THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

MASTERS DEGREE IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (COURSE WORK AND DISSERTATION)

September 2013

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Table of Contents Title Page

Table of Contents 2 Executive Summary 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.0 3.0 3.1 4.0 4.1: 5.0 6.0 6.1 6.2 7.0 8.0 8.1 9.0: 9.1 9.2 ..3

General Information 4 Rationale....... .4 Expected Output of the Programme 7 The Overall Objective of the Proposed Programme .8

Programme Specific Objectives (Learning Outcomes) . .9 Admission Requirements ...... ..9 Programme Design, Organization and Mode of Delivery . ..10 Programme Design.. .10 Programme Organization ..11

Course Structure . ..11 Detailed Syllabus. ..15 Assessment Regulations ..47 Coursework .. ..47 Dissertation .. .47 Final Award/Graduation Requirements .. .48

Indicative Budget Requirements for Masters in Environmental Studies ..49 Resources .. ..49 Operating Costs .. ..49

Fee Structure ... .49 Teaching Load .... ...49

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Executive Summary Environmental issues now feature significantly on national and international political agendas. Global climate change, sea-level rise, and pollution are threatening the equilibrium of the planet. Against the setting of these environmental concerns, there is increasing demand in Tanzania and around the world for highly skilled managers of the environment. Those who have studied environmental issue at postgraduate level can help to meet the demand. Graduates from environmental studies find that job opportunities are expanding in public and private sector agencies and companies for specialist staff to help devise strategies to meet ambitious sustainable development targets) set by governments both in Tanzania and across the world. Environmental studies programme entail the planning and implementation of actions geared to improve the quality of the human environment. The proposed postgraduate program in environmental studies at The Open University of Tanzania is a multidisciplinary programs designed to enhance the skills and technical expertise of graduates working in all facets of the environmental arena. The program aims to produce managers able to address the many issues in the highly complex and changing area of environmental studies. At Masters Level the degree may be taken with specialization in a range of fields. This program is aimed at the professional upgrading of persons entering or employed in the area of environmental management, science and environmental health. More specifically, the program (Master Degree in Environmental studies) aims to produce persons who i) understand the different environmental philosophies, strategies and environmental work processes, ii) are able to contribute positively to the management of maintenance, iii) have practical knowledge of environmental issues and sustainability tools and can successfully conduct research in environmental studies.

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1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION PROGRAMME TITLE: Masters Degree in Environmental Studies FINAL AWARD: Masters Environmental Studies (Health/Science/Management) EXIT AWARD: Postgraduate Diploma in Environmental Studies after completion of all the prescribed core and option courses. AWARDING BODY: Open University of Tanzania (OUT) APPROVAL DATE: 2010 FACULTY: Science, Technology and Environmental Studies HOSTING DEPARTMENT: Environmental Studies

1.1: Rationale While the competencies acquired as a result of studying for a BSc or BA degree in subjects such as geography, or biology, physics, chemistry, food and nutrition, environmental sciences, nursing and public health etc are undoubtedly valuable, and can provide a sound base for progression to a career in a branch of environmental studies, many employers seek recruits who hold a graduate degree that has equipped them with specialized training. Those already pursuing a career also often seek an masters qualification in order to enhance their promotion prospects. Employers look for expertise and experience in subjects such as environmental law, economics and policy formulation, environmental assessment techniques, environmental management approaches and strategies (including, for example, coastal management, land restoration, marine environment management, or forest management). Such studies, undertaken within the crucial context of a deep understanding of sustainability issues, global environmental change, and international environmental politics, provide the kind of challenging and advanced education needed by those who are required to make critical judgments on environmental management that fundamentally affect the lives of all of us.

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The Masters Degree in Environmental Studies degree programme is being proposed in order to train cadres skilled in environmental studies of importance to Tanzania development. The justification for this degree programme arises from the growing need for the expertise in the field of environmental studies. Graduates will be able to identify, assess and rectify environmental problems. The masters programme is designed to provide the scientific and managerial skills needed to tackle the environmental challenges of the 21st century. The programme is designed to enable practitioners to integrate pro-active environmental management strategies into their everyday professional roles.

The results conducted indicated that the Masters programme has a great potential to attract student as many of them are degree holders which is a qualification for M. (Environmental Studies). In addition the total number of student who showed interest to join is sufficient to establish a postgraduate course. The programs will be offered by the Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies.

The aim is to provide professional scientists with an in-depth understanding of environmental issues, problems and solutions. It also aimed to provide the necessary knowledge and tools to integrate environmental consideration into all aspects of professional scientific roles. This programme introduces the student to the concept of the earth as an integrated system, where human activity, based on the use of natural resources for material development, generates impacts on the environment, interfering with ecology, and creating scenarios that present challenges related to human health and a balanced environment. The student will acquire knowledge on issues related to i) water sanitation, properties and characteristics on both pristine and contaminated water bodies, as well as available water purification technologies; ii) land contamination: learning the properties of soils, the mechanisms of contamination, the fate and transport of contaminants in the soil media, and re-mediation techniques; iii) environmental contemporary issues significant pollutants, global warming, acid rain, and an introduction to air pollution control; and iv) ecology, focused on Tanzania and the East Africa, discussing recent regulatory constraints, marine ecology, the shore, the reef, Page 5 of 39

mangroves and wetland, bio-luminescent embayment, terrestrial ecology, pollution species extinction, environmental disasters, the human population, resource management and societal and economic considerations. The programme will be capped with a discussion on the Integrated Earth System, pinpointing the main interactions of the human species with the environment, the problems arising, and the issue of carrying capacity. Presently, only a few expertises are available in this sensitive and relatively new field in Tanzania. The programme will cover various areas of the environmental components including topics such as ecosystem management, resource conservation, and land use planning, natural hazards, various types of pollution to the environment, analytical methods towards assessment of pollution, and the policy dimensions of environmental issues. The programme will put special emphasis on areas in environmental issues and health aspects which are related to the specific situation in Tanzania as identified in the National Environmental Policy. These include land degradation, pollution management and urbanization, agricultural and land resources destruction, deforestation, destruction of wildlife and problems associated with mining activities. Graduates of this programme are ideally suited to careers in government ministries and departments, industry, research and development, non-governmental organizations, and consulting firms. In addition, graduates are well placed to pursue postgraduate studies (PhD) as well as exploiting opportunities in the wider graduate employment market. This program extends the knowledge and expertise of environmental managers undergraduate programme established at OUT two years ago in which we are expecting to have a first batch of 40 graduates in 2011. Therefore we are intending to redirect their employment prospects in managerial and policy positions in government and the private sector working as environmental management systems managers, auditors, policy analysts, environmentalist, parks rangers and natural resource managers.

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1.2. EXPECTED OUTPUT OF THE PROGRAMME The overall purpose of the proposed Masters of Environmental Studies degree programme is to provide an overview of the earth system, describing its main components, pinpointing the consequences of human activities on this sensitive system, and providing available solutions to existing impacts, as well as future trends and the issues of sustainable growth. The Master of environmental studies implies an additional step compared to Bachelor of Science in Environmental studies. It provides both a deeper analytical education in general as well as better opportunities to specialize and achieve practically useful skills. In a knowledge-based society, possession of a Bachelors degree is often not sufficient to compete for the most attractive jobs, but requires a good Masters degree. The Master programme aims to impart deeper knowledge and understanding, including awareness about current state and future trends of environmental problems. The programme includes in depth studies of the theoretical background as well as empirical applications, and multidisciplinary case studies to critically analyze current problems. Handling environmental problems today requires not only specialized skills but also the capability of collaborating between traditional disciplines. Sustainable development is today an overall goal for policies in Tanzania and in East African countries. There is an increasing demand for knowledge of; the causes of environmental problems, the relationship between human activities and environmental problems, and the appropriate measures to deal with environmental problems. The eighteen months Master of Environmental studies is designed to provide students with top quality skills in these areas in order to meet the demands from private companies as well as from the public sectors, both in Tanzania and in the international arena. The Open University of Tanzania in collaboration with sister Universities has a wide variety of researchers, and Tutors with experience from both traditional disciplinary researches as well as from multi-disciplinary research. Within the OUT, and also at other Universities around there is large number of potential courses for students specializing in the environmental field. The Masters programme proposed requires previous fulfilled courses to

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grant access, which requires careful choices from the student in order to render possible and desirable sequence of stream of choices. The programme is open to graduates from a wide range of backgrounds and experience. It caters for both mid-career professionals wishing to gain a postgraduate qualification, upgrade and extend skills and knowledge, or move into the environmental field, and suitably qualified graduates from related fields.

1.3: The overall objective of the proposed programme is to: Produce graduates with the capability to constructively engage with the complex environmental concerns that confront contemporary societies. It emphasizes the integration of theory and practice and provides an interdisciplinary grounding in sustainability, environmental management, impact assessment and policy.

1.4:

Programme Specific Objectives (Learning Outcomes)

After successfully completing the programme the student should be able to; 1. Apply insights from theories in order to understand observed behaviour and policies relating to environmental issues. 2. Explain and apply the key approaches in environmental (management, health and science) and decisionmaking, and well developed problem solving skills. 2. Evaluate environmental theories in order to understand their application and limitations. 3. Analyze individual and group behaviour at various institutions such as the household, organizations or companies. 5. Apply methodological techniques appropriate for decision making in business, government, and other organizations by identifying, assessing and gathering the necessary information as well as to employ relevant qualitative and quantitative methods and interpret the results.

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2.0 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

2.1: Candidate for the degree of M. (Env. Studies) by course work and dissertation must satisfy all the requirements of the Universitys regulations for higher degrees in all faculties.

2.2: Candidates holding the following qualifications will be eligible for admission into the M. (Env. studies) programme:

2.2.1: Graduates from environmental studies/science/engineering from recognized institution with minimum of B grade.

2.2.2: A graduate in any social science, sciences, medical or engineering.

2.2.3: Admission may be based on equivalent qualifications.

2.3: Each study programme shall start at the beginning of the academic year and ended 18 month later. 2.4: The programme shall consist of coursework (PART I) and Dissertation (PART II).

3.0 PROGRAMME DESIGN, ORGANIZATION AND MODE OF DELIVERY 3.1 PROGRAMME DESIGN The programme will be offered through intensive face to face (Executive and Evening style). Teaching methodology is participatory in nature giving room to students to utilize knowledge and experience gained overtime. Basic methods will include lecturing, group discussion, presentation, reflection and case studies. For those undertaking the program through intensive face to face mode, class attendance for a whole six weeks (three weeks in round one, then three weeks in round two) in each of the four months of a is required.

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3.1.1: The proposed degree is an 18 month, 22 units. 3.1.2: Each student of Master in Environmental Studies will be required to undertake TWELVE (12) core courses and the dissertation. Students will be required to take two option courses. 3.1.3: A minimum of 22 units must be completed. Completing a course is defined as obtaining B grade or higher. 3.1.5: Students will have another TWELVE months to work on a dissertation. 4.0 PROGRAMME ORGANIZATION 4.1: COURSE STRUCTURE

The Masters Environmental Studies degree programme will eventually have four streams (pathways) as it has been proposed in the survey made (Table 1). These are: (i) The Science Stream (ii) The Management Stream (iii) The Health Stream (iv) The Technology stream

Students may choose from one of four degree pathways; the Environmental Studies (Science), Environmental Studies (Management) Environmental Studies (Health) and Environmental Studies (Technology). The Science stream programme aims is to provide professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to contribute, directly or indirectly, to the conservation and careful use of natural resources for the benefit of society. Successful participants will develop the capacity to carry out independent scientific and technical research and assessments on environmental issues. They will also learn to analyse and assess environmental systems and problems; be able to propose sustainable solutions to environmental problems; and contribute to the development of policies and strategies for environmental planning.

The Management stream will developing a sound understanding of the key approaches in environmental management and decision-making, students will expand their critical appreciation of sustainability, ethics, governance and cultural difference in relation to environmental practice and management. The health stream will Page 10 of 39

offers participants an opportunity to reflect on their professional practice and gain a theoretical and critical perspective of issues associated with environmental, health and safety management. The Technology stream will emphasizes engineering and applied science aspects of resource management, environmental impact and pollution prevention and abatement.

In the current submission only the first three streams Science, Health and Management have been articulated. The Technology stream will be submitted for approval in the future.

The clustered course structure is as follows:

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Old Code OEV 602 OEV 604 OEV 600 OEV 605 OEV 601 OEV 612 OEV 603 OEV 613 OEV 611 OEV 607 OEV 608 OEV 614 OEV 606 OEV 610

Old Title Solid, Liquid and Hazardous Waste Management Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Environmental Science Technology Development and Contemporary Environmental Issues Environmental Analytical Methods Environmental Degradation and Natural Resources Management Principles of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Environmental Law and Policy Environmental Management and Impact assessment Community Health and Safety Food Science and Safety Control Advanced Environmental Economics Fundamentals of Environmental Health and Epidemiology Environmental Microbiology, Water sanitation and Vector Control Dissertation

Units 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

New Code OEV 618

New Title Units Environmental Pollution and Waste 2 Management

OEV 616

Environmental Science Contemporary Issues

and 2

OEV 601 OEV 619

Environmental Analytical Methods 2 Ecology and Natural Resources 2 Management

OEV 613 OEV 611 OEV 617 OEV 614 OEV 620

Environmental Law and Policy 2 Environmental Management and 2 Impact assessment Food science, safety and Health 2 Advanced Environmental Economics 2 Environmental Health and 2 Epidemiology

OEV 615

OEV 621 OEV 615

Research Methods Dissertation

2 4

1. Masters of Environmental Studies (Science Stream)

SN Course Code 1 OEV 618 2 OEV 616 3 OEV 601 4 OEV 611 5 OEV 613 6 OEV 621 7 OEV 615 Total units Code title Environmental Pollution and Waste Management Environmental Science & Contemporary Issues Environmental Analytical Methods Environmental Management and Impact assessment Environmental Law and Policy Research Methods Dissertation Units 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 16

2. Masters of Environmental Studies (Management Stream)

SN Course Code 1 OEV 611 2 OEV 613 3 OEV 614 4 OEV 619 5 OEV 616 6 OEV 621 7 OEV 615 Total Units Course Title Environmental Management and Impact assessment Environmental Law and Policy Advanced Environmental Economics Ecology and Natural Resources Management Environmental Science & Contemporary Issues Research Methods Dissertation Units 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 16

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3. Masters of Environmental Studies (Health Stream) SN Course Code Code title 1 OEV 617 Environmental Health and Epidemiology 2 OEV 620 Food Science and Safety 3 OEV 618 Environmental Pollution and Waste Management 4 OEV 611 Environmental Management and Impact assessment 5 OEV 613 Environmental Law and Policy 6 OEV 621 Research Methods 7 OEV 615 Dissertation Total Units

Units 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 16

The Open University of Tanzania defines ONE unit as equivalent to thirty five (35) one-hour lectures. Therefore a student requires seventy (70) contact hours to complete a core course.

5.0: Detailed Syllabus

OEV 601: Environmental Analytical Methods

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale This course is intended to equip the student with adequate knowledge in sample collection and analysis in the laboratory. The course will take a student through the whole spectrum of the analytical process from planning for sampling process, sample handling and analysis to interpretation and use of the analytical results.

Learning Outcomes On completion of the course student will be able to: 1. describe the basic principles of sampling, and various analytical methods for biological and chemical substances, 2. Explain the basic operation and application for common environmental analytical techniques, 3. Apply environmental analytical methods to study and understand different biological and chemical processes in a given environment, 4. Use the analytical information to interpret different environmental phenomena.

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Course Description Introduction to analyses, sampling techniques, interferences and minimization, standard and recommended methods of analysis as applied to environmental problems, advantages and disadvantages of methods, designing experiments, computer applications, low cost alternatives. The following techniques and methods will ve reviewed: Electronalytical methods; Potentialmetry, voltametry, Analytical spectrometry eg. UV, IR, NMR, AAS, GC-MS, x-ray, Chromatography eg Gas, partition, ion exchange; Thermal methods like TG, DTA; Biological analytical techniques like BOD, COD, Faecal coliform techniques. Sampling techniques of biological samples.

Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination 30% 70%

Indicative Reading List 1. Fifield,F.W, Haines, P.J (2000), Environmental Analytical Chemistry. Blackwell Science. 2. Skoog, D.A & West M.D. (1996), Analytical Chemistry. Saunders College Publishing. 3. Skoog, DA, Holler, FJ and Nieman, TA (1998). Principles of Instrumental analysis,fifth edition, Harcourt Brace and Company publishers 4. Fifield, FW and Haines, PJ (eds) (1997). Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 1st edition, Blackie academic and Professional publishers

OEV 611: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can be described as a decision-making tool, a legislative instrument and a formalised environmental management process. It exists to enable precautionary measures to be incorporated into project and policy planning for the protection of environmental and human systems prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made. This course gives students experience of all aspects of conducting an EIA and the preparation of an Environmental Statement. It is intended to equip students with the skills necessary to effectively implement a range of environmental survey techniques, with particular emphasis on those applicable to Environmental Impact Assessment. The emphasis will be on an experience of survey and monitoring methods. The course culminates with a preliminary scoping study/EIA of a real-life. Page 14 of 39

Course Objectives: At the end of this course students will be able to: Analyze methods used to predict environmental impacts, and to see how these may be used to integrate environmental factors into decisions. Examine regulatory requirements for statutory EIA, the methodologies commonly used in its preparation, its relationship with development decisions and the ways in which it can contribute to sustainable development will be examined. Drawing principally on the Tanzania planning context of EIA, Appraisal of EIA experiences in other countries and international organisations, together with developing international experience of Strategic Environmental Assessment [SEA] and Sustainability explain the nature of both Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA); give a detailed knowledge of the operation of EIA and SEA procedures in the Tanzania.

Course content Principles of environmental management: Policies and legal aspect of environmental management: Tools for environmental Management (Life cycle assessment): Environmental management Systems Standards, ISO 14000: Environmental quality management: Environmental design: Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing in environment management: Overview of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Environmental Audit (EA): Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination 30% 70%

Indicative Readings 1. Holder, J., (2004), Environmental Assessment: The Regulation of Decision Making, Oxford University Press, New York; 2. Wood, C. (2002), Environmental Impact Assessment: A Comparative Review (2 edn), Prentice Hall, Harlow 3. Jays, Jones, C., Slinn, P., Wood, C., (2007), Environmental Impact Assessment: Retrospect and Prospect Environmental Impact Assessment Review 27: 287-300. 4. Elliott, M. & Thomas, I. (2009), Environment Impact Assessment in Australia: Theory and Practice, 5th Edn, Federation Press, Sydney. Page 15 of 39

5. Glasson, J; Therivel, R; Chadwick A. (2005), Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment, Routledge, London.

OEV 613: Environmental Law and Policy

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale This course examines the fundamentals of environmental law and the principles adopted by the government as a cause of action for eradication of problems arising from human impact on the environment. The issues arising from human impact on the environment generally includes air and water pollution, waste management, maintenance of biodiversity, ecosystem management, protection of natural resources, wildlife and endangered species, protection of natural resources for future generations. The Course on Environmental Law and Policy provides a substantial contribution to the eradication of the threat posed on the Earth System regards issues of Global warming, draught, freshwater depletion, biodiversity reduction, hole in the Ozone layer among others. In addition, the International Standards on the Environmental protection takes part of this course. Learning Outcomes On completion of the course student will be able to: Determine the responsibility of every individual to the protection of environment through the various laws of the land Understand the rights and compensation available to an individual whose right to clean and safe environment has been violated Evaluate the important environmental legislative framework available in Tanzania (Also Rwanda) and at International level Analyze the individual and corporate liabilities imposed by law on environmental harm Identify the institutions established for governing Environmental protection in Tanzania their function and operating jurisdiction.

Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination 30% 70%

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Course Description This is course provides a broad and practical understanding of some important environmental laws and policy in Tanzania. The course is designed to introduce you to the fascinating variety of important environmental challenges addressed by environmental laws, the difficult policy issues surrounding environmental problems, and the legal complexities of environmental regulatory and administrative schemes. Environmental laws can be extremely complex. No one person can master them all, nor can a single semester course provide you detailed review of all environmental statutes. This course, however, gives you the foundation by covering the fundamentals of environmental law. You will also develop some critical analytical and research skills (such as analyzing problems and reading statutes) that are transferable to all areas of environmental law. First Part Introduction to Environmental Law; Principles and Functions of Environmental Law; Environmental Policy and Legal Framework in Tanzania (Also Rwanda); Institutions Governing Environmental Protection in Tanzania (Rwanda); Pollution Prevention and Control in Tanzania/Rwanda. Part Two The Law Governing Impact Assessment in Tanzania; The Law governing Waste Management in Tanzania; Liability for governing Environmental Harm, prosecution and Enforcement in Tanzania/Rwanda and the International Environmental Law. Indicative Reading List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Driesen and Adler, (2007) Environmental Law: A Conceptual and Pragmatic Approach Aspen Publishers. Hunter et al. (2007), International Environmental Law and Policy, (Foundation Press 3rd ed Marquita K. Hill, Understanding Environmental Pollution, (2010) Peirce, J.J.,Environmental Pollution and Control, 4th Ed. Wisconsin, 1997. Tripathi, S.C.; Environmental Law, 4th Ed, Central Law Publications, Allahabad, 2010 The Environmental Management Act, 2004 The National Environmental Policy, 1997 Ball & Bell, Environmental Law, 4th Ed, Blackstone Press Limited, London, 1997 Thornton, J. & Beckwith, S. Environmental Law, Sweet & Maxwell, London, 1977 Nick Harvey, Environmental Impact Assessment: Procedures and Practices, Oxford University Press, USA, 2012 11. Betty Marriot, Environmental Impact Assessment: A Practical Guide, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1997 12. John Pitchtel, Waste Management Practices: Municipal, Hazardous and Industrial, CRC Press, 2005 13. Hunter, D. & Salzman J. International Environmental Law and Policy, 4th Ed. University Casebook, Foundation Press, 2010

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OEV 614: Advanced Environmental Economics

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None

Course Rationale This Masters level course is designed to guide students through the frontier areas of environmental economics. We begin by studying the issue of externalities and methods to regulate externalities. We then examine the impacts of uncertainty and information asymmetry on the choice of policy instruments for regulating externalities. Both point- and nonpoint-source pollution issues will be studied. The course aim to explore the economic foundations for management and public policies of environmental problems such as natural resource depletion, sustainable development, and pollution control. The emphasis of this course is on basic concepts and analytical tools for policy decision-making as well as generating research in environmental economics. In particular, the course aims to deepen students understanding of why resource and environmental problems have occurred from the economic point of view and what kind of policy tools, which are provided by economics and management science, should be implemented to solve these problems. Objectives: At the end of this course students will be able to: Examine the application of economic principles to problems of pollution control and the valuation of environmental improvements. Determine theory of externalities, property rights, and corrective measures, and then turn to issues in the design of environmental policy Analyse the use of Pigouvian taxes, marketable permits, regulatory standards and subsidies as potential pollution control tools, both in terms of their theoretical properties and practical potential as policy instruments. Evaluate methods economists have employed to value improvements to the environment. Describe the stated preference methods such as recreation demand models, averting behavior, hedonic studies, and contingent valuation studies.

Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination 30% 70%

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Course Content The application of economic principles to problems of pollution control and evaluation of environmental improvements. Overview of Environmental Economics: Resources depletion (both renewable and nonrenewable): Public & Environmental goods: Valuation of environmental goods: Theory of Externalities, property rights and corrective measures: Environmental Policy Instruments: Pigouvian taxes, market permits, regulatory standards and subsidies as potential pollution control tools. Economics methods to value improvement to the environment: Theory of welfare measurement, non-market resources valuing methods9recreation demand models, averting behavior, hedonic studies and contingent valuation studies).

Indicative Reading List 1. Bromley, D. W. (2009), The Emergency and Evolution of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. In Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics, eds. JunJie Wu, Paul Barkley, and Bruce Webber. Washington DC: 2. Conrad, J. M. (1999). Resource Economics. Cambridge University Press. Field, B. C. and Field, M. K. (2006). Environmental economics. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. 3. Hanley, N., Shogren, J. F., and White, B. (1997). Environmental economics in theory and practice. Oxford university press, New York. 4. Kolstad, C. D. (2003). Environmental economics. Oxford university press. 5. Solow, R. M. (1993). An almost practical step toward sustainability. J.Resources policy, 19(3):162172. 6. Varian, H. R. (2007). Intermediate microeconomics: A modern approach. W. W. Norton & Company. 7. Baumol, W., and Oates, W. (1988), The Theory of Environmental Policy, Second edition, Cambridge University Press. 8. Freeman, A. M. (1993), The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Methods, Resources for the Future. 9. Haab, T., and T.E. McConnell (2002), Valuing Environmental and Natural Resources: The Econometrics of Nonmarket Valuation, Edward Elgar Publishers.

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OEV 615: DISSERTATION

Number of Units: 4 Pre-requisite: Pass all Core Courses

Course Rationale Students completing Masters in environmental studies degree must complete a research dissertation. These theses are expected to contribute new information to the body of knowledge in the studied field. The student's dissertation is expected to include good and precise title, clear statement of the research problem. All details of what must be included in proposal as dissertation as well as guide to supervisors are described in the University prospectus.

OEV 616: Environmental Science and Contemporary Issues

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale Based on the use of natural resources for material development, generates impacts on the environment, interfering with ecology, and creating scenarios that present challenges related to human health and a balanced environment. The student will acquire knowledge on issues related to: the oceans, comprising geological, physical, chemical, and biological pollutants fresh water, discussing properties and characteristics on both pristine and contaminated water bodies, as well as available water purification technologies; land contamination, learning the properties of soils, the mechanisms of contamination, the fate and transport of contaminants in the soil media, and remediation techniques; the atmosphere, including meteorological concepts, significant pollutants, global warming, acid rain, and an introduction to air pollution control. Contemporary environmental issues are inevitable when the different sides [of the conflict] interpret the issue at hand in different ways; and at any different time, the way the issue is dealt with depends largely (though not completely) on the balance of these competing perspectives. In other words, defining environmental phenomenon as problems, depends on which perspective prevails in the public discourse and policy making process. Page 20 of 39

This course will address a varying collection of contemporary environmental issues, addresses environmental racism, sustainable development, smart growth, ecoterrorism and radical environmentalism, and other current issues of importance. The investigation focuses on the substance of the issue as well as policy alternatives. Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course the students will be able to: identify the basic elements in each of these discourses, Apply them to several contemporary environmental issues. acquire detailed knowledge of three environmental issues Determine the overview of the earth system, describing the earths system main components, pinpointing the consequences of human activities on this sensitive system, Providing available solutions to existing impacts, as well as future trends and the issues of sustainable growth. Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination 30% 70%

PART I OEV 600: Environmental Science and Chemical Pollutants

Course Description Fresh Water: Description of water characteristics and main properties, Main sources, routes, and problems of surface and groundwater contamination, Methods available for water treatment, Fate and transport of contaminants in water bodies and Trends in regulations for water resource preservation. Land: Description of soil characteristics and main properties, Main sources and routes, and problems arising from land contamination, Mechanisms of contaminant association to soils, Fate and transport of contaminants in the land, Methods available for land clean-up, Trends in regulations for land protection Atmosphere and Air Quality: The Atmosphere, Introduction to Air Pollution: Indoor and Outdoor, Atmosphere pollution induced by humans, EPA emissions trends, Pollutant sources, health effects and source control.

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The Integrated Earth System: Human activities, Supplementary human activities and needs/habits/dreams, Main interactions of the human species with the environment, Ecological/contamination problems arising from human interactions and activities, Future goals and the issue of sustainable growth.

Indicative Reading List 1. Cooke, R.U. and Doornkamp, J.C. (1974). Geomorphology in Environmental Management- An Introduction, Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K. 2. Letterman, R.D., (1999), Water Quality and Treatment, American Water Works association, 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, 3. Chiou, Cary T., (2002), Partition and Adsorption of Organic Contaminants in Soils John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Hoboken, New Jersey, 4. U.S. EPA. Up-to-date news and information on air pollution and radiation. http://www.epa.gov/ARD-R5/ 5. Award-winning site for pollution prevention, compliance, and policies http://es.inel.gov/index.html or http://earthsciencesportal.gsfc.nasa.gov or http://earthsceinces.gsfc.nasa.gov or http://esse21.usra.edu or http://www.earth.nasa.gov 6. Strahler, A.H. and Strahler, A.N. (1992). Modern Physical Geography. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 7. McBride, Murray; (1994), Environmental Chemistry of Soils, Oxford University Press, New York, PART II OEV 605: Technology Development and Environmental Contemporary Issues

Course content History of conservation and environmentalism: Introduction to Environmental philosophy: Human population growth and the environment: The concept of sustainable development: Energy and environmental impact: Air pollution and atmospheric deposition: Stratospheric ozone depletion: Global warming and climate change: Deforestation: Biodiversity loss: Soil degradation: The water crisis: Earths carrying capacity: Effects of technology on the environment: Use of technology to manage environment: Ecotechnolgy. Principles of pollution abatement for the 21st century. Overview of major international agreement (Kyoto protocol, Rio conversion, e.t.c.)

Indicative Readings 1. Franke, Mary Ann. (2005), To Save the Wild Bison: Life on the Edge in Yellowstone. University of Oklahoma Press. 2. Dryzek, John S. (2005), The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses. Oxford University Press. Page 22 of 39

3. Manes, Christopher and Green Rage: (1991), Radical Environmentalism and the Unmaking of Civilization. Back Bay Books.

OEV 617: Environmental Health and Epidemiology

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale Environmental health is a part of public health where the primary goal is the promotion of human health and welfare. Environmental health is associated with recognizing, assessing, understanding and controlling the impacts of people in their environment and the impacts of the environment on the public. The World Health Organisation defines environmental health as, comprising those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psycho-social factors in the environment. Therefore, people working within the environmental health field are concerned with making the areas, in which we live and work better places. In addition, this course is an introduction to the theory and practice of public and community health. This course is designed to introduce students to the role and function of interdisciplinary health systems. Emphasis will be placed on access and barriers to health services, team collaboration, community interventions, and health promotion and disease prevention. Because the environment is so broadly defined, the field of environmental health science is usually defined more by the problems faced than the approaches used. Environmental health scientists face various problems. Complexity of the problems requires multidisciplinary approaches. This course will provide an introduction to the principles, methods, and issues related to environmental health sciences and community health.

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Learning Outcomes On completion of the course student will be able to: Determine the basic methodology in health risk assessment including ability to carry out and communicate simple assessments Evaluate and overview some specific environmental health risks and their impact on public health Explain what epidemiology is and how it relates to other disciplines. Determine how epidemiology is used and applied. Apply commonly used terms and methods of epidemiology Understand how the tools of toxicology, epidemiology, risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication are useful in understanding environmental health problems, and the strengths and limitations of each. Describe the human health effects of a few environmental and occupational agents and know how to obtain information on additional agents. Understand that there are multiple techniques for preventing and controlling environmental hazards, and that there are multiple regulatory approaches that may govern environmental hazards. Develop, implement and evaluate the interdisciplinary interventions for their community addressing community health issues Develop a greater understanding of the roles of the various disciplines included in the health care team. Course Description Introduction to environmental health; Body reaction to environmental pollutants; physical, chemical, and biological agents of environmental contamination; Vectors of dissemination (air, water, soil); Microbial diseases and their control: Solid and Hazardous waste; Interpretation and evaluation of risk assessments in environmental health; Environmental health policy: emerging global environmental health problems. Occupational health hazard and their prevention: Exposure and risk analysis: Methods of epidemiology: Interpretation of epidemiological data:

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epidemiological methods and its use in public health: Environmental epidemiology: Descriptive epidemiology. Concept of Community Health & Diseases; Community structure, Definition & concept of health and diseases dimension of health, health system, health situation in Tanzania. Disease causation and prevention; Mode of intervention, epidemic and endemic forms of diseases, Introduction to health behavior; Prevention and control of chronic diseases. Genetics and Health: Role of genetic predisposition to common disorders: cancer, coronary heart diseases, diabetes, mental disorders. Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg law in trait inheritance, eugenics. Genetic counselling. Mental Health; Definition of Mental Health, characteristics of mentally healthy person, parent-child relationship and mental health, types of mental illness / causes, remedial measures for mental illness, problems of mental health in Tanzania, mental problems of old age; Stress and stress management. Vulnerable Sections in the Society and Their Health Care; Infant/children/girl child/old persons, women in the reproductive age, rural/tribal population. Control and Prevention of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases; Epidemiological triad, web of causation, high - risk group, prevention of communicable diseases, prevention of non -communicable diseases, drug abuse and addiction, drug metabolism and detoxication. National health policy, Role of WHO. UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, UNESCO, ILO, WORLD BANK, Red Cross, CARE, National health programmes, control of Malaria, diarrhoeal disorders and endemic iodine deficiency disorders, Alternate health care planning. Vectors and vector-borne diseases: Entomological investigations (sampling and rearing methods, vector identification, vector incrimination and vector surveillance): Vector control (principles of vector control, methods and approaches), integrated vector control approach. Modes of Assessment Timed tests Final examination 30% 70%

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Indicative Reading List 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Ahlbom A, Norell S. (1990), Introduction to Modern epidemiology, 2nd Ed. Epidemiology Resources Inc, Massachusetts. Dohoo IA, Martin SW, Stryhn H. (2003), Veterinary Epidemiologic Research. AVC Inc, Charlottestown, PEI. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Wagner EH. (2005), Clinical Epidemiology. 4th Ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia. Hennekens CH, Buring JE. (1987), Epidemiology in Medicine. Little, Brown, and Co: Boston. Kahn HA. (1983), An Introduction to Epidemiologic Methods. Oxford Univ. Press, NY. Lawrence E., A (1989), Guide to Modern Biology: Genetics, Cells and Systems, Harlow Longman Publ., MacMahon B, Trichopolous D. 1996. Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. 2nd Ed. Little, Brown and Co: Boston. Moeller, D. W. (2005), Environmental Health, 3rd Edition, Harvard University Press, Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Guyatt GH, Tugwell P. (1991), Clinical Epidemiology: A Basic Science for Clinical Medicine. 2nd Ed. Little, Brown and Co: Boston. Smith RD. 2006. Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology: a problem-oriented approach. 3rd Ed. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL.

OEV 618: Environmental Pollution and Waste Management

Number of units: 2 Pre-requisite: None

Course Description Introduction to waste management: Waste production: Solid waste management: Methods of waste disposal (Open dumps, Sanitary landfills, Incineration, ocean dumping): Shrinking the waste stream (recycling, composting, energy from waste, de-manufacturing, reuse, producing less waste): Wastewater management methods: Liquid waste disposal: Treatment methods (Physical, chemical and biological): Waste stabilization Ponds and Wetlands as options for wastewater treatment: Overview of Hazardous waste: Hazardous waste disposal: The environmental pollutants and Toxicology is designed for Environmental Masters students (Science Stream) and other related graduates involved in the protection and improvement of animals and human health and environment. The course is intended to equip the graduates with knowledge, skills and prepare the graduates for research, teaching and consultancies in academic institutions and other related duties in government service and private sector. Page 26 of 39

Graduates will be exposed to a broad study of drugs, poisonous compounds, environmental pollutants, analytical techniques, recent advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology research.

Learning Outcomes On completion of the course student will be able to: To offer specialized knowledge of the pollution process, both to the environment and its inhabitants Determine how the released pollutant causes harmful effects determine what can we done to prevent or minimize risk to biological and ecological system Describe the main legislation that is responsible for regulating the generation, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste and remediating contaminated sites Describe the appropriate technologies for remediation of specific sites and waste types Describe the types of products and chemical compounds considered hazardous and the fate of these products in the environment List the major components of municipal solid waste and calculate the moisture content, energy content, density, and chemical formula Prepare a collection route for municipal solid waste collection Describe the features of a solid waste landfill Describe the major issues in waste material recycling Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination PART I OEV 602: Solid, Liquid and Hazardous Waste Management Course Rationale This course intends to determine whether or not students/citizen generate hazardous waste; wastes are regulated under government law; What they must do to comply with goverment regulations; How to manage hazardous waste from generation to final disposal; How to manifest (document) hazardous waste shipment and How to dispose of your hazardous waste properly. 30% 70%

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Reference Material 1. LaGrega, M., Buckingham, P. L. E., Jeffrey C. (1994), Hazardous Waste Management, The Environmental Resources Management Group. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 2. Rao, M. N. & Dutta, A. K.(1995), Wastewater Treatment, Oxford - IBH Publication. 3. Eckenfelder Jr., W .W. (2000), Industrial Water Pollution Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New Delhi, 4. Shen, T.T. (1999), Industrial Pollution Prevention, Springer, 5. Stephenson R.L. and J.B.Blackburn, Jr., (1998), Industrial Wastewater Systems Hand book, Lewis Publisher, New York, 6. Freeman, H.M. (1995), Industrial Pollution Prevention Hand Book, McGraw-Hill Inc., New Delhi, 7. Bishop, P.L. (2000), Pollution Prevention: Fundamental & Practice, McGraw-Hill. PART II OEV 604: Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Course Description Introduction to environmental toxicology, Organic pollutants: Pollutants from the use of agrochemicals like fertilizers, insecticides or herbicides, rodenticides, nemtocides and fungicides as environmental pollutants. Emphasis will be placed on insecticides and hebicides and on misuse of agrochemicals. Chemical pollutants from industries from industries producing: agrochemicals, food, textile, oil sops and detergents, petroleum and its products, pharmaceuticals and chemicals. Reimburse Inorganic pollutants like heavy metals, both of industrial and natural origin as a source of pollution. Specific treatment and handling of harmful metals like mercury, lead, cadmium, barium. Sources and toxicity of non metals like Nitrate, Sulphate and chloride will also be discussed.

Indicative Reading List 1. Phillip L., Williams, R. James, C. and Stephen M. R. (2000), Principles of Toxicology-Environmental and industrial Applications 2ed, Wiley-InterScience. 2. Wright, D. A. and Welbourn, P. (2002). Environmental Toxicology, Cambridge University Press. 3. Wayne G. Landis and Ming-Ho Yu (2003), Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Impacts of Chemicals upon Ecological Systems, 3ed, Lewis Publisher.

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OEV 619: Ecology and Natural Resources Management

Number of Units: 1 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale The course provides students with an overview of ecology, covering topics ranging from global abiotic processes to biomes, as well as species-, community-, and population-level dynamics, Major ideas shaping modern ecology: population regulation, competition, predation, ecosystem energetics, mathematical models, and nutrient cycling. Role of biological and physical factors in developing community structure also will be addressed. The undergraduate courses in ecology complements the lectures by helping students to understand how to generate and test ecological hypotheses by examining issues such as how to quantify and estimate diversity, how to measure landscape level patterns, and how to utilize computer programs to help analyze ecological data. You will also develop, conduct, and present an independent project that will allow you to implement the skills you have learned throughout the course. Also this course provides a holistic education and training in the understanding, management and development of the Earth's natural resources and the environmental degradation. It covers a broad range of environmental and sustainability issues and is designed especially for those wishing to enhance their existing skills and qualifications for careers in the environmental and Earth science professions. Students will examine the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the management of environmental problems that arise from the use and misuse of natural resources. You will be trained in relevant Earth science techniques for the collection, analysis and interpretation of environmental data. They will have the opportunity to apply your knowledge and skills to the study of particular environmental problems. Also will investigate the rationale behind the exploitation and conservation of the natural environment and the need for a sustainable management strategy.

Learning Outcomes On completion of the course student will be able to: explain the change, complexity, uncertainty and conflict associated with a variety of resources and environmental issues; encourage critical thinking about the nature and solutions to current problems; determine how planning can contribute to solving problems; describe the theory and practice of selected approaches to resource and environmental management. Analyze fundamental concepts of ecology. Page 29 of 39

Gain experience with conceptual and mathematical models used to describe ecological systems. Gain experience in reading, discussing, and synthesizing primary literature in ecology. Create and conducting ecological studies Evaluate skills in oral and written presentation of ideas and results from ecological studies. Develop an appreciation of the modern scope of scientific inquiry in the field of Ecology. Become familiar with the variety of ways that organisms interact with both the physical and the biological environment. Develop an understanding of the differences in the structure and function of different types of ecosystems. Develop an appreciation of the natural world through direct experience with local ecosystems. Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination PART I OEV 603: Principles of Ecology and Ecosystem Management Course Description Principles of ecology: Abiotic and abiotic components: Interaction of environment and organism: Concept of Ecosystem: Flow of energy and nutrients: Biogeochemical cycles: Balance and imbalances in ecosystem: Population ecology: Community ecology: Concept of biodiversity. Human influence on ecosystem: Principles of conservation biology: Conservation of genetic diversity: The conservation of populations: The conservation of habitat: Wetland ecology and management: Ecosystem management: Restoration ecology: 30% 70%

Indicative Reading List 1. Cain, Bowman, and Hacker (2008), Ecology. Sinauer Publishing Website: www.sinauer.com/ecology 2. Allee, W.C.; Park, O.; Emerson, A. E.; Park, T.; Schmidt, K.P. (1949). Principles of animal ecology. W. B. Sunders, Co. 3. Gilbert, F. S. (1990). Insect life cycles: genetics, evolution, and co-ordination, Springer-Verlag, New York. 4. MacArthur, R.; Wilson, E. O. (1967), The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

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PART II OEV 612: Environmental Degradation and Natural Resources Management Course Description Components of physical environment & their interrelations, Concept of ecosystems: components and structure of ecosystem; Major ecosystems of the world. Environmental degradation and manifestations land, water (surface & ground) and air. Uses and Exploration of Mineral Resources, Environmental Effects of Mineral Exploration and Usage, World Food Problems and Production, Pesticides in Modern Agriculture and Environmental Problems, Environmental Limits for Increasing Food Production, Solutions : Sustainable Agriculture, Impact of Irrigation on Environmental Quality-Water Logging, Salinity, Land as a Resources, Land Degradation, Soil Degradation, Soil Conservation. Concept of managed environmental systems: agricultural ecosystems, multi-purpose river-valley and urban areas.

Conservation of Natural Resources, Role of Individuals in Sustainable Environmental Management, Value System and Equitable Resources Use for Sustainable Life System, Role of Individuals in Conservation and Prevention of Pollution.

Indicative Reading List 1. 2. 3. Anjaneyulu, Y. (2004), Introduction to Environmental Science, BS Publications, Hyderabad, India. Kaur, H. (2006.), Environmental Studies, Pragati Prakashan, Andrew R.W., Jackson & Julie M. Jackson, (1996), Environmental Science The Natural Environment and Human Impact, Addison Wesley Longman Limited. 4. S.C. Santra, S. C. (2005), Environmental Science, 2nd Edition, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd, Kolkata, India. 5. 6. 7. Richard T. W. (2007), Environmental Chemistry, Pearson Education Inc., South Asia. Sharma B. K., (2001), Environmental Chemistry, Goel Publ. House, Meerut. Buckman H. O., Brady N.C. (1984), The Nature and Properties of Soils, 9th Edition, Collier MacMillan, New York, 8. Wanger K. D. (1998), Environmental Management, W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, USA,

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OEV 620: Food Science and Safety

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course rationale Food Science has a hand in every product that is consumed. It is the application of food science that has enabled advances in food preservation making food readily available and microbial control, to inhibit the growth of pathogens and micro organisms to ensure a safe food supply. On the other hand as everyone must eat food to live, everyone is at risk of getting food poisoning, this makes food safety management an important aspect. Food safety deals with the handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food borne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazard. Thus the knowledge of food science and safety is important in ensuring the safety, healthfulness and wholesomeness of food products. The course provides you with knowledge and skills in food quality control, processing, product development, safety, microbiology, and sanitation. Society expects the foods we eat to be safe and wholesome, and the food industry needs dedicated professionals trained to meet this need. This course also provides you with the knowledge and training needed to meet this need and help protect the quality and safety of the foods we eat every day. Learning objectives Apply and incorporate the principles of food science in practical, real-world situations and problems Apply the principles of food science to control and assure the quality of food products. Understand the basic principles of sensory analysis. Be able to identify the conditions, including sanitation practices, under which the important pathogens and spoilage microorganisms are commonly inactivated, killed or made harmless in foods. Understand the principles involving food preservation via fermentation processes. Identify the important pathogens and spoilage microorganisms in foods and the conditions under which they will grow. Identify the conditions under which the important pathogens are commonly inactivated, killed or made harmless in foods. Utilize laboratory techniques to identify microorganisms in foods Understand the principles and current practices of processing techniques and the effects of processing parameters on product quality Page 32 of 39

Understand the properties and uses of various packaging materials. Understand the basic principles and practices of cleaning and sanitation in food processing operations. Understand the requirements for water utilization and waste management in food and food processing. Explain the importance of food safety Identify what might happen if hazards are not controlled State what micro-organisms are and outline where they may be found Identify multiplication and survival hazards posed by pathogenic bacteria and know why it is important to control them Recognise the signs of food spoilage Identify the main characteristics of food related illness State the main ways of preventing food poisoning in a catering environment State common causes of microbiological, physical, chemical and allergenic hazards and how the risk from each can be controlled Recognise the responsibilities of food handlers and food businesses regarding HACCP Describe hazards, control measures, monitoring and corrective actions associated with the delivery, storage, preparation thawing, cooking, reheating, cooling, hot holding and serving of food Know the importance of documentation and give examples of records that may be kept Recognise the principal legal responsibilities of food handlers regarding personal hygiene Identify the general principles of good personal hygiene and outline how to control hazards associated with poor personal hygiene Outline how food handlers can be sources and vehicles of food poisoning bacteria

Course content: This module integrates key concepts in food science with the discipline of human nutrition. It also explores the origins, distribution and processing of the foods. It also examines the theoretical applications of nutritional concepts in food science (e.g., sensory evaluation, physiological and hedonic testing); food laws, the reasons for and practicalities of developing food products, issues surrounding food labelling and scientific advances. Food components, Food preservation and processing (Food processing aspects) and the application of food additives, Food Safety: the importance of safety and the effects of food hazards, The relationship between microorganisms and food safety, that is, microbiological hazards: how micro-organisms pose a hazard to food safety and spoilage of food, Food Poisoning and its Control: the main reasons for food poisoning and its prevention, Contamination Hazards and Controls: concepts of food hazard caused by contamination, i.e. microbiological, chemical and Page 33 of 39

physical and allergenic hazards and how the risks from each can be controlled, HACCP from Purchase to Service or production to storage: prevention of food borne illness and the contamination of food by using food safety procedures, Food Handlers and Personal Hygiene: the importance of cleanliness and hygiene of food handlers in ensuring food safety, Food Premises and Equipments: measures to ensure that equipments do not result in food contamination, Food Pests and Control: hazard posed by food pests and their control and controlling of pests and pesticides and their management, Cleaning and Disinfection: importance of effective cleaning and disinfection and uses of different cleaning chemicals, Food Safety Enforcement: the importance of food safety enforcement. Sanitation and water supply for diseases control and Microbial assessment of water quality. Microbiological social and public aspects of sanitation and water supply. References 1. Bennion, M. (1985), Introductory Foods. 8th edn, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York. 2. Bogstrom, G. (1968), Principles of Food Science, Vol I and II, The Macmillian Co.,New York. 3. Charly, H. (1970), Food Science. John Wiley, 2nd edn and Sons Inc, New York. 4. Lowe, B. Experimental Cookery. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York. 5. Manay, N.S. and Shadaksharaswamy M.(2001), Food Facts and Principles 2nd edn, New Age International Publisher, New Delhi. 6. Meyer. L.H. (1987), Food Chemistry, CBS Publishers and Distribution, Delhi, 7. Srilakshmi. B.(1997), Food Science. New - Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi. 8. Swaminathan M.(1990), Food Science Chemistry and Experimental foods, The Bangalore Printing and Publishing Co. Ltd., Mysore, Banaglore. 10. Paine (1987), Modern processing, packaging and distribution system. Blackie, Glasgow 1. Hunter, P (1997), Waterborne Disease: Epidemiology and Ecology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, UK. 2. Minimum Standards in Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion 4th edn,. Arnold, London.

OEV 621: Research Methods

Number of Units: 2 Pre-requisite: None Course Rationale The purpose of research is to inform action. Thus, student should seek to contextualize its findings within the larger body of research. Research must always be high quality in order to produce knowledge that is applicable Page 34 of 39

outside of the research setting with implications that go beyond the group that has participated in the research. Furthermore, the results of your study should have implications for policy and project implementation. One problem that often plagues progress in environmental issues is the slow translation of research into practice.

Thus, as researchers, it is imperative to take steps to overcome this barrier. It is intended that at the end students could publishing their study and this may be one initial step to make ones research known to the global community. Other proactive measures can be taken to encourage the uptake of evidence-based interventions. For example, student can present their research findings at various venues such as the Innovation Conference. Furthermore, student can send the results of their study to local officials, policy-makers, and community leaders.

Learning Outcomes On completion of the course student will be able to: Define research and theory concepts Prepare a full research proposal Explain the meaning of various research components related to research methodology Use appropriate data analysis methods Identify sources of literature appropriate to literature needs Describe what plagiarism is and identify various measures to avoid it. Outline basic principles and types of research design Describe various quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques.

Methods of Assessment Timed tests Final examination Course Description Part I: Introduction to Research Research philosophy, research process and ethics, Components of research proposal Part II: Literature Review and Referencing Page 35 of 39 30% 70%

Sources of Literature, Critical Literature review Part III: Research Design and Data Collection Methods Research Design, data Collection Methods Part IV: Data Analysis Methods Qualitative Data, Quantitative Data, The Use of Computer in data Analysis Part V: Research Report Writing Writing a Research report (Dissertation and Thesis) Indicative Reading List 1. The Open University of Tanzania (2012), Research Methodology, Excel Learning Pty. Ltd, Durban, 4000, KZN, South Africa 2. Kothari, C. R. (2010), Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Age International Limited Publishers. 3. 4. 5. Gill, J. and Johnson, P. (2002), research methods for Managers, Sage Publication, London. Machi, L. A. and McEvoy, B. T. (2008), Literature Review: Six Steps to Success, Corwin Press. James, J. (2009), Introduction to Applied Statistics: Lecture Notes Retrieved on 29th July 2013; http:// http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m113/

6.0 ASSESSMENT REGULATIONS The following regulations will apply for the assessment of the programme: 6.1 Coursework: 6.1.1: Each course will be evaluated as follows: (i) Timed Test (ii) Annual Examination 30% 70%

6.1.2: The pass mark for all Masters Courses shall be B grade. The candidate who fails in any course counting to 10 units shall be required to do supplementary examination and pass the course. Failing the supplementary examination(s) the candidate must be deregistered from the programme. The highest grade awarded in a supplementary examination is a B grade.

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6.2: Dissertation 6.2.1: Part II of the programme examination shall consist of a dissertation assessed by at least two examiners one of whom shall be external examiner to the University. Examiners may require the candidate to present him/herself for oral questioning in additional to such other examinations as may be prescribed. 6.2.2: A candidate will not be allowed to proceeds to Part II of the programme without having passes all courses as indicated in Part I. 6.2.2: The Faculty Board must approve the research topic before commencing on research. 6.2.3: In order to qualify for the M. (Env. Studies) a student must satisfy the examiners in both Part I and II of the Masters Examination. 6.3 The following Grading System shall be Applied: GRADE A B+ B C D E MARKS 70%-100% 60-69% 50-59% 40-49% 35-39% 0-34% GRADE POINT 4.4-5.0 4.0- 4.3 3.0-3.9 2.0-2.9 1.0-1.9 0.-0.9 QUALITY Excellent Very Good Good Marginal Fail Fail Absolute Fail

7.1 FINAL AWARD/GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS The minimum pass mark for any course shall be the grade B or 50%. Candidates, who successfully complete the required units and dissertation, shall qualify upon approval by Senate of the Open University of Tanzania, for the award of Masters in Environmental Studies (Management/Health/Science) degree. There will be an exit award of a Postgraduate Diploma in Environmental Studies after completion of all the prescribed core courses and they dont want/they fail to finish the Dissertation.

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8.0: 8.1:

INDICATIVE BUDGET REQUIREMENTS FOR MASTERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Resources

Resources required by the new programme are summarized into two categories: 8.1.1: Capital and Start-up Costs:

Examples of capital and start-up costs include new space, renovations, equipment, computer hardware and software, and faculty costs for course development. The new programme will be handled within the existing resources of the faculty and the University (e.g. secretarial support, information technology, library resources, space, etc). 9.1: Fee Structure

Details regarding the programme and related issues are found in the current University Prospectus which is available on our website www.out.ac.tz or at the OUT Regional Centre closest to you. In case you need further assistance please contact the FSTES Postgraduate Studies Coordinator (Dr Paul Wilfred) at +255-768 872 902 (paulo.wilfred@out.ac.tz) or The Dean (FSTES) Dr. Leonard Fweja at +255 756147158 (dfstes@out.ac.tz and leonard.fweja@out.ac.tz); and the Director of Postgraduate studies at drps@out.ac.tz. The current fee structure payable to the University is as tabulated below: DESCRIPTION FEES Tshs Registration fees (Paid once) 50,000.00 ID processing Fee (Paid once) 10,000.00 First Installment 1,500,000.00 Second Installment 1,465,000.00 TOTAL payable to University 3,025,000.00 Note: i. Both the registration and identity card (ID) processing fees will be included in first installment of fees. P.O. Box 23409 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania http://www.out.ac.tz Tel: 255-22-2666752/2668445 Ext.2101 Fax: 255-22-2668759 E-mail: drps@out.ac.tz

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ii.

The fees may be paid in lump sum or by instalments of 1,500,000/= and 1,465,000/=. The first instalment should be paid during the registration. The second instalment should be paid before starting the independent study.

iii.

A separate examination fee of 30,000/= will have to be paid in respect to tests and annual examinations before you register to sit for examinations.

Other recommended direct student costs (incurred by student/sponsors) are as tabulated below: DESCRIPTION Books Stationery Independent study/ research Thesis/ dissertation production Total direct student cost COSTS TShs 700,000.00 150,000.00 3,000,000.00 600,000.00 4,450,000.00

Students should pay their fees through Forex Current account at NBC Limited Corporate, Branch Account No. 0111 0500 0670.

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