different from instructional objectives. Through, research and instructional objectives have the same characteristics SMART- but instructional objectives are expressed in three domains of behavior, namely: cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills) , and affective (values). And the time frame is at the end of the period. If the class is one-hour period, hence, the instructional objectives must be completed within one hour period. In a research paper, thesis, dissertation, and research project, either a problem or objective is used. It is not advisable to use both problem and objective in research paper, thesis, dissertation and research paper because each problem/objective of the study. A research objective is defined as statement of purpose for which the investigation is to be conducted.The research objectives are a statement of purpose because this is to guide to be accomplished by the researcher in conducting his research project. Research objectives have the same characteristics, SMART, with research problem. Similarly, the research objectives are stated specifically in simple language in order that the investigator finds them easy to measure by using research apparatus (i.e., refractometer or salinometer, DO meter thermometer, Ph METER AND OTHERS) or instruments )i.e., questionnaire test, checklist, raiting scale, interview) in gathering data and these data are achieved when correct statistical tools are used to arrive at real results (not maneuvered), but for every activity to be done , time frame is required because the shorter the completion of the activity, the better.

12

Statement of Research Problem

on October 23, 2011 Leave a Comment Research problem and research objectives have the same characteristics but they differ in form because the former stated in interrogative or question form and the later, in declarative form. The hypothesis A hypothesis is defined as wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study. A hypothesis guides the researcher in that describes the procedure to follow in conducting the study. Hypothesis is important for it tells me researcher what to do and how to go about solving a research problem. The investigator is in much better position if there are hypotheses to guide him on the kind of data to collect. Types of Hypothesis There are two types of hypothesis. These are null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses are stated in declarative sentence form and are always based from the specific problems or objectives. Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis is a denial of an existence of a trait, characteristic, quality, value, correlation or difference of the results. Null hypothesis is always stated in negative form. In contrast, the alternative hypothesis is the opposite extreme of the null hypothesis because the former is stated in positive form. Alternative hypothesis is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomena. Alternative Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis is an affirmation of the existence of phenomena. It is always stated in affirmative form and is the opposite null hypothesis.