Shear stress

Shear stress
Common symbol(s): SI unit: Derivations from other quantities: pascal =F/A

A shear stress, is applied to the top of the rectangle while the bottom is held in place. This stress results in a strain, or deformation, changing the rectangle into a parallelogram. The area involved would be the top of the parallelogram. A shear stress, denoted (Greek tau!, is defined as the component of stress coplanar with a material cross section. "hear stress arises from the force vector component parallel to the cross section. #ormal stress, on the other hand, arises from the force vector component perpendicular or antiparallel to the material cross section on which it acts.

Contents

$ General shear stress % &ther forms of shear stress o %.$ 'ure shear o %.% (eam shear o %.) "emi*monoco+ue shear o %., -mpact shear o %.. "hear stress in fluids ) /easurement b0 shear stress sensors o ).$ 1iverging fringe shear stress sensor o ).% /icro*pillar shear*stress sensor , "ee also . 2eferences 3 45ternal links

General shear stress

The formula to calculate average shear stress is 6$7

where = the shear stress8 = the force applied8 = the cross*sectional area of material with area parallel to the applied force vector.

Other forms of shear stress

Pure shear
'ure shear stress is related to pure shear strain, denoted , b0 the following e+uation 6%7

where

is the shear modulus of the material, given b0

9ere

is :oung;s modulus and is 'oisson;s ratio.

Beam shear
(eam shear is defined as the internal shear stress of a beam caused b0 the shear force applied to the beam.

where V = total shear force at the location in +uestion8 Q = statical moment of area8 t = thickness in the material perpendicular to the shear8 I = /oment of -nertia of the entire cross sectional area.

The beam shear formula is also knowns as <huravskii "hear "tress formula after 1mitrii -vanovich <huravskii who derived it in $=...6)76,7

Semi-monocoque shear
"hear stresses within a semi*monoco+ue structure ma0 be calculated b0 ideali>ing the cross*section of the structure into a set of stringers (carr0ing onl0 a5ial loads! and webs (carr0ing onl0 shear flows!. 1ividing the shear flow b0 the thickness of a given portion of the semi*monoco+ue structure 0ields the shear stress. Thus, the ma5imum shear stress will occur either in the web of ma5imum shear flow or minimum thickness. Also constructions in soil can fail due to shear8 e.g., the weight of an earth*filled dam or dike ma0 cause the subsoil to collapse, like a small landslide.

Im act shear
The ma5imum shear stress created in a solid round bar sub?ect to impact is given as the e+uation

where U = change in kinetic energ08 G = shear modulus8 V = volume of rod8 and

= mass moment of inertia8 = angular speed.

Shear stress in flui!s

"ee also @iscosit0, Aouette flow, 9agen*'oiseuille e+uation, 1epth*slope product, and "imple shear An0 real fluids (li+uids and gases included! moving along solid boundar0 will incur a shear stress on that boundar0. The no*slip condition6.7 dictates that the speed of the fluid at the boundar0 (relative to the boundar0! is >ero, but at some height from the boundar0

the flow speed must e+ual that of the fluid. The region between these two points is aptl0 named the boundar0 la0er. Bor all #ewtonian fluids in laminar flow the shear stress is proportional to the strain rate in the fluid where the viscosit0 is the constant of proportionalit0. 9owever for #on #ewtonian fluids, this is no longer the case as for these fluids the viscosit0 is not constant. The shear stress is imparted onto the boundar0 as a result of this loss of velocit0. The shear stress, for a #ewtonian fluid, at a surface element parallel to a flat plate, at the point 0, is given b0

where is the d0namic viscosit0 of the fluid8 is the velocit0 of the fluid along the boundar08 is the height above the boundar0. "pecificall0, the wall shear stress is defined as

-n case of wind, the shear stress at the boundar0 is called wind stress.

"easurement by shear stress sensors

Diver#in# frin#e shear stress sensor
This relationship can be e5ploited to measure the wall shear stress. -f a sensor could directl0 measure the gradient of the velocit0 profile at the wall, then multipl0ing b0 the d0namic viscosit0 would 0ield the shear stress. "uch a sensor was demonstrated b0 A. A. #a+wi and C. A. 2e0nolds.637 The interference pattern generated b0 sending a beam of light through two parallel slits forms a network of linearl0 diverging fringes that seem to originate from the plane of the two slits (see double*slit e5periment!. As a particle in a fluid passes through the fringes, a receiver detects the reflection of the fringe pattern. The signal can be processed, and knowing the fringe angle, the height and velocit0 of the particle can be e5trapolated. The measured value of wall velocit0 gradient is independent of the fluid properties and as a result does not re+uire calibration. 2ecent advancements in the micro*optic fabrication technologies have made it possible to use integrated diffractive optical element to fabricate diverging fringe shear stress sensors usable both in air and li+uid.

"icro- illar shear-stress sensor

A further techni+ue is that of slender wall*mounted micro*pillars made of the fle5ible pol0mer '1/", which bend in reaction to the appl0ing drag forces in the vicinit0 of the wall. The sensor thereb0 belongs to the indirect measurement principles rel0ing on the relationship between near*wall velocit0 gradients and the local wall*shear stress.6D76=7