Professional Documents
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2487 Judes Ferry Road / Powhatan, Virginia 23139 / Tel. 866-598-4328 / Fax. 804-598-3748/ www.dreamingcreek.com
DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
How to Contact Us
D R E A M I N G C R EE K
A U T H E N T I C A RC H I T EC T U R A L T I M B E R I N G
2487 Jude's Ferry Road Powhatan Virginia 23139 Phone (866) 598 4328 Fax (804) 598 3748 E-mail sales@dreamingcreek.com Website www.dreamingcreek.com
L O CAT I O N S
Sales, Administration & Sawmill ~ Powhatan, Virginia: 866 598 4328 Beamery & Manufacturing Facilities ~ Floyd, Virginia: 540 745 3797
Table of Contents
I N T RO D U CT I O N
V A R I O U S T R A D I T I O N S , C A PA B I L I T I E S , & P RO J ECTS
Ti m b e r F r a m e Tr a d i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dreaming Creek Mill.................................................... 12 D r e a m i n g C r e e k C o r p o r a t e O ff i c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 Ti m b e r F r a m e D e t a i l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 Show Home at Dreaming Creek ..................................... 17 Additional Capabilities ................................................ 20 Ti m b e r F r a m e Tr u s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 Ti m b e r F r a m e C o m m e r c i a l , O ff i c e & R e t a i l P r o j e c t s . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Ti m b e r F r a m e R e l i g i o u s & C i v i c P r o j e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Ti m b e r F r a m e C o a s t a l P r o j e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9 Ti m b e r F r a m e H o m e s & R e t r e a t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 Ti m b e r F r a m e C o v e r e d B r i d g e s & C a b i n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 Ti m b e r F r a m e E q u e s t r i a n P r o j e c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 Ti m b e r F r a m e O u t d o o r S t r u c t u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
A U T H E N T I C A RC H I T ECT U R A L T I M B E R I N G
Gratis Assistance ....................................................... 84 Specification Guide Examples ...................................... 84 Structural Insulated Panel Spline Options ..................... 89 Structural Insulated Panel Load Specification Guidelines . 90 Va r i o u s C o n s t r u c t i o n D e t a i l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3 3 Dimensional Drawings ............................................. 123 H e a v y Ti m b e r Tr u s s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0 Characteristics of Species .......................................... 147
GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 8
P B
rior to 1840 all structures on the National Register were timber frame construction, a process in which timbers are cut, joined, braced & fastened with
wooden pegs to form an interlocking of beams. This type of construction was born out of necessity. Our forefathers utilized the resources available to build a home long ago, they felled the trees, hewed the timbers & joined them with a mortise & tenon & trunnels. It was a perfect union of resources & energy. asic joining techniques, such as the mortise & tenon, evolved between 200 & 500 B. C. in Japan & Europe. The process has been refined over the centuries &
adapted to modern living. This age old process creates an infrastructure that is timeless in design, but may be fashioned to suit contemporary sensibilities. Timber framing is quality construction that will maintain its beauty & strength for generations to come.
ften potential owners begin collecting items for use in their home even before construction begins. I recommend that potential home builders, who may have
just the beginning of ideas for their home, not collect a hodgepodge of stuff, but rather collect hardware, stone, brick, slate, marble for their home these things will last while they continue to develop ideas & plans for their dream home.
oday, far too many people have lost the capacity to dream. From our perspective, we must identify the dreamers with the wherewithal to make a plan. While they
may not be ready to break ground today, starting the process takes them a step closer. We will still be here when theyre ready, whether its five years or ten years from now.
T I M B E R F R A M E S YST E M S
Traditional timber framing using mortise & tenon joinery fastened with trunnels (wood pegs) Hybrid timber frames, one or more rooms Timber frame roof trusses, which can be used with conventional framing or structural insulated panels, with a choice of standard or custom truss designs. Many sizes can be shipped pre-assembled & ready to install.
S T RU CT U R A L I N S U L AT E D P A N E L E N C LOS U R E S YST E M S
Structural insulated panels & installation Structural panel interior finish options such as wood decking, dry wall, & fire protective coatings
W O O D B EYO N D
THE
FRAME
Unique open riser stair systems Solid wood flooring and ceiling decking Custom wood mantles, braces, & corbels A select choice of wood species...oak, southern yellow pine, Douglas fir, hickory, black walnutalmost any species is available
S I T E L A B O R S E RV I C E S
Timber frame site supervisor or full erecting crew. Structural insulated panel site supervisor or full installation crew.
Dreaming Creek operates its own sawmill & specializes in quality wood products. If you have an unusual request for wood, please contact us.
We are very pleased with our house & get compliments from nearly everyone who walks through the door. As you know, we already have the wheels turning on a timber frame addition, & timber frame porch. B. PAGE GRAVELY, JR MONTPELIER, VIRGINIA The place is beautiful, the best part of the whole process were the people we worked with & came to appreciate as friends who cared about us & our dreams. RICK & JOYCE BRANDT CROZET, VIRGINIA The frame is incredible! Many have come by who have, or have seen, other types of frames & leave knowing that this is the finest theyve seen. . . design, the size of the timbers, & the quality of the joinery are unequaled. MAC LANKFORD URBANA, MARYLAND The materials & workmanship were excellent. The frame turned out exactly the way I wanted it. It was amazing how precise the cuts were & it fit together like a puzzle. I want to extend my thanks to Dreaming Creek. BETH PARTLOW TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA Sometimes being in a unique position as the Owner, the Architect, & the Contractor offers a range of expectations, perceptions, & experiences that are hard to surpass. In each of those roles Dreaming Creek was able to effortlessly understand each of my requirements whether it was budget, schedule, design coordination, or guidance for getting the site ready for installation of the frameI cannot say enough relative to the exceptional client service, timely response, & knowledge at all levels with the particularities my project that Dreaming Creek offered...I want to thank all for the wonderful experience in getting my frame made & raised. ANDY BENNETT AM BENNETT, ARCHITECT LINCOLN, MASSACHUSSETTS
HOFSTRA UNIVERSITY CAF ON THE QUAD Hempstead Tnpk,SW Quadrant Long Island NY Southern yellow pine frame with octagonal vestibule PUTTERS LOUNGE THE RESORT AT SUMMERLIN 9 0 0 4 C a n y o n R u n R d L a s Ve g a s N V Extraordinarily large king post trusses made from 18 timbers spanning 26 GLEN MILLS SCHOOL GOLF CLUBHOUSE G l e n M i l l s R o a d C o n c o r d v i l l e PA Southern yellow pine timbers showcasing a stunning classic king post bent design
TOUCHSTONE CENTER FOR CRAFTS W h a r t o n F u r n a c e R d F a r m i n g t o n PA White oak timber frame blacksmith shop & school commons area MOUNT MACRINA PONTIFICAL ALTAR SISTERS OF SAINT BASIL THE GREAT U n i o n t o w n PA Beautiful 42 southern yellow pine octagonal timber frame supported by four white oak posts LITTLE MINERS MONTESSORI SCHOOL (formerly the Upper Room Church) 1400 Bitner Rd Park City UT Southern yellow pine crafted into classic Hammer-Beam bent with a 40 free span scissors center section
CONFEDERACY
Richmond VA Custom cut white oak timbers & cypress decking for this historic renovation GINTER PARK BOTANICAL GARDENS 800 Lakeside Ave Richmond VA Mono-pitched heavy timber trusses for the foyer
D R E A M I N G C R EE K
P L AC E S TO V I S I T
COVERED BRIDGE CABIN 2487 Judes Ferry Rd Powhatan VA Originally a 12 x 24 traditional covered bridge, this cabin is now enclosed & showcases king post trusses & unique Plexiglas floor inlay to view Dreaming Creek flowing beneath THE OFFICES
AT
MARENGO HORSE TRACK MARENGO PLANTATION R o u t e 6 1 9 N e w K e n t C o u n t y VA Steward stand of recycled heart pine
DREAMING CREEK
2487 Judes Ferry Rd Powhatan VA Hammer-beam woodwork shop & office building constructed of oak with a 36 clear-span roofline SHOW HOME
AT
PAMPLIN HISTORICAL PARK PAVILION 6125 Boydton Plank Rd Petersburg VA Oak outdoor dodecagon pavilion with southern yellow pine roof decking SHENANDOAH SHAKESPEARE BLACKFRIARS 10 South Market Street Staunton VA Complete timber frame building with beautiful aged white oak frame showcasing the interior
DREAMING CREEK
2487 Judes Ferry Rd Powhatan VA 2,700 square foot timber frame with found curves & over 38 different wood species blended together into a wood lovers dream COVERED BRIDGE 2487 Judes Ferry Rd Powhatan VA 8 x 30 queen post covered bridge, walnut & cherry timbers, cedar siding & slate roof
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T h e b ou g h i s p a s s ed up t hr o u gh th e fr am e .. .
F r om me m ber t o m e mb er . . .
le v e l t o lev e l . . .
T o t h e o ne de s i g n at e d t o a t t a ch th e b o u gh .
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Dreaming Creeks sawmill has the capab ility to produce tim bers 45-feet & longer w i t h w id t h s up t o 3 6- i n ch es . T o d a t e t he l on ge s t t im b er pro d u c ed a t ou r m i l l me a s ur e d 1 2- in c h e s b y 1 8- i n ch e s b y 52 - f e et .
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Our production facility is nestled in the Blue Ridge mountain region o f V ir g in i a , a n a r e a k n ow n for i ts n a t ur a l b ea u ty a n d w e a l th o f ta l e nt e d ar t i s an s . D r ea m i n g C r e e k c o m p l et e d a m a j or e x p an si o n of ou r o p er a t io n s . A 2 3, 0 0 0 s q ua r e f oo t , s t ate - of- t he- ar t be a m er y a nd s h o p st a nd s a d j a c en t t o a 4 , 20 0 sq u ar e f t t i m b er fr am e o f f i c e.
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D ETAILING
AND
T IMBER S PECIES
Intricate Oak joinery a c c e n tu a te d w i t h d et a i l i ng ( a bo ve) P e n da n t cra ft e d o f So u the r n Yellow Pine with Black Wa lnut t hr u- t en o n ( r ig h t)
Dreaming Creek offers a wide variety of detailing to accentuate the beauty in your legacy project. From simple detailing to elaborate hand carving Dreaming Creek has the ability to make your dream become reality. What you envision, we create. Let us help you go from great to grand.
Decorative br ackets c r a ft e d o f u nf i n i s h ed B l a c k W a ln u t ( r i gh t)
C or be l cr a ft ed o f u n f i n i sh e d O a k (r ight)
En d- pro f ile c r a ft e d o f V ir g i n i a O a k ( le f t)
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Nestled in rural Powhatan County, Virginia, this home is the vision of president and founder Bob Shortridge, and is a tribute to his creativity and ingenuity, as well as the master craftsmen at Dreaming Creek.
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The Dreaming Creek show home reflects our quest for the beautiful, natural, and unique. This 2,700 square foot home features our own open-riser stair design and over 38 different wood species ranging from standard to exotic.
Br ea kf a st bar cr af t ed of a so lid 3 - in ch t h ick slab o f Wh it e Ash
H a nd- c ar v e d a c o r n n e w e l po s t , cr af t e d o f B l a c k W a ln u t
G r a pe v i n e f ou n d cu r ve kn ee br a ce
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Kitchen
M a s t er B a th
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Additional Capabilities
T IMBER F RAME T ABLES & D OORS
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U n i qu e so u the r n y e l l ow p in e bo s s p i n tr u s s w ith w a l n ut s ta in ( l e f t)
6 4 c le ar s pa n D o ug l a s f ir g a m bre l s t y le tr u s s ( r i gh t)
T r a d it i o na l so u t he r n y e l low p i n e t i m ber tr u s s e s ( l e ft )
Spectacular timber frame trusses are available in many styles and specie options. Dreaming Creek has the ability to create distinctive timber trusses specific to your project specifications.
DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
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Medical
St. Francis Cancer Center
Midlothian, VA
W h i t e O a k R a d i u s C an o py
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Shakespearean Playhouse
B LACKFRIARS
S TAUNTON , V IRGINIA
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S p e c t a cu l ar 6 4 c l ea r s p an D o u g la s f ir g a mbr e l- s t y le t i mb er f r a me tr u s s e s
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Interior Views
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Guest Lodge
U PSTATE , N EW Y ORK
Dreaming Creek raised this 18,000 square foot timber frame combination barn ~ guest lodge in upstate New York. The challenge? To complete this spectacular structure within the clients limited time frame.
The complexity of the frame, along with gathering the necessary timbers for a project of this magnitude, combined with the distressing application applied to each individual timber put Dreaming Creeks team to the ultimate timber frame test.
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Guest Lodge
U PSTATE , N EW Y ORK
W e r o s e t o th e o c ca s i o n a n d m e t e v ery c h a l l e ng e e nt h u s i a st i c a l l y, s tr e ng t he n in g t h e Dr ea m ing Cr ee k sp ir it o f un it y.
Despite snow, ice, rain and one difficult trucker this project was completed ahead of schedule.
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Guest Lodge
U PSTATE , N EW Y ORK
Interior View
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Guest Lodge
U PSTATE , N EW Y ORK
Exterior View
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Community involvement was essential for the raising of early timber frames. Modern technology may have diminished the necessity of hand raising, but many still choose to hand raise portions of their project to capture the spirit of teamwork.
Before the bents were raised, church members and crew alike inscribed thoughts, messages and prayers on the timbers so they could become a permanent part of the structure
This team building exercise brought together an entire Utah church community of 275 who helped the Dreaming Creek crew raise their church bent by bent.
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42 Southern yellow pine octagonal timber frame supported by four White Oak posts
DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
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Abaco Island in the Bahamas A coordination of endurance and skill is required to navigate building in a coastal environment, as well as coordinating a building project overseas.
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So lid cu st om W o od D o or s
Sh ow er a s do lp h in s ju mp f ro m t h e se a a n d t h e g u l l s s h a do w t he lig h t ho u s e.
Modern wood treatment systems make timber frames available in coastal environments. Robust foundations include deep, extra wide footings with oversize rebar, strong concrete mix together with galvanized steel I-beamscombined they create a home capable of withstanding devastating hurricane forces.
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August, 2003 found one of Dreaming Creeks crews on site halfway between Gulfport and Biloxi, Mississippi. The jobsite for this waterfront project was on a creek leading into an area called Big Lake, a part of the Back Bay of Biloxi.
Dreaming Creek designed, engineered, fabricated, and installed, a heavy timber frame structure to this home on the waters edge.
The addition was a twostory structure ~ the first floor featured a two-story great room, dining room, kitchen, pantry, wet bar, and bath; the second floor contained a large master bedroom, bath, walk-in closet, & computer room.
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The exterior of the addition was sheathed in structural insulated panels. The addition was designed and engineered to withstand wind conditions as high as a Category 3 hurricane.
The project was an addition to an existing home & was built on pilings. The extra heavy pilings as well as galvanized steel I-beams supported the structure from below.
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[...thanks for the note, say hello to everyone involved in my project for us. Unfortunately, the old house that we attached the timber frame to is completely gone to the slab (above). Fortunately the timber frame is still standing but gutted on the first floor... The master bedroom (right) and master bath came through all right as did the two decks on the back of the house.]
[We had a 25' storm surge come through at our location along with the 145 mph winds. Also, the frame outside of the master bedroom has been open to the weather for a month now]
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Word of the needs also went to the Dreaming Creeks consulting timber frame engineer who has offered his assistance in re-evaluating any engineering questions that may become necessary. Our beamery is ready to fabricate any timbers that may be needed in getting the project back into shape for the client. Bob Shortridge, our founder and president, has coordinated with the owners to visit the building site to offer his assistance in evaluating the structure.
We are proud of our company and our products and know that this example stands as a testimony to the strength and beauty of timber frame construction. More importantly, it stands as an example of doing the right thing in a time of crisis. And for that we are most proud.
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Mountain Estates
S UNDANCE , U TAH A Frame with a View
"Every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and paints his own nature into his pictures." -Henry Ward Beecher
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Mountain Estates
S UNDANCE , U TAH Frame Raising
It took Dreaming Creek timberwrights more than 3,400 separate cuts and
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Mountain Estates
S UNDANCE , U TAH Interior Views
Kitchen
D i n i ng R o om
M a st er Be d R o om Gr eat Room
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Exterior View
Dreaming Creeks exclusive Utah Hammer Beam truss crafted of Southern Yellow Pine timbers.
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D i n i ng R o om
Gr eat Room
M a st er Be d R o om
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G r e at R o om ( l e ft & b e lo w )
"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams." -Eleanor Roosevelt
G ue s t R oo m ( l e ft)
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P a s s a g ew a y
E n tr a n ce w a y E x t er i or ( a bo v e )
P o o l R oo m ( b e l ow)
R e cr ea t i o n R o o m ( a b o ve )
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Gr eat Room
Kitchen
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G ue s t R oo m Gr eat Room
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V i e w t o D in i ng R o om
I n tr i c a te St a ir S y st e m
Gr eat Room
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Lake Cabins
N EBRASKA
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Lakefront Chalets
N EW Y ORK
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This charming two-story, duplex style getaway, located in picturesque Luray, Virginia, offers a variety of accommodations. The pastoral setting nestled in the heart of the Blue Ridge mountains provides a relaxing & enjoyable haven from the hustle & bustle of everyday life. Hiking trails at the Escape, nearby mountain trails, & local attraction Luray Caverns offer just a few of the activities that can be enjoyed during your stay. If you prefer, just kick back & take a relaxing nap or sip a glass of wine in the duplex tower while enjoying the panoramic vistas of this serene mountain setting.
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At the 1992, Dreaming Creek took part in this Timber Framers Guild International Conference project. The Guelph Bridge was built as a pedestrian bridge spanning the Speed River.
M e mb er s of th e D r e am i n g C r e e k c r e w ( le f t) h e l p ed r a i s e t h e la t t i ce s ty l e br i d ge .
More than 350 timber framers from Canada and the United States joined forces to create this 120-foot clearspan bridge.
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T h e ma i d en jo u r n e y a cr o ss t h e r i ver ( ab o v e) . T h e ma s s i v e 7 4 - t o n br i dg e w a s p l a ce d b y c r a ne s o ver th e r i v er ( ab ov e ) .
T h e c om p l ete d br i dg e ( b elo w ) .
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C o v er e d br idg e ( a bo v e) le a d i ng to th e p a th fo r t h e t r e e h o u se o n f a c in g pa g e ..
G et aw a y co ve r ed br id g e c a b i n ( r i gh t) . A l s o o n p a g e 8 2 o f t hi s b o o k le t .
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This enchanting cabin was originally an open-sided covered bridge. Built over the creek flowing through Dreaming Creek land, it was later enclosed to become a rustic timber frame hideaway. Equipped with a loft-style bed, primitive kitchenette, bench seat, and unique plexi-glass floor inserts which provide a view of the creek flowing beneath.
DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
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Barns
B LUE R IDGE F ARM
W HITEHALL , V A
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Riding Ring
G LULAM T RUSS A RENA
W YTHEVILLE , V IRGINIA
Glulam beams and trusses can provide much wider and longer spans for enclosed riding rings, barns and other equestrian facilities.
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Custom Barns
A W YTHEVILLE , V
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This 2-story timber frame tree-house located on the 3.5 acre lower pond at Dreaming Creek was constructed of white oak and aromatic eastern cedar timbers. It contains a rope swing at the peak for swinging out over and into the pond in the hot summer months. The stone cabana is equipped with timber frame bunks and a wood burning stove to warm cocoa and cold fingers after ice skating on the frozen pond in the winter!
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Dreaming Creek provided a sponsorship of $75,000 to help raise & construct the Floyd fest Main Stage in Floyd, Virginia for the annual Floyd fest music celebration. This massive structure measures 24' from the base of the Main Stage to the first horizontal piece & 45' across the center not including the two wing sections. The Main Stage is constructed of 15,600 board ft. of white pine with the largest timbers measuring 8"x18"x26'!
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This garden pergola, located in Richmond, Virginia, is an interpretation of an original Charles F. Gillette design dated from the early 20th century.
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D ur ing r a ising
A f t er co m p le tio n
This project built in Seismic Zone 4 using 16 square timbers, also included a 260 psf snow load structural requirement.
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Design Details
Construction Details
TABLE
OF
C O N T E N TS
84 89
Bent Detail ............................................................ Foundation ............................................................ Floor Deck ............................................................. Steel .................................................................... Stress-skin ............................................................ Overhang .............................................................. Miscellaneous ........................................................ Post Anchor ...........................................................
93 94 107 11 0 11 2 11 5 11 9 121
3-D I M E N S I O N A L C O N C E PT D R AW I N G S
Barn & Conference Center ....................................... International Church of Christ .................................. Episcopal Church ................................................... L i g h t h o u s e O ff i c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G a m b r e l O ff i c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shadow Mountain Escape ....................................... Craftsman Bungalow .............................................. Residence ............................................................ Tw o - S t o r y R e s i d e n c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hybrid Residence .................................................. Residence ............................................................ Great Room Addition .............................................. Garden Pergola ..................................................... Te n n i s P a v i l i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We d d i n g P a v i l i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 133 134 135 136 137 138 139
H E AV Y T I M B E R T RU S S E S
Tr u s s
Overview & Design Concepts ............................. Tr u s s D e s i g n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Character of Species ................................................. Glossary .................................................................
DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
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GRATIS ASSISTANCE
At Dreaming Creek we often provide design professionals with gratis assistance such as timber design concepts, sizing suggestions, structural analysis, etc. These future projects may be mere months away or several years away from actual construction. We request that you mention Dreaming Creek in the bid specifications in order for us to be contacted during the bidding phase.
CSI S P E C I FIC A T I ON S
If a written specification guide is used, then more detailed information is needed. The following sample specification is for your review, but feel free to call us with specific questions.
*Please note: Italic sections are explanations only and should be omitted from the formal written specification.
2010
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C.
Samples: Submit samples, 48 long x full width x full depth, showing range of variation to be expected in appearance of timber including specified treatment, if any. 1. Submit one (1) sepia and three (3) prints of shop drawings showing species, sizes and stress grades of lumber to be used; pitch, span camber configuration and spacing for each type of timber required; type, size, material, finish, design value, and location of metal connector plates; bearing and anchorage details; and temporary bracing requirements.
2. Engineering design considerations are the fabricator's responsibility. Submit design analysis, calculation, and test reports indicating loading, section Modulus, assumed allowable stress, stress diagrams, calculations, and information needed for analysis. 3. Provide shop drawings, which have been signed and stamped by a structural engineer, licensed to practice in the state of (STATE WHERE PROJECT IS TO BE BUILT HERE).
D. Shop Drawings:
1.05 DELIVERY, STORAGE, HANDLING A. Time delivery and installation of timberwork to avoid extended on-site storage, and to avoid delaying work of other trades whose work must follow erection of timberwork. B. Keep materials under cover and dry. Protect from weather and contact with damp or wet surfaces. Provide for air circulation within and around stacks and under temporary coverings.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.01 ACCEPTABLE MANUFACTURERS A. Subject to compliance with requirement, provide heavy timber products by the following manufacturer, or equivalent:
Dreaming Creek Authentic Architectural Timbering 2487 Judes Ferry Road, Powhatan, VA 23139 Phone: (866) 598-4328 Fax: (804) 598-3748 E-mail: sales@dreamingcreek.com DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
86 B. Manufacturer shall have a minimum of five (5) years timber framing experience in similar projects. C. Subject to compliance with requirements, other manufacturers offering products that may be incorporated in the work are invited to submit product information along with independent physical test property verification and product literature, to the specifier for review and approval a minimum of ten (10) days prior to the bid date.
Bidders are presumed by the specifier to intend to furnish the materials specified in Specification section 06130 and related sections unless the bidder clearly stipulates within their bid form that the bidder intends to use an alternate material, The bidder must clearly submit, with the bid, which of the specified products the bid is based upon. The bidder must then utilize, on this project, the product that was stipulated in the bid.
2.02
TIMBER FRAMING
A. Timber Species: Douglas fir, White Oak, or Southern Yellow Pine at Fabricator's option.
NOTE: Or use a specific species or a blend of woods. We also have available most wood species that are conducive to timber framework. Black Walnut, Cherry, Cypress, Cedar, and Hickory are among the most popular. Talk with Dreaming Creek about other timber species options that are suitable with timber framing.)
B. Timber Grade: For the species used, comply with following grade (or grades if more than one specified at Fabricator's option), for beams, stringers, posts and other members as shown: C. Moisture Content: No minimum moisture content applies
(NOTE: Very often, the timber moisture content should not be an issue, as traditional timber framing allows green timbers. If you use either Douglas fir or SYP for the project, limiting moisture to 19 % is often acceptable. For other wood species, higher moisture content are acceptable as most other timber species cannot be kiln dried. If the project is for dry, arid climates, or timber to glass connections are required, lower moisture content timbers may be needed. Contact Dreaming Creek for Details.) WWPA Grade: No. 2 V (stress rated or betterminimum) SPIB Grade: No. 2 SR (stress rated or better - minimum)
D. Dressing: Provide timber, which has been dressed on 4 sides at mill, prior to grading. Comply with grade sizes.
E. End Seal: Manufacturer's standard transparent colorless wood sealer, which is effective in retarding the transmission of moisture at cross-grain cuts. F. Penetrating Sealer: Manufacturer's standard translucent penetrating wood sealer, which will not interfere with application of wood stain, transparent finish or paint finish as indicated for the work.
(NOTE: Generally the S4S nominal timber size is " undersized from the full dimension, and does not sync to Kiln Dried lumber dimensions, I.E: A S4S 14" timber would be 13-.)
G. Connectors, Anchors, and Accessories: Fabricate from structural-steel shapes, plates, and bars complying with ASTM A 36, steel bars complying with ASTM A 575, and hot-rolled steel sheet complying with ASTM A 570. Hot-dip galvanize each assembly and fastener after fabrication to comply with ASTM A 123 or ASTM A 153. 2.03 SOLID WOOD DECKING A. Grade for Solid Wood Roof Decking: Where standard tongued-and-grooved or double tongued-and-grooved roof decking of solid wood (not laminated) is indicated, provide the following grade of units, of the pattern indicated, in required species:
DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER
(NOTE: The usual surface finish for interior work is tung oil. However, this oil should NOT be used for exterior applications as it can feed mold growth. Exterior Timbers are better left unfinished until the final site finish is applied.)
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Grade: (Specify Grade requirements)
A. Moisture Content: Except as otherwise indicated, provide wood decking fabricated from lumber of 19% moisture content or better. B. Pattern and Dressing, Solid Matched Decking: Standard pattern of the type indicated, surfaced on top and bottom. C. Fasteners: Provide nail size, type, and at locations recommended by AITC for the thickness and type deck used. 2.04 FABRICATION, TIMBER FRAMING A. Design of Members: Member sizes and shapes as shown shall be based on specified allowable stresses, and loadings required under the your local Building Code. Architect will be sole judge of whether requested modifications result in equivalent strengths.
B. Camber: Fabricate horizontal and inclined members (units of less than 12/12 slope) with natural convex bow (crown) up, so as to provide camber in the work. C. Fabricate members by cutting and restoring exposed surfaces to match specified surfacing. Predrilled for fasteners and assembly of units wherever feasible. D. Machine finish exposed surfaces to remove planing chatter or surfacing marks. E. Shop Fabrication: Where treatment of timberwork is indicated, fabricate members (cutting, drilling, surfacing and sanding) prior to treatment, to the greatest extent possible. F. End-Cut Sealing: Immediately after end-cutting each member to final length, and after wood treatment (if any), apply a saturation coat of end sealer to ends and other cross-cut surfaces, keeping surfaces 'flood-coated' for not less than 10 minutes. G. Seal Coat: After complete fabrication and surfacing of each unit and end-cut sealing, apply saturation coat of penetrating sealer on surfaces of each unit, except for treated wood where the treatment has included a water repellent. (NOTE: Air or kiln dried material may be required depending on application and use).
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PART 3 - EXECUTION
3.01 INSTALLATION A. General: Erect framing true and plumb. Provide temporary bracing as required to maintain lines and levels until permanent supporting members are in place.
B. Install miscellaneous steel connectors, anchors, and accessories as indicated. C. Install wood decking to comply with reference decking standard and with end joints located according to in dictated lay-up.
D. Apply joint sealant between decking and supports and between tongues and grooves at outside walls. Nail each course of decking at each support with one nail slant nailed above the tongue and one nail through the face. E. Avoid extra cutting after fabrication requirements for shop fabrication. Where field fitting is unavoidable, comply with requirements for shop fabrication. F. Handle and temporarily support members to prevent visible surface damage. G. Repair damaged surfaces and finishes after completion of erection, or replace damaged members as directed where damage is beyond satisfactory repair. 3.02 PROTECTION
Advise contractor of necessary limitations on heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in building, in order to avoid damage or deterioration of timberwork.
END OF SECTION 06130 NOTES: This spec is for a commercial structure using 2x T&G wood roof decking. For residential or heated commercial structures, Structural or Stress-Skin panels are often used. These panels can include either drywall or 1x wood decking. Contact us for details.
Sales Department Dreaming Creek Authentic Architectural Timbering 2487 Judes Ferry Road, Powhatan, VA 23139 Phone: (866) 598-4328 Fax: (804) 598-3748 Email: sales@dreamingcreek.com Web Site: www.dreamingcreek.com
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R O O F S C E I L I N G S F LO O R S
Chart #1 provides transverse capacity using a standard surface spline or box spline to join panels. Charts #2 and #3 are for longer spans and higher loads. Although, there are several other types of splines, these are the 3 most common.
L OA D D E S I G N
C H A RT
#1
( W I TH S U R F A C E OR B LO C K S P L I N E C O N N E C TION) The following Load Design Charts represent average structural values of several different manufacturers and are intended as a guide only. STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS
PANEL SPAN DEFLECTION 6'-0" 8'-0" TRANSVERSE LOAD (PSF) 10'-0" 12'-0" 14'-0" 16'-0" 3 5/8" CORE L/36 L/18 L/240 0 0 40 53* 53* 28 40* 40* 20 15 11 9 30 22 17 13 32* 27* 23 17 7/16" OSB THICKNESS EPS CORE THICKNESS 5 5/8" CORE 7 3/16" CORE 9 3/16" CORE 11 3/16" CORE L/24 L/18 L/36 L/24 L/18 L/36 L/24 L/18 L/36 L/24 L/360 L/180 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 81* 81* 64 96* 96* 75 96* 96* 73 96* 96* 42 61* 61* 51 76* 76* 61 76* 76* 60 76* 76* 32 26 21 17 48 38 31 26 49* 41* 35* 31* 44 40 64* 56* 64* 56* 54 51 64* 56* 64* 56* 55 55 64* 56* 64* 56*
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R O O F S C E I L I N G S F LO O R S ( C O N T .)
L O A D D E S IG N C H A R T #2 (W I TH D O U B L E 2X S P L I N E ) STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS
7/16" OSB THICKNESS PANEL SPAN 5 5/8" CORE DEFLECTION 10'-0" 12'-0" TRANS- VERSE LOAD (PSF) 14'-0" 16'-0" 18'-0" 22'-0" 24'-0" L/360 53 40 30 24 19 L/240 79 59 45 35 28 EPS CORE THICKNESS 7 3/16" CORE 9 3/16" CORE L/24 L/18 L/36 L/24 L/18 L/180 L/360 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100> 89 100> 100> 100> > > 100 79 65 91* 91* 100> 100> > 100 60 48 72 78* 84 100> > 47 37 55 68* 65 98 100> 37 28 42 57 51 33 27 77 49 40 97* 66 54 11 3/16" CORE L/36 L/24 L/18 0 0 0 100 100> 100> > 100 100> 100> > 100 100> 100> > 89 64* 64* 70 45 37 99* 84 68 55 99* 89* 81* 74
> LOADS EXCEEDING 100 PSF NOT RECOMMENDED WITHOUT SPECIAL REVIEW
* LIMITED TO ULTIMATE FAILUIRE LOAD DIVIDED BY A FACTOR OF SAFETY OF > LOADS EXCEEDING 100 PSF NOT RECOMMENDED WITHOUT SPECIAL REVIEW
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WALLS
Chart #4 provides axial, combined axial & racking shear design valves. L O A D D E S IG N C H A R T #4 (P L A TE C O N N E C T I ON S )
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AXIAL LOAD IS LIMITED TO THE LOADS TABULATED FOR AXIAL CONDITION ULTIMATE FAILURE LOAD DIVIDED BY A FACTOR OF SAFETY OF THREE
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Bent Detail
Simply put a Bent is a truss that includes posts to solid bearing. Knee braces are typical and used for lateral control. The bent design often becomes an artistic expression. View the 3-D Drawing section for ideas.
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Foundation Details
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Steel Details
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Steel Details
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Overhang Details
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Overhang Details
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Miscellaneous Details
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3-Dimensional Drawings
BARN & CONFERENCE CENTER C O LO R A D O
Featuring a Hammer Beam Bent design and showcasing round timbers, and decorative pendants and end profiles. (Both pages)
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3-Dimensional Drawings
I n t e r n a t i o n a l C h u rc h o f C h r i s t S a n c t u a r y
Virginia Featuring a Simple Bent design and showcasing curved struts, decorative pendants, and soaring cupolas.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
E p i s co p a l C h u rc h
Florida Featuring four wings with a massive Barrel Hammer Beam Bent design and showcasing an intricate, Octagonal Truss system in the sanctuary.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
Lighthouse Office
Virginia Featuring a Complex Octagon design and showcasing intricate truss
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3-Dimensional Drawings
G a m b re l O f f i c e
Virginia Featuring a Gambrel Bent design with six shed dormers built over garage and showcasing curved struts, and a decorative boss pin in the cupola..
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3-Dimensional Drawings
S h a d ow M o u n ta i n E s c a p e L u x u r y M o u n ta i n Ca b i n Re t re a t
Virginia Featuring a Traditional King Post Bent design and showcasing open spaces, loft and decorative boss pin in the tower room.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
C ra f t s m a n B u n g a l o w
Virginia Featuring a Modified King Post Bent design and showcasing curved struts and end profiles.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
Ti m b e r F ra m e Re s i d e n c e
Virginia
Featuring a Traditional King Post Bent design and showcasing a 4-way valley system with the peak converging above the bridge (bottom photo) as well as a timber frame wrap-around porch (this page).
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3-Dimensional Drawings
Two - S t o r y Re s i d e n c e
Pennsylvania Featuring a Traditional King Post Bent Design and showcasing curved knees and ceiling joists.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
H y b r i d Ti m b e r F ra m e Re s i d e n c e
Virginia Featuring a Traditional King Post Bent Design with timber common rafters. Dashed lines depict structural insulated panel usage.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
Ti m b e r F ra m e Re s i d e n c e
Virginia Featuring Hammer Beam Cross Gables and featuring a hip roof in the dining room with a decorative boss pin.
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3-Dimensional Drawings
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G re a t Ro o m Ad d i t i o n
Virginia Featuring a Modified Barrel Hammer Beam Bent Design and decorative pendants. (Purlins not shown for clarity)
3-Dimensional Drawings
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G a rd e n Pe rg o l a
Virginia Featuring an Italian Pergola design and showcasing two different styles of decorative end profiles.
3-Dimensional Drawings
Te n n i s Pa v i l i o n
Pennsylvania Featuring a Classic King Post Bent Design with arched struts and bottom chords, and showcasing decorative end profiles and brackets.
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Wa l ke r t o n Ta ve r n We d d i n g Pa v i l i o n H e n r i co C o u n t y, V i rg i n i a
The Wedding Pavilion is an intricate octagon boss pin design with a detailed finial constructed of white oak.
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WINNER
OF
W O O D -M IZ E R S 2005 P E R S ON A L B E S T G R A N D C H A M P I ON A W A R D
S M A LL O U T B U I L D IN G S , B A R N S , & G A R A G E S
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TRUSS DESCRIPTIONS
SIMPLE TRUSS/QUEEN POST/KING POST These truss designs all utilize the basic triangle approach to truss framing. Bottom chords are continuous, with top chords rafters set to the required pitch of the roof line. The King Post type truss design is especially suited to both lower pitches and long spans. Because of the typical continuous bottom chord requirement, maximum span is about 46 feet. SCISSORS TRUSS The Scissors truss is an economical design and can free-span large spaces. Weve designed a Scissors Truss that will span more than 70 feet. Scissors truss designs
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TRADITIONAL & BARREL HAMMER BEAM TRUSS The traditional 2-step and 3-step Hammer Beam truss creates an elegant, spacious interior image for areas such as great rooms, master suites, family rooms, gathering rooms and the like. No center support posts are required. These trusses feature O-gee end profiles on the hammer beam, pendant options on the hammer post as well as gun stocking of the supporting posts and full chamfering of the entire truss.
The Barrel Hammer Beam truss uses curved braces to create a unique interior image. The curves are often designed to echo half round and elliptical window elements or used alone to accent specific interior area. *In addition to the illustrated trusses, other variations are often done! If you have a unique idea or have found a design that you like, give us a call.
WOOD SPECIES When selecting a wood species, there are many quality species that work well with timber framing.
Standard Choices Are: Oak & Southern Yellow Pine Wood Species Upgrades Include: Douglas Fir, Cherry, Walnut, Redwood, Cypress, and Cedar, just to name a few
SPANS & SPACING Span limitsor the overall length of the truss, is determined by many factors. Snow and wind loads, specific truss style, pitch of the roof, timber sizes and other conditions all play a part. Truss styles with continuous bottom chords are usually limited by the maximum timber length that a sawmill can actually produce. Usually this is about 45 feet, but there are exceptions even to this rule. Other truss designs such as the Hammer Beam and Scissors Truss can span distances up to 70 feet. Spacingor the distance between each truss, again depends on the same factors mentioned above. Normally, on-center truss spacing of 4,6,8,12,16 feet and beyond are common-place. Keep in mind that the further apart the trusses are placed from one another, the more roof load each truss must carry. Therefore, the individual timber sizes of the truss must be increased to gain the required strength to carry the additional roof load. Call us for your specific requirements. OPTIONS TO CONSIDER
Options include, but are not limited to:
Extended Floor-to-Ceiling Posts Ridge Purlins Knee Braces at Purlin Locations Intermediate Purlins for a Fuller Timber Frame Look Structural Insulated Stress-skin Panels for Roof, with Options Including Tongue-
and-Groove Decking
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Characteristics of Species
Availability Mixed Oak Price range Strength Use outdoors Stability Checks A mixture of red and white oak. Typically tan or reddish in color with lighter w hite colored sapw ood. Only if Good Middle Good covered Low Large Typically tan in color w ith lighter white colored sapwood. Good Middle Good
White Oak -
Yes
Low
Large
Low
Excellent
If Borate treated
Medium
Medium
Light orangish pink in color with lighter w hite sapw ood Excellent Middle Excellent
Only if covered
Medium
Medium
RF KD Fir Light orangish pink in color with lighter w hite sapw ood Good High Excellent Only if covered High Small
Light tan to white colored wood with occaCypress - sional amber colored heartwood If Borate Fair Middle Good treated W. Red Cedar Light to dark brown depending on heart content with a lighter sapwood Fair High Fair Yes
Medium
Small
High
Small
FOHC KD Light orangish pink in color with lighter w hite sapw ood Fir Excellent Middle Excellent E.White Pine White colored wood with a hint of light yellow color in spots Good Walnut Low Fair
Only if covered
High
Small
If Borate treated
Medium
Medium
Rich colored chocolate brow n Fair High Good Only if covered Medium Medium
Fair
Yes
High
Small
Rich amber colored wood with golden hew Good High Excellent Yes High Small
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Glossary
BAY space between two timber bents. BEAM - a main horizontal member in a buildings frame. BEETLE a heavy wooden maul or mallet used in cases in which material would be damaged by a sledge hammer. BENT a structural section of the frame which is composed of a line of vertical posts and the horizontal timbers that connect them. BENT DESIGN the functional and artistic pattern of timbers creating the bent. BLUE BOARD weather resistant, plaster-based drywall. BRACES smaller timbers placed diagonally between posts and girts or plates to make a structure more rigid. CENTER LINE the midline on the face of a timber, or joint. CHAMFER a decorative edging or relief made at the timbers corner. CHECK a separation of wood fibers caused by the natural process of wood drying. COLLAR TIE a timber placed horizontally and between rafters that control spreading or sagging of the rafters, usually placed parallel to the girts which connect rafter pairs at a given height. COME ALONG - a hand operated ratcheting wench. Uses include tightening joinery during assembly, as a safety tie and for pulling frame components together during erection. COMMON RAFTERS closely and regularly spaced inclined timbers that support the roof covering, independent of the bent system. COMPRESSION a force that presses or squeezes. CRITICAL FACE the edge of a timber placed against a fixed dimension such as an exterior wall plain. CROWN a slight convex curve on the face of a timber. DEFLECTION a bending downward, or sagging. DOVETAIL a tenon that is shaped like a doves spread tail to fit into a corresponding mortise. DRAW KNIFE a tool having a blade with a handle at each end; by drawing it toward you, you can shave surfaces. DRAWINGS, SHOP detailed drawings used to cut the timber frame. ENGINEERING the process of mathematically determining the integrity of a structure under various conditions. FOAM RELIEF removing a uniform depth of core insulation from an SIP, see Let In. FOUND CURVE naturally occurring crooked timbers usually with 2 sides sawn and 2 sides with the bark removed, used as knee braces, posts and beams. FRAMING CHISEL large chisel with long, heavy blades: strong enough to be hit with a heavy mallet. GARRISON a house design having a second story perimeter larger than the first story perimeter. GIRT major horizontal timber that connects posts. GREEN WOOD freshly cut wood that is not dried or seasoned GUNSTOCK A post having an increased size at its top, providing extra strength for intersecting joinery. HALF-DOVETAIL this joint is one-half of a dovetail; used for joining collar ties to rafters, and braces to posts, and for other similar situations
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HALF LAP a joint in which 2 timbers are let in to each other. HAMMER BEAM a horizontal timber projecting from the top of the wall or rafter that supports a roof truss. The design creates a large roof span with relatively short timbers. HAND-HEWN a timber squared off and shaped by hand. HARDWOOD wood of certain deciduous trees (e.g., oak, walnut, ash, etc). HAUNCH the part of the whole timber beyond the shoulder which is let into another timber. HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATOR provides fresh air with minimum impact on the energy costs for the building. HOUSING the shallow mortise or cavity for receiving the major part of a timber end, usually coupled with a smaller deep mortise to receive a tenon tying the joint together. JOINERY the craft of connecting and securing the separate members of the timber frame to one another by means of specific cuts on the ends and/or sides of the timbers. JOINT part, or the arrangement of the part, where two or more timbers are joined together. JOISTS smaller horizontal timbers parallel to each other to complete the floor frame. KING POST a central, vertical post extending from the bent plate or girt to the junction of the rafters at roof peak. KNEE BRACE a short diagonal timber placed between the horizontal and vertical members of the frame to make them rigid. LET IN in Timber Framing, to make a shallow sinking in one timber so that it can receive or enclose the end of another. In SIPs, the dimensional lumber used to terminate a window opening, corner, roof overhang, etc. See Foam Relief MALLET a tool like a hammer with a wooden, rawhide or rubber head. MORTISE AND TENNON any joint consisting of a projections on the end of one timber and a corresponding slot on the other. NOMINAL SIZE The smaller net remaining dimension after surfacing lumber or timbers. A 2"x4" stud is actually 1-1/2" by 3-1/2" finished. ON CENTER a method for indicating the spacing of framing members by stating the measurement from the center of one member to the center of the succeeding one. OUTSIDE DIMENSION overall length of an uncut timber. OVERHANG a projection of a roof beyond the wall which carries it. PEG a hardwood dowel usually ranging from 5/8 of an inch to 2 inches in diameter. PENDANT - an ornamental termination to the low end of a hammer post, king post, queen post, etc. PIKE a long pole with a pointed steel head used in raising bents; also called a barn pole. PLATE the major horizontal timber which runs from one end of the frame to the other and supports the base of the rafters. POST upright or vertical timbers erected within the frame that provide structural support of the members above. PRECUT refers to the Structural Insulated Panels being cut to exact size and specifications before delivery to the site. PRINCIPAL RAFTERS a pair of inclined timbers that are framed into a bent and used with either purlins or secondary rafters or alone. PURLIN a horizontal member of the roof frame which runs between rafters. QUEEN POSTS a pair of vertical posts of a roof truss standing on the bent or girt and supporting the rafters or collar tie. DREAMING CREEK ARCHITECTURAL BINDER 2010
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Glossary
RAFTER sloping main timber of the roof frame. RIDGE POLE horizontal timber which connects rafter pairs at the peak. RIDGE PURLIN the beams connecting rafter to rafter at the apex. ROOF PITCH a ratio of the height, or rise, of an incline as compared to a 12 inch horizontal run. Used primarily as a measurement of the roof slope. ROUGH SAWN lumber and timber that has not been planed. SCARF JOINT a joint used to splice two timbers end to end. SCRIBING shaping one member to the surface which it touches, for example, to fit a board snugly to a surface which is not straight. SECONDARY RAFTERS smaller sized timber rafters placed between principle rafters. SHOULDER the area of the void created when the waste around a tenon has been cut away. SILL TIMBER major horizontal timbers which lie on the foundation and form the lowest part of the frame. SLICK a wide bladed and long handled chisel pushed by hand to create flat surfaces. SPAN the width of a building or overall length of a truss. SPLINE with Structural Insulated Panels, a wood strip or other material used to connect two panels together; in Timber FRAMING a narrow wooden member used to strengthen a joint. STOP decorative end of a chamfer. STRUT a short timber placed in a structure either diagonally or vertically, designed to act in compression along the direction of its lengths. SUMMER BEAM a major horizontal timber which spans the girts or plates. TAG LINE a rope tied to the ends of a timber being lifted to keep it from swinging from side to side. TAIL the end portion of a birds-mouth joint which extends beyond the plate when there is a roof overhang. TEMPORARY BRACING 2x6 or larger boards used to stabilize members of the frame during raising. TENON the projecting end of a timber that is inserted into a mortise. TIMBER FRAME a load-carrying structure of timbers ranging in size from 4x4 and up. TRUNNEL also known as a tree-nail, a turned and tapered hardwood dowel used for securing timber joints. See Peg. TUSK JOINT also called a tusk or through tenon, a mortise and tenon joint in which the tenon goes all the way through the corresponding mortise. VAULTEDtypically when a rooms ceiling is open to the roof rafters WALL DECKING lumber covering the walls usually 1x T&G. WASTE in timber framing; the portion of wood cut away to reveal the joint. In reference to lumber, the additional lumber required to cover a given area.
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