EE2022 Electrical Energy Systems

Panida Jirutitijaroen
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 1
Lecture 17: Per Unit Analysis Three Phase
21-03-2013
Detailed Syllabus
3/19/2013 EE2022: Three-phase circuit by P. Jirutitijaroen 2
31/01/2013 Three-phase power systems: Introduction to three-phase circuit. Balanced three-phase
systems. Delta-Wye connection. Relationship between phase and line quantities
05/02/2013 Three-phase power systems: Per-phase analysis. Three-phase power calculation. Examples.
07/02/2013 Generation: Simple generator concept. Equivalent circuit of synchronous generators
14/02/2013 Generation: Operating consideration of synchronous generators, i.e. excitation voltage
control, real power control, and loading capability
21/02/2013 Generation: Principle of asynchronous generators. Examples.
Transmission: Overhead VS Underground cable.
05/03/2013 Transmission: Four basic parameters of transmission lines.
07/03/2013 Transmission: Long transmission line model, Medium-length transmission line model, Short
transmission line model. Operating consideration of transmission lines i.e. voltage regulation,
line loadability, efficiency. Examples.
12/03/2013
Distribution: Principle of transformer. Ideal transformer.
14/03/2013 Distribution: Reflected load. Impedance matching. Practical transformer. Examples
19/03/2013 Per unit analysis: Single-phase per unit analysis.
21/03/2013 Per unit analysis: Three-phase transformer. Three-phase per unit analysis. Examples.
02/04/2013 2
nd
Mid-term test @ LT6
Generators, transmission lines, and transformers (Tutorials 4-6)
An Equivalent Circuit for Transformers
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 3
Copper
losses
Leakage
reactance
Iron losses
(core)
Magnetizing
susceptance
Reflected copper losses and leakage
reactance of secondary winding.
Z
Y
a:1
aZ
a:1
Zeq = Z+aZ
Y
Simplification
Per unit
circuit
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Steps of Per Unit Analysis
1. Choose for the system.
2. Select for different zones (usually follows
transformer voltage ratings).
3. Calculate for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.

EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 4
u 1
B
S
B
V
B
Z
3/19/2013
2
nd
Mid-term Test @ LT6
April 2
nd
12:00pm to 12:50pm @ LT6
12.5%
Materials (Lectures 8-15, Tutorials 4-6):
Generation
Transmission
Transformers
Format:
3 questions, closed book.
45 minutes.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 5
IN THIS LECTURE
Learning outcomes
Outline
Reference
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 6
Learning Outcomes
Apply the concepts of per-phase analysis and
per-unit analysis to solve three-phase
balanced circuit problems in power
engineering.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 7
Outline
Three-phase transformers
Possible connections
Phase shift introduced by delta-wye or wye-delta
connections
Per unit equivalent models
Three-phase per unit analysis
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 8
References
Glover, Sarma, and Overbye, Power System Analysis and
Design.
Chapter 3
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 9
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
Three-phase transformer connections
Phase shift
Per-unit equivalent models
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 10
Three-Phase Transformers
Three-phase transformers
at substations
Pole-mounted
three single-phase
transformers.
Source: http://www.meidensg.com.sg
3/19/2013 11 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Three Single-Phase Transformers
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 12
Wye-connection
Delta-connection
n
3 Transformer Connection
The voltage rating of a three phase
transformer is the ratio between
line-to-line voltage at the primary
side and line-to-line voltage at the
secondary side.
The single-phase equivalent shows
line-to-neutral voltage.
For Y-Y and - transformers,
voltage and current in both primary
and secondary are in phase. The
ratio of the voltage and current
follows the turn ratio of the
transformer.
The same does not apply to Y-
and -Y connections.

3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 13
3 Transformer Connection
EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 3/19/2013 14
Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye
transformer connections
introduce some phase shift
to the voltage.
Per phase
per unit
circuit
Per phase
per unit
circuit
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Wye-Delta 3 Transformers
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 15
Wye-connected Delta-connected
A2
B2
C2
A1
B1
C1
n A
V
1
n B
V
1
n C
V
1
Positive
sequence
2 2 B A
V

2 2 C B
V

2 2 A C
V

n
2 2
2
1
1 B A n A
V
N
N
V

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Line-to-neutral voltage Line-to-line voltage!!
Wye-Delta 3 Transformer
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 16
Z
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

30 3
2
2
1
2 2
2
1
1 n A B A n A
V
N
N
V
N
N
V
2 2 B A
V

2 2 C B
V

2 2 A C
V

n A
V
2
n B
V
2
n C
V
2
n B n A B A
V V V

=
2 2 2 2
Z =

120
2 2 n A n A
V V
2 2
2
1
1 B A n A
V
N
N
V

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Z =

30 3
2 n A
V
For a positive sequence,
This value is the given turn ratio of the transformer.
The line-to-neutral voltage at the primary side leads the line-to neutral
voltage at the secondary side by 30 degrees. The same is true for the
current.
Y- 3 Transformer: Per Phase Model
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 17
Z
'
= 30
2 2
V V
Z
'
= 30
2 2
i i
1 : 30 1 :
2 1
Z = Z Z
n A n A
V V
For a positive sequence voltage source,
Z
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

30 3
2
2
1
1 n A n A
V
N
N
V
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Voltage
and current
phase shift of
30 degrees

V(p.u.)
i(p.u.)
+
-
1 : 30 1 Z
3 Transformer Per Unit Model
EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 3/19/2013 18
Zeq (p.u.)
Y p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Zeq (p.u.)
Y p.u.)
V(p.u.) V(p.u.)
i (p.u.) i(p.u.)
+ +
- -
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.)
i (p.u.)
+
-
V, I phase
shift

V(p.u.)
i(p.u.)
+
-
1 : 30 1 Z
Zeq (p.u.)
Y (p.u.)
V(p.u.)
i (p.u.)
+
-
V, I phase
shift

V(p.u.)
i(p.u.)
+
-
1 : 30 1 Z
Three-Phase Transformer Windings
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 19
Source:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y958Vc5ohI&feature=BFa&list=PLC7
AEFDAFD9223780&lf=rellist
Source: wikipedia.org
Three-Phase Transformer Nameplate
Impedance = 5.75%
Circuit connection,
-connected at high
voltage and Y-
connected at low
voltage
KVA rating, 1000 KVA
High voltage 13.2kV
(line-to-line)
Low voltage 480V
(line-to-line) or
277V(line-to-
neutral)
3/19/2013 20 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 21
5.5 MVA
ABB and 10
MVA GE
Substation
Transformer
Nameplate

Source:
http://www.tu
csontransform
er.com
THREE PHASE PER UNIT ANALYSIS
Per Unit Quantity: 3
Base Value: 3
Steps of Calculation: 3
3/19/2013 22 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Recall: Per Unit Quantity
The per unit quantity of voltage, current, power and
impedance is found from dividing the actual quantity by a
base value of that quantity.



Per unit value is denoted by p.u..
The base value quantity typically follows transformer
rating.
The per unit values are the same irrespective of the sides of
the transformer.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 23
quantity of value base
quantity actual
quantity unit per =
Per Unit Analysis in 3 Circuit
Recall that in three phase circuit:
Voltage is given as line-to-line voltage.
Current is given as line current.
Apparent power is given as three-phase power.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 24
Line Line To Line 3
3 I V S
u
=
3
(Y/)
a
I
+
-
ab
V
Phase a
Phase b
Phase c
Base Value for Voltage: 3 Case
Base values are real numbers, denote by
subscript B.
Voltage base values follow transformer voltage
ratings.



Note that the voltage ratios are given as line-to-
line voltage at both ends. This means that it
already incorporates the factor of term in Y or
configurations. (see slide 16 again.)

3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 25
3
line to line
B
neutral to line
B
V
V


=
3
Base Value for Power: 3 Case
Only single base complex power in the
system.
The base value of power is used to normalize
the quantity. Thus, the base values of real
power, reactive power, and complex power
are all the same real number.

u u u
= =
3 3 3
B B B
S Q P
u 3
B
S
3/19/2013 26 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Base Value for Current and
Impedance: 3 Case
Current base values are calculated from the base power
and base voltage.




Impedance base values (same value for impedance,
resistance, or reactance) are calculated from voltage and
current.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 27
neutral to line
B
1
B
line to line
B
3
B
B
3


= =
V
S
V
S
I
( ) ( )
3
B
2
line to line
B
1
B
2
neutral to line
B
B
neutral to line
B
B
S
V
S
V
I
V
Z

= = =
Change of Base Value
Manufacturers usually specify equipment impedances in per
unit values together with voltage ratings (V) and apparent
power rating (VA).
The impedance base values can be found from the ratings of
the equipment.
Different equipment has different ratings.
We may need to calculate per unit values on the new basis.
Note that this process is exactly the same as in single-phase
case.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 28
new
B
new
p.u.
old
B
old
p.u. ) actual(
Z Z Z Z Z = =
O
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u.
Z
Z Z
Z =
Per Unit Value for Impedance
From
We can write,



We can then relate the old and new per-unit
value as:
new
B
new
p.u.
old
B
old
p.u. ) actual(
Z Z Z Z Z = =
O
( )
2
old line, - to - line
B
old , 3
B
old
B
old
p.u.
V
S
Z
Z
Z
Z
u
O
O
= =
( )
2
new line, - to - line
B
new , 3
B
new
B
new
p.u.
V
S
Z
Z
Z
Z
u
O
O
= =
2
new line, - to - line
B
old line, - to - line
B
old , 3
B
new , 3
B
old
p.u.
new
p.u.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
u
V
V
S
S
Z Z
3/19/2013 29 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1
The one-line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown below.
Select a common base of 100 MVA and 22kV on the generator side. Draw
an impedance diagram with all impedances including the load impedance
marked in per-unit. The manufacturers data for each device is given as
follow.
G1: 90 MVA 22kV X = 18%
T1: 50 MVA 22/220kV X = 10%
T2: 40 MVA 220/11kV X = 6%
T3: 40 MVA 22/110kV X = 6.4%
T4: 40 MVA 110/11kV X = 8%
Three-phase Y-connected load absorbs 57 MVA 0.6 pf lagging at 10.45kV.
Line 1 and line 2 have per phase reactances of 48.4 and 65.43 respectively.
G1
Load
T3
Line 1, 220 kV
T1 T2
T4
Line 2, 110 kV
3/19/2013 30 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1: Base Value for V
Given a common
base of 100 MVA
and 22kV on the
generator side
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3 Zone 4
kV 22
line to line
1
=

B
V
kV 220
22
220
22
line to line
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

B
V
kV 110
22
110
22
line to line
3
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

B
V
kV 11
220
11
220
line to line
4
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

B
V
G1
Load (Y-connected)
T3
Line 1, 220 kV
T1
T2
T4
Line 2, 110 kV
22/220kV
22/110kV
220/11kV
110/11kV
3/19/2013 31 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1: Base Impedances
G1
Load (Y-connected)
T3
Line 1, 220 kV
T1
T2
T4
Line 2, 110 kV
22/220kV
22/110kV
220/11kV
110/11kV
( ) ( )
O =

= =
u

484
10 100
10 220
6
2
3
3
2
line to line
2
2
B
B
B
S
V
Z
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
( ) ( )
O =

= =
u

121
10 100
10 110
6
2
3
3
2
line to line
3
3
B
B
B
S
V
Z
( )
( )
O =

=
=
u

21 . 1
10 100
10 11
6
2
3
3
2
line to line
4
4
B
B
B
S
V
Z
( )
( )
O =

=
=
u

84 . 4
10 100
10 22
6
2
3
3
2
line to line
1
1
B
B
B
S
V
Z
p.u. 54 . 0
121
43 . 65
3
2 Line
j
j
Z
Z
Z
B
= = =
O
p.u. 1 . 0
484
4 . 48
2
1 Line
j
j
Z
Z
Z
B
= = =
O
3/19/2013 32 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1: Load Impedance
From
Since the three-phase load is Y-connected, we can
write,



The load impedance can be found from,
MVA 13 . 53 57
Load,3
Z =
u
S
*
) (
neutral to line
neutral to line
*
line neutral to line Load,1 Load,3
3 3 3
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
O

u u
Y
Z
V
V I V S S
*
) (
2
line to line
*
) (
2
neutral to line
Load,3
3
O

O

u
= =
Y Y
Z
V
Z
V
S
( )
O =
Z

= =
u

O
53267 . 1 1495 . 1
13 . 53 10 57
10 45 . 10
6
2
3
Load,3
2
line to line
*
) (
j
S
V
Z
Y
O + =
O
53267 . 1 1495 . 1
) (
j Z
Y
p.u. 2667 . 1 95 . 0
21 . 1
53267 . 1 1495 . 1
.) p.u (
j
j
Z
Y
+ =
+
=
Base impedance of zone 4
3/19/2013 33 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1:
P.U. Impedance with Change of Base
From

We can see that the new and old base voltage (line-to-line) of all
components are the same. Thus, we can simplify this expression as:
G1
Load
T3
T1 T2
T4
22/220kV
22/110kV
220/11kV
110/11kV
2
new line, - to - line
B
old line, - to - line
B
old , 3
B
new , 3
B
old
p.u.
new
p.u.
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
u
V
V
S
S
Z Z
old , 3
B
new , 3
B
old
p.u.
new
p.u.
u
u
=
S
S
Z Z
G1: 90 MVA 22kV, X = 18%
T1: 50 MVA 22/220kV, X = 10%
T2: 40 MVA 220/11kV, X = 6%
T3: 40 MVA 22/110kV, X = 6.4%
T4: 40 MVA 110/11kV, X = 8%
G1: X = 0.18 100/90 = 0.20 p.u.
T1: X = 0.10 100/50 = 0.20 p.u.
T2: X = 0.60 100/40 = 0.15 p.u.
T3: X = 0.64 100/40 = 0.16 p.u.
T4: X = 0.08 100/40 = 0.2 p.u.
3/19/2013 34 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Example 1: Per Unit Equivalent Circuit
G1
Load
T3
Line 1, 220 kV
T1 T2
T4
Line 2, 110 kV
22/220kV
22/110kV
220/11kV
110/11kV
Per Unit
Equivalent Circuit
+
-
G
j0.20 p.u.
j0.20 p.u
j0.20 p.u. j0.16 p.u
j0.10 p.u.
j0.54 p.u
j0.15 p.u.
0.95 + j1.2677 p.u.
3/19/2013 35 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen
Steps of Calculation: 3 Case
1. Choose for the system.
2. Select or for different zones.
3. Calculate for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.


EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 36
u 3
B
S
neutral to line
B
V
B
Z
3/19/2013
line to line
B
V
Note that the per unit circuit is the circuit in per-phase analysis
with normalization of the voltage magnitude at different locations.
This means that the phase of voltage in per unit analysis refers to
the line-to-neutral voltage.
Example 2: -Y 3 Transformer
Three-phase generator rated 300 MVA,23 kV supplying a
system load of 240 MVA, 0.9 power factor lagging at 230 kV
through a 330 MVA 23/ 230Y kV step-up transformer of
leakage reactance 11%.
Use base values at the load of 100 MVA and 230 kV, find the
current supplied by the generator. Use load voltage for an
angle reference.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 37
kV 230
line to line
load
=

V
MVA 240
3
load
=
u
S
,0.9 pf lagging
Example 2: Base Values
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 38
MVA 100
3
=
u
B
S
kV 230
line to line
2
=

B
V
p.u. 11 . 0
1
=
T
X
330 MVA
23/ 230Y kV
kV 23
line to line
1
=

B
V
( ) ( )
O =

= =
u

29 . 5
10 100
10 23
6
2
3
3
2
line to line
1
1
B
B
B
S
V
Z
( ) ( )
O =

= =
u

529
10 100
10 230
6
2
3
3
2
line to line
2
2
B
B
B
S
V
Z
kV
3
23
neutral to line
1
=

B
V
kV
3
230
neutral to line
2
=

B
V
A 2 . 2510
10 23 3
10 100
3
3
6
1
3
1
=


= =

u
line to line
B
B
B
V
S
I A 02 . 251
10 230 3
10 100
3
3
6
2
3
2
=


= =

u
line to line
B
B
B
V
S
I
Example 2: Transformer Reactance
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 39
p.u. 11 . 0
1
=
T
X
330 MVA
23/ 230Y kV
MVA 100
3
=
u
B
S
kV 230
line to line
2
=

B
V kV 23
line to line
1
=

B
V
( )
p.u. 03333 . 0
529
10 330
10 230
11 . 0
6
2
3
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u. T,
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
X
X X
X
O = 29 . 5
1 B
Z
O = 529
2 B
Z
A 2 . 2510
1
=
B
I
A 02 . 251
2
=
B
I
( )
p.u. 03333 . 0
5.29
10 330
10 23
11 . 0
6
2
3
new
B
old
B
old
p.u. new
p.u. T,
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
X
X X
X
Example 2: Load Voltage and Current
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 40
MVA 100
3
=
u
B
S
kV 230
line to line
2
=

B
V
O = 529
2 B
Z
A 02 . 251
2
=
B
I
A 45 . 602
10 230 3
10 240
3
3
6
line - to - line
load
3
load
load
=


= =
u
V
S
I
Load current magnitude is found from the three-phase apparent power and line-
to-line voltage.
Load current angle can be found from power factor. Use the reference angle of
load voltage as zero degree, we can find the current angle as follows.
( ) = Z = Z

842 . 25 9 . 0 cos
1
load
I
Example 2: Per Unit Values
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 41
p.u. 0 1 0
kV 230
kV 230
0 0
line to line
2
line to line
load
neutral to line
2
neutral to line
load
p.u. load,
Z = Z = Z = Z =




B B
V
V
V
V
V
kV 230
line to line
2
=

B
V
O = 529
2 B
Z A 02 . 251
2
=
B
I
p.u. 842 . 25 4 . 2
A 51.02 2
A 842 . 25 02.45 6
2
load
p.u. load,
Z =
Z
= =
B
I
I
I
Example 2: Per Unit Circuit
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 42
Zeq = j0.03333 p.u.
+
-
Voltage
and current
phase shift of
-30 degrees

+
-
1 : 30 1 Z
p.u. 842 . 25 4 . 2
p.u. load,
Z = I
p.u. 0 1
p.u. load,
Z = V
p.u. 30 1 Z
+
-
p.u. gen,
V
~
??
p.u. gen,
= I
1
30 1
p.u. load,
p.u. gen,
Z
=
I
I
p.u. 842 . 55 4 . 2 30
p.u. load, p.u. gen,
Z = Z = I I
A 2 . 2510
1
=
B
I A 02 . 251
2
=
B
I
A 842 . 55 5 . 6024 2 . 2510 842 . 55 4 . 2
1 p.u. gen, gen
Z = Z = =
B
I I I
Can you find the voltage supplied by the generator (assume positive sequence)?
Ans: kV 02 . 26 78 . 13
neutral to line
gen
Z =

V kV 98 . 3 86 . 23
line to line
gen
Z =

V
Summary
There are 4 winding configurations for
three-phase transformers.
Y- and -Y connections introduces phase
shift of 30 and -30 degrees
correspondingly.
The given voltage ratings are line-to-line
values for both sides of the transformers
irrespective of the connections.
Three-phase per unit analysis is similar
to single-phase per unit analysis.
Transformer/generator impedances are
given in per unit values together with
voltage ratings (V) and apparent power
rating (VA), which may need to be
changed to new base values.
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 43
Subsequent Lectures
3/19/2013 EE2022: Per Unit Analysis by P. Jirutitijaroen 44