Topic : Light : Chapter highlight: 5.

4 lenses Image form by convex lenses Object distance u u= (infiniti) Ray diagram Image Image distance characte ristics Real, Inverted, v=f Reduced in size. Real, inverted, Reduce in size Real, inverted, same size as the object. Real, inverted and magnified Virtual, Upright Magnified Uses Object lens in an astrono mical telescope Camera

u > 2f f < v , 2f u = 2f v = 2f

Upright lens in an earth telescope projector

f < u < 2f v > 2f

u=f v at infinity

Searchlight.

u<f v>f Virtual, Upright Magnified Magnifying lens

Concave lens

Object O F I image F

Object O F I image F

The characteristics of the image formed by a concave lens is not dependent upon the distance of the object from the lens. Characteristics of the image : 1.virtual 2 upright, 3. between the object and the lens 4. smaller in size than the object.

Linear magnification, m

m = Height of image, hi Height of object, ho

OR

m = Image distance , v Object distance , u

Thus

m = hi = v ho u

If m > 1 the size of the image is bigger than the size of the object. If m < 1 the size of an image is smaller than the size of the object. If m = 1 the image size is equals the object size.

Lens equation sign u v f Positive (+) Real Real Convex lens Negative (-) virtual Virtual Concave lens

1 +1 = 1 u v f where u = object distance v = image distance f = focal length

Lens Power power (D) = 1______ focal length (m)

remember ! the unit of focal length is in meter (m)

the unit for power is diopter (D)

Use of Lenses in Optical Devices 1.Magnifying lens

--The object to be magnified must be at a distance that is lesser than the focal length of the lens.

-- characeristic of the image : virtual, magnified, upright and located at the back of the object 2. Camera

--Characteristic of the image : real, inverted and smaller in size 3. Slide projector

-- The slide must be placed between Fand 2F of the projector. -- characteristic of the image : real, magnified and inverted 4. Astronomy telescope

magnification = eye lens power objective lens power = Focal length of the objective lens, fo Focal length of the eye lens , fe fo > fe

--

-- The total distance between the objective lens and eye lens = fo + fm -- Characteristics of the initial image : real, inverted and diminished in size at its focal point -- Characteristics of the final image : virtual, inverted, magnified and located at infinity. 5. Compound microscope

-- fm > fo -- The total distance between the objective lens and eye lens > fo + fm -- Characteristics of the initial image : real, inverted, magnified and is formed at a distance greater than 2F0 -- Characteristics of the final image : virtual, inverted and larger than the object

5.4 UNDERSTANDING LENSES (ACTIVITY)

(50 MINUTES) 1. (a) Draw a labelled diagram to show what is meant by the focal length of a thin converging lens.

(b) The focal length of a concave lens is given as 30 cm. What is the power of the lens ? Power of lens = 1 f(m) =

2.Table 2.1 lists the comparison of the characteristis of the images formed by the convex lens and concave lens.Tick at the appropriate places. (i) (ii) (iii) Characteristics of image Real Virtual Upright Inverted Enlarged Diminished(Smaller in size) Concave Lens Convex Lens

Table 2.1

3.Figure 3.1 shows a small object O is placed at a certain distance away from a thin converging lens. The object distance u is less than the focal length f .By means of a suitable ray diagram, locate the position,the size and the characteristics of the image formed.State one application of such a lens. L

Figure 3.1 *In order to solve the above problem,students can follow the following instructions as a guidance: From the top of the object; (i) Draw an incident ray through the optical centre C passes without Bending. (ii) Draw an incident ray parallel to the principal axis which is refracted by the lens to pass through F. (iii) Extrapolate line (i) and (ii) until both lines intersect. Draw the image at the intersection point.

4. Figure 4.1 shows an object O placed near a converging lens L.

Figure 4.1 (a) On the diagram, draw two rays from the top of the object throygh the lens.use the rays to find the position of the image. Draw the image and label it I. (b) The image produced is a real image.Explain what is meant by a real image.

(c) Suggest one instrument which uses a lens in this way. 5. Figure 5.1 shows the position of an image, I of an object, O formed by a convex lens. The height of the object, O is 5cm.If OL = 20cm and OI = 66cm,what is the height of the image? 20cm

66cm Figure 5.1 Image distance u = ; Object distance v = Magnification m = Image distance(v) = Size of image Object distance(u) Size of object =

ASSSESEMENT

OBJECTIVE QUESTION: 1.The image formed by a concave lens is always A upright and diminished. B inverted and magnified. C upright and magnified. D inverted and diminished. 2. An object is placed at a distance of 10.0 cm from a concave lens of focal length 5.0cm.What is the distance of the image from the lens? A 2.5 cm D 5.0 cm B 3.3 cm E 10 cm C 4.8 cm 3. An object of height 1.0 cm is placed infront of a convex lens. An image of height 3.0 cm is formed at a distanceof 24.0 cm from the lens. What is the object distance from the lens? A 6.0 cm C 12.0 cm B 8.0 cm D 24.0 cm 4. The diagram below shows an object placed at a distance u cm from the centre of a convex lens of focal length10 cm.

Which of the following is not correct? U(cm) 3 8 15 25 Characteristics of image Virtual and bigger Virtual and bigger Real and smaller Real and smaller

A B C D

5.The diagram shows an astronomical telescope. It has an objective lens,x,of focal length fx and an eyepiece of focal length fy. x y

Which of the following is correct? A fx = fy. B fx > fy. C fx < fy. STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. Figure below shows a compound microscope which consists of two convex lenses X and Y placed at a distance. X is the object lens and Y is the eyepiece, their focal lengths is 10 mm and 30 mm respectively .

(a) (i) Mark the focal point of the object lens X as Fx on the sides of the lens. [1 mark] (ii) Mark the focal point of the object lens Y as Fy on the sides of the lens. [1 mark] (b) (i) On figure above, draw ray diagram to show the formation of image by the [1 mark] object lens. Label this image as Ix. (ii) State three characteristic of the image Ix formed by the object lens X. _______________________________________________________ [3 marks] (c) (i) On figure above draw ray diagram to show the formation of image by the object lens. Label this image as Iy. [1 mark] (ii) State three characteristics of the image Iy formed by the object lens Y. _________________________________________________________ [3 marks]

2. Presbyobia is an inability of the eye to adjust the focusing of far and near objects. This usually happens when we get old, where the ciliary muscle is less

able to change the shape of the eye lens to focus the image on the retina , as shown in figure 2.1 and 2.2.

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

As an optician , you have three disigns of lenses A, B and C in your shop. The cross section of A, B and C are shown in figure 2.3.

(i) Choose the most suitable design of lens in Figure 2.3 to correct the sight of a person with presbyopia and explain the suitablility of the design. (ii) Explain why the other two designs are not suitable. (iii) Either low or high refractive index glass can be used to make the lenses. Which type of glass is most suitable to make the lens chosen in (b)(i) ? Give reasons for your choice [10marks]

ANSWER (ACTIVITY)

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1. (a)

f F is the principal focus. Focal length = f (b) Power = 1/ 0.3m = -3.333D (-ve sign represents a concave lens and +ve sign represents convex lens) 2. Characteristics of image Concave Lens Convex Lens (i) Real Virtual (ii) Upright Inverted (iii) Enlarged Diminished(Smaller in size) 3. L

O u v

The image formed is upright,magnified,virtual and on the same side of the lens behind the object. The application of such a lens is as a magnifying glass.

4. (a) L

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(b) A real image is one that can be projected or captured on a screen. (c) Camera. 5. Size image = 11.5cm

ANSWER (ASSESSMENT) OBJECTIVE QUESTION. 1. A , 2. E, 3. B, 4.C, 5.B STRUCTURED QUESTION 1. (a) (i) & (ii) , (b)(i), (c)(i)

(ii) Real, magnified and inverted (c)(ii) Virtual, magnified and upright. 2. (a) (i) Design B is most suitable [1]

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- Because it has a diverging and converging ability [1] - Its upper part is a diverging lens which can correct the vision when viewing far object [1] - It diverges the rays further, to make them focused on the retina [1] - Its lower part is a converging lens which can correct the vision when viewing near objects. It converges the rays to make them focused at the retina. [1] (ii) - Design A can only correct the vision when viewing near object, but not far objects. [1] - Design C can only correct the vision when viewing far object , but not near objects. [1] (iii) - High refractive index glass is most suitable. [1] - High refractive index glass can converge or diverge light rays more than low refractive index glass. [1] - Therefore lenses made with high index refractive glass is thinner and l lighter. [1]

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