Su Hinh Thanh CN Cua ASEAN PDF

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293
MUC LUC

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Chng 1: KHAI LUAN VE CHU NGHA KHU VC ...... 7
I. Khai niem khu vc..................................................... 7
II. Nhng luan iem chu yeu
ve chu ngha khu vc ............................................... 17
III. Chu ngha quoc gia (nationalism) ............................ 24
IV. Chu ngha toan cau (globalism) .............................. 27
V. Chu ngha khu vc (regionalism) ............................. 36
VI. Cac mo thc c ban cua chu ngha khu vc............. 52
Chng 2: S HNH THANH CHU NGHA KHU VC
CUA ASEAN...................................................... 68
I. NA- mot chnh the khu vc a ly-
van hoa - lch s ....................................................... 68
II. S hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc cua ASEAN
nhn t bnh dien a - chnh tr ................................ 82
III. S hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc cua ASEAN
nhn t bnh dien a - kinh te ................................ 117
IV. S hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc cua ASEAN
nhn t bnh dien an ninh khu vc .......................... 132
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294
Chng 3: CHU NGHA KHU VC ASEAN:
C HOI VA THACH THC.......................... 155
I. ASEAN trong trat t the gii mi............................ 155
II. ASEAN va cac c hoi phat trien ............................. 168
III. Nhng thach thc phat trien cua ASEAN............... 176
Ket Luan:............................................................................ 193
Phu luc ................................................................................ 207

7
Chng 1
KHAI LUAN VE CHU NGHA KHU VC
I. KHAI NIEM KHU VC
Theo t ien Bach khoa toan th cua Lien Xo (xuat ban
nam 1987), khu vc la mot t goc La tinh (regio, phai sinh-
regionis) e ch mot vung at co ac trng xac nh hoac mot
khu mat nc rong ln, nhng khong nhat thiet tr thanh mot
n v phan loai trong he thong phan loai lanh tho nao o.
Trong tieng Trung Quoc, ch khi dch sang tieng Anh
tng ng vi cac t region, area, district - ch mot vung
at, a khu (khu t tr) vach gii ruong at hoac co nhng
ngha khac nh limit, scope, range - ch gii han, pham vi cua
mot vung lanh tho. Tren thc te, viec s dung khai niem khu
vc hoan toan co tnh c le khi ngi ta noi khu vc Ha
Noi, khu vc ven bien mien Trung, khu vc NA. Cac
khu vc tren khong giong nhau ve mat kch thc, nhng bao
gi cung co nhng ac trng xac nh e phan biet chung vi
nhng khu vc khac.
La mot thuat ng cua nganh a ly hoc, khai niem khu
vc phan anh nhan thc cua con ngi oi vi moi trng
a ly t nhien va a ly nhan van. Tuy vay, buoi au, cac nha
a ly hoc co ien ch dng lai viec nghien cu khu vc a
ly di goc o t nhien ch cha tien en viec nghien cu
khu vc a ly di goc o xa hoi - nhan van. Theo quan iem
truyen thong th khu vc a ly nh the mot lanh tho vi bat
ky kch thc nao ma tren dien tch ay ton tai nhng lien ket
8
khong gian tng tac; hn na, lanh tho can phai thuan nhat
trong quan he vi cac yeu to tao nen tang, t o khu vc c
xac nh
1
. Quan iem truyen thong nhn nhan khu vc a ly
nh mot he thong ac thu. o la he thong t nhien vi cac
yeu to nh a hnh, kh hau, thuy van... ma ch khu vc ay co.
Quan iem nay a c R. Hartshorne khai quat trong mot
menh e noi tieng khong co tnh tat yeu trong bat ky nh e
tong quat nao khac ngoai quy luat chung cua a ly hoc rang,
moi khu vc eu mang tnh n oc duy nhat
2
. Viec ch e
cap en cac yeu to t nhien trong nghien cu khu vc a ly
a dan ti s hnh thanh trong a ly hoc trng phai tnh
oc nhat cua khu vc. Nhng sau nay, cac nha bac hoc a
vt qua quan niem o. Mot loat cac cong trnh cua A.
Liesha, F. Shefer, V. Bunge, R. Chorlu, P. Haggta... a m ra
nhng hng nghien cu mi ve tnh hp nhat va cac ac
iem chung cua khu vc a ly
3
.
Trng phai khu vc a ly xa hoi - nhan van ra i la
mot bc tien quan trong trong nhan thc cua con ngi ve
khai niem khu vc. T ay xuat hien nhng quan niem mi
ve tnh n gian co to chc, tnh phc tap vo trat t, tnh
phc tap co to chc, cua khu vc a ly. Phng phap tiep
can he thong trong nghien cu khu vc von c ap dung t
na sau the ky XVIII, en nhng nam 40 cua the ky XX a

1
D. Uittlsi: Khuynh hng khu vc hoa va phng phap khu vc a ly
hoc chau My, Nxb. Khoa hoc Matxcva 1971, tr.39 (tieng Nga).
2
Hart Shorne.R: The Nature of Geography. Lancaster. 1939
3
ong Nam A, van e cong ong khu vc, Nxb. Khoa hoc Matxcva 1977,
tr.8 (tieng Nga).
9
thc s tr thanh khoa hoc. Khai niem a he (geosystem)
cua a ly hoc hien ai a bao ham ca tnh t nhien va tnh xa
hoi cua mot khu vc a ly
1
. Theo o, the gii vat chat bao
gom ba kieu he thong c ban: 1/ He thong t nhien vo c (a
quyen - hieu theo ngha hep); 2/ He thong t nhien hu c
(sinh quyen); 3/ He thong xa hoi (nhan quyen)
2
.
Trong moi a he eu co cac he thong nh vay. Chung
tac ong qua lai lan nhau. en lt mnh, cac he thong tren
co the phan chia thanh cac phan he. Moi phan he lai co the
chia thanh cac phan t. Phan t la thanh phan khong the chia
nho ra c trong pham vi he thong nao o. Cho nen co the
coi a he la tap hp xac nh cua cac phan he va phan t.
Mac du co nhieu bieu hien phc tap, nhng ac trng quan
trong nhat cua a he la tnh lanh tho va tnh khong ro rang ve
quy mo lanh tho cua no
3
. V the trong chng mc nhat nh,
a he ham cha ca ngha khu vc. Giong nh a he, khu vc
la ni the hien trnh o va ac trng lien ket cua cac he thong
a quyen, nhan quyen va sinh quyen. Khoa hoc a ly a i
t viec nghien cu canh quan t nhien en nghien cu canh
quan kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi tren cac khu vc cu the.
Trong gii hoc gia Xo viet, t nhng nam 70, oi tng,

1
Nguyen Hu Cat: C hoi va nhng van e at ra khi m rong ASEAN ra
toan khu vc ong Nam A. Ky yeu Hoi thao quoc te ASEAN hom nay va
ngay mai. Trung tam Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van quoc gia, t.1. H. 1997,
2
Z.E. Dzenis: Phng phap luan va phng phap nghien cu a ly kinh te
xa hoi. Nxb. Giao duc, H. 1984, tr.12.
3
Nguyen Hu Cat, sd, tr. 37, 38.
10
nhiem vu cua nganh khu vc hoc (area studies) a tr thanh
nhng e tai cua nghien cu xa hoi noi chung. Co nhieu cach
hieu ve khu vc, nhng phan ln ho eu coi khu vc la tong
the cua cac to chc mang tnh xa hoi, c phan biet bi s
tng ong mang tnh giai oan - hnh thai
1
. Tren c s t lieu
ve dan toc hoc, nha dan toc hoc Xo viet N.N Treboksarov a
coi NA la mot khu vc a ly - lch s - toc ngi. Quan
iem nay sau o a c Ia. V.Chesnov ke tha
2
.
ac biet, khai niem khu vc lch s cua V.V. Boisov
c nhieu hoc gia Xo viet chu y va tan ong. Theo V.V.
Boisov, khu vc lch s c hieu nh la mot cong hp co
tnh khong gian - xa hoi, c xac nh bi tnh ben vng cua
bien gii, o u dai cua mot qua trnh lch s. Qua trnh lch s
ay c hieu la nen tang c s, t o ma cac yeu to khu vc
c hnh thanh. Tnh thong nhat cua qua trnh lch s the hien
qua nhng lat cat hien ai. V the, phng thc hnh thanh khu
vc the hien viec khu vc hnh thanh trong nhng hoan canh
xac nh va s tieu vong cua no cung co the xay ra tren mot giai
oan nao o cua qua trnh lch s. Moi giai oan, khu vc co
mot hnh thc ton tai vi cac dau hieu hoac ac trng tat yeu.
Nhng trong qua trnh lch s, cac dau hieu hoac ac trng nay
b thay oi theo tng thi ky mac du khu vc - nhn chung la mot
thc the ben vng. Nh vay, khai niem khu vc lch s khong
bat buoc phai co lien quan trc tiep en cac hnh thai kinh te -
xa hoi. Cac ac trng cua khu vc, trong khi chu s tac ong

1
ong Nam A, van e cong ong khu vc, sd, tr.10.
2
Ia.V. Tresnov: Dan toc hoc lch s cua cac nc ong Dng, Nxb. Khoa
hoc Matxcva 1976, tr.5 (tieng Nga).
11
mang tnh quy luat cua cac he thong ln khac th van gi c
tnh on nh, mac du co s thay oi ve hnh thai.
e xac nh mot khu vc lch s, V.V. Boisov a can
c vao hai tieu ch: 1/ S tng ong khu vc; 2/ Cac moi
quan he cua khu vc. Hai yeu to nay hien dien trong suot cac
giai oan khu vc hnh thanh va phat trien. S tng ong la
ket qua phat trien cua cac yeu to tien khi trong quan he van
hoa - toc ngi cua cac dan toc (toc ngi) tren mot lanh tho
xac nh. S tng ong tr thanh ac trng chu yeu cua giai
oan au tien hnh thanh khu vc. en giai oan th hai se
xuat hien cac quan he gia cac yeu to cau thanh khu vc,
trong o co ng bien phan ranh gii. Mac du xay ra nhng
thay oi ve lch s, nhng ng bien la mot yeu to quan
trong e xac nh khu vc. ng bien lam noi bat len cac
moi quan he kinh te, chnh tr, van hoa ben trong va ben
ngoai khu vc. Giai oan th ba hnh thanh khu vc lch s,
gan lien vi viec xuat hien cac tieu khu vc. Moi tieu khu vc
eu co mot trung tam ma trong qua trnh van ong lch s,
trung tam ay tr thanh quoc gia. Khi cac quoc gia trong khu
vc a c thiet lap th bang giao gia chung la ieu khong
tranh khoi trong lch s. en ay, to chc khu vc a hnh
thanh vi mot he thong - cau truc, bao gom cac quoc gia
thanh vien va moi quan he gia chung.
Nh vay, khu vc lch s cua V.V. Boisov a cha ca
he thong t nhien lan he thong xa hoi. Trong tnh lch s cu
the, cac he thong nay bieu hien thanh mot cong ong kinh te,
chnh tr, van hoa, lch s cua cac quoc gia, dan toc tren mot
lanh tho xac nh.
12
Ngoai quan niem khu vc lch s nh a trnh bay
tren, en au thap nien 90 xuat hien mot so quan niem khac
na ve khu vc. Chang han, y kien cua G. Kadumov cho
rang, khu vc la hnh thc pho bien cua s lien ket cac quoc
gia va dan toc. Ong neu ra nam tieu ch xac nh khu vc:
1. Co ranh gii a ly ro rang. Ch so a - chnh tr xac
nh v tr cua no trong he thong quan he quoc te.
2. Co mot moi trng van hoa chung. C dan o hoac
co chung mot ton giao hoac co chung mot thoi quen tam ly,
dan toc, cong ong van minh (nh ngi Arap chang han)...
nhng th phan biet ho vi moi trng van hoa khac.
3. Co ac trng bi s hien dien cua cac lien ket kinh te
- xa hoi chat che va bi nhng ac iem tng t ve kinh te
va san xuat.
4. Cac dan toc khu vc co chung mot so phan lch s
giong nhau, b le thuoc vao e quoc, b thc dan thong tr va
cung au tranh chong ke thu chung ...
5. Co mot hnh thc to chc nao o (khong phu thuoc
vao tnh chat cua to chc), th du tnh khu vc: To chc dien
an Islam (OIC); tnh kinh te: cong ong chau Au (EC) hoac
thuan tuy tnh a ly: Hiep c Andes
1
. Theo bao Sai Gon
Giai phong ngay 3/6/1999, cac nc Andes ang chuan b
thanh lap khoi th trng chung vao nam 2005).
Han che cua G. Kadumov la cac tieu ch ong a ra

1
G. Kadumov: Phan tch so sanh s hp tac khu vc cua ASEAN va SNG.
Cac nc ong Nam A trc ngng ca the ky XXI. Nxb. Khoa hoc
Matxcva 1994, tr.30-36 (tieng Nga).
13
khong phan anh het c ac trng khu vc va cac hnh thc
to chc khu vc. ac trng khu vc khong ch la ranh gii a
ly ma con la v tr, a hnh, kh hau... Bi tat ca nhng yeu to
nay anh hng manh me en qua trnh phat trien lch s xa
hoi cua cac dan toc sinh song trong khu vc o. Aristotle, triet
gia Hy Lap, t the ky IV trc Cong nguyen a nhan xet
rang, trong nhng vung co a hnh khac nhau th ton tai nhieu
khu vc chnh tr thay v mot khu vc chnh tr duy nhat c
cau tao nen
1
. Con cac hnh thc to chc khu vc th muon
mau muon ve. Van e nay chung toi se trnh bay phan sau.
Trong s tm kiem khong met moi mot khai niem khu
vc hoan chnh, chung ta con bat gap loai y kien xem xet khu
vc nh mot cong ong van minh
2
. Cach tiep can khu vc
van hoa nay ch nhan manh en nhng ac trng van hoa cua
khu vc ma coi nhe cac yeu to chnh tr, trang thai kinh te -
xa hoi cung nhng moi quan he cua chung ca trong lan
ngoai khu vc.
Ben canh nhng khuynh hng xem xet khu vc nh la
cac he thong t nhien va xa hoi vi nhng bieu hien a dang,
phong phu, ngi ta con tiep can khu vc tren bnh dien nho
hep nhng rat can ban: bnh dien a - chnh tr.
a - chnh tr la khai niem ch moi tng quan gia
quyen lc chnh tr vi boi canh a ly
3
. Tuy theo oi tng

1
M.A. Lewis: Mo thc chnh tr the gii. Trung tam nghien cu Viet Nam
phien dch va xuat ban, Sai Gon, 1963, tr.45.
2
Cac nc ong Nam A trc ngng ca the ky XXI, Sd, tr. 30.
3
Colins.G: A Debate on Geopolitics. The continued primacy of Geography,
Orbits, Spring 1996, vol.140, n
o
2, p.247.
14
nghien cu ma khai niem a ly co the bao ham tat ca cac
yeu to ve t nhien, kinh te, chnh tr, quan s, van hoa (a ly
t nhien, a ly kinh te, a ly chnh tr, a ly quan s ...).
Nh vay a ly, mac du ve khai niem phan biet vi kinh te,
chnh tr, quan s nhng no co anh hng en hanh vi con
ngi tren tng pham vi o, nen cac moi quan he gia a ly
vi kinh te, chnh tr, van hoa, quan s co the c nghien cu
cac goc o a - kinh te, a - chnh tr, a - chien lc...
Cac trng phai a - chnh tr xuat hien vao cuoi the ky
XIX trong cac quoc gia ng au ve t tng phng Tay.
Trng phai au tien xng ang c nhac en la c vi
ten tuoi cua Ratzel (1844-1904), giao s a ly ai hoc
Leipzig. Ly thuyet cua Ratzel da tren hai yeu to c ban ma
a ly cung cap cho chnh tr: 1. Khong gian (raum), c han
nh bi dien tch, tnh chat vat ly, thi tiet ...; 2. V tr (lage),
co chc nang phoi tr khong gian vi mat at va buoc khong
gian theo ieu kien cuc bo vi tat ca nhng quan he cua no
1
.
Hoat ong cua con ngi b che ng bi chieu hng khong
gian (raum sinn) va s che ng nay mang tnh nh menh. Sau
nay Rudolf Kjellen (1864 - 1922) ngi Thuy ien a i xa
hn Ratzel trong viec xac lap mot ly thuyet u viet cua chung
toc c va thuyet ve ban tnh con ngi oi vi raum sinn.
ang chu y hn ca la trng phai Anh vi Mackinder
(1861-1947). Mackinder cho rang tren trai at ch co mot
phan luc a quan trong nhat, bao gom toan the chau A, chau

1
Celerier.P: Geopolitique et geostrategie. Presses Universitaires De
France, Paris 1955, pp 127, tr.14.
15
Au, chau Phi. Phan at nay ong goi la ao the gii (World
Island). Trung tam cua ao the gii la a tam (Heartland).
Theo Mackinder, trai tim cua toan bo chau A, Phi, Au chnh
la Nga. V vay mi co mot nh e noi tieng: Ai nam gi
ong Au chnh la nam gi a tam; ai nam gi a tam th
che ng c ao the gii; ai nam gi ao the gii th thong
tr ca the gii
1
.
S d Mackinder coi nc Nga la a tam bi ong nhan
thay tnh trang phan phoi at ai va bien ca la c s hnh
thanh s phan biet can ban gia cac hai quoc va luc quoc.
Mot quoc gia va nam gi the lc ve at ai, va nam gi the
lc ve bien ca se lam ba chu. Nc Nga ap ng c nhng
ieu kien tren. V the cac quoc gia khac lo s ngi Nga mot
ngay nao o se thong tr the gii.
T tng cua Mackinder a du nhap sang tan chau My.
Spykman, mot hoc gia My a van dung hoc thuyet cua
Mackinder e xac nh a - chnh tr cua Tan the gii (New
world). Ong can c vao phng phap o ve ban o va i en
ket luan rang vai tro cua My cung tng ong vi Lien Xo
(cu). Ngi My khong ch nam the lc ve at ai ma con
banh trng manh ra ai dng.
Chac han ly luan cua Mackinder chu anh hng cua
thuyet chau Au trung tam (Europe Centralism), xuat hien
khoang au the ky XIX. Hoc thuyet nay ch ng vng trong
thi iem thc dan chau Au lam ma lam gio chau A, Phi,
My La tinh. Nhng vao au the ky XX, khi My tr thanh mot

1

.
Celerier.P, sd, tr.15, 18
16
trung tam quyen lc mi th s oc quyen chnh tr the gii
cua chau Au a cham dt, cung cham dt luon s oc quyen
cua chau Au ve kinh te, van hoa va ca tiem lc quan s na.
Ngay nay, the gii ang dien ra qua trnh a cc hoa. S troi
day cua Trung Quoc the ky 21 e tr thanh mot trong cac
trung tam quyen lc the gii ang tr nen hien thc. oi vi
cac cng quoc ln nh Nga, My, Trung Quoc, a ly chnh tr
bien thanh mot hng dan vien cho y thc chnh tr cua
quoc gia. Du sao, quan iem cua Mackinder a at c s nen
tang cho viec xac nh mot khu vc quyen lc. Trong s van
ong bien oi cua lch s, cac khu vc quyen lc ay khong co
y ngha vnh hang.
Ngay nay, ngi ta hieu a - chnh tr cu the hn so vi
cac quan iem co tnh nguyen ly trc kia. a - chnh tr cua
mot khu vc - ve c ban - gom hai nhom nhan to: nhom nhan
to on nh va nhom nhan to bien oi. Cac nhan to on nh bao
gom dien tch lanh tho, a hnh, a chat, v tr luc a, v tr
bien, b bien, cang, eo bien, ao ... Cac nhan to nay anh
hng trc tiep en s phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua tng
quoc gia trong khu vc hoac toan bo khu vc. Cac nhan to
tren con ong vai tro vo cung quan trong trong viec xac nh
tam voc a - chien lc cua khu vc trong quan he quoc te.
Cac nhan to bien oi gom co: tnh trang dan so, trnh o phat
trien kinh te - xa hoi, cac the che chnh tr. Co the ke them
kha nang tang tr va s dung vu kh hat nhan nh mot th
quyen lc ac biet. Neu quy ve tiem nang th co the coi nhom
nhan to on nh va nhom nhan to bien oi la hai tiem nang -
tiem nang bat bien va tiem nang kha bien cua mot khu
vc nhat nh.
17
Co the coi NA cung la mot khu vc a - chnh tr quan
trong, v no nam an ng tren truc giao tiep ong - Tay, t
Thai Bnh Dng thong qua An o Dng. Khu vc nay co ca
cac quoc gia luc a va quoc gia hai ao. Singapore la mot hai
cang ln nhat trong khu vc, tram trung chuyen hang hoa i
cac ni tren the gii. Nhieu cang nc sau nh Cam Ranh
(Viet Nam), Subic (Philippines) tr thanh quan cang quan
trong trong vung. Ngoai khi Thai Bnh Dng nhap nho rat
nhieu quan ao, ay la nhng la chan co y ngha to ln
ve quan s trong viec kiem soat ng hang hai va bao ve
at lien.
Tom lai, khu vc thoat tien la mot khai niem a ly vi
noi ham bien oi theo nhan thc cua con ngi moi thi
iem lch s. Tuy khong co quy c ro rang ve khong gian,
nhng khu vc ham cha nhng he thong khac nhau ve t
nhien, sinh thai va nhan van. Cac he thong o, en lt mnh
lai chia ra cac phan he va phan t e tao thanh mot cau truc
khu vc. Mac du khu vc la mot thc the phc tap vi nhieu
he thong a tang nh vay, nhng ac trng quan trong nhat
cua khu vc la tnh lanh tho. T ay, tuy theo oi tng
nghien cu ma ngi ta co c cac nganh hoac cac lnh vc
khoa hoc khac nhau, nh khu vc a ly, khu vc lch s, khu
vc van hoa, khu vc a - chnh tr...
II. NHNG LUAN IEM CHU YEU VE CHU NGHA KHU
VC
Lch s the gii hien ai a chng kien khong t nhng
xung ot ve t tng, ve quan s gia mot nhom nc hoac
khu vc, tham ch tren pham vi toan the gii. Ben canh o,
lch s cung tng ghi nhan nhng hnh thc phong phu cua s
18
hp tac gia cac quoc gia, nhom cac quoc gia trong khu vc.
Hp tac, oi thoai va tranh chap, xung ot la nhng ac trng
c ban trong quan he gia cac quoc gia co chu quyen. o la
hai dong chay rat phc tap, lam nen dien mao chnh tr the
gii, tuy thuoc vao cac giai oan phat trien lch s. Cac quoc
gia hp tac vi nhau v co chung li ch; oi au nhau v li
ch cac ben khong trung hp. Li ch cang khac nhau th cang
kho hp tac, tham ch co the dan en xung ot quoc te trong
trng hp li ch cac ben tr thanh oi khang.
S hp tac quoc te ve ban chat, cung t nhien nh xung
ot quoc te vay. o la nhng hien tng khach quan trong i
song xa hoi nhan loai. Ve nguyen tac, hp tac quoc te ch
xuat hien khi co t nhat hai quoc gia, bat chap v tr a ly, co
nhu cau quan he song phng (bilateralism) - hnh thc pho
bien trong hp tac quoc te. Tuy nhien, khi co t hai quoc gia
tr len trong mot khu vc cung cam ket hp tac, th chung ta
co s hp tac mang tnh tieu khu vc hoac khu vc. Da theo
lap luan nay, Somsakdi Xuto, mot hoc gia ngi Thai Lan a
ong nhat s hp tac khu vc (regional cooperation) vi chu
ngha khu vc (regionalism)
1
. So hoc gia khac th cho rang,
chu ngha khu vc la mot qua trnh hp tac vi nhng muc
tieu lau dai
2
; hoac chu ngha khu vc n thuan la cac hnh
thc hp tac, v the moi to chc khu vc va quoc te nh

1
Somsakdi Xuto: Regional cooperation in Sotheast Asia, Problems
Possibilities and Prospects. Institute of Asian Studies, Faculty of political
Sciences, Chulalongkorn Uni., 1973, p.2.
2
Oemanjadi Njiotowijono: Regionalism in Southeast Asia: Commitment or
Intergration? Regionalism in Southeast Asia, Center for Strategic and
International Studies, Jakarta 1974, pp. 147-156.
19
SEATO, ASA, MAPHILINDO, ASPAC eu la nhng bieu
hien cua chu ngha khu vc trong ca vung chau A Thai Bnh
Dng
1
. o la mot so y kien trong rat nhieu trng hp pho
bien ve s khong ro rang trong nhan thc khai niem chu
ngha khu vc. Vay chu ngha khu vc la g ?
Xet ve mat t vng, theo t ien Anh - Nga, chu ngha
khu vc (regionalism) co ba ngha: 1/ S phan chia thanh khu
vc; 2/ S tao thanh khu vc; 3/ Tnh trang a phng, cuc
bo. Con theo t ien Phap - Viet cua ao Duy Anh,
regionalisme cung co ba ngha chnh: 1/ Oc a phng,
thien kien a phng; 2/ a phng chu ngha; 3/ a
phng phan tr chu ngha. Nh vay, theo ao Duy Anh chu
ngha khu vc la mot khuynh hng t tng. Con cach hieu
chu ngha khu vc cua cac nha bien soan t ien ngi Nga
th ay u hn. V ho quan niem chu ngha khu vc khong n
thuan ch la khuynh hng t tng, ma con la s tao lap, s
phan chia khu vc ve mat a ly.
Mot so Bach khoa toan th cac nc tren the gii
cung a ra khai niem ve chu ngha khu vc, nhng o la th
chu ngha khu vc trong van chng hoac hoi hoa. Chang
han, theo Colliers Encyclopedia (Bernard Johnston, chu bien,
xuat ban nam 1996), chu ngha khu vc la mot trao lu van
hoc My sau noi chien, khac hoa cac tnh cach nhan vat va
khung canh thi ai chung theo ac trng vung. Bi v, sau
noi chien 1861 1865, chu ngha t ban My phat trien

1
Palmer N.D: The New Regionalism in Asia and Pacific. Massachusetts,
Lexington Books, 1991.

20
manh. Van minh cong nghiep chau Au co c hoi o at tran
en. Luc nay, e oi choi vi thi ai vat chat, cac nha van
My bat au chu y the hien cac kha canh sinh hoat i thng
trong loi song cua ngi chau My. ay la nguyen nhan sinh
ra th chu ngha khu vc trong van chng. Con chu ngha
khu vc trong hoi hoa c Bach khoa toan th Xo viet (xuat
ban nam 1987) gii thieu la mot trao lu hoi hoa chau My,
xuat hien t nhng nam 30. Mo tp chu yeu cua trng phai
nay bao gom cac phong canh chau My cung loi song sinh hoat
cua con ngi song tren vung at nay.
Con goc o chnh tr hoc, th do tnh chat phc tap cua oi
tng nghien cu a dan en nhieu quan iem khac nhau va cac
quan iem nay thng khong ay u. Rai rac ay o xuat hien vai
nh ngha han che tren mot phng dien nao o cua chu ngha
khu vc. Nh viec coi rang, chu ngha khu vc la s lien lap co to
chc (organized interdependence) da tren tnh gan gui ve a ly
1
.
Quan iem nay xac ang mot phan bi tren thc te, cac quoc gia
gan gui nhau ve a ly thng hay chia se nhng van e chung
tren cac lnh vc kinh te, chnh tr hay van hoa, quan s. Cac dan
toc o b cuon hut bi cac khuynh hng hp tac khu vc. Cac
khuynh hng nay nh mot s la chon hieu qua va an tng
trong viec giai quyet cac van e khu vc noi chung. Tuy nhien, t
than yeu to a ly khong tr thanh cai quan trong nhat quy nh
khuynh hng hp tac. Lch s quan he quoc te hien ai a tng
biet en mot so quoc gia cung mot luc la thanh vien cua nhieu he

1
Buu Hoan: Regionalism: Limitation and Possibilities. Lecture given at the
Seminar on Beyond Nationalism organized by the Press Foundation of
Asia, Bankok, Thailand, Oc., 15
th
1968, p.1.
21
thong khu vc khac nhau. Th du, nc Phap la hoi vien cua khoi
Hiep c Brussels; To chc hiep c Bac - ai Tay dng
(NATO), Cong ong than, thep chau Au (ECSC). Quan he quoc
te hien ai cung tng biet en nhieu quoc gia khong dnh dang
en nhau ve mat a ly nhng van cung ng trong mot he thong
nh khoi Thnh vng chung cua Anh quoc (Common Wealth),
Hoi ong chau A va Thai Bnh Dng (ASPAC), To chc cac
nc xuat khau dau mo (OPEC). Tnh hnh rac roi en o
Alejandro Alvarez, nguyen luat s cua Toa an t phap quoc te
cho rang: Khong co quy tac nao e xac nh cac khu vc. S hien
hu cua chung la do cac trng hp va ac biet la do s thoa hiep
gia cac quoc gia cau tao nen chung. Cac khu vc c cau tao
do mot so cac quoc gia nao o co lien he ve nhan chung, c cau to
chc hoac tren het, ve quyen li chnh tr
1
.
Ngoai mot so y kien nhan manh en yeu to a ly trong
thanh phan chu ngha khu vc con co cac y kien khac gan chu
ngha khu vc vi yeu to an ninh va trat t the gii
2
. Co tac gia
coi chu ngha khu vc nh la mot bo phan cau thanh cua he
thong quan he quoc te hien nay, phan anh mot giai oan phat
trien mi ve kinh te - xa hoi, chnh tr va kha nang phoi hp
hanh ong cua cac nc, nhat la cac nc ang phat trien e
bao ve quyen li quoc gia cua mnh
3
.

1
Alvarez.A: La reforme du pacte de la societe des Nations surdes bases
contineutales et regionales. International organization edited by Normal Hill,
New York, Haper and Bross, 1952, tr.87.
2
Yalem R.J: Regionalism and World order. Public Affairs Press, Washington D.C,
1965, tr. 6-37.
3
Nguye n Ngo c Bnh: Ve chu ngha khu v c. Ta p ch Quan he quo c te , so 7/1992,
tr.13.
22
Nhng nhan thc chung chung ve chu ngha khu vc nh
vay cha lam sang to c nhng van e thuoc tnh cua no nh
nguon goc, noi dung, chc nang, vai tro cua chu ngha khu vc
trong i song xa hoi quoc te noi chung va ca nhng hnh thc
bien oi cua no trong nhng ieu kien lch s cu the. Muon nhan
thc mot cach can c ve chu ngha khu vc - theo chung toi -
phai co the gii quan duy vat bien chng. Bi le, chu ngha khu
vc vi t cach la mot hien tng trong i song chnh tr - xa
hoi quoc te phai co can nguyen lch s.
Can nguyen lch s au tien cua chu ngha khu vc la
viec hnh thanh cac cong ong van minh, von xay ra cac
giai oan lch s co - trung ai the gii. Tren quang thi gian
dang dac nh the, rat nhieu cac cong ong van minh co tnh
khu vc c hnh thanh. Hay lay cong ong van minh Hy
Lap co ai lam th du: vao khoang the ky VIII-VII trc cong
nguyen, ngi Hy Lap a xay dng len cac thanh bang cua
mnh (Polis). S di c cua ngi Hy Lap theo cac hng tay,
nam, ong, bac a keo theo s xuat hien cac thanh bang Hy
Lap Y, Phap, Tay Ban Nha, Ai Cap, Libi, ven b a Trung
Hai, Hac Hai. Mac du cac thanh bang nay oc lap vi nhau
ve chnh tr, kinh te, phong tuc tap quan, tham ch ca tn
ngng ton giao nhng chung van la mot cong ong thong
nhat. Gia chung van co nhng moi lien ket ve kinh te, chnh
tr, van hoa nhat nh. ai hoi ien kinh Olympiad va cac moi
quan he thng mai gia cac thanh bang Hy Lap la nhng
minh chng thuyet phuc ve tnh cong ong thong nhat ay. Cho
nen co the noi, tat ca cac thanh bang Hy Lap co ai a tao
thanh mot khu vc. Khu vc nay b tan ra cung vi s lui tan
cua van minh Hy Lap trong nhng the ky gan Cong nguyen.
23
Trng hp e quoc Arap (630-1258) cung xng ang
la mot ien hnh. ay la mot e quoc co lanh tho trai dai suot
t ong sang Tay, bao gom ca ba luc a chau A, chau Phi,
chau Au. Trai qua hn sau the ky ton tai, no a hnh thanh ra
mot khu vc Hoi giao; co the goi la the gii Hoi giao. Tr the
ky VIII, khi chnh quyen trung ng vng manh, e quoc Hoi
giao Arap la mot quoc gia thong nhat. Cac the ky con lai, no
ch la mot lien minh chnh tr cua cac quoc gia b ngi Hoi
giao Arap thon tnh. Du sao, lien minh chnh tr nay van am
bao duy tr mot cong ong Hoi giao vi cac moi quan he kinh
te, van hoa thng xuyen, tao ra mot ranh gii khu biet e
quoc Arap vi cac khu vc khac.
Nh vay, khuynh hng khu vc hoa a tng ton tai
trong lch s nhng co the cha c nhan thc. Trong the
gii co - trung ai, khuynh hng nay bieu hien chu yeu di
dang hnh thanh mot cong ong van hoa, van minh.
Can nguyen lch s th hai cua chu ngha khu vc la s
hnh thanh va phat trien cua phng thc san xuat t ban chu
ngha. Trong khi cac quoc gia - dan toc phng ong xuat
hien t rat sm th phng Tay, en thi ai t ban chu
ngha, cac quoc gia - dan toc t san mi hnh thanh, ong thi
cung hnh thanh luon th trng quoc gia dan toc cua ho.
Trong qua trnh ton tai va phat trien, chu ngha t ban a ket
noi hau het cac quoc gia - dan toc tren the gii vao mot th
trng chung thong nhat. Bang cac cuoc chien tranh xam lc
cp boc thuoc a va viec ap at cac moi quan he bat bnh
ang gia cac dan toc, chu ngha t ban a lam nay sinh cac
van e va mang tnh toan cau, va mang tnh khu vc. en
ay, chung ta can khao cu ba hien tng co quan he mat
24
thiet vi nhau trong quan he quoc te. o la chu ngha quoc
gia, chu ngha toan cau va chu ngha khu vc.
III. CHU NGHA QUOC GIA (NATIONALISM)
Tren bnh dien cong phap quoc te, quoc gia c hieu
nh la mot cong ong chnh tr - xa hoi, co chu quyen thieng
lieng ve lanh tho, oc lap ve chnh tr va bnh ang trong
quan he quoc te. S tao lap quoc gia nhat thiet phai co ba yeu
to can ban : 1/ cong ong dan c; 2/ lanh tho; 3/ chu quyen -
tc mot quyen uy chnh tr kha d u nang lc e oi noi, oi
ngoai
1
. phng ong, do cac quoc gia xuat hien sm nen
noi dung cua chu ngha quoc gia - theo chung toi - la trung vi
chu ngha yeu nc, o la tinh than t ton dan toc, y thc bao
ve nhng quyen li quoc gia - dan toc von thieng lieng va bat
kha xam pham. Trc tien la quyen oc lap ve chnh tr, toan
ven ve lanh tho. Chu ngha quoc gia, v the, tr thanh nhng
nguyen tac trong bang giao quoc te. Nhng cung can phai lu
y rang, phng ong khong ch ton tai th chu ngha quoc
gia dan toc chan chnh nh tren ma con co nhieu chu ngha
quoc gia dan toc mang tnh so-vanh ln, nho (ai ba, tieu ba).
Con phng Tay, viec hnh thanh cac quoc gia - dan toc mi
ch xay ra trong vai ba the ky ve trc, lai trung vao thi
iem phat trien cua chu ngha t ban, nen chu ngha quoc gia
- dan toc phng Tay thc chat la th chu ngha quoc gia -
dan toc t san. V the, T ien Bach khoa toan th Xo Viet
a a ra mot nh ngha can ban nh sau: Chu ngha quoc
gia (dan toc) la he t tng va ng loi chnh tr cua giai cap

1
Tang Kim ong: Quoc te cong phap, quyen II, Sai Gon 1972, tr.15.
25
t san, tieu t san, ong thi cung la tam ly trong van e dan
toc, oi lap vi chu ngha quoc te vo san. Nen tang c s cua
chu ngha quoc gia la t tng ve tnh vt troi, sieu viet cua
mot dan toc, tnh chat ngoai le cua mot hnh thc cong ong
sieu giai cap. Chu ngha quoc gia tr thanh ngon c cua giai
cap t san chong che o phong kien. Trong thi ai e quoc
chu ngha, chu ngha quoc gia co moi quan he mat thiet vi
chu ngha phan biet chung toc. Trong chu ngha quoc gia cua
cac dan toc b ap bc co ca noi dung dan chu lan cac kha
canh phan ong. Chu ngha xa hoi a tao ra nhng ieu kien
e vt qua chu ngha quoc gia, thu tieu s ap bc va oi
khang dan toc. Nh vay, chu ngha quoc gia la mot khai
niem co tnh lch s, phan anh nhng bien oi trong s phat
trien lch s cua moi dan toc va cua toan nhan loai.
iem lai lch s can ai chung ta thay co s thay oi
trong quan niem ve quoc gia. Cac cuoc cach mang t san
trong thi ky nay a dan en s cao chung che o phong kien
Tay Au. Phan ln cac vng quoc khong con na. Cac hnh
thc to chc quoc gia t san Tay Au dan dan mang tnh pho
quat toan the gii. Quoc gia bay gi la mot cong ong chnh
tr - xa hoi, ap ng nguyen vong, quyen li cua toan dan.
Quoc gia a tr thanh nen tang cua c cau chnh tr - xa hoi
quoc te. V the, nguyen tac dan toc t chu (le principe des
nationalites) a xuat hien trong bang giao quoc te
1
. Nhng
theo khuynh hng t nhien, cac quoc gia manh thng t cho
mnh quyen banh trng hoac so-vanh nc ln (chauvinism).
T o nay sinh kha nhieu hoc thuyet ve chu ngha quoc gia.

1
Tang Kim ong, sd, tr. 39.
26
Nhng ngi theo chu ngha quoc gia - dan toc t san ly giai
rang, dan toc la mot hnh thc cong ong sieu giai cap. Do
pham chat u viet cua mot so dan toc ac biet ma ho tr nen
van minh hn cac dan toc khac. V the, ho co bon phan khai
hoa cho cac dan toc kem phat trien cac thuoc a va phu
thuoc. Cu the nh trng hp dan toc c. Trc ai chien
the gii th hai, ngi c co th chu ngha quoc xa (la
doctrine nationale - socialiste). Da tren y niem ve u the t
nhien cua noi giong c va kha nang thap kem bam sinh cua
cac chung toc khac, nhng nha t tng cua c quoc xa a
chia the gii ra lam hai loai quoc gia c ban: quoc gia lanh ao
(reich) va quoc gia le thuoc (neben - lander)
1
. Nhng loai hoc
thuyet nay tr thanh ke don ng cho chien tranh e quoc.
Nhng ngi mac xt quan niem quoc gia ch ton tai trong
giai oan au cua chu ngha cong san. Trong tac pham Nha
nc va cach mang V.I. Lenin a ch ra rang, chu ngha cong
san co hai giai oan. giai oan au (giai oan qua o) giai cap
vo san thiet lap nha nc chuyen chnh vo san cua mnh. ieu
o cung co ngha la giai cap vo san xay dng mot nha nc xa
hoi chu ngha. Nhng khi che o cong san chu ngha c hoan
thanh th nha nc chuyen chnh vo san cung tieu vong
2
. Luc o,
quoc gia Xo viet - neu van con la quoc gia - se tr thanh mot
cong hoa the gii (une republique mondiale).
oi vi cac dan toc nho be, chu ngha quoc gia ham
cha nhng nguyen tac ve quyen bnh ang va quyen t

1
Tang Kim ong, sd, tr. 49
2
V.I. Lenin: Nha nc va cach mang. Nxb. S that, H.1970, tr. 11-54.
27
quyet dan toc. Trong cuoc au tranh giai phong dan toc keo
dai hang the ky chong chu ngha e quoc, chu ngha quoc gia
ay con mang ca sac thai bai thc. Di san nang ne cua chu
ngha thc dan a khuyen khch tinh than quoc gia dan toc
cac nc von la thuoc a cu, ay chu ngha quoc gia ay
nhieu khi ti mc cc oan. ieu nay gay rat nhieu tr ngai
trong bang giao quoc te, ke ca quan he song phng hoac a
phng. V the, chu ngha quoc gia luon co quan he mat thiet
vi chu ngha khu vc va chu ngha toan cau.
IV. CHU NGHA TOAN CAU (GLOBALISM)
Tren bnh dien lch s, nhng tien e cua viec toan cau
hoa chac han bat au hnh thanh bi nhng phat kien a ly,
xay ra cuoi the ky XV, au the ky XVI. Nh co phat kien
a ly ma he thong thc dan a cua bon quy toc va lai buon
phng Tay dan dan c hnh thanh, gop phan thuc ay
quan he san xuat t ban chu ngha phat trien. Mac a nhan
xet rang, he thong thc dan a nay am bao cho nhng cong
trng thu cong mi m co nhng ni tieu thu va tch luy
c thuan tien gap boi. Nh co oc quyen tren th trng
thuoc a, nhng cua cai trc tiep cp boc c ngoai chau
Au chay don ve chnh quoc e lam t ban
1
. Chu ngha t ban
phai trai qua hang tram nam va au tranh chong che o
phong kien, va tien hanh tch luy t ban nguyen thuy. Sau
cach mang 1848-1849 chau Au, cai cach nong no Nga
(1861) va s thong nhat cua hai quoc gia Y (1870), c
(1871), chu ngha t ban a thc s tr thanh he thong the

1
Mac Anghen tuyen tap, tap 1, Nxb. S that, H. 1980, tr. 276.
28
gii. Xu hng toan cau hoa a c khang nh. Xu hng
nay c phan anh tren nhieu phng dien.
Th nhat, ve chnh tr: en thi iem nay, chu ngha t
ban a phat trien en giai oan chuyen sang chu ngha t ban
oc quyen (monopoly) con goi la giai oan e quoc chu ngha.
Trong tac pham noi tieng chu ngha e quoc, giai oan tot
cung cua chu ngha t ban V.I. Lenin a khai quat nam ac
iem ln cua chu ngha e quoc
1
; trong o ong nhan manh
en tnh trang oc quyen trong i song kinh te-xa hoi, tnh
trang xuat khau t ban va viec hnh thanh cac lien minh oc
quyen t ban nham phan chia lai th trng the gii. T na
sau the ky XIX cac nc t ban nh Anh, Phap, My, c,
Nhat, Ha Lan... dan dan hoan thanh viec xam chiem va phan
chia thuoc a khap ni tren the gii. chau A, thc dan
Anh chiem An o, Ma Lai, Mien ien; thc dan Phap oc
chiem ong Dng. Rieng Thai Lan tr thanh vung tranh
chap anh hng gia Anh va Phap. chau Phi, cac vung at
doc b bien tr thanh mieng moi trc tien cho thc dan
phng Tay. en cuoi the ky XIX th hau het at ai chau Phi
b cac e quoc Anh, Phap, c, B, Bo ao Nha xau xe.
Rieng cac nc My La tinh sau may tram nam chu ach thong
tr cua thc dan Tay Ban Nha va Bo ao Nha, en au the ky
XX b le thuoc vao e quoc My. Nhng do s phat trien
khong eu cua chu ngha t ban, cuoi the ky XIX, au the ky
XX xuat hien s thay oi trong can can so sanh lc lng gia
cac e quoc. Mot so e quoc mi tr nen hung manh nh My,

1
V.I. Lenin: toan tap, tap 27. Nxb. Tien bo Matxcva 1981, tr. 383-541.

29
c, Nhat rat can thuoc a. Ho a tien hanh cac cuoc chien
tranh rieng le nham phan chia lai the gii. Cuoc chien tranh
gia My va Tay Ban Nha nam 1898 a dan en viec My tc
oat Cuba va Philippines t tay Tay Ban Nha. Sau o la chien
tranh Anh - Boer (1899 - 1902) Nam Phi; cuoc can thiep vu
trang cua tam nc e quoc vao Trung Quoc (1900); Chien
tranh Nga - Nhat (1904 - 1905)
Nh vay, bc sang the ky XX, van e thuoc a a tr
thanh mot van e toan cau cua chu ngha e quoc. Van e
nay a c quoc te hoa. Chu ngha e quoc a xau chuoi
hau het so phan cac quoc gia, dan toc trong mot vong tranh
au quyen lc chnh tr do cac nc e quoc thao tung. Chien
tranh the gii th nhat a loi keo 38 quoc gia va rat nhieu
thuoc a chu yeu nham giai quyet cac van e toan cau cua
chu ngha e quoc.
Th hai, ve kinh te: he thong kinh te the gii t ban chu
ngha a hnh thanh, bao gom toan bo nen kinh te quoc dan
cua cac nc t ban chu ngha va thuoc a cua chung. Do s
phat trien cua lc lng san xuat t ban chu ngha ma hnh
thanh s phan cong quoc te t ban chu ngha. Cac nc t ban
chu ngha va thuoc a cua chung v the bien thanh cac khau
cua nen kinh te the gii thong nhat. Nhng s thong nhat ay
mang tnh e quoc chu ngha nen tao ra s phan cong quoc te
phien dien. Nhng nc thuoc a va phu thuoc von la cac
nc nong nghiep, phu thuoc chat che vao nen kinh te cua
cac nc cong nghiep phat trien. Mat khac, s phan cong
quoc te t ban chu ngha lai dien ra trong tnh trang canh
tranh gay gat gia cac x nghiep t ban chu ngha chnh
quoc cung nh thuoc a. V the kinh te the gii t ban
30
chu ngha thng trai qua cac chu ky khung hoang mang tnh
toan cau.
Th ba, ve xa hoi: khi chu ngha e quoc tien hanh
chien tranh xam lc thon tnh thuoc a, bien thuoc a thanh
ni tieu thu hang hoa, ni cung cap nguyen lieu cho san xuat
chnh quoc, th no cung pha v luon cac xa hoi truyen thong
cua dan ban x. Cac nc e quoc thi hanh chnh sach thc
dan trong tat ca cac lanh vc chnh tr, kinh te, van hoa t
tng, hong xiet chat s cai tr cua chung. V the, trong Tuyen
ngon ang cong san, Mac va Angghen a viet: V luon luon
b thuc ay bi nhu cau ve nhng ni tieu thu mi, giai cap t
san xam lan khap hoan cau; no phai xam nhap vao khap ni,
khai thac khap ni va thiet lap cac moi lien he khap ni.
Ket qua la nen cong nghiep truyen thong cac thuoc a b
mat c s dan toc, khong con kha nang ton tai. Giai cap t san
a lam cho san xuat va tieu dung cua cac nc mang tnh chat
toan the gii
1
. Cac dan toc thuoc a ngay cang tr nen ngheo
oi, b boc lot tham te cung tr thanh hien tng toan the
gii. Nen van hoa cua ho b ton that va lai cang van hoa
phng Tay (tat nhien ay khong loai tr viec hap thu
nhng tinh hoa gia cac nen van hoa). Nhng bien ong xa
hoi co tnh lch s o a tao nen mot tam thc bai thc dan
trong tat ca cac dan toc thuoc a. ay cung la van e co tnh
chat toan cau, gan bo so phan cua cac dan toc nhc tieu
cung ng chung mot chien hao chong chu ngha e quoc.
Nh vay, theo nhng phan tch tren, khuynh hng toan

1
Mac Anghen tuyen tap, tap 1, sd, tr.545.
31
cau hoa trong tat ca cac phng dien kinh te, chnh tr, xa hoi
a at ra cac van e can giai quyet cap o quoc te rong ln.
ieu nay, khong phu thuoc vao y ch chu quan cua duy nhat
cng quoc nao. Chu ngha toan cau a tr thanh mot khuynh
hng nhan thc, mot he nguyen tac nham giai quyet cac van
e nhan loai trong the ky XX. No c bieu hien qua mot to
chc toan cau tieu bieu au tien la Hoi Quoc lien, thanh
lap vao nam 1919. Ban au, Hoi Quoc lien thu nhan khoang
20 quoc gia, nhng en nam 1932 so hoi vien at ti con so
60. Hoi Quoc lien la mot to chc chnh tr quoc te, xuat hien
sau chien tranh the gii th nhat. Hien c Hoi Quoc lien
gom 26 ieu khoan, khi s bang mot li noi au rat quan
trong, tuyen bo nhng nguyen tac hoat ong can ban cua no.
o la nhng cam ket khuyen khch s hp tac quoc te nham
kien tao nen hoa bnh va an ninh quoc te; chap nhan nhng
ngha vu khong gay chien tranh; quy tac bang giao ci m,
cong bang; duy tr va triet e ton trong cac ngha vu c quy
nh trong cac hiep c bang giao gia cac dan toc. ac biet,
Hien c Hoi quoc lien a yeu cau cac quoc gia thanh vien
cung co s cong nhan quoc te cong phap nh mot nguyen tac
thc s trong viec c x gia cac chnh phu.
e thc hien muc ch, ton ch va cam ket cua mnh,
Hoi Quoc lien a thanh lap ra cac c quan can ban thng
trc va cac c quan chuyen mon. C quan can ban thng trc
gom co ai hoi ong (Assemble), Hoi ong (Conseil), Van
phong Tong th ky (Secretariat General). Cac c quan chuyen
mon gom nhieu bo phan nh: Phap vien thng trc quoc te,
32
To chc lao ong quoc te...
1
. Hoat ong cua Hoi Quoc lien
xoay quanh muc tieu han che quyen khai chien va ton trong
cac quy luat quoc te, ngo hau bao am nen hoa bnh the gii
va s an ninh cua cac quoc gia. V the, nhng bien phap nh
tai giam binh b (ieu 8), chap nhan s can thiep cua ai hoi
ong, Hoi ong, trong trng hp co chien tranh hoac co e
doa chien tranh (ieu 11) a c ghi nhan trong Hien c.
S ra i va ton tai cua Hoi Quoc lien (1919-1946) anh
dau mot bc quan trong trong viec nhan thc ve chu ngha
toan cau. ng loi hoa bnh va an ninh the gii cung vi
nhng hoat ong thc tien cua Hoi Quoc lien a ong vai tro
quan trong trong viec hnh thanh to chc Lien hiep quoc
sau nay.
Nhng nguyen nhan that bai cua Hoi Quoc lien eu
xuat phat t cho cac ng loi, nguyen tac quoc te ma to chc
quoc te nay e ra b pha hoai. S xuat hien chu ngha phat xt
cung vi viec phat ong chien tranh phat xt thon tnh cac dan
toc a pha v nhng ieu khoan can ban nhat cua Hien c.
Ben canh o, so lng thanh vien cua Hoi Quoc lien con t v
nhieu quoc gia khong muon gia nhap. ac biet to chc nay
cha quy tu c tat ca cac cng quoc. My khong gia nhap
v thng vien My t choi viec phe chuan Hien c. Con
Lien Xo c thau nhan vao nam 1934 nhng b khai tr nam
1939 do xay ra xung ot vi Phan Lan. Tuy nhien, tren tinh
than cong bang, dan chu, Hien c Hoi Quoc lien a thc s
lay nguyen tac bnh ang gia cac quoc gia lam nen tang.

1
33
Cac cng quoc b mat uy quyen lanh ao. ieu nay giai
thch viec sap at v tr nc ln cua Lien Xo (cu), My, Anh,
Phap, Trung Quoc trong to chc Lien hiep quoc sau nay.
Khi chien tranh the gii th hai no ra, Hoi Quoc lien
khong con mang y ngha la mot cong cu thc hien ng loi
hoa bnh va an ninh quoc te na. Tuy vay, nhieu ca nhan,
oan the quan chung chau Au, chau My va cac nc ong
minh van thay can thiet co mot to chc chnh tr quoc te ong
ton ch, muc ch vi Hoi Quoc lien; nhng co quy mo to ln
hn, tam c hoat ong rong ln hn, hu hieu hn. V the,
trong Hien chng ai Tay Dng (Charte de lAtlantique)
ngay 14/8/1941, Tong thong My Franklin Roosevelt va Thu
tng Anh Winston Churchill a noi en viec thanh lap mot
he thong an ninh toan the rong ln va co tnh cach thng
xuyen. Li tuyen bo nay sau o c ai dien cua 26 quoc gia
xac nhan trong Tuyen ngon Lien hiep quoc ngay
01/01/1942. Ke en la Tuyen ngon Matxcva cua t cng
Anh, My, Lien Xo (cu), Trung Hoa Dan quoc vao thang
10/1943 ve tng lai cua Lien hiep quoc.
Tai hoi ngh San Francisco, hop t 25/4 en 26/6/1945,
ai dien cua 50 quoc gia phe ong minh chong phat xt a
thong qua ban Hien chng Lien hiep quoc. ay la mot hiep
c a phng quan trong nham duy tr nen hoa bnh va an
ninh the gii; khuech trng bang giao gia cac quoc gia tren
tinh than dan toc bnh quyen va dan toc t quyet; thc hien
s hp tac quoc te ve kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa hoac nhan sinh
bang cach khuyen khch s ton trong nhan quyen va cac
quyen t do can ban cua con ngi. Nh vay Lien hiep quoc
tr thanh trung tam iem ieu hoa hanh ong cua cac quoc
34
gia, theo nhng nguyen tac can ban nh:
1. Lien hiep quoc c xay dng tren nguyen tac bnh
ang, chu quyen cua tat ca cac nc thanh vien.
2. Tat ca cac nc thanh vien cua Lien hiep quoc phai
lam tron nhng ngha vu ma ho am nhan, chieu theo Hien
chng e c bao am hng toan bo cac quyen u ai do
t cach thanh vien ma co.
3. Tat ca cac thanh vien Lien hiep quoc giai quyet cac
tranh chap quoc te cua ho bang bien phap hoa bnh, sao cho
khong ton hai en hoa bnh, an ninh quoc te va cong ly.
4. Tat ca cac thanh vien Lien hiep quoc t bo s e doa
bang vu lc hoac s dung vu lc trong quan he quoc te nham
chong lai s bat kha xam pham ve lanh tho hay nen oc lap
chnh tr cua bat c quoc gia nao, cung nh bang cach khac
trai vi nhng muc ch cua Lien hiep quoc.
5. Tat ca cac thanh vien cua Lien hiep quoc giup
ay u cho Lien hiep quoc trong moi hanh ong ma no ap
dung theo ung Hien chng va tranh giup bat c quoc gia
nao b Lien hiep quoc ap dung cac hanh ong phong nga
hoac cng che.
6. Lien hiep quoc lam the nao e cac quoc gia khong
phai la thanh vien Lien hiep quoc cung hanh ong theo nhng
nguyen tac nay, neu nh ieu o can thiet e duy tr hoa bnh
va an ninh quoc te.
7. Hien chng nay hoan toan khong cho phep Lien
hiep quoc c can thiep vao nhng cong viec thc chat
thuoc tham quyen noi bo cua bat c quoc gia nao va khong
35
oi hoi cac thanh vien a nhng cong viec loai nay ra giai
quyet theo quy nh cua Hien chng
1
.
oi chieu nhng nguyen tac tren vi tnh trang thon tnh
thuoc a cua chu ngha e quoc cuoi the ky XIX, au the
ky XX mi thay ro tam voc cua nhng bien oi ln lao trong
i song chnh tr quoc te. Ban Hien chng Lien hiep quoc
tr thanh mot trong nhng c s phap ly quan trong e ieu
chnh cac moi quan he trong cong ong the gii. Theo tinh
than va noi dung ban Hien chng nay, mot loat cac bien
phap nham tai giam binh b, ngan nga chien tranh, phat trien
cac quan he hp tac ve kinh te, xa hoi gia cac dan toc a
c ghi nhan ay u hn rat nhieu so vi Hien c Hoi Quoc
lien. Co the noi, to chc Lien hiep quoc la bieu hien sinh
ong cua chu ngha toan cau, a c cac dan toc nhan thc
sau khi ket thuc chien tranh the gii th hai. Tuy nhien, tnh
hnh phc tap trong quan he quoc te sau nam 1945 a khong
cho phep Lien hiep quoc co the kien tao mot nen hoa bnh va
an ninh cho cac dan toc nh ton ch, muc ch va cac nguyen
tac ghi trong ban Hien chng cua mnh. Trai lai, the gii
chuyen sang mot tnh the mi do s hnh thanh trat t the gii
hai cc. Sau nay, s sup o cua Lien Xo va cac nc xa hoi
chu ngha ong Au cu vao thap nien 90 ong thi cung la s
tan ra cua he thong lng cc Yalta von ton tai gan na the
ky. Nhng du moi bien ong chnh tr quoc te co to ln en
chng nao cung khong ngan noi xu hng toan cau hoa tren
hau khap cac lanh vc cua i song xa hoi quoc te. ac biet

1
Nguyen Xuan Linh: Mot so van e c ban ve luat quoc te. Nxb TP. Ho
Ch Minh, 1995, tr. 169-170.
36
s phat trien nh vu bao cua cach mang khoa hoc - cong nghe
ang lam thay oi dan cac khai niem ve oc lap, chu quyen,
an ninh; at ra cac van e ve moi sinh, moi trng, y ngha
cua s phat trien, tien bo xa hoi oi vi toan nhan loai.
Nh vay, chu ngha toan cau hnh thanh cung vi qua
trnh phat trien cua chu ngha t ban tren pham vi toan the
gii. Chnh qua trnh nay a lam nay sinh nhng van e toan
cau can phai giai quyet khap cac bnh dien an ninh - chnh
tr, kinh te, van hoa - xa hoi. Viec giai quyet cac van e tren
oi hoi cong ong quoc te phai co nhng cong cu ieu phoi
va cac nguyen tac hoat ong (Hoi Quoc lien, Lien hiep quoc,
Hien c, Hien chng cua cac to chc nay). Chu ngha toan
cau la mot khuynh hng phat trien, the hien y ch, nguyen
vong hp tac, nguyen tac hp tac cua toan the cac dan toc
tren the gii, v nen hoa bnh va an ninh quoc te, v s cong
bang va tien bo xa hoi, v trach nhiem chia se nhng van e
nay sinh trong qua trnh phat trien cua xa hoi loai ngi.
V. CHU NGHA KHU VC (REGIONALISM)
Tren ay, chung ta a e cap en chu ngha quoc gia va
chu ngha toan cau tren phng dien lch s. Van tren phng
dien nay, chung ta se thay chu ngha khu vc cung la mot
hien tng tat yeu cua qua trnh phat trien lch s nhan loai.
Khi chu ngha t ban a noi ket hau toan bo the gii vao mot
th trng thong nhat th no ong thi xoa bo dan cac ngan
cach ve chnh tr, kinh te, van hoa gia cac quoc gia dan toc.
T ay xuat hien cac van e sieu quoc gia, trong pham vi
khu vc va the gii. oi vi cac khu vc khac nhau tren the
gii th qua trnh hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc, noi dung chu
37
ngha khu vc cung khac nhau; mac du chu ngha khu vc la
mot khai niem chung. Muon lam sang to van e nay, can xuat
phat t chnh chu ngha quoc gia va chu ngha toan cau va
c xem xet.
Nh a biet, to chc Lien hiep quoc la mot bieu hien
sinh ong, ien hnh cua chu ngha toan cau. T khi ra i, to
chc nay a phai oi choi vi nhng van e ln cua toan
nhan loai nh cac cuoc xung ot xay ra hau khap cac chau
luc
1
. Xung ot ln au tien la cuoc phong toa Berlin t thang
6/1948 en thang 5/1949 gia Lien Xo (cu) vi lien quan
Anh, Phap, My, c Lien hiep quoc giai quyet rot rao bang
hnh thc hiep thng gia cac ben lien quan. Thang 6 /1950,
chien tranh Trieu Tien bung no. Hoi ong Bao an Lien hiep
quoc a thanh lap mot lc lng quan s quoc te gom 16 quoc
gia tham d, phoi hp tac chien vi lc lng quan s Nam
Trieu Tien. Ngay 27/7/1953, cac ben ky hiep nh nh chien,
cham dt chien tranh. Sau nhng bien co tren, en lt cac
cuoc khung hoang Cong - go (1960-1961), khung hoang
ten la Cuba (1962) eu c Lien hiep quoc giai quyet
thanh cong tot ep. Nhng thanh tu tren cua Lien hiep quoc,
mac du c cong ong the gii ghi nhan, van khong khoa
lap c mot s that hien hien la: nhng nguyen tac tot ep
cua Hien chng Lien hiep quoc ve quyen bnh ang, s cong
bang, cong ly gia cac dan toc nhieu khi ch la nhng t ng
hoa my. To chc Lien hiep quoc ra i, tren thc te a anh
dau ca s tai lap quan he lan chia re cua cac nc ln. Trang

1
1945-1995: Lien hiep quoc e lam g? Ngi a tin UNESCO, so
10/1995, tr.12.
38
thai lien ket va chia re nay ham cha nhng nguy hiem cho
he thong the gii. Ngoai thu oan gay sc ep chnh tr va vien
tr co ieu kien, cac cng quoc a s dung dien an Lien
hiep quoc nh mot cong cu thao tung nen chnh tr the gii,
buoc cac nc nho phai khuat phuc. Chnh sach nc ln cua
cac cng quoc a dan en tnh trang mot loat cac quoc gia
khac phai phu thuoc vao ng loi cua ho. Nhieu khu vc
tren the gii tr thanh ni tranh chap, anh hng gia cac
cng quoc. Khi can can lc lng tren the gii thay oi, ho
lien ieu chnh ng loi chnh sach cua mnh, bo qua quyen
li cua cac nc nho. Trc tnh the ay, cac quoc gia, dan toc
nho be co xu hng chum vao nhau, oan ket, tranh au v li
ch chung cua mnh. Nh vay ve phng dien chnh tr, s
toan cau hoa lam nay sinh tnh trang khu vc hoa, to chc
quoc te kch thch s nay sinh to chc khu vc.
Mat khac, lch s can hien ai the gii a chng kien s
vn len manh me cua chu ngha quoc gia tren khap cac chau
luc. oi vi cac quoc gia von la thuoc a cu cua chu ngha e
quoc, di san thc dan e lai rat nang ne, bieu hien qua nen
kinh te ngheo nan, lac hau, i song nhan dan lao ong kho
khan, tam toi, tnh trang that hoc pho bien. Hn na, trong
qua trnh thon tnh thuoc a, chu ngha thc dan thng phan
chia ng bien gii khong da tren c s cua ng bien
gii cu hoac ranh gii gia cac sac toc. V the, cac thuoc a
sau khi gianh c oc lap a va phai ng au vi mot
tnh trang kinh te - xa hoi en toi am am; va phai vng
vao cac cuoc tranh chap lanh tho hoac mac ket trong cac cuoc
xung ot sac toc trien mien. Viec ay manh phat trien s
nghiep kinh te, van hoa, giao duc, dan xep cac vu tranh chap
39
lanh tho, xung ot sac toc tr thanh nhng van e chung cua
toan khu vc ch khong cua rieng bat ky mot quoc gia nao.
Cac dan toc nho be gi ay khong the kh kh nam lay chu
quyen quoc gia cc oan e gay nhng bat on ve chnh tr va
an ninh khu vc, don ng cho chu ngha e quoc li dung.
Nh vay, bc qua o t chu ngha quoc gia en chu ngha
khu vc la mot qua trnh nhan thc ve tnh thong nhat cua khu
vc, ve nhu cau on nh va phat trien cua khu vc, trong o
co s on nh va phat trien cua moi quoc gia thanh vien. Sau
o la s nhan thc ve moi hiem nguy ngoai khu vc. Tren
trng quoc te, nhat la trong quan he vi cac nc ln, phat
bieu vi t cach mot to chc khu vc co li the hn la phat
bieu vi t cach mot quoc gia n oc khu vc o. Trng
hp quan he gia th trng chung chau Au (EEC) vi My,
minh chng rat ro nhan xet nay.
en ay, ve mat ly luan, hoan toan co the cho rang, chu
ngha khu vc la vung giao thoa va s dung hoa gia chu
ngha quoc gia vi chu ngha toan cau. goc o toan cau,
chu ngha khu vc la mot cap o cua Globalism nhng
khong han la Globalism, v trung tam cua no la cac van e
khu vc. Con goc o quoc gia th chu ngha khu vc thc
hien mot bc i thch hp t chu quyen quoc gia en th
quyen lc sieu quoc gia trong khoang thi gian na the ky
gan ay. Bi chung ta ch co the noi en chu ngha khu vc
trong nhom quoc gia co oc lap, chu quyen. Ma tnh trang
nhieu quoc gia, nhieu dan toc co oc lap, chu quyen mi xay
ra pho bien t sau 1945 ma thoi.
Tat ca nhng g c trnh bay tren ch la c s thc
tien cua viec hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc. Con c s ly luan
40
cua s hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc nh the nao? e tra li
cau hoi nay, can phai truy tm trong lch s cac t tng ve
chu ngha khu vc a c phat bieu, thong qua cac trng
hp chau Au, chau My, chau Phi; sau o la can c vao tinh
than va cac ieu khoan cu the cua Hien c Hoi Quoc Lien
va Hien Chng Lien hiep quoc.
Co le, nhng ngi au tien nhay cam vi nhng van e
khu vc la mot so nha chnh tr, quan s co tham vong.
Napoleon Bonapart (1769-1821), trong qua trnh chinh phuc
chau Au vao au the ky XIX a tng noi: Chc phan cua toi
van cha hoan thanh, toi muon hoan thanh cai ieu mi ch
c phac hoa, toi phai lam mot bo luat chau Au (...), mot
ong tien cung chau Au, cac n v o lng, cac quy tac
chau Au. Toi phai bien tat ca cac dan toc chau Au thanh
mot dan toc va Paris thanh thu o cua the gii
1
. Khong ch
Napoleon ma Hitler cung a tng m tng chinh phuc va
thong nhat chau Au. T tng ve s thong nhat chau Au con
lam say me ca nhng tr thc ln. Tai hoi ngh hoa bnh thang
8 nam 1849, Victor Hugo a phat bieu: Se en mot ngay,
chien tranh gia Paris va London, Peterburge va Berlin, Viene
va Turin tr nen phi ly va khong the chap nhan c nh la
mot cuoc chien gia ngi Ruang va ngi Amian ngay hom
nay. Se en mot ngay ma cac ban nc Phap, nc Nga, nc
Y, nc Anh, nc c, cac ban tat ca cac quoc gia cua luc
a trong khi van khong anh mat nhng pham chat rieng biet
cua mnh se hoa quyen trong mot the thong nhat chau Au va

1
Siegel.F: LEurope de Maastrict. Jelates (trch theo Lien minh chau
Au, ao Huy Ngoc (chu bien), Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia, H. 1995, tr. 99).
41
xay dng tnh anh em chau Au. Ngay ay se en khi ch con co
mot chien trng khac la cac th trng m ca cho thng
mai va nhng cai au ci m oi vi cac y tng. Ngay ay se
en khi cac cuoc bo phieu thay the cho bom an
1
.
Nhng t tng va c trnh bay tren khong n
thuan la y ch cua mot vai ca nhan ma co can nguyen t lch
s. Bi van minh chau Au c bat nguon t van minh Hy -
La co ai. Sau khi e quoc Tay La Ma sup o (nam 476) bi
cac cuoc xam chiem cua cac man toc (Barbars), vng
quoc Frank ra i va ton tai suot ba the ky ri (481-843). Tai
ay, van minh chau Au a thanh hnh va khuech tan. Trung
tam van minh chau Au chuyen dch t a Trung Hai len pha
song Ranh, song Sen va vung bien Bac. Mac du hoi ngh
Vecdoong nam 843 at dau cham het cho s ton tai cua vng
quoc Frank nhng o lai la s khi au cua Tay Au trong
khuon kho mot cong ong thong nhat ve van hoa, chia re ve
chnh tr.
Tnh trang chia re ve chnh tr a dan en cac cua chien
tranh hoac xung ot trien mien chau Au. Neu tnh t cuoc
chien tranh chinh phuc x Gaule cua ngi La Ma (61-50
trc cong nguyen) cho en het chien tranh the gii th hai
(nam 1945), chau Au a mat t nhat 60 trieu ngi v chien
tranh
2
. ac biet, qua hai cuoc chien tranh the gii 1914-1918,
1939-1945, toan chau Au a phai ganh chu nhng thiet hai to
ln ve vat chat va tinh than. Sau nam 1945, he thong xa hoi

1
ao Huy Ngoc (chu bien): Lien minh chau Au, Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia.
H.1995, tr.8.
2
ao Huy Ngoc (chu bien), sd, tr.10.
42
chu ngha ra i, dan en viec hnh thanh mot the gii lng
cc. Nen a - chnh tr toan cau b ao lon. Nhng quoc gia
von la ong minh trong chien tranh chong phat xt trc ay
nh Lien Xo (cu), My a tr thanh ke thu cua nhau. Con
nhng quoc gia von la ke thu cua nhau nh My, Nhat gi ay
lai lien ket trong khuon kho ong minh chien lc. Chau Au
b chia ra lam hai khoi ong va Tay. T mot trung tam ln
nhat cua the gii t ban chu ngha, Tay Au b suy yeu toan
dien, anh phai da vao My va chap nhan s lanh ao cua
My trong hau het cac lnh vc chnh tr, kinh te, quan s,
thong qua cac to chc GATT, UECD, NATO. Cong cuoc khoi
phuc va phat trien kinh te cua Tay Au t au thap nien 50 a
lam thay oi can ban quan he kinh te Tay Au - My. Trong
nhng ieu kien ay, toan chau Au, ac biet la Tay Au co s
nhan thc lai ve mot cong ong thong nhat. Mot Tay Au chia
re ve chnh tr se khong mang lai hoa bnh va phat trien cho
cac quoc gia trong khu vc. Mot Tay Au chia re ve kinh te th
khong canh tranh noi vi My. Hn na, nhu cau m rong th
trng cua Tay Au luc nay rat ln. Trong khi o, Tay Au lai
ang mat dan thuoc a. ieu kien lch s luc o a at trc
Tay Au mot tnh the, lam y thc ve mot cong ong van minh
chung c e cao
1
. Ben canh o, trong quan he quoc te t
cuoi thap nien 40, Tay Au (tr Anh quoc) a tng lu
truyen t tng coi Tay Au nh mot lc lng th ba, oc lap

1
Nguyen Ngoc Dung: Qua trnh hnh thanh EU va ASEAN qua cach tiep
can oi chieu khu vc, Tap san Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van Trng ai
hoc Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van, ai hoc Quoc gia thanh pho Ho Ch
Minh, so 4/1997
43
vi Lien Xo (cu) va My
1
. Thang 5/1950, ngoai trng Phap,
Robert Shuman a a ra e ngh at toan bo viec san xuat
than, thep cua c va Phap di mot c quan quyen lc toi
cao, trong mot to chc m cho cac nc chau Au tham gia. e
ngh nay a c cac quoc gia c, Y, B, Ha Lan,
Luxemburg hng ng. Ngay 18/4 /1951, Cong ong than,
thep chau Au (ECSC) ra i, anh dau giai oan au cua
tien trnh lien ket chau Au. Cac giai oan tiep theo cua qua
trnh lien ket, thong nhat o la: Cong ong nang lng
nguyen t chau Au (nam 1955) Cong ong kinh te chau
Au (nam 1957), Cong ong chau Au (nam 1967), cuoi
cung la Lien minh chau Au (nam 1993)
2
.
Tat ca nhng ieu tren ay chng to t nhan thc lch
s, viec a ra cac t tng thong nhat hoac lien ket khu vc
khong phai la s tng tng (san pham chu quan cua bo oc
con ngi) ma la s phan anh mot nhu cau khach quan. Bi
ban than chau Au a mang san trong mnh cac yeu to thong
nhat. Trong trng hp chau Au, cac ai bieu cua chu ngha
khu vc a a ra nhng nhan thc chung ve v tr, vai tro,
tnh thong nhat cua khu vc, trien vong hp tac song phng
va a phng gia cac quoc gia trong khu vc va cuoi cung la
nhng moi nguy hiem khong ch ben trong ma ca ben ngoai
khu vc phng hai en tnh hnh an ninh cua moi quoc gia.
T nhng c s o, chu ngha khu vc hien ra vi mot ve ep
va s hp ly hoan toan cam nhan c.

1
Regionalism in Southeast Asia. Center for strategic and International
Studies, Jakarta 1974, p.57.
2
Nguyen Ngoc Dung, sd, so 4/1997.
44
oi vi chau My, cuoc chien tranh gianh oc lap cua 13
x thuoc a Anh Bac My (1755-1783) va s thanh lap nc
My (The United States of American) ngay 4/7/1776 a giai
phong Bac My khoi chu ngha thc dan Anh, gay nen nhng
anh hng ghe gm oi vi cac thuoc a cua Bo ao Nha,
Tay Ban Nha My La tinh. My tr thanh quoc gia au tien
gianh c oc lap chau My ke t khi chu ngha t ban ben
re tren ai luc nay. Vao au nhng nam 20 the ky XIX, cac
cuoc cach mang giai phong dan toc cua nhan dan chau My
La tinh a lat nhao che o thuoc a cua thc dan Tay Ban
Nha va Bo ao Nha. Trc nguy c xam lc can thiep cua
khoi Lien minh than thanh (gom Anh, Nga, Ao, Pho) nham
khoi phuc lai he thong thuoc a cua Tay Ban Nha chau My
La tinh, tong thong My luc o, James Monroe (1758-1831) a
tuyen bo cong nhan nen oc lap cua cac nc chau My La
tinh. Bc thong iep cua Monroe gi ti quoc hoi My ngay
2/12/1823 a i vao lch s di ten goi Hoc thuyet
Monroe. Ong khang nh rang, Tan the gii (ngha la ca Bac
My va Nam My) khong the mot lan na c coi la oi tng
cua s banh trng thuoc a; My khong ung cham en cac
thuoc a hien ton cua cac cng quoc Au chau nhng cung
khong cho phep thanh lap cac thuoc a mi chau My
1
.
Monroe a ra khau hieu chau My cua ngi chau My.
Hoc thuyet Monroe a at My vao a v cua ke bao ho khu
vc, thc chat la muon nam chat cac nc chau My La tinh
e phuc vu cho li ch cua t ban My.

1
A.V. Ado (chu bien): Lch s can ai cac nc chau Au va chau My,
Nxb. ai hoc Matxcva, 1986, tr. 578 (tieng Nga).
45
Tuy nhien tren bnh dien khu vc, hoc thuyet Monroe co
anh hng nhat nh en y thc khu vc, y thc quoc gia cua
cac nc chau My La tinh. Nhng ngi Creole (ngi Au
sinh ra tren at chau My) thuoc ve tang lp nam gi quyen
lc chnh tr manh nhat nen rat co tinh than quoc gia. Ho ay
manh viec phat trien che o ai ien trang. Do trnh o san
xuat con lac hau, che o no le van c duy tr, chu ngha
Caudillo tr thanh ac trng cua che o chnh tr Nam My
luc bay gi. ay la mot dang oc tai quan s mang nang tnh
phong kien. V the, cac quoc gia oc lap chau My cha thc
s thiet lap c nen dan chu t san. Trong khi o, cac e
quoc t ban chau Au van thi hanh chnh sach can thiep vao
cong viec noi bo cua cac nc chau My, ay nhieu nc vao
tnh trang na thuoc a. Nam 1833, e quoc Anh chiem quan
ao Manvinat cua Agentina. Nam 1845, Anh cung Phap can
thiep vao chien tranh Agentina - Uruguay. Nam 1861, 1862
cac nc Anh, Phap, Tay Ban Nha o quan len Mexico hong
can thiep vao cuoc cach mang t san ang no ra ay. Cung
nam 1862 lien quan Anh - Phap lam le can thiep vao cuoc noi
chien My... en cuoi the ky XIX, au the ky XX, khi chu
ngha t ban ay ang tren a phat trien o at, cac e quoc t
ban chau Au a rao riet xam nhap vao My La tinh trong cac
lanh vc cot yeu nhat cua nen kinh te (tai chnh, au t, khai
mo, lam ng sat...). Nh vay, khong the phu nhan c
nhng nguy c, thach thc ben ngoai khu vc co anh hng
trc tiep en nen oc lap, s phat trien cua cac nc chau
My. Gia hai con ng: 1/ chu s bao ho cua Hoa Ky; 2/
chu s can thiep cua cac cng quoc chau Au - cac nc
chau My a chon con ng th nhat. ieu nay khang nh
46
trong chng mc nao o - tnh hien thc cua hoc thuyet
Monroe. Lien ket khu vc khong n thuan la y ch cua cac
quoc gia ma con la nhu cau tat yeu cua lch s. en nam
1948 th To chc cac nc chau My (OAS) ra i - mot
bc hien thc hoa nhng t tng cua Monroe. OAS la to
chc khu vc gom 27 thanh vien, ng au la My. Muc tieu
chnh cua to chc nay la: Cung co hoa bnh va an ninh trong
luc a, ngan nga nhng bat ong va giai quyet tranh chap
bang ng loi hoa bnh, hanh ong chung trong trng hp b
xam lc, thuc ay viec giai quyet cac van e kinh te, chnh
tr va phap ly cua cac nc chau My; thong nhat nhng co
gang v muc ch tien bo ve kinh te, xa hoi, khoa hoc - ky
thuat va van hoa
1
. Sau To chc cac nc chau My th cac
to chc khu vc khac cung ra i nh Hiep hoi Lien ket My
La tinh (nam 1960); He thong kinh te My La tinh (SELA)
nam 1975. ay la cac to chc kinh te khu vc, c lap ra
nham phat trien kinh te cac nc thanh vien.
Xet sang trng hp chau Phi, vao na au the ky XIX,
luc a en nay con la mot ieu b hiem oi vi cac nc t
ban phng Tay. Ngi ta khong the noi en khai niem chu
ngha quoc gia. Cang khong the noi en khai niem chu ngha
khu vc, v en thi iem nay phan ln cac bo toc chau Phi
con trong tnh trang xa hoi tien giai cap. C dan chau Phi
rat khac nhau ve sac toc, ton giao tn ngng, nhat la cac
vung bac va nam sa mac Sahara. Nhng khi thc dan phng
Tay du nhap chu ngha t ban vao ay, lam nay sinh cac quan
he san xuat t ban chu ngha th moi sac toc, ton giao chau

1
Cac to chc quoc te, Nxb. Phap ly, 1983, tr.157-158.
47
Phi eu chu chung mot so phan lch s. Vao au the ky XX
mot so cac quoc gia Bac Phi, giai cap t san dan toc a ra i.
ay la ieu kien cot yeu e xuat hien y thc quoc gia - dan
toc va sau o la y thc khu vc. Chnh sach khai thac, boc lot
thuoc a cua chu ngha thc dan a lam chau Phi b kiet que.
Long cam thu chu ngha thc dan tr thanh ngon c thong
nhat chau Phi trong s nghiep au tranh giai phong dan toc.
V the, chu ngha khu vc ay trc het mang tnh chat bai
thc dan
1
. Trong qua trnh xau xe chau Phi, thc dan phng
Tay a bat chap cac ng bien gii lch s, tuy tien vach
ranh gii chia cat cac bo toc. ay la nguon goc cua nhng
xung ot sac toc va tranh chap lanh tho gia cac quoc gia
chau Phi sau nay. Trng hp tranh chap lanh tho gia
Ethiopia va Somalia la bai hoc ien hnh ve s chia re cua
chau Phi
2
.
T sau chien tranh the gii th hai, phong trao au tranh
gianh oc lap dan toc chau Phi co nhng bc phat trien
manh me. Bac Phi la ni dien ra phong trao au tranh chong
chu ngha thc dan cu va chu ngha thc dan mi sm nhat
chau Phi. Trong thap ky 50, mot loat cac quoc gia Bac Phi a
gianh c oc lap: Libi (nam1952), Ai Cap (nam1952),
Tuynidi (nam 1956). Nhieu quoc gia ong Phi va Tay Phi
cung gianh c oc lap trong khoang thi gian t 1957-1960.
ac biet, trong nam 1960 chau Phi co 17 nc tuyen bo oc
lap. Thang li cua phong trao giai phong dan toc cac chau
A, Phi, My La tinh t sau chien tranh the gii th hai a c
Lien hiep quoc ghi nhan bang van ban phap ly. ai Hoi ong

1.2
Regionalism in Southeast Asia, sd, tr.58, 61
48
Lien hiep quoc khoa hop 15 a thong qua van kien Tuyen
ngon ve thu tieu hoan toan chu ngha thc dan, trao tra oc
lap cho cac quoc gia va dan toc thuoc a
1
.
Thi ky hau thuoc a at ra cho chau Phi nhieu van e
cap bach, khong ch oi vi moi quoc gia ma con oi vi ca
khu vc. Lam sao thuc ay, cung co s oan ket thong nhat
gia cac quoc gia trong khu vc. Nhng no lc chung nham
am bao moi ieu kien phat trien toi u cho cac dan toc chau
Phi? Viec tiep tuc au tranh chong chu ngha thc dan cu va
mi, bao ve toan ven lanh tho va chu quyen cua cac quoc gia
oc lap? Van e phat trien cac moi quan he quoc te ... Hang
loat nhng cau hoi ln ma khong mot quoc gia n le nao
trong khu vc tra li noi. Ch co mot to chc khu vc mi la
giai phap tot nhat trong ieu kien cac quoc gia a gianh c
oc lap, ang mong muon giai quyet cac van e noi bo, van
e khu vc, lan cac van e quoc te khac. Ngay 25/5/1963 To
chc thong nhat chau Phi (OAU) ra i. S kien nay anh
dau o chn muoi cua chu ngha khu vc chau Phi.
Nh vay, nhng trng hp ien hnh cua chau Au, chau
My, chau Phi cho phep chung ta hnh dung mot cach mach lac
c s hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc trong nhng ieu kien lch
s cu the. S bieu hien a dang cua chu ngha khu vc cac
ni tren the gii khong a chung ta en hoai nghi, trai lai,
a en mot s xac tn ve chnh khai niem nay.
Sau cung, chu ngha khu vc vi t cach la mot bo phan
cau thanh cua he thong quan he quoc te cung a c phan

1
Nguyen Xuan Sn, Nguyen Hu Cat (chu bien): Lch s the gii ai
cng, Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia. H. 1997, tr.230.
49
anh trong Hien c Hoi Quoc lien va Hien chng Lien hiep
quoc. Ban than chu ngha khu vc a mang y ngha khu biet
nhieu van e khong the giai quyet thoa ang cap o toan
cau. V the, ieu 21 cua Hien c Hoi Quoc lien cho rang,
khong co s xung khac gia Hoi Quoc lien va nhng to chc
khu vc cung chung muc ch bao ve hoa bnh. Con ieu 52
trong Hien chng Lien hiep quoc cung khong phu nhan viec
thanh lap cac to chc khu vc. Khoan 1, ieu 52 cua Hien
chng Lien hiep quoc neu ro: Khong mot quy nh nao
trong Hien chng nay lam can tr s ton tai cua nhng hiep
nh hoac nhng to chc khu vc nham giai quyet cac van e
co lien quan en viec duy tr hoa bnh va an ninh quoc te bang
nhng hanh ong co tnh chat khu vc, mien la nhng hiep
nh hoac to chc ay va nhng hoat ong cua chung phu hp
vi muc ch va nguyen tac cua Lien hiep quoc
1
.
Chng 8 cua Hien chng Lien hiep quoc, t ieu 52
en ieu 54 ghi nhan cac tham quyen cua to chc khu vc. To
chc khu vc co ba tham quyen chnh: tham quyen giai quyet
cac tranh chap a phng, quyen thi hanh cac che tai quan
s, quyen t ve cong ong
2
. Ve tham quyen giai quyet cac
tranh chap a phng, ieu 52, khoan 2 viet: Cac nc
thanh vien Lien hiep quoc ky ket nhng hiep nh hoac lap ra
nhng to chc nay phai co gang het sc e giai quyet hoa bnh
nhng vu tranh chap co tnh chat khu vc, bang cach s dung
nhng hiep nh hoac nhng to chc o, trc khi a nhng
tranh chap ay len Hoi ong Bao an xem xet
3
. Noi cach khac,

1.2.3
Vu ASEAN (Bo Ngoai giao): Hiep hoi cac nc NA (ASEAN), Nxb.
Chnh tr quoc gia, H. 1995, tr.187, 188.
50
cac quoc gia thanh vien cua mot to chc khu vc phai nh to
chc o giai quyet tranh chap va ch c vien en Hoi ong
Bao an khi to chc khu vc o khong giai quyet c.
Quyen thi hanh che tai quan s c the hien ieu
53, khoan 1, ban Hien chng. ieu khoan nay ghi ro: Hoi
ong Bao an s dung, neu thay can thiet, nhng hiep nh hoac
cac to chc khu vc e thi hanh nhng hanh ong cng che
di s ieu khien cua mnh. Tuy nhien, khong mot hanh ong
cng che nao c thi hanh chieu theo nhng hiep nh hay
do nhng to chc khu vc quy nh, neu khong c Hoi ong
Bao an cho phep, tr nhng bien phap chong bat ky quoc gia
thu ch nao theo quy nh khoan 2 ieu nay hoac nhng bien
phap quy nh chieu theo ieu 107, hoac trong nhng hiep c
khu vc thi hanh mot lan na chnh sach xam lc cho en khi
Lien hiep quoc co the, theo li yeu cau cua cac chnh phu hu
quan, c giao nhiem vu ngan chan mot s xam lc mi cua
mot quoc gia nh the
1
.
Ve quyen t ve cong ong, ieu 51, chng 7, Hien
chng cho phep cac quoc gia thanh vien Lien hiep quoc
quyen t ve khi gap phai mot cuoc xam lc. Do o, cac
thanh vien Lien hiep quoc co chan trong cac to chc khu vc
hoac hiep nh khu vc eu co the nh s tr giup cua cac to
chc nay thc hien quyen t ve cong ong chnh ang. S tr
giup quan s cua to chc khu vc co the keo dai en khi Hoi
ong Bao an tm c nhng bien phap thch hp e van hoi
hoa bnh va an ninh quoc te
2
.

1.2
Vu ASEAN (Bo Ngoai giao): Hiep hoi cac nc NA (ASEAN), s,
tr.186 - 189.
51
Tom lai: khuynh hng khu vc hoa (regionalization)
cung nhng t tng ve thong nhat khu vc xuat hien t lau
trong lch s nhng cha tr thanh chu ngha khu vc
(regionalism).
Chu ngha khu vc la san pham tat yeu cua s phat trien
lch s, ch hnh thanh trong giai oan phat trien t ban chu
ngha t sau chien tranh the gii th hai en nay. Chu ngha
khu vc bat nguon t s sup o he thong thuoc a cua chu
ngha e quoc, tnh trang au tranh gay gat gia cac he thong
the gii va ngay trong long cac he thong o. Chu ngha khu
vc xuat hien nh la mot phan ng trc xu hng toan cau
hoa i song nhan loai, xay ra di s thao tung cua mot so
cng quoc, cung nh chu ngha quoc gia thai qua trong moi
quoc gia - dan toc.
Trong cac ieu kien lch s khac nhau th chu ngha khu
vc cung bieu hien khac nhau. Nhng ve ban chat, chu ngha
khu vc (regionalism) la mot he thong cac nguyen tac va tieu
ch, theo o, cac quoc gia - dan toc trong cung mot khong gian
a - lch s, a - van hoa, a - chnh tr - xa hoi co the hp
tac vi nhau e cung phat trien ban than moi quoc gia cung
nh toan khu vc; khong phu thuoc vao the che, che o chnh
tr xa hoi, he t tng, trnh o phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cung
nh ban sac van hoa ton giao rieng cua tng quoc gia dan toc.
Von c hnh thanh trong qua trnh nhan thc ve tnh
thong nhat, quyen li tap the cua mot nhom nc, chu ngha
khu vc thng c the hien qua viec thanh lap cac to chc
khu vc - dang to chc lien chnh phu, c quan quyen lc sieu
quoc gia. Da tren cac hiep c mang tnh cong phap quoc te,
52
cac to chc nay thc hien chc nang giai quyet nhng van e
khu vc lien quan en cac nc thanh vien. Tat nhien, tuy
theo trnh o hp tac khu vc ma tham quyen cua cac to chc
tren co the rong rai hoac han che.
VI. CAC MO THC C BAN CUA CHU NGHA KHU VC
Tren thc te, nhng bieu hien cua chu ngha khu vc rat
a dang, phong phu. Nhng khu vc co trnh o phat trien
khac nhau th tnh chat cua chu ngha khu vc nhng ni o
cung khac nhau. Hn na, trong bang giao quoc te co nhieu
dang quan he tren nhieu lnh vc. S thay oi hoac ieu chnh
chnh sach oi ngoai cua mot so quoc gia (nhat la cac cng
quoc) nhieu khi mang en nhng bien oi ln trong he thong
the gii. Trong trng hp nay, chu ngha khu vc la s phan
anh sinh ong nhng bien oi ln lao o. V the chung ta
khong bat gap th chu ngha khu vc bieu hien chung chung
ma ch thay chu ngha khu vc c bieu hien cu the trong
nhng ieu kien lch s cu the.
e hieu ro hn ve chu ngha khu vc, trong phan nay
chung toi at ra cho mnh nhiem vu phai khai quat c
nhng mo thc c ban cua chu ngha khu vc. Muon the,
trc het can phai xac nh cac tieu ch (criteria). Mot trong
nhng tieu ch quan trong e xac nh cac mo thc cua chu
ngha khu vc la yeu to a ly. Co the do v tr chien lc, tai
nguyen thien nhien, nhng tranh chap chu quyen ve lanh tho,
lanh hai lam cho a ly tr thanh yeu to nen tang cua chu
ngha khu vc. Tieu ch quan trong th hai la khu vc phai
bieu hien nh mot cong ong van hoa, van minh, c hnh
thanh trong qua trnh phat trien lch s. Do ieu kien a ly t
53
nhien tng oi giong nhau (cung mot khu vc) nen co s
tng ong ve a - thc vat, a - ong vat, a - nhan van.
Trong cung mot khu vc cac quoc gia dan toc thng co s
gan gui ve nhan chung, ve van hoa, lch s, ve trnh o phat
trien kinh te - xa hoi. Neu can c vao hai tieu ch tren th the
gii ngay nay co rat nhieu to chc quoc te, nhng khong co
nhieu lam cac to chc khu vc. Tuy nhien, trong mot so sach
bao, ngi ta thng lam dung cach goi hoac gia cha phan
biet c s khac nhau gia mot to chc khu vc va mot to
chc quoc te. Th du cac to chc nh: To chc hiep c Bac
- ai Tay dng (NATO), Uy ban kinh te - xa hoi chau A -
Thai Bnh dng (ESCAP), Quy tien te quoc te (IMF),
Tap oan quan s Thai Bnh Dng (ANZUK), khong phai
la cac to chc khu vc. Tieu ch th ba, tieu ch quan trong
nhat e xac nh mo thc cua chu ngha khu vc la muc tieu,
tnh chat hoat ong cua cac to chc khu vc. Mot mo thc chu
ngha khu vc thng c cau truc hoa qua mot to chc khu
vc tng ng vi no.
Da vao cac tieu ch a c trnh bay tren, qua khao
sat cac to chc khu vc tren the gii, chung toi nhan thay co
the phan chung ra lam bon loai mo thc chu yeu: mo thc
chnh tr, mo thc kinh te, mo thc an ninh va mo thc van
hoa. Tat nhien chung toi y thc c rang, trong mot chng
mc nhat nh, s phan loai nay ch mang tnh chat tng oi.
1. Mo thc chnh tr (Political pattern)
Mo thc nay the hien qua cac to chc chnh tr khu vc.
Viec xuat hien cac to chc chnh tr khu vc phu thuoc vao
nhieu yeu to. Trc het la moi trng chnh tr khu vc. oi
54
vi khu vc Tay Au, ni tap trung cac nc t ban cong
nghiep co trnh o phat trien cao th ong c cua to chc
chnh tr khu vc ay ch nham thc hien s oan ket chat
che hn na gia cac thanh vien e bao ton cac ly tng c
coi la tai san chung va phat trien s hp tac ve kinh te, xa
hoi
1
. V the viec thanh lap Hoi ong chau Au (ngay ky ieu
le 4 - 5 - 1949) la mot bc chuan b e a Tay Au bc len
vu ai quoc te bang sc manh chnh tr, kinh te cua ca mot
khu vc von la mot trung tam t ban phat trien. ieu nay
cang tr nen cap thiet hn khi Tay Au vao au nhng nam 70
tr thanh mot trong ba trung tam ln nhat cua he thong t ban
the gii.
Ngoai Tay Au, cac khu vc khac tren the gii, moi
trng chnh tr phc tap hn nhieu. Bi v cac khu vc nay
eu a tng la thuoc a cua chu ngha thc dan. Viec thanh
lap cac to chc chnh tr nham vao muc tieu trc tien la bai
thc dan di bat ky hnh thc cu hoac mi. Muon the, cac
dan toc trong khu vc o phai oan ket nhau lai, phoi hp
hanh ong va phat trien cac moi quan he ve chnh tr, kinh te,
van hoa. vung Can ong, trong khi chien tranh the gii th
hai cha ket thuc th cac quoc gia Arap a thanh lap mot to
chc chnh tr khu vc di ten goi Lien oan cac nc
Arap (AL) vao ngay 22/3/1945. Muc tieu chu yeu cua cac
nc nay la: xac lap cac moi quan he chat che gia cac nc
thanh vien; vach ra ng loi chnh tr thong nhat trong cac
hoat ong tren trng quoc te; bao ve nen oc lap, chu quyen
cac nc thanh vien; thao luan nhng van e co quan he en

1
Cac to chc quoc te, Nxb. Phap ly, 1983, tr. 183.
55
li ch cac nc Arap
1
. Con chau Phi, cho en gia thap ky
60, phan ln cac quoc gia luc a nay a gianh c oc
lap, tao nen nhng tien e, ieu kien hnh thanh mot to chc
chnh tr khu vc. B boc lot, chia re bi chu ngha e quoc,
cac dan toc chau Phi sm y thc c s oan ket thong nhat
gia ho. o va la y ch va la nhu cau tat yeu. Ngay
25/5/1963 To chc thong nhat chau Phi (OAU) ra i. Muc
tieu cua to chc nay la thuc ay va cung co s thong nhat,
oan ket cac nc chau Phi, thong nhat moi no lc cua cac
nc o nham am bao nhng ieu kien toi u cho cac dan
toc chau Phi; bao ve s toan ven lanh tho, chu quyen va oc
lap; au tranh chong chu ngha thc dan cu va mi; phat trien
s hp tac quoc te tren c s Hien chng Lien hiep quoc va
Tuyen ngon ve cac quyen con ngi
2
.
Rieng chau My, moi trng chnh tr kha ac biet,
mac du a so cac quoc gia chau My eu tng la thuoc a cua
Tay Ban Nha, Bo ao Nha, Anh, Phap nhng to chc chnh tr
khu vc ay khong mang tnh bai thc dan nh chau A,
chau Phi. Ly do la My muon at toan bo chau My di s bao
ho cua mnh, ngan nga s can thiep cua cac cng quoc
chau Au vao chau My. V the cac quoc gia chau My a cung
nhau ky ket ba van kien phap ly quan trong vi muc ch
tng tr chong ngoai xam. o la Thoa c Champultepec
(thang 3/1945), Hien c Rio de Janeiro (thang 2/1947) va
Hien chng Bogota (30/4/1948). Hien chng Bogota anh

1.2
Cac to chc quoc te. Nxb. Phap ly, H. 1983, tr. 129, 148.
56
dau s ra i cua To chc cac nc chau My (OAS)
1
.
Trong khi iem dien cac to chc chnh tr khu vc tren
the gii, khong the bo qua mot to chc chnh tr khu vc ien
hnh khac chau A la Hiep hoi cac quoc gia ong Nam A
(ASEAN). Von la thuoc a cu cua thc dan phng Tay nen
cac quoc gia, dan toc ong Nam A co tinh than chong thc
dan rat cao. Nhng do moi trng chnh tr cua khu vc phc
tap, lai b chi phoi nang ne bi chien tranh lanh nen muc tieu,
tnh chat hoat ong cua ASEAN co nhieu thay oi tuy theo
cac giai oan lch s. Ve to chc chnh tr khu vc nay chung
toi se trnh bay nhng chng sau.
Qua khao sat cac to chc chnh tr khu vc, de dang
nhan thay cac to chc khu vc nay theo uoi nhieu muc tieu
khac nhau. Nhng muc tieu cot loi nhat la xay dng tinh than
oan ket, hp tac, tren c s ton trong oc lap chu quyen cua
nhau, khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau, co lap
trng, thai o chnh tr thong nhat trong viec giai quyet cac
van e khu vc va quoc te.
Tat ca cac to chc chnh tr khu vc ke tren eu phat
trien cac moi quan he hp tac theo chieu rong, t cac lnh vc
chnh tr, kinh te, van hoa en cac lnh vc chuyen mon,
chuyen nganh nh y te, giao duc, t phap, vien thong... Hieu
qua cua cac quan he hp tac nay phu thuoc rat nhieu vao
trnh o phat trien kinh te, xa hoi cua toan khu vc; ac biet
phu thuoc vao s on nh chnh tr trong khu vc va mc o
can thiep cua cac trung tam quyen lc quoc te vao khu vc.

1
57
2. Mo thc kinh te (Economical pattern)
Mo thc nay c the hien qua cac to chc kinh te khu
vc. Neu mo thc chnh tr tao ra mot khoi ong minh chnh
tr khu vc th mo thc kinh te tao ra mot he thong kinh te khu
vc. Trong mot to chc khu vc, s rang buoc ve kinh te
thng chat che hn s rang buoc ve chnh tr. o la s khac
biet can ban gia hai mo thc.
Mo thc to chc kinh te khu vc, trc het la mot he
thong kinh te, trong o co s tham gia cua nen kinh te cac
nc thanh vien. Tnh hieu qua cua he thong kinh te o phan
anh mc o thanh cong cua to chc kinh te khu vc tng ng
vi no. Nhng muon hnh thanh c mot to chc kinh te khu
vc phai co nhng ieu kien cu the. Th nhat, viec ap dung
c che th trng a phat trien va tr nen pho bien cac quoc
gia trong khu vc. Th hai, co sc ep ben ngoai khu vc oi
hoi cac quoc gia trong khu vc phai co s phoi hp, thong
nhat hanh ong e oi pho va canh tranh vi the lc ben
ngoai. Th ba, trnh o phat trien kinh te cua cac quoc gia,
ac biet la mc o phat trien cac quan he kinh te gia cac
quoc gia trong khu vc a at ti mc oi hoi phai co s phoi
hp chnh sach ieu chnh cac quan he kinh te o
1
.
Thc te cho thay, hau het cac quoc gia trc ay von la
thuoc a cu, sau khi gianh c oc lap a lien ket vi nhau
trong cac to chc kinh te khu vc. Muc tieu chnh cua cac to
chc kinh te nay nham chong lai sc ep kinh te cua cac nc

1
Vo ai Lc, Kim Ngoc (chu bien): Cac khoi kinh te va mau dch tren
the gii, Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia, H. 1996, tr. 9.
58
t ban phat trien va cac tap oan kinh te t ban xuyen quoc
gia; gi vng oc lap kinh te cho moi quoc gia thanh vien,
phat trien cac moi quan he kinh te, thng mai gia cac nc
trong khu vc. Nhieu hnh thc, mc o hp tac kinh te khu
vc a c trien khai nh viec thoa thuan buon ban u ai
trong khoi. Cao hn na la thoa thuan thu tieu toan bo hang
rao thue quan va phi thue quan oi vi cac hoat ong thng
mai trong khu vc.
Cac to chc kinh te khu vc tao thanh cac khoi kinh te,
co mat hau khap toan cau. khu vc Tay A, to chc Hp
tac khu vc e phat trien cua ba nc Iran, Tho Nh Ky,
Pakistan a ra i vao nam 1964. Muc tieu cua to chc nay la
phat trien s hp tac khu vc trong lnh vc cong nghiep,
nong nghiep, giao thong van tai, thng mai, ngan hang, tai
nguyen khoang san, y te va du lch
1
. Cung trong nam 1964
Th trng chung cac nc Arap c thanh lap. Theo hiep
nh ky ket cua to chc nay, se loai bo thi han 5 nam cac
loai thue xuat nhap khau va cac loai thue khac oi vi nong
pham; quy nh giam thue quan moi nam 10%; quy nh t do
chu chuyen von va lc lng lao ong gia cac nc tham gia
to chc, xac lap bieu thue thong nhat trong ngoai thng, xay
dng mot chnh sach kinh te thong nhat tren trng quoc te.
chau Phi, trong so cac to chc kinh te khu vc tieu
bieu, au tien co the noi la Lien minh kinh te va thue quan
Trung Phi (UDEAC), thanh lap nam 1964. Hoat ong cua to
chc nay nham xay dng chnh sach thue va thue quan chung;

1
Cac to chc quoc te, sd, tr. 115.
59
phoi hp phan bo cong nghiep, hp nhat cac nguon tai
nguyen e thc hien nhng chng trnh ln; to chc thanh th
trng chung cac nc thanh vien
1
.
To chc kinh te tieu bieu th hai la Cong ong ong
Phi, c thanh lap thang 6/1967. To chc nay at ra nhng
muc tieu to ln la thiet lap mot th trng chung, lien minh
thue quan va phoi hp chnh sach kinh te, tai chnh
2
. Ngoai ra,
chau Phi con co mot vai to chc kinh te khu vc khac nh
Cong ong kinh te Tay Phi (thanh lap nam 1972); To chc
phat trien song Senegal (thanh lap nam 1972); To chc
Mautorio- chau Phi chung (OCAM). Muc tieu cua cac to
chc tren nham thuc ay s hp tac ve mau dch, xay dng
mot chnh sach kinh te oi ngoai chung cho khu vc.
chau My, viec xuat hien cac to chc kinh te khu vc
cung tr thanh mot hien tng pho bien. Hiep c Managua
c ky ket nam 1960 a dan en viec thanh lap Th trng
chung Trung My (CAM). Tuy nhien to chc nay khong mang
lai s thanh cong ang ke nao ngoai s tao ieu kien cho t
ban oc quyen My xam nhap th trng khu vc
3
. Cung nam
1960 cac nc My La tinh a ky hiep nh thanh lap Hiep
hoi lien ket My La tinh. Cac quoc gia trong hiep hoi se bai
bo dan hang rao thue quan, phoi hp chnh sach cong nghiep
hoa, tranh xuat sieu vao cac nc tham gia hiep c
4
. T to
chc kinh te khu vc nay a hnh thanh cac to chc tieu khu
vc cua ba nhom nc. Nhom th nhat gom Agentina,
Bolovia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay a cung ky Hiep c

1.2.3.4.
Cac to chc quoc te, sd, tr. 152, 156, 169, 162.
60
khu vc song Laplata (nam 1969) nham giai quyet cac van
e chung ve kinh te, giao thong ng thuy, hien ai hoa
mang li ng sat, s dung hang khong, van tai ien, thong
tin lien lac.
Nhom th hai gom Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile,
Ecuador a ky Hiep c Cactahen ve lien ket khu vc lang
gieng (con goi la Thoa c Catahen hay Hiep c Andes,
nam 1969).
Nhom th ba gom Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana,
Colombia, Peru, Surinam, Ecuado ky Hiep c ve hp tac
cac nc khu vc song Amazon (nam 1978).
Ngay 17/10/1975 mot to chc kinh te khu vc khac cua
My La tinh ra i la He thong kinh te My La tinh (SELA).
S thay oi cua tnh hnh the gii trong giai oan nay buoc
cac nc My La tinh phai anh gia lai tnh hnh phat trien
kinh te cua mnh. He thong kinh te My La tinh lam nhiem
vu ieu hanh viec phoi hp chnh sach kinh te, ac biet trong
lnh vc ngoai thng cua cac quoc gia thanh vien; hp tac
vi cac khoi kinh te khac hoac cac to hp xuyen quoc gia
1
.
Qua khao sat mot loat cac to chc kinh te khu vc cac
luc a A, Phi, My La tinh, chung ta thay muc tieu hp tac cua
chung kha rong ln, phong phu. Nhng tren thc te, cac to
chc kinh te nay khong may thanh cong trong viec thc hien
cac chng trnh co tnh khu vc a c cac chnh phu ky
ket. Ly do chu yeu la trnh o hp tac kinh te khu vc cua cac
quoc gia thanh vien con yeu. Ban than cac quoc gia con rat

1
Cac to chc quoc te, sd, tr. 163-164.
61
nhieu bat ong nh trng hp Th trng chung cac nc
Arap, Cong ong ong Phi. Cac to chc kinh te khu vc
My La tinh th hau het eu b My thao tung. Tuy vay, nhng
to chc kinh te tren van la s can thiet khach quan oi vi cac
nc thanh vien. Hp tac kinh te co tac dung that chat hn
na tnh oan ket gia cac dan toc, tnh cong ong khu vc.
oi vi cac quoc gia t ban phat trien, viec thanh lap to
chc kinh te khu vc co nhng u the ac biet. Do kha nang
xuat khau hang hang hoa, von, dch vu, cong nghe cua cac
nc nay rat ln nen kha nang tham gia vao hp tac khu vc
cung rat ln. Cac nc t ban Tay Au a thiet lap to chc
kinh te khu vc au tien cua mnh la Cong ong than va
thep chau Au (ECSC) vao nam 1951; sau o la Cong ong
nang lng nguyen t chau Au (CEECA) nam 1955. ay la
nhng to chc kinh te mang tnh chuyen nganh. en khi Th
trng chung chau Au (EEC) ra i nam 1957 th to chc
kinh te khu vc ay a co nhng bc i dai, tien ti mot th
trng thong nhat ca ve hang hoa, von va lc lng lao ong.
en nam 1967, ca ECSC, CEECA, EEC chnh thc hp nhat
thanh mot to chc chung, goi la Cong ong chau Au (EC).
Ngoai cac to chc tren a hp nhat lai, chau Au cung co
hien tng lien ket kinh te tieu khu vc. o la khoi phng
Bac- to chc cua cac nc Bac Au, thanh lap nam 1952; khoi
benelux gom B, Ha Lan, Luxemburg, ra i vao nam 1958.
Qua khao sat cac to chc kinh te khu vc tren the gii
cho thay c cau to chc cua chung thng gon nhe vi hai c
quan tieu bieu: 1/ C quan co tham quyen cao nhat thng la
mot hoi ong, bao gom ai dien cac nc thanh vien. Cac
hnh thc hoi ong co the la cuoc hop cap cao cua cac v ng
62
au nha nc hoac hoi ngh hang nam cua cac ngoai trng;
2/ C quan chap hanh, thng la mot ban thng trc hoac la
ban th ky co trach nhiem ieu hanh moi hoat ong cua to chc.
Ngoai cac to chc kinh te khu vc, tren the gii con
thay xuat hien cac to chc kinh te lien khu vc. Phan ln ay
la cac to chc kinh te long leo. Th du nh Ke hoach
Colombo (nam 1950); Hoi ong chau A- Thai Bnh Dng
(ASPAC) nam 1966; To chc kinh te hp tac va phat trien
(OECD) nam 1961... Tren nen tang a ly, chung ta thay
nhom th nhat hoat ong tren nguyen tac chu ngha khu vc
kinh te (economic regionalism); nhom th hai theo nguyen
tac chu ngha toan cau.
3. Mo thc an ninh (Security pattern)
ay la mo thc rat ac biet, mot hnh thc lien minh
chnh tr - quan s khu vc. Thong thng, chnh sach oi
ngoai cua bat ky quoc gia nao cung bao gom nhieu muc tieu.
Nhng muc tieu quan trong nhat chnh la oc lap, chu quyen,
tc la van e an ninh cua quoc gia o. Neu cac quoc gia trong
cung mot khu vc co nhng li ch an ninh giong nhau th ieu
kien tien quyet cho viec hnh thanh mot lien minh chnh tr -
quan s a c xac nh. Tuy nhien, ay khong phai la ieu
kien duy nhat. Bi v s xuat hien mot to chc quan s khu
vc phan chieu vo so cac ong lc. Co the o la sc ep ben
ngoai khu vc, s cong ton v li ch an ninh cua moi quoc
gia, the quan bnh trong quan he quoc te, y thc he. Cung co
the la van e nguyen trang trong trat t the gii.
oi vi cac khu vc khac nhau th s hnh thanh cac to
chc an ninh khu vc cung khac nhau. Giong nh cac to chc
63
chnh tr, kinh te khu vc, to chc an ninh khu vc cung co
nhng tien e can ban nhat cho s hnh thanh. o la cac yeu
to a ly va lch s cong ong. Thieu chung, se rat kho xac
nh c au la mot to chc an ninh khu vc.
Trong qua kh, nh chung ta biet, a tng ton tai nhieu
lien minh quan s, nh khoi Lien minh than thanh (1815-
1853) cua Nga, Anh, Ao, Pho; khoi Lien minh c, Ao,
Hung, Y va khoi Hiep c Anh, Phap, Nga trong chien
tranh the gii th nhat; phe ong minh va phe truc trong
chien tranh the gii th hai. Nhng ay cha phai la nhng to
chc an ninh khu vc, bi le chung con thieu mot bo may - c
quan quyen lc sieu quoc gia co tnh cach quan s. Hn na,
cac lien minh quan s tren c hnh thanh trong tnh trang
chien tranh hoac chuan b gay chien, khong phan anh ung
ban chat cua mot to chc an ninh khu vc. Tren thc te, loai
to chc nay ch xuat hien t sau chien tranh the gii th hai.
Sau chien tranh the gii th hai, cung vi viec thanh lap
to chc Lien hiep quoc, ngi ta nhan thay vai tro cua cac
nc nho ngay cang c khang nh, t nhat la tren bnh dien
cong phap quoc te. Ly do la phong trao giai phong dan toc va
dan chu khap ni dang len manh me; he thong thuoc a
cua chu ngha e quoc b tan ra; nhieu quoc gia gianh c
oc lap. V the, van e an ninh cho cac dan toc c at len
hang au va tr thanh nen tang can ban cua Hien chng
Lien hiep quoc. Tuy nhien, y ch cua cac cng quoc thng
xung ot vi quyen bnh ang va quyen t quyet cua cac dan
toc. Ho tao ra nhng ap lc quan s ngoai khu vc, can thiep
vao khu vc bang lc lng tay sai tai cho. V the, mot vai
khu vc tren the gii, cac nc nho a ng ra to chc nhng
64
khoi quan s khu vc nham muc ch an ninh. Trng hp cua
cac quoc gia Arap la mot ien hnh. To chc Lien oan
Arap ra i vao thang 3/1945 nham muc ch thiet chat tnh
than hu, phoi hp cac hoat ong chnh tr, quan s gia cac
quoc gia thanh vien. ong lc thuc ay viec thanh lap Lien
oan Arap la y o chong Do thai (Israel), chong s can thiep
cua chu ngha e quoc vao khu vc Trung Can ong. Lien
oan chu trng thong nhat hanh ong ngan chan cac cuoc
xam lc cua Israel, ung ho, giup s nghiep giai phong cac
vung at cua ngi Palestin b Israel chiem ong. C quan
quan s trong bo may to chc cua Lien oan gom co: 1/ Hoi
ong phong thu - c quan hoach nh chien lc quan trong,
thanh phan gom co cac bo trng ngoai giao va bo trng
quoc phong cac nc thanh vien; 2/ Uy ban quan s thng
trc, gom ai dien cac bo tong tham mu, la c quan vach ra
cac ke hoach phong thu
1
.
chau My, To chc cac nc chau My (OAS) cung
la mot to chc chnh tr - quan s khu vc. e thc hien chc
nang quan s, trong bo may cua OAS co mot uy ban t van ve
phong thu. Chc nang cua no la tien hanh cac cuoc hiep
thng ve hp tac quan s
2
.
Ngoai cac ong c lien quan en an ninh noi bo va ap
lc ben ngoai cua cac cng quoc, viec hnh thanh cac to
chc an ninh khu vc con b chi phoi nhieu bi cuoc chien
tranh lanh gia hai he thong xa hoi chu ngha va t ban chu
ngha. Tai chau Au, khi Hiep c Warsaw (WTO) c ky

1.2.
Cac to chc quoc te, sd, tr. 122, 159.
65
vao thang 5/1955 gia cac nc xa hoi chu ngha ong Au va
Lien Xo cu nham chong lai nhng am mu va hanh ong
nguy hiem cua chu ngha e quoc, bao ve xa hoi chu ngha,
hoa bnh va an ninh the gii, th cung nam o, nhom nc t
ban Tay Au a thanh lap Lien minh Tay Au (UEO). ay
cung la mot to chc chnh tr - quan s khu vc, co moi quan
he chat che vi khoi To chc hiep c Bac - ai Tay
Dng (NATO). Muc tieu c ban cua Lien minh Tay Au
la ay manh hp tac quan s gia cac nc thanh vien, chong
lai chu ngha cong san va he thong cac nc xa hoi chu ngha
ong Au. C quan lanh ao cua UEO la mot Hoi ong.
Trong o co mot Uy ban thng trc ve quan b, c goi la
c quan kiem tra vai tro vu trang cua cac nc thanh vien
1
.
Nh the, viec khao sat mot so to chc chnh tr - quan s
tren cho thay mo thc an ninh cung co nhieu bieu hien a
dang. Xuat phat t tam quan trong cua a - chien lc khu
vc, nhng moi lien he sau xa ve lch s cua cac quoc gia
trong khu vc, thai o chnh tr cua cac cng quoc oi vi
khu vc ma mot to chc an ninh khu vc co the xac nh c
nhng hnh thc va mc o hp tac. Ben canh chung, rat
nhieu to chc quan s quoc te, be ngoai mang dang ve khu
vc, ben trong la s thao tung cua cac e quoc. ien hnh la
To chc Hiep c trung tam (CENTO) gom Iran, Pakistan,
Tho Nh Ky va Lien hiep Anh; Tap oan quan s Thai Bnh
Dng (ANZUK) gom Anh, Australia, New Zealand,
Malaysia, Singapore; To chc hiep c phong thu ong Nam
A (SEATO) gom My, Anh, Phap, Australia, New Zealand,

1
Cac to chc quoc te, sd, tr. 138.
66
Pakistan, Thai Lan, Philippines ... Cac to chc quan s nay eu
ra i trong hoan canh chien tranh lanh va cung chung muc ch
chong cong san ch khong v an ninh cho cac quoc gia dan toc
trong khu vc.
4. Mo thc van hoa (Cultural pattern)
ay la mo thc nen tang cua chu ngha khu vc. No
c the hien qua s hnh thanh khu vc nh mot cong ong
van hoa, van minh vi nhng ac trng xac nh. Ly thuyet
ve s hnh thanh khu vc vi t cach la mot thc the bao gom
cac yeu to khong gian xa hoi va thi gian lch s a c
nhieu hoc gia phng Tay e xuat; sau o c cac hoc gia
Xo viet ke tha, phat trien
1
. Da tren ly thuyet vung van
hoa cua C.L. Wishler, A.L. Kroeber, nhieu nha dan toc hoc
Xo viet a a ra cac khai niem ve loai hnh kinh te - van
hoa, khu vc van hoa - lch s hoac khu vc lch s
Theo N.N. Trebokxarov, loai hnh kinh te - van hoa la
tong the cac ac iem kinh te va van hoa hnh thanh trong
qua trnh lch s cua cac dan toc khac nhau, cung mot trnh
o phat trien kinh te xa hoi va sinh song trong moi trng
a ly t nhien nh nhau
2
. Con khai niem khu vc van hoa
lch s c hieu la mot khu vc ma o sinh song nhng
toc ngi; trong qua trnh phat trien lch s lau dai, gia ho co
nhng anh hng qua lai khang kht vi nhau, t o hnh

1
Ngo c Thnh (chu bien): Van hoa vung va phan vung van hoa Viet
Nam. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H. 1993, tr. 17-46.
2
N.N. Treboksarov, I.A. Treboksarova: Cac dan toc, chung toc va van
hoa, Nxb. Khoa hoc Matxcva, 1971, tr. 169. (tieng Nga).
67
thanh nen nhng yeu to van hoa chung trong van hoa vat chat
cung nh van hoa tinh than
1
.
Thc te cho thay cac to chc khu vc hnh thanh va phat
trien eu da tren nen tang mot cong ong van hoa, van minh
nh the (chang han cac trng hp ASEAN, EU, AL Lien
oan Arap) Trong qua trnh hoat ong cua cac to chc khu
vc nay, van hoa luon la mot lnh vc hp tac quan trong, co
tac dung thuc ay s hieu biet tin cay lan nhau, cung co tnh
oan ket nhat tr cua cac dan toc thanh vien khu vc. Trong
xu hng toan cau hoa va khu vc hoa, cac gia tr van hoa
truyen thong ngay cang ong vai tro quan trong trong suot
qua trnh hp tac, lien ket khu vc. Mac du s tac ong, anh
hng cua van hoa en i song kinh te, chnh tr, an ninh khu
vc la rat phc tap, nhng yeu to van hoa thng luon c
bieu hien. Trong khi cac yeu to khac nh an ninh, chnh tr
do nhng ieu kien lch s cu the lai co the b tam thi che
khuat.
Xuat phat t muc ch, y tng chu ao trong cuon sach,
chung toi khong i sau vao nghien cu mo thc van hoa ma
se tr lai van e nay trong mot dp khac.

1
N.N. Treboksarov, I.A. Treboksarova: Cac dan toc, chung toc va van
hoa, sd, tr. 215.
68
Chng 2
S HNH THANH
CHU NGHA KHU VC CUA ASEAN
I. ONG NAM A - MOT CHNH THE KHU VC A LY-
VAN HOA - LCH S
NA la mot khu vc a ly kha rong, trai dai t khoang
10
0
v Nam (ni ng v tuyen chay qua ao Roti cua
Indonesia) en 28
0
30 v Bac (tnh t cc Bac cua Myanmar).
Khoang cach gia hai cc ong, tay bat au t 92
0
kinh ong
en 142
0
kinh ong
1
. Ve hnh the, NA gom hai bo phan
chnh: bo phan gan vi luc a, nam gia Trung Quoc va An
o nen goi la ban ao Trung - An (cac nha a ly hoc con
goi la ban ao ong Dng) gom cac nc Campuchia, Lao,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Thai Lan va Viet Nam; bo phan quan
ao gom cac nc: Brunei, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines.
Dien tch toan khu vc NA vao khoang 4,5 trieu km
2
; dan so
450 trieu ngi vao au thap nien 90.
Hng chnh cua a hnh NA la bac - nam. Neu tach
vung nui pha bac Myanmar (mot phan cua he nui Tibet-
Himalaya) va vung Tay Irian (thuoc he thong Uc chau) th
phan con lai cua NA la ban ao Trung - An va quan ao
Indonesia. Ban ao Trung - An la vung trung tam vi a

1
Barton T.F, Kingsbury R.C, Showalter G.R: Southeast Asia in Maps,
Denoyer-Geppert C. Chicago 1970, p.67.
69
hnh yen tnh, thng khong cao lam, tng phan vi vung
ven, ni thng co a hnh cao va phan tan. Nhng day nui
cao pha Bac lam cho NA hi b ngan cach vi nhng
trung tam sinh hoat cua con ngi trong noi a. Tuy nhien,
NA lai nam v tr chien lc quan trong, co ba mat giap
bien. ieu nay anh hng rat ln en so phan lch s cua toan
khu vc.
Hau nh nam tron trong vung nhiet i nong am, NA
khac vi nhng khu vc xung quanh ve phng dien kh hau.
No nong hn luc a Trung Quoc va am t hn ban ao An
o. Gio mua va kh hau bien a lam nhiet o trung bnh
ay kha cao (26-28
0
C). Lng ma tng oi ln, trung bnh
1400-2000 mm/nam. Nhng ieu kien t nhien cua NA rat
thch hp vi s sinh trng cua cac he ong thc vat nhiet
i am, chang han nh: voi (elephatidae), heo voi (tapiridae),
te giac (rhinocertida); cac loai go quy nh cam lai (dalbergia
bariensis), go o (pahudia cocchinesis), nhat la cac loai thao
moc hng lieu (ho, que, ho tieu, sa nhan, au khau, tram
hng ...), cac loai cay lng thc ma ac trng la lua nc
(oriza sativa). Nh the, NA lam thanh mot khu thc vat -
dan toc hoc, ong vat - dan toc hoc tng oi rieng biet
1
.
Ve nhan chung hoc, nhng ket qua khai quat khao co va
mot so cong trnh nghien cu gan ay cho thay ngi Hien
ai (homosapiens) a xuat hien NA cach ay khoang bon
van nam. S tien tien trien cua qua trnh sapien hoa ay

1
Lng Ninh: Lch s trung ai the gii, quyen II. Nxb. ai hoc va trung
hoc chuyen nghiep. H. 1984, tr.10.
70
la lien tuc va trc tiep. S xuat hien cua ngi Hien ai hau
ky a cu gan lien vi viec hnh thanh cac chung toc. Trong 3
ai chung loai ngi c hnh thanh th ai chung Australoid
a co mat pho bien NA vao thi ai a gia
1
. Tai lieu cot
so ay a en gia thiet cho rang NA la que hng cua to
tien ai chung Australoid.
Co the vao thi ky a gia, lan song di c cua nhng
ngi Mongoloid phng Nam a tran xuong NA. Tai a
ban nay xay ra qua trnh hon chung gia hai ai chung e
hnh thanh cac dang chuyen tiep cua hai thanh phan c dan
ay. Bc sang thi ky a mi, qua trnh Mongoloid hoa ngay
cang c ay manh, hnh thanh nhom trung gian Indonesien
va Veddoid co. ay la hai thanh phan nhan chung chu yeu
NA, la lp c dan tang nen ma mot so nha nghien cu
phng Tay goi la ngi Nguyen ong Dng (Proto-
Indochinois). Sang thi ky o ong ngi Mongoloid lai xam
nhap NA, tiep tuc qua trnh hon chung. Noi dung chnh cua
qua trnh hnh thanh nay la s Mongoloid hoa cac loai hnh
Indonesien va Veddoid co mc o khac nhau
2
.
Cung vi s hnh thanh cac nhom loai hnh tren, con co
nhng dang nguyen hnh cua chung toc Australoid khong

1.2
Nguyen Van Tiep: Tnh thong nhat coi nguon va nhng net tng ong
ve chung toc, ngon ng, van hoa cua cac dan toc Viet Nam vi cac dan toc
ong Nam A. Ky yeu hoi ngh khoa hoc: Viet Nam ong Nam A giao
lu va phat trien, Trung tam nghien cu Chau A Thai Bnh Dng,
Trng ai hoc S pham thanh pho Ho Ch Minh to chc nam 1995,
tr.43. 44.

71
tham gia vao qua trnh hon chung. Cac dang nguyen hnh nay
a bao lu thanh phan nhan chung nguyen thuy cua mnh
trong tnh trang hoan toan tach biet hoac bien oi theo nhng
nguyen nhan khac. Nhom Negrito la mot dang nguyen hnh,
phan hoa t goc nguyen thuy Australoid. Nh the, tuyet ai
bo phan c dan NA thuoc bon loai hnh: Indonesien,
Veddoid, Austroasiatic va Negrito. Ho noi theo bon ng he c
ban la: Nam A (Autroasiatic), Tay- Thai (Tai, Daic), Nam
ao (Austronesien), Han - Tang (Sinotibetian).
Vao khoang 12000 nam trc ay, c dan NA a biet
en nong nghiep trong vn (rau cu cac loai nh khoai so,
khoai mon, bau, b ...). Nien ai nay ng vi giai oan a
mi Trung ky NA. Sang giai oan hau ky a mi (khoang
6000 nam ve trc), c dan ay a chuyen t nong nghiep
trong rau cu sang nong nghiep trong lua. Luc au ho trong lua
can, sau trong lua nc la chu yeu. NA tr thanh mot trong
nhng trung tam nong nghiep phat trien sm tren the gii
1
.
Can c vao mo hnh phat trien lua nc nay, mot so nha
nghien cu cho rang a ban NA thi tien s trai dai ve pha
bac, en tan b nam song Dng T; pha tay ti ong Bac
An o; pha nam - ti tan chau ai Dng
2
. Tren a ban
rong ln nay, c dan NA thi tien s a sang tao ra mot nen
van minh nong nghiep lua nc phat trien rc r vi ba yeu

1
Lng Ninh: Lch s trung ai the gii, sd, tr. 17-19.
2
- Pham c Dng: ong Nam A hoc Viet Nam: oi tng va phng
phap tiep can. Tap ch Nghien cu ong Nam A, so 4(13)/ 1995. tr.6-24;
- inh Gia Khanh: Van hoa dan gian Viet Nam trong boi canh van hoa
ong Nam A, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, H.1993, tr. 38.
72
to: van hoa nui, van hoa ong bang, van hoa bien, trong o
yeu to ong bang tuy co sau nhng ong vai tro chu ao
1
.
vung cao ngi ta dung cac giong lua can, ket hp vi viec
ot rng lam nng ray. vung thap, con ngi canh tac lua
nc trong cac thung lung va ong bang. C dan ven song
bien th thao nghe thuyen chai, anh bat thuy, hai san.
Tat ca moi hoat ong san xuat vat chat cua c dan NA
ngay xa dien ra trong pham vi nhng to chc lang xa. o,
phu n co vai tro rat quan trong, tham ch quyet nh trong gia
nh va ngoai xa hoi. ieu nay c phan anh trong van hoa
tinh than NA vi viec e cao u the cua giong cai.
Do song chu yeu tren lu vc cac dong song co thuy
lng theo mua, cuoc song cua c dan NA co mang am
tnh lng the, bieu hien qua sinh hoat hang ngay va ca trong
t duy tru tng. Cac cap oi lap nh nui - song, at - nc,
c - cai, mat trang - mat tri... la nhng quan niem ve tnh
lng phan lng hp cua the gii (dualisme cosmologique).
Khong ch co tnh nh phan trong quan niem ve vu tru,
c dan NA con co nhieu net van hoa chung khac na. o la
tuc th than at, than nc, than lua, tuc th cung to tien. Tuc
th sinh thc kh an ong, an ba gan lien vi cac nghi le
phon thc e cau cho mua mang ti tot, gia suc sinh soi nay
n. Tat ca cac yeu to ve mo hnh san xuat vat chat, hnh thai
to chc xa hoi, t duy, tn ngng, tam ly va neu tren tao
thanh mot c tang van hoa ban a cua c dan NA e oi

1
Pham c Dng: Van hoa NA thong nhat trong a dang, Bao Nhan
dan, so 33 (508) 15-08-1993.
73
choi, ong hoa va ke tha cac nen van hoa ngoai nhap.
Vao nhng the ky au Cong nguyen, tren c s phat
trien cua o ong, o sat (luc nay o sat c s dung kha
pho bien), tr khoi dan c ong bang song Hong a phat
trien trc, cac bo toc NA noi chung bat au bc vao giai
oan xa hoi co giai cap va nha nc. S phat trien cua o
ong va bc au cua o sat a tao ieu kien cho s ra i
cua hang loat quoc gia s ky nay mien Nam NA. Cac tieu
quoc cua c dan noi tieng Nam ao hnh thanh doc ven bien
t pha nam Hai Van (Viet Nam) en ban ao Malaya va tren
mot so hai ao. Con cac c dan noi tieng Mon - Khmer a
xay dng cac tieu quoc cua mnh tren lu vc cac song
Irrawaddi, Menam, Semun, Mekong
1
.
Giai oan t khoang au cong nguyen en the ky VII
c coi la giai oan lch s s ky cua cac quoc gia - dan toc
NA. ay la giai oan hnh thanh cac tieu khu vc va cac
moi lien he gia chung. Sakurai Yumio, giao s Nhat Ban,
trong khi phac hoa cau truc lch s cua khu vc NA a cho
rang, khu vc nay ton tai mot mang li cau truc hnh cay bao
gom:
Trung tam lien the gii: ni giao thng gia hai the
gii phng ong va phng Tay, ong thi la ni gap g cua
cac trung tam lien vung vi th trng the gii.
Trung tam lien vung: la trung tam thu gom va phan phoi
hang hoa vi chc nang trung chuyen gia trung tam the gii
vi cac vung.

1
Lng Ninh: Lch s trung ai the gii, sd, tr. 22.
74
Trung tam vung: la trung tam thu gom va phan phoi
hang hoa vi chc nang trung chuyen gia cac vung vi cac
a phng.
Trung tam a phng: la cau noi thu gom va phan phoi
phuc vu a phng.
Ngoai ra con co cac vung hng noi (vung nong
nghiep trong lua) cach ly khoi cac hoat ong thng mai tren
bien. Cung theo Sakurai Yumio, en au cong nguyen, cac th
cang tren b bien Andaman, tren vnh Thai Lan, cac th cang
mien Trung Viet Nam a tr thanh cac trung tam lien vung.
Con Phu Nam, la vng quoc thng mai, ong vai tro trung
tam lien the gii au tien khu vc
1
. Nh vay, NA t thi
co ai a la mot tong the cua cac yeu to a ly, kinh te, chnh
tr, van hoa, xa hoi, da tren mot trnh o to chc nhat nh.
ang chu y la s hnh thanh cac quoc gia s ky NA
gan lien vi viec tiep thu anh hng cua van hoa Trung Quoc
va van hoa An o. Tren mot c tang van hoa chung co tnh
chat ban a cua khu vc, c dan NA vi tnh chat ci m va
khoang at a tiep thu cac nen van hoa Trung Quoc va An
o mot cach co chon loc, lam giau them, phong phu, a dang
them van hoa ban a cua mnh. S tiep thu nay the hien
hai phng dien chu yeu:
1. Ve thiet che xa hoi: hau het cac quoc gia s ky
NA (tr Viet Nam) c xay dng theo mo hnh to chc bo
may nha nc cua An o. Tat nhien s mo phong nay mang

1
Sakurai Yumio: Th phac hoa cau truc lch s cua khu vc ong Nam A.
Tap ch Nghien cu ong Nam A, so 4 (25)1996, tr.37-55
75
ve hnh thc ben ngoai. Con ve noi dung, cac nha nc ay
van c xay dng tren nhng gia tr cua van hoa ban a,
nh tinh than dan toc, tnh dan chu ci m cua c dan NA.
2. Ve tinh than xa hoi: ngoai cac quan niem nh nguyen
ve vu tru, cac hnh thc tn ngng ban a, c dan NA a
tiep thu mot so ton giao mi nh Balamon giao (Brahmanism),
Phat giao (Buddism), An o giao (Hinduism). S tiep thu nay
thc chat la mot qua trnh ban a hoa cac ton giao tren.
Sau khoang thi gian ba the ky co tnh chat chuyen tiep,
t the ky X tr i, NA bc vao giai oan xac lap va phat
trien cua cac vng quoc dan toc. Viec xac lap cac vng
quoc nay da tren mot bo toc ong ngi va phat trien nhat
lam nong cot. Cho nen, the ky X c coi la moc anh dau ky
nguyen oc lap hoac thong nhat dan toc oi vi cac quoc gia
khu vc NA. Viet Nam, chien thang Bach ang nam 938
a cham dt hn mot ngan nam Bac thuoc, m au cho nen
oc lap cua nc ai Viet sau nay. Campuchia, the ky X
chng kien s thong nhat hai quoc gia s ky cua ngi Khmer
(Luc Chan Lap va Thuy Chan Lap) vao nam 944 di vng
trieu Rajendravarman II (944-968)
1
. Vng quoc Angkor cua
ngi Khmer t o a phat trien thanh mot quoc gia hung
manh trong gan nam the ky tiep theo. Cung t the ky X,
Myanmar (Mien ien) cac bo lac Mien a thiet lap nen quoc
gia Pagan (con goi la Arimaddanapura) khu vc nga ba song
Chindwind va Irrawaddi. ay la quoc gia gi vai tro chu ao
trong lch s Myanmar suot hai the ky sau o. NA hai

1
Lng Ninh: Lch s trung ai the gii, sd, tr.94.
76
ao, quoc gia Srivijaya von xuat hien t cuoi the ky VII tren ao
Sumatra van con gi c a v ba quyen tren eo bien Malacca,
khong che con ng giao thng quoc te ong - Tay. Na sau
the ky XIII, ay xuat hien Majopahit - mot quoc gia hung
manh, co anh hng ln NA hai ao.
Nh vay, trong giai oan the ky X-XVI, mot loat cac quoc
gia - dan toc NA a bat au hnh thanh va phat trien. S hnh
thanh cac quoc gia - dan toc NA gan lien vi s hnh thanh
che o phong kien ay. Song, o khong phai la che o phong
kien kieu e quoc Trung Hoa - mot che o phong kien phng
ong ien hnh; cung khong phai la che o phong kien cua
nhng quoc gia An o, ni xay ra nhng bien ong chnh tr ln
lao trong suot thi ky phong kien, nhat la t khi ao Hoi xam
nhap va thong tr xa hoi An o va cung khong phai la che o
phong kien nh Nhat Ban hoac phng Tay. Do cac yeu to ve
ieu kien t nhien, trnh o phat trien kinh te, van hoa, lch s,
che o phong kien NA, mac du van la che o phong kien
phng ong nhng mang nhieu net oc ao. Chang han, ngi
ta khong thay co che o ang cap (varna) ay nh no a ton
tai An o. Phong kien Trung Hoa hung manh la the ma khong
co quoc danh; ch goi theo trieu ai. Trai lai, nc Viet Nam t
khi hnh thanh a trai qua nhieu ten goi khac nhau. Trong che o
phong kien, NA cung khong he ton tai pho bien che o ien
trang (Shoen) vi ang cap Samurai nh phong kien Nhat Ban,
hoac che o lanh a va ang cap hiep s nh phong kien
Tay Au.
T goc o kinh te khu vc ma xet, giai oan the ky
X-XVI anh dau mot bc phat trien ln. a hnh thanh nhng
vung kinh te quan trong, co kha nang cung cap mot khoi lng
77
ln lng thc, thc pham, hang thu cong. Ke t khi vng quoc
Phu Nam sup o, trung tam lien the gii c chuyen ve vung
eo bien Malacca
1
. V the mang li thng mai khu vc c
cau truc lai. Trong hai the ky X, XI hau nh toan bo vung noi
a NA b tach khoi mang li ven bien e hnh thanh cac
vung hng noi
2
. Sang the ky XII, ngi Khmer a tao dng
c mot mang li noi a, bao gom cao nguyen Korat, vung
Ha va Trung Lao, khu vc Angkor. Hang hoa c tap trung tai
Angkor, Tonlesap roi nhap vao mang li ven bien, thong qua
song Mekong va bien ong. Vng quoc Pagan th a khong
che c mang li noi a Irrawaddi va Sittan, noi lien chung
vi vung cao nguyen Shan khi mang li Pagan vn ti cao
nguyen Shan va mang li Angkor noi thong vi vung trung lu
song Mekong th cac mng Thai cac long chao mien nui cung
bat au hnh thanh cac trung tam vung, noi lien cac trung tam
lien vung cac cao nguyen va ong bang chau tho. Nc ai
Viet c xay dng ong bang chau tho song Hong von la mot
khu vc khep kn, t the ky XI cung bat au m rong lanh tho
xuong vung Bac Trung Bo va xam nhap vao vung long chao khu
vc mien nui Tay Bac. Nh vay, cau truc mang li lien vung
mi NA c hnh thanh vi eo bien Malacca la trung tam
lien the gii
3
.
Giai oan t the ky X en the ky XVI cung la giai oan
van hoa dan toc nhieu nc NA toa sang sau mot qua trnh
tiep thu va chon loc tinh hoa cac nen van hoa ngoai khu vc.
Neu nh trc the ky X, s giao tiep gia van hoa ban a
vi van hoa An o a dan en viec xuat hien nhng cong

1.2.3.
Sakurai Yumio, sd, tr.45, 46, 47.
78
trnh kien truc v ai nh quan the Borobudur Java th qua
the ky X, nhieu ky tch van hoa mang am dau an ban a
c xay dng. Trong van minh Angkor keo dai gan nam the
ky, co the thay kha ro bong dang cua van minh An o
nhng buoi au. Nhng roi bong dang o ngay cang m nhat
vi thi gian en o kho nhan ra c. Ro ret hn ca la tren
bnh dien nghe thuat. T nhng ngoi en rieng le Prah Ko,
Bakong (na sau the ky IX) en tong the Angkor Vat (na
au the ky XI) la ca mot qua trnh cu the hoa quan niem nui -
vu tru cua An o thanh mot tong the kien truc en - nui hoan
chnh
1
. Mien ien, ngi Mien tiep thu Phat giao Tieu tha
t ngi Mon, cai tien he thong thuy nong tren ong bang
Kyaukse, xay dng hang nghn cong trnh kien truc Phat giao
trong vng quoc Pagan hoi o. Tren ao Java, vng trieu
Sanjaya tiep thu Siva giao e phat trien van hoa dan toc,
dng len tong the Prambana hung v vi 56 ngoi en quan tu
quanh sau en th ln. T khi Hoi giao theo chan cac thng
nhan An vao NA, no khong the pha i c truyen thong
van hoa khu vc ban a ma phai thch ng vi cac thiet che
van hoa a c oi mi trc o. Hoi giao - theo nhan xet
cua giao s Denys Lombard - a det nen t hai cang nay sang
hai cang no mot mang li va mang tnh ton giao va mang
tnh thng mai
2
. Hoi giao xam nhap vao NA a thuc ay
manh me nhan to bien trong nen van hoa truyen thong cua

1
Cao Xuan Pho: Ve van hoa NA. Tap ch Nghien cu ong Nam A, so 4
(13) 1993, tr.47-54.
2
ong Phng hoc can c coi nh mot nganh khoa hoc xa hoi thiet yeu
(trao oi vi ong Denys Lombard, giam oc trng Vien ong Bac co
EFEO). Tap ch Nghien cu ong Nam A, so 4 (13) 1993, tr.94-99.
79
khu vc. Rieng trng hp Viet Nam, trong khi oi mat vi
van hoa ai Han, ngi Viet a tiep thu Phat giao qua con
ng NA nh mot th vu kh tinh than e chong lai s
cng che ve van hoa va chnh tr cua phong kien Trung
Quoc. Giai oan t the ky XVI tr i, thc dan phng Tay,
bao gom Bo ao Nha, Tay Ban Nha va sau o la Ha Lan,
Anh, Phap ... a xam nhap va thon tnh dan NA. Qua trnh
nay m au bang viec ngi Bo ao Nha chiem ong vng
quoc Hoi giao Malacca vao 1511. Nam 1641, thc dan Ha
Lan bat au thiet lap che o cai tr tren cac ao thuoc
Indonesia. Cac quoc gia NA luc a b thc dan phng Tay
xam lc muon hn. Vao nam 1858, thc dan Phap no sung
tai ca bien a Nang, bat au cuoc chien tranh xam lc Viet
Nam. Nam 1863, Phap xam lc Camphuchia. Nam 1885,
thc dan Anh chiem xong Mien ien. Nam 1893, thc dan
Phap chiem Lao. Con Xiem tr thanh nc em gia hai
the lc thc dan Anh va Phap.
S xam lc va thong tr cua chu ngha thc dan phng
Tay a lam t dong chay t nhien cua lch s cac dan toc
NA. Tren cai nen phong kien a co san, thc dan phng
Tay a du nhap vao khu vc cac quan he san xuat t ban chu
ngha, xay dng che o thuoc a nham bien NA thanh th
trng cung cap nguyen lieu, nhan lc va tieu thu hang hoa
cua chung. V the NA tr thanh mot bo phan trong he thong
thuoc a cua chu ngha e quoc. ieu o a lam cho cac xa
hoi truyen thong cua NA b xao tron. Chnh sach chia e tr
cua chu ngha thc dan a lam gia tang nhng ran nt san co
trong quan he gia cac ton giao toc ngi trong tng nc,
tng a phng. Qua trnh xam lc cua chu ngha thc dan
80
con keo theo dong van hoa phng Tay o vao khu vc. Van
hoa NA v the co them nhng sac thai mi. ang ke la s
hien dien cua khoa hoc ky thuat trong san xuat va i song.
Cac nen giao duc ban a dan dan c tiep can vi phong
cach giao duc phng Tay. Mot so he thong ch viet ban a
c chuyen theo he thong ch viet La tinh. Tang lp tr thc
mi xuat hien, tieu bieu cho cac t tng dan chu, bnh ang
va tinh than dan toc trong thi ai mi.
Trai qua hang the ky au tranh giai phong dan toc, bc
sang the ky XX, nhat la sau chien tranh the gii th hai, NA
lai mot lan na chng kien qua trnh bien oi ln dien ra tren
toan khu vc. Mot loat cac quoc gia NA gianh oc lap, m
ra thi ky mi cho oc lap, t do va kha nang lien ket toan
vung. Nhng quoc gia tuyen bo oc lap au tien la Indonesia
(thang 8/1945), Viet Nam (thang 9/1945), Philippines (thang
7/1946), Mien ien (thang 1/1948). T ay lch s NA bc
sang trang mi trong s trai nghiem ve mot cong ong van
hoa, van minh, s nay n va chn dan ve y thc khu vc.
Tom lai
1. Van minh NA la nen van minh nong nghiep lua
nc vi ba yeu to: van hoa nui, van hoa ong bang va van
hoa bien. Lch s ay a dien ra cac qua trnh phan tan va
hoi tu dan en nhng phc the van hoa mi a tang, a dang.
Qua trnh hoi tu bat nguon t nhieu trung tam khac nhau nen
khong mang tnh n tuyen trong biet lap ma mang tnh a
dang tuyen trong s tiep xuc an xen nhieu chieu. Viec tiep
nhan cac van hoa An o, Trung Hoa, Arap Hoi giao, Thien
chua giao a lam phong phu them cac nen van hoa ban a,
tao nen nhng cach tan van hoa trong khu vc. Ket qua la
81
tnh a dang ngay cang m rong trong khong gian va tnh
thong nhat c tiem an sau trong thi gian. Van minh NA,
noi theo thanh ng Indonesia Bhen neka tungalika la thong
nhat trong a dang
2. NA la mot chnh the khu vc a ly - van hoa - lch
s, c hnh thanh trong mot moi trng sinh thai t nhien
va xa hoi t thi tien s en nay. Nhng quoc gia s ky nay
NA xuat hien tng oi sm tren nen van hoa ban a, ket
hp vi cac yeu to t van hoa Trung Hoa va An o. Tren nen
tang cac quoc gia s ky, khoang t the ky X, NA a bat
au hnh thanh cac quoc gia - dan toc. Qua trnh hnh thanh
va phat trien cua cac quoc gia cung la mot qua trnh cau truc
khu vc. Trong giai oan lch s co - trung ai, cac quoc gia
tren a ong vai tro quan trong trong nen thng mai the gii
va trong moi giao lu van hoa ong - Tay.
3. Bc sang giai oan lch s can - hien ai (trc
1945), hau het cac quoc gia NA tr thanh thuoc a hoac
phu thuoc vao chu ngha e quoc. Che o thc dan a lam
tang them tnh a dang ve trnh o phat trien kinh te - xa hoi,
che o chnh tr, he t tng trong khu vc. Nhng s a dang
o van khong vt ra ngoai tnh thong nhat chung cua NA.
Trong mot thi gian dai hang the ky, cac dan toc khac nhau
NA (tr Thai Lan) eu co chung than phan (fate) cua ngi
mat nc, ngi no le. Do o, ho cung co chung mot ke thu la
chu ngha thc dan e quoc phng Tay va cung ng chung
mot chien hao au tranh e t giai phong. o la nhng hang
so rat quan trong e ket dnh cac dan toc NA lai vi nhau,
e cho y thc khu vc ngay cang co ieu kien nay n va chn
muoi trong thi ky oc lap sau chien tranh the gii th hai.
82
II. S HNH THANH CHU NGHA KHU VC CUA ASEAN
NHN T BNH DIEN A - CHNH TR
1. S hnh thanh ASEAN - qua trnh t chu ngha quoc
gia en chu ngha khu vc
Neu quan niem a - chnh tr la s phan bo cac lc
lng chnh tr tren nhng khu vc a ly, th sau 1945 a -
chnh tr the gii a can ban thay oi. Khi chien tranh the gii
th hai ket thuc th mot trat t the gii mi cung c hnh
thanh (trat t Yalta). ay la mot trat t lng cc, trong o
Lien Xo, thanh tr cua chu ngha xa hoi trc ay, tr thanh
cho da cua cac phong trao cach mang dan toc dan chu. Con
e quoc My nhay len v tr so mot, lanh ao the gii t ban.
Nhng mau thuan oi au gia hai he thong xa hoi chu ngha
va t ban chu ngha a dan en mot tnh trang ac biet trong
quan he quoc te di ten goi la Chien tranh lanh (Cold
War).
Nhan thc ve cai goi la s mang lanh ao the gii t
do va trach nhiem giup cac dan toc, chong lai s e
doa cua chu ngha cong san, e quoc My a xuc tien thanh
lap mot loat cac khoi quan s, xay dng hang ngan can c
hai, luc, khong quan khap ni tren the gii nham bao vay,
tieu diet Lien Xo va he thong xa hoi chu ngha. Cung vi cac
nc t ban Tay Au, My a thiet lap vanh ai phong thu Bac
- ai Tay Dng bang viec thanh lap NATO (North Atlantic
Treaty Organization, 4/04/1949). en 1952, e cung co them
tam la chan tay Au, Cong ong phong thu chau Au
European Defense community (EDC) c thanh lap.
Trung ong, My a ky hiep c than hu va phong thu vi
83
cac nc Arabia Saudi (1951), Iraq (1954), Iran (1955),
Pakistan (1954). Hiep c Bagdad c thanh lap nam
1955 gom Iraq, Tho Nh Ky, sau co them Anh, My, Pakistan,
Iran gia nhap. Nam 1959 cach mang Iraq thang li, chnh phu
Iraq tuyen bo rut khoi Hiep c Bagdad. V the, My lap tc
xuc tien thanh lap khoi To chc hiep c trung tam
(Central Treaty Organization - CENTO) e thay the. Vien
ong, My cung ky vi nhieu quoc gia nhng hiep c phong
thu va tng tr. Chang han, cac Hiep c My - Han Quoc
(1948), My - Nhat (1951), My - Phillipines (1951), My Thai
Lan (1954). e phong thu mat nam chau A, ngay 1/4/1951,
My cung Australia va New Zealand thanh lap khoi Hiep c
an ninh Thai Bnh Dng (ANZUS). oi vi NA (vung
thuoc anh hng cua Anh, My, Phap theo ngh quyet Hoi ngh
Yalta), ngay trong thi gian tien hanh hoi ngh Geneve, ngoai
trng My Foster Dulles a a ra e ngh thanh lap mot lien
minh quan s e ngan chan chu ngha cong san NA, bu
ap lai nhng that bai ngoai giao va chnh tr do thoa hiep
Geneve gay ra. V the To chc hiep c NA (South-East
Asia Treaty Organization - SEATO) ra i vao ngay 8/9/1954,
ch sau khi Hoi ngh Geneve ket thuc cha ay hai thang.
Nh vay, ngay trong nhng nam au cuoc chien tranh
lanh, chu ngha e quoc, ng au la My a tien hanh chien
lc bao vay, ngan chan s ln manh cua chu ngha xa hoi va
cac phong trao dan toc, dan chu hau khap cac khu vc tren
the gii, at nhieu dan toc tren the gii trc nguy c ve s
tai xam lc, tai phu thuoc. ieu nay giai thch v sao t sau
chien tranh the gii th hai, the gii khong phai la bc tranh
n mau, c sn phet bang cac to chc quan s cua e
84
quoc. Trai lai, rat nhieu to chc khu vc cua cac dan toc nho
be a xuat hien, nh Lien oan cac nc Arap (thang
3/1945), To chc thong nhat chau Phi (thang 5/1963),
Hiep hoi lien ket My La tinh (thang 2/1960) ... ay la dang
cac to chc co thanh vien thuan tuy la cac nc trong khu vc
co chung y ch chong e quoc, co nhu cau oan ket va phat
trien. Nhng hien tng quoc te sinh ong nh vay buoc
ngi NA phai suy ngh.
Sau khi chien tranh the gii th hai ket thuc, NA hau
het cac nc trong khu vc (tr Thai Lan) phai tiep tuc s
nghiep cach mang giai phong dan toc. Thang 10/1945 thc dan
Ha Lan nup bong sau ong minh tai chiem Indonesia, buoc
nhan dan Indonesia phai tiep tuc khang chien. en thang
9/1949, thc dan Ha Lan mi chu am phan va cong nhan oc
lap cua Indonesia. Cuoc cach mang giai phong dan toc cua
Malaysia chong thc dan Anh keo dai tan en thang 3/1957.
Con Singapore c thc dan Anh trao quyen quoc gia t tr
vao thang 6/1959. Hai quoc gia c trao tra oc lap sm nhat
la Phillipines (thang 7/1946) va Myanmar (thang 10/1947),
trong khi o cac dan toc ong Dng van phai tiep tuc khang
chien chong thc dan Phap va e quoc My ve sau nay.
Cac quoc gia NA nh Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar
sau khi gianh c oc lap a tien hanh ng loi oi ngoai
oc lap, t chu, khong lien ket. Rieng Phillipines va Thai Lan
a sm boc lo ng loi than My. Ro rang t sau chien tranh
the gii th hai, trong noi bo cac nc NA a co s phan
hoa ve mat chnh tr. S phan hoa nay phan anh nhng
khuynh hng tat yeu, nhng anh hng to ln cua he thong
lng cc the gii oi vi khu vc.
85
Ben canh nhng anh hng t he thong lng cc the
gii, NA con chu sc ep cua cac cng quoc ngoai khu vc.
Cac e quoc Anh, Phap, My muon thiet lap chu ngha thc
dan mi ay. Nh the, trong nhan thc cua phan ln ngi
NA luc ay, ca chu ngha cong san lan chu ngha thc dan
mi eu la cac moi e doa nguy hiem cho toan khu vc.
Thang 10/1949, cach mang Trung Quoc gianh c thang li,
nc Cong hoa Nhan dan Trung Hoa ra i. S kien nay cang
lam tang them s lo ngai cua nhieu nc NA phi XHCN
ve cai goi la nguy c cong san cung nh bong dang cua mot
thien trieu Trung Quoc xa xa. Trong khi o, hau het cac
quoc gia NA a gianh c oc lap eu phai ganh chu
nhng hau qua nang ne cua che o thc dan. T khi phng
Tay xam lc NA, khu vc nay a b bam nat thanh nhieu
vung nho, cach biet bi chnh sach chia e tr. Moi vung lai
b phan chia bi cac ng bien gii ngau nhien, t lien quan
en ng bien gii lch s hoac sac toc. Trai qua hang tram
nam, s thong tr cua chu ngha thc dan a lam ngng tre
moi quan he von co t lau i gia cac quoc gia trong khu
vc
1
. Hn na trong giai oan thuoc a, NA a hnh thanh
khuynh hng thiet lap nha nc - dan toc theo mo hnh
phng Tay. Nhieu sac toc co khuynh hng ly khai, nham
en tnh trang oc lap ve chnh tr (nh ngi Karen ong
bac Myanmar, cong ong Hoi giao mien nam Thai Lan, to
chc Hoi giao Monro Mindanao, Phillipines). Trong muon
ngan kho khan do che o thc dan e lai (ngheo oi, lac hau,

1
Melchor A.J: Security issue in Southeast Asia. Regionalism in Southeast
Asia. Center for strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, 1974, p.39-53.
86
mu ch, chia re noi bo) th nhu cau xay dng mot quoc gia -
dan toc thong nhat, oc lap chu quyen la nhu cau cap thiet
nhat. o la ly do v sao chu ngha quoc gia c e cao cac
nc NA va gianh c oc lap.
Nhng am mu cua chu ngha e quoc la muon khong
che khu vc nay, a NA vao quy ao chong chu ngha
cong san. ieu 8 cua ban Hiep c SEATO neu ro: khu vc
c Hiep c che ch bao gom toan the vung NA va Tay
Nam Thai Bnh Dng, ke t 21
0
30 v tuyen Bac tr xuong
1
.
Ngha la cac quoc gia nh Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, ba
nc ong Dng, An o eu nam trong khu vc kiem soat
va bao ho cua SEATO. Cuoc khung hoang Lao nam 1960
la mot v du ien hnh ve cai goi la vai tro bao ho cua
SEATO va sc ep cua cac cng quoc. Trong noi bo Lao luc
o co ba ang phai chnh tr: phai hoang than Boun Oum va
tng Phoumi Nousavan than My; phai Hoang than Soupha
Nou Vong than Lien Xo (cu); phai Hoang than Souvana
Phouma trung lap. Khi cuoc khung hoang bung no, SEATO
lap tc trieu tap Hoi ngh ngoai trng tam nc thanh vien,
tan dng no lc giai quyet khung hoang bang thng lng
va ngng ban. Neu cac giai phap tren that bai th SEATO
san sang ap dung moi hanh ong thch ng
2
. Tuy nhien sau
o SEATO van an binh bat ong. Hoi ong Bao an Lien hiep
quoc cung phai bo tay can thiep v quyen phu quyet cua Lien
Xo. Ngay 12/12/1960 Lien Xo lap cau hang khong cung cap

1
Tan Phong: Khoi lien phong ong Nam A tren con ng chong Cong,
Nguyet san Que hng, so 36, Sai Gon 1962, p.92-116
2
Khung hoang Ailao (ban tin), Nguyet san Que hng, so 22, Sai Gon 1961.
87
vu kh, quan trang cho lc lng Pathet Lao. My cung lap tc
gi vu kh cho quan oi Hoang gia. Cuoc khung hoang Lao
tren thc te tr thanh cai c cho cac cng quoc can thiep,
ay manh anh hng vao khu vc. Mac du s can thiep cua
Lien Xo luc ay la co li cho phong trao dan toc dan chu.
Trong boi canh the gii va khu vc nh vay, viec tm ra
mot hnh thc va khuon kho mi cho hp tac khu vc, tranh b
loi keo vao cac khoi lien minh quan s, tr thanh mot van e ln
cho NA. SEATO khong phai la mot hnh thc hp tac ma
NA can, v o khong phai la to chc khu vc cua NA. S hp
tac gia cac thanh vien SEATO khong may co hieu qua, mot
phan do khoang cach a ly, song chu yeu la do ho khong the
chia se c li ch chung
1
. Nhng li ch nh the, thng ch
xuat hien gia nhng quoc gia trong cung mot khu vc.
Nhan thc c van e tren, ngay t 1947, chnh phu
Thai Lan a a ra sang kien thanh lap To chc thong nhat
lien A chau - NA (Pan - Southest Asian Union - PSAU), co
tru s tai Bangkok vi bon thanh vien ban au la Campuchia,
Lao, Myanmar va Thai Lan. Tuy nhien, PSAU ch co danh
ngha thuan tuy. Mi nam sau (1957), d an phat trien tieu
khu vc song Mekong c thanh lap, gom bon thanh vien
(Campuchia, Lao, Nam Viet Nam, Thai Lan), di s ieu
hanh cua Uy ban phoi hp khao sat vung ha lu song Mekong
(The Committee for Co-ordination of Investigations of the
Lower Mekong Basin). Nhng Uy ban nay lai do Hoi ong

1
Thanat Khoman: ASEAN conception and evolution. The ASEAN
reader. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore 1992, p. 18 - 22.
XVIII-XXII. 208.
88
kinh te chau A va Vien ong cua Lien hiep quoc ky quyet
nh thanh lap (xem phan phu luc trang 21-24). Tren thc te,
d an phat trien tieu khu vc song Mekong ch dng lai vai
chng trnh hp tac kinh te le te va viec quan ly nguon nc
lien quan en cac quoc gia thanh vien. Van e hp tac chnh
tr, an ninh ay hau nh b bo ngo.
Trong luc nhng t tng ve hp tac khu vc NA
ang manh nha hnh thanh th thang 4/1955, Hoi ngh ai bieu
29 nc A Phi a hop Bandung. Hoi ngh a e ra mi
nguyen tac hp tac can ban cho cac nc A Phi. Trong o
co cac nguyen tac ton trong chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho
cua tat ca cac nc, tha nhan s bnh ang cua tat ca cac
chung toc va cac gia tr cua tat ca cac quoc gia ln cung nh
nho, kiem che cac hoat ong e doa xam lc hoac s dung sc
manh chong lai s toan ven lanh tho va oc lap chnh tr cua bat
ky nc nao, giai quyet tat ca cac tranh chap quoc te bang bien
phap hoa bnh ay la c s quan trong cho viec hnh thanh cac
nguyen tac hp tac cua ASEAN giai oan sau.
Nhng e ngh tiep theo ve viec thanh lap mot to chc
khu vc co tam voc NA c Thu tng Malaya Abdul
Rahman a ra tai Colombo thang 2/1958. Ong keu goi trieu
tap mot hoi ngh cac nha lanh ao quoc gia NA nham i en
thoa thuan ve s thong nhat khu vc. Abdul Rahman nhan
xet: chung ta (ngi NA) giau co ve tai nguyen thien
nhien, tiem tang nhng t tng ve s cong bang, nhan
quyen, t do va oc lap. Nhng chung ta co nhieu van nan
chung. Con ng duy nhat e giai quyet cac van nan o la
89
d an lien ket, hp tac va cung phoi hp xay dng mot ke
hoach chat che
1
. Mac du li keu goi cua Abdul Rahman
khong may gay s chu y trong khu vc nhng ong khong t
bo y nh cua mnh. Thang 4/1958 ong tiep tuc e ngh mot
hnh thc hp tac tieu khu vc, thanh lap bao gom Malaya,
Myanmar, Thai Lan, Lao, Campuchia, Nam Viet Nam
2
. T
tng nay c nhieu quoc gia NA chu y.
Thang gieng nam 1959, trong thi gian tham Phillipines,
Abdul Rahman mot lan na tr lai li e ngh cua mnh va
c tong thong Phillipines, luc o la K. Garsia hng ng.
Lanh ao hai nc a ung ho viec ky ket Hiep c hu ngh
va hp tac kinh te NA (Souththest Asia Friendship and
Economic Treaty SEAFET)
3
. e tranh thu s ung ho cua
cac quoc gia trong khu vc oi vi SEAFET, chnh phu
Malaya a gi thong iep en cac nha lanh ao cua
Indonesia, Thai Lan, Campuchia, Lao, Myanmar, Nam Viet
Nam (chnh quyen Sai Gon cu) e ngh mot cuoc gap g cap
cao nham thao luan muc tieu va kha nang ky ket hiep nh
khu vc. Tuy vay, sang kien nay cua Malaya khong mang lai
ket qua
4
.
Indonesia la nc phan oi manh me nhat y tng ve
SEAFET. T quan iem cho rang, ay la am mu thiet lap
mot lien minh chnh tr, quan s nham chong lai che o cong
san, Indonesia a kien quyet khong tham gia to chc nay.

1.2
The Straits times, Kuala Lumpur. 5/2/1958.
3
The Straits times, Kuala Lumpur. 7/1/1959.
4
V.V. Samoilenko: ASEAN chnh tr va kinh te, Nxb. Khoa hoc Matxcva,.
1982, tr. 8 (tieng Nga).
90
en nam 1960 xuat hien s bat ong quan iem ve SEAFET
gia Malaya va Phillipines. Manila muon m rong thanh vien
en ai Loan, Han Quoc va Nhat Ban. Song, Kuala Lumpur
lai thay kha nang phan ng cua Bac Kinh neu ai Loan va
Han Quoc nam trong khoi SEAFET. V the t tng SEAFET
b bo ri.
e thay the SEAFET, ngay 27/7/1960 Abdul Rahman
tiep tuc a ra e ngh thanh lap Hiep hoi NA
(Association of Southeast Asia - ASA). e ngh cua thu tng
Malaya van b Jakarta t choi. Con Philippines t lap trng
chong cong, chnh phu Philippines muon loi keo ca ai Loan,
Han Quoc, Nam Viet Nam vao cau lac bo quan s - chnh tr
nay. Tong thong Philippines con gii thieu them Thai Lan,
Pakistan vao cau lac bo tren. Nhng cac thanh vien c
Phillipines gii thieu - tr Thai Lan - eu t choi. V the ASA
chnh thc thanh lap ngay 31/7/1961 ch vi ba thanh vien:
Thai Lan, Malaya va Phillipines. Tuyen bo Bangkok nam
1961 neu ro: ASA khong lien quan en bat ky cng quoc
ben ngoai nao hoac bat ky mot khoi quyen lc nao va no
khong nham chong lai mot nc nao khac, ma chu yeu la mot
hiep hoi t do cua cac nc NA co muc tieu thuc ay s
thnh vng va s tien bo ve kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa cua
khu vc thong qua nhng no lc chung (xem toan van
nguyen ban tieng Anh phan phu luc).
S xuat hien cua ASA a lam giam i khuynh hng
hp tac A chau hoac Vien ong trc o (chang han Uy ban
kinh te chau A va Vien ong (ECAFE), 1947, Ke hoach
Colombo, 1950). Thong qua ASA, ngi NA a bat au t
giai quyet cac van e khu vc ma khong can en s can thiep
91
t ben ngoai. ASA la iem khi au cua mot qua trnh lien
ket chnh phu NA. No a bat au tha nhan mot th
quyen lc sieu quoc gia nao o trong khu vc. C quan co
tham quyen cao nhat trong ASA la hoi ngh hang nam cua
cac ngoai trng cac nc thanh vien. Hoi ngh nay c s
dung nh mot dien an khu vc e bay to, trao oi, giai quyet
cac van e khu vc.
Tuy nhien ASA khong ton tai c bao lau. Thang
12/1961 tong thong mi cua Phillipines - D. Macapagal a
bay to tham vong cua mnh oi vi vung at Sabah von c
ngi Anh nhap vao lanh tho Malaya trc o. V the quan he
Malaya - Phillipines tr nen cang thang. Cung thi gian nay,
tnh trang oi au Indonesia- Malaya vao giai oan rat nhay
cam a gay nhieu can tr cho nhng hoat ong cua ASA
1
. To
chc nay khong the lam song ong cac moi quan he hp tac
gia cac thanh vien, cang khong the giai quyet c cac van
e bat on trong khu vc. Cho nen, s ton tai cua ASA giai
oan sau ch thuan tuy la hnh thc.
Mot th nghiem khac ve hp tac tieu khu vc NA c
tien hanh vi ba thanh vien sang lap la Malaya, Phillipines va
Indonesia. Do viec thanh lap Lien bang Malaysia (thang 9/1963)
ma au trng ngoai giao cua ba quoc gia ke tren het sc cang
thang. Thang 3/1963 tong thong Phillipines D. Macapagal e
ngh tien hanh man am gia cac nha lanh ao ba nc. Thang
4/1963 bat au cac cuoc man am hai ben gia Rahman va

1
Government Printers, Malaya- Philippines Relation, Aug. 31
th
1957 to
Sep. 15
th
1963, Kuala Lumpur 1963, p.2-3.
92
Macapagal, sau o vi Sukarno. Trong qua trnh am phan, cac
ben a ung ho cuoc gap g cap cao, m au bang cuoc hop tru
b cua cac ngoai trng
1
. Hoi ngh ngoai trng ba nc dien ra
tai Manila t 7-11/6/1963, tap trung thao luan e ngh cua tong
thong Macapagal ve viec thanh lap mot Lien oan cac quoc
gia Ma lai, bao gom Malaya, Phillipines, Indonesia tren c s
gi nguyen chu quyen cua moi nc. Y tng ve viec thanh lap
lien minh ba quoc gia hai ao a c cu the hoa trong ke hoach
di ten goi MAPHILINDO. To chc nay chnh thc ra i ngay
5/8/1963. Tuyen bo Manila neu ro: ba nc quyet tam duy tr
quan he anh em, tang cng s hp tac gia nhan dan cac nc
tren lnh vc kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa; ba nc se phoi hp
nhng co gang cua ho trong cuoc au tranh chung chong chu
ngha thc dan va chu ngha e quoc di tat ca cac hnh thc va
bieu hien cua no trong khu vc noi rieng va tren toan the gii noi
chung; ba nc vi t cach la nhng lc lng mi troi day
trong khu vc se hp tac trong viec xay dng mot the gii mi tot
ep hn, da tren c s t do dan toc, cong bang xa hoi va hoa
bnh lau dai (xem toan van nguyen ban tieng Anh phan phu
luc trang.
MAPHILINDO la to chc tieu khu vc cua ba quoc gia
NA hai ao. Nhng quoc nay co c dan gan gui nhau ve
nhan chung va ngon ng (austronesian languages), co lch s,
kinh te, van hoa tng ong nhng lai b chia re bi chu ngha
thc dan va s khac biet ton giao. Nhng van e cua ho cung
la nhng van e rat tieu bieu cho ca khu vc. MAPHILINDO
phan anh mot thai o chnh tr tren bc ng lien minh thoa

1
Government press statement, pen 6/63/7 PM. Kuala Lumpur Jun.1
th
1963.
93
hiep gia cac dan toc NA nham giai quyet nhng xung ot
tranh chap ve lanh tho, lanh hai. Tuy nhien, s kien thanh lap
Lien bang Malaysia ngay 16/9/1963 a lam ao lon moi y
tng tot ep trong tuyen bo Manila mot thang trc o.
MAPHILINDO va thanh hnh a b chet yeu.
Du sao, ay cung la lan th nghiem cua viec cau truc
hoa va the che hoa chu ngha khu vc NA. Neu lan au,
ASA a tuyen bo cho toan the gii lap trng NA cua
ngi NA khong lien quan en bat ky mot cng quoc
hoac khoi quyen lc ben ngoai nao, th MAPHILINDO, lan
th hai a xac nh ro hn: cac quoc gia NA can no lc
trong cuoc au tranh chong chu ngha thc dan va chu ngha
e quoc di tat ca moi hnh thc. Bi v trong noi dung cua
chu ngha quoc gia cua cac dan toc NA th noi dung chong
thc dan (anti colonialism) chiem mot v tr quan trong. Ngi
NA khong quen giao duc cac the he sau ve noi nhuc mat
nc, s ap bc boc lot tan bao cua thc dan, e quoc
1
. Bai
th c da n tr tha nh ie m ga p g , giao thoa gi a chu ngha
quo c gia da n to c va chu ngha khu v c NA . Ng i NA
ca n pha i loa i tr ta t ca mo i ta n tch th c da n, nh ng mu
mo m i cu a chu ng, tho ng qua con ng h p ta c khu v c
d i nh ng hnh th c phu h p. Tuye n bo Manila va s hnh
tha nh MAPHILINDO co n co ta m quan tro ng hn khi
Indonesia - quo c gia l n nha t NA - cha p thua n h p ta c, t
nguye n bo tham vo ng quye n la nh a o khu v c. a y la
b c o t pha l n trong qua trnh hnh tha nh chu ngha khu
v c NA .

1
ong Nam A, nhng van e cong ong khu vc, sd, tr. 198.
94
Song song v i vie c tm kie m nh ng hnh th c va
khuon kho cho s hp tac khu vc NA, nhng hnh thc hp
tac quoc te rong ln hn cung c trien khai. T tng hp tac
A chau a c Aungsan - cha e cua nen oc lap dan toc
Myanmar e cap thang 10/1945 khi ong cho rang, can phai to
chc mot cuoc hop chau A e soan thao mot ke hoach gianh t
do va oc lap cho cac dan toc ay. Nam 1947 Aungsan noi
en viec thanh lap Khoi thnh vng chung chau A (Asian
Common Wealth) bao gom Myanmar, cac nc ong Dng,
Malaya, Indonesia va Thai Lan. ay la mot y tng tao bao v
no tuyet nhien gat ra ngoai quyen li va s tham d cua cac e
quoc Anh, Phap, Ha Lan trong khi che o thc dan cua chung
van con ton tai chau A. Lanh tu An o, Jawaharlal Nehru,
sau mot vong vieng tham NA cuoi 1945 a rat nhiet thanh
ung ho viec to chc mot hoi ngh chau A. Thang 3/1947, theo y
kien cua J. Nehru, Hoi ong cong tac the gii cua An o
(The Indian Council of World Affairs) a ng ra to chc Hoi
ngh lan I ve hp tac chau A (Asian Relation Confrence)
1
. D
tnh hoi ngh tiep theo se c to chc Trung Quoc vao nam
1949. Nhng tnh hnh chnh tr Trung Quoc luc bay gi
khong cho phep d nh tren thc hien c.
Trong khi o, vao thang 5/1947 di s bao tr cua Hoi
ong kinh te - xa hoi thuoc Lien hiep quoc, Uy ban chau A
va Vien ong (The Economic Commission for Asia and the
Far East- ECAFE) c thanh lap. To chc nay hoat ong

1
Singh L.P: The Politics of Economic Cooperation in Asia. A study of
Asian International Organization, Chapter I, pp3-6, Columbia, Missouri,
1966.
95
trong khuon kho ng loi chnh sach cua Lien hiep quoc
nham thuc ay s hp tac kinh te gia cac nc thuoc vung
chau A va Vien ong. Khai niem chau A va Vien ong
ay hoan toan theo quan iem ngi phng Tay, bao gom
Afganistan, Brunei, Myanmar, Campuchia, Ceylon, Trung
Quoc, Australia, Hong Kong, An o, Indonesia, Iran, Korea,
Lao, Malaya, Thai Lan, Viet Nam va Tay Samoa
1
. Trong o,
nhng lanh tho la nhng a hoac thuoc quyen bao ho cua
thc dan van c coi la nhng thanh vien hp tac. ac biet
co s tham gia cua Anh, Phap, My, Ha Lan - nguyen la nhng
mau quoc cua vung chau A va Vien ong.
Sau ECAFE, mot to chc lien khu vc na di ten goi
Ke hoach Colombo c thanh lap (nam 1950) theo sang
kien cua ngoai trng cac nc thuoc Cong ong thnh
vng Anh (Common Wealth); vi 24 quoc gia thanh vien,
trong o co Anh, My. To chc nay at muc tieu khuyen khch
s phat trien kinh te khu vc NA, nang cao mc song cua
c dan trong vung, phat trien cac moi quan he hp tac vi
Lien hiep quoc
2
. Tuy nhien, Ke hoach Colombo ve ban
chat khac xa vi nhng no lc phat trien kinh te a c the
che hoa. No thieu bo may to chc va cung khong co c quan
thng trc. Ke hoach Colombo v the thuan tuy la mot s
sap xep hoac thoa thuan nhng van e lien quan en vien tr
nc ngoai cho s phat trien kinh te NA
3
.
Sau that bai cua Phap ien Bien Phu, Hiep nh

1.2
Somsakdi Xuto, sd, tr.23, 25.
3
Singh L.P, sd.
96
Geneve ve ong Dng c ky ket. My a hoi thuc Anh,
Phap va loi keo mot so quoc gia trong khu vc chau A - Thai
Bnh Dng e thanh lap To chc hiep c NA (Southest
Asia Treaty Organization - SEATO). Nhng phan ln cac
quoc gia NA a tng thay ro bo mat that cua Anh, Phap,
My trong cuoc khung hoang Tiep Khac (thang 2/1948). Bai
hoc nay ch ro tnh chat nguy hiem khi cac nc nho lien
minh vi cac nc ln, nhat la lien minh vi cac nc xa th
co the b cat t vao bat ky thi iem nao.
Qua khao sat cac hnh thc hp tac lien khu vc, thong
qua cac trng hp ECAFE, Colombo Plan, SEATO co the
thay mot iem chung, o la s hien dien cua cac cng quoc
thc dan (Anh, Phap, My) nguyen la cac mau quoc trc
o. Da tam thc dan cua chung con nguyen ven, song tnh the
t sau chien tranh the gii th hai buoc chung phai thay oi
cach thc can thiep vao NA di cac chieu bai hp tac
phat trien hoac an ninh khu vc. T tng ve s hp tac vung
chau A - Vien ong nh e cap tren, thc chat la bieu hien
cua nhng ieu chnh trong chien lc toan cau cua chu ngha
e quoc trong ieu kien lch s a thay oi. oi vi nhng dan
toc be nho, cac to chc tren eu cha ng nhng kha nang hp
tac bat bnh ang, kha nang quay tr lai chu ngha thc dan va
kha nang le thuoc lau dai vao chu ngha e quoc. V the, chung
khong phu hp vi phan ong cac quoc gia - dan toc NA,
nhng lc lng ang troi day e t quyet nh van menh
cua mnh.
T na sau cua thap nien 60, tnh hnh quoc te trong khu
vc NA co nhng bien ong manh me. e quoc My ay manh
chien tranh Viet Nam. Nguy c can thiep cua nc ngoai vao
97
khu vc rat ro rang. Cuoc chien Viet Nam co tac dung thc
tnh cac dan toc NA, nh hnh ro xu the lien ket ma ho can
xay dng. Cung vao thi iem nay, y o banh trng xuong khu
vc NA cua gii lanh ao Trung Quoc c bay to cong khai
1
.
Cac nc Anh, Phap cung co nhng ieu chnh trong chnh sach
oi vi vung NA va Trung Can ong. Gia nam 1965, trong
cuoc vieng tham Campuchia, tong thong Phap Charles De Gaule
tuyen bo rang, khu vc NA can phai trung lap hoa. Thang
7/1966, gii lanh ao Anh tuyen bo en gia thap nien 70 se
huy bo moi cam ket quan s pha b ong kenh Suez
2
.
Trong khi o, ban than cac nc NA ang phai oi
choi vi nhng van e noi bo mang tnh khu vc. Ho ang rat
can mot hnh thc hp tac, oi thoai e giai quyet nhng van
e tren. Indonesia, chnh quyen quan s cua tng Suharto
ve lap trng t tng rat gan gui vi gii lanh ao cac nc
Thai Lan, Singapore, Philippines nen a chap nhan hp tac
vi cac chnh phu than phng Tay. Cung v the ma chnh
sach oi au cua Indonesia vi Malaysia khong con phu hp
vi tnh hnh mi. Neu hiep hoi cac nc NA thanh lap, mot
to chc hoan toan mang tnh khu vc, khong b cau thuc bi
cac cng quoc ben ngoai th viec tham gia vao hiep hoi se
cho phep Indonesia thc hien chnh sach ngoai giao oc lap that
s, ung nh ng loi khong lien ket cua ho. Thai Lan t

1
S that ve quan he Viet Nam Trung Quoc 30 nam qua. Nxb. S that, H.
1979, tr.14.
2
Nguyen Van Lch: Hiep hoi cac nc NA (ASEAN), qua trnh phat trien
va hoat ong. Tu sach Trng ai hoc Tong hp thanh pho Ho Ch Minh
1995, tr.24.
98
trc ti gi van gi lap trng than phng Tay, nhng tnh
hnh mi a buoc nc nay phai tm kiem s can bang trong
chnh sach oi ngoai. Bai hoc t SEATO, ASPAC cho thay
nc nay khong the eo bam mai vao cac to chc ngoai khu
vc e hng chu nhng rui ro that thng cua nen chnh tr
the gii. Tr ve NA chnh la phng sach khon ngoan cua
ngi Thai luc nay. Ngoai giao Thai Lan von co truyen thong
linh ong, uyen chuyen, ac biet rat nhay cam oi vi nhng
bien ong khu vc va the gii. T nam 1961 Thai Lan a
ong vai tro trung gian hoa giai cho nhng mau thuan gia
Malaysia - Phillipines, Malaysia - Indonesia va Malaysia -
Singapore. Khi ASA lam vao khung hoang, ngoai trng Thai
luc bay gi, Thanat Khoman a chu ong a ra sang kien ve
viec thanh lap mot to chc khu vc mi
1
. Rieng Malaysia,
quoc gia co nhieu tranh chap va xung ot lanh tho vi nhieu
quoc gia khac trong khu vc ang rat can s on nh e phat
trien. Khi Lien bang Malaysia tuyen bo thanh lap (thang
9/1963) a vap phai phan ng quyet liet t pha Indonesia va
Phillipines. Ke hoach ai Ma Lai (The United State of
Malaysia) la chu trng hp nhat Ma Lai, Singapore, cac
vung thuoc a Anh Bac Borneo, bang Sarawak, x bao ho
Brunei cua Anh trong mot lien bang rong ln a gap phai bat
ong t nhieu pha
2
. Thang 8/1965, Singapore tach ra thanh
mot quoc gia oc lap. Cung nam 1965, tren bien gii
Malaysia Thai Lan xay ra xung ot quan s. Viec gia nhap

1
Thanat Khoman, sd.
2
Tran Van Dnh: Ke hoach ai Ma Lai va Lien hiep NA, hai van e quan
trong cua Ma Lai hien nay. Nguyet san Que hng, so 5 Sai Gon 1962,
tr. 157-158.
99
mot to chc khu vc oi vi Malaysia la mot giai phap tot
nham hoa giai cac mau thuan, phat trien cac quan he song
phng vi cac quoc gia thanh vien. Con Singapore tham gia
vao to chc khu vc se tranh c s co lap ve chnh tr, li
dung c nguon tai nguyen doi dao va mot th trng rong
ln, trong khi th trng noi a cua nc nay qua hep. Cuoi
cung la Phillipines, quoc gia tng co chan trong nhieu to chc
lien khu vc (nh SEATO, ECAPE, ASPAC). Cac chnh phu
Philippines bay lau nay thng co lap trng than My. Tuy
vay, mot so nha lanh ao Philippines co tinh than dan toc,
muon tang cng hp tac vi cac nc khu vc. Viec Philippines
tham gia vao hiep hoi NA se am bao cho mnh luon la mot
bo phan cua khu vc nham lap lai the can bang trong chnh sach
oi ngoai, khong qua phu thuoc vao My.
Nh the, vao thi iem trc khi thanh lap ASEAN, cac
quoc gia thanh vien cua ASA, MAPHILINDO a nhan thc
c mot cach sau sac va toan dien hn nhu cau hp tac, lien
ket khu vc. Nhu cau nay bat nguon t viec y thc c v tr
a - chnh tr, tnh thong nhat cua khu vc NA. Tnh thong
nhat cua NA (nh a trnh bay) co can nguyen lch s va v
the, lien ket khu vc tr thanh mot nhu cau tat yeu cua chnh
s phat trien lch s. NA can thoat ra khoi s km toa cua
cac the lc ben ngoai e on nh va phat trien. NA can vt
qua moi nghi ng, o k e xay dng long tin gia cac quoc
gia, hp tac xay dng NA thanh khu vc hoa bnh, thnh
vng, co v the quan trong tren the gii.
Theo sang kien cua ngoai trng Thai Lan, Thanat
Khoman ve s can thiet thanh lap NA mot to chc khu
vc rong ln hn, Hoi ngh cac ngoai trng Indonesia,
100
Malaysia, Singapore, Thai Lan, Philippines hop tai Bangkok
t 5 en 8/8 /1967 a thong qua ban tuyen ngon khai sinh ra
mot to chc khu vc mi mang ten Hiep hoi cac nc NA
(Association of Southest Asian Nations - ASEAN). Ch viet tat
ASEAN la do ngoai trng Indonesia, Adam Malik e ngh
1
.
Tuyen bo Bangkok xac nh muc ch ton ch c cau to
chc cua Hiep hoi cac nc NA (xem toan van nguyen ban
tieng Anh phan phu luc). Tuyen bo nhan manh nam nc
NA nhan thc c s ton tai cua cac moi quan tam lan
nhau va cac van e chung gia cac nc NA va tin tng s
can thiet phai tang cng hn na cac moi quan he oan ket
va hp tac san co trong khu vc. Tuyen bo Bangkok the hien
y ch cua cac nc thanh vien hng ti viec xay dng mot
nen tang vng chac cho hanh ong chung nham thuc ay hp
tac khu vc NA tren tinh than bnh ang va hp tac e gop
phan vao hoa bnh tien bo va thnh vng khu vc. Tuyen
bo ch ro cac nc NA (ch khong phai ai khac - chung toi
nhan manh) co trach nhiem chnh trong viec tang cng on
nh kinh te va xa hoi cua khu vc va bao am s phat trien
at nc mot cach hoa bnh va tien bo. Tuyen bo khang nh
s ton tai cua tat ca cac can c nc ngoai la tam thi va ch
c duy tr vi s thoa thuan cong khai cua cac nc hu
quan va khong c s dung trc tiep hoac gian tiep e pha
hoai nen oc lap va t do cua cac quoc gia trong khu vc.
Tuyen bo cung xac nh bay muc tieu chnh cua ASEAN bao
gom viec ay manh s tang trng kinh te, tien bo xa hoi va
phat trien van hoa trong khu vc; thuc ay hoa bnh on nh

1
Thanat Khoman, sd.
101
khu vc; tang cng s cong tac giup lan nhau trong cac
van e cung quan tam; cong tac co hieu qua hn va s dung
tot hn nen cong nghiep cua nhau, m rong buon ban mau
dch; duy tr s hp tac chat che cung co li vi cac to chc
quoc te va khu vc khac co ton ch, muc ch tng t; thuc
ay viec nghien cu ve NA
1
.
e thc hien nhng nguyen tac hp tac va ng loi
chung cua ASEAN, bo may to chc c thiet lap bao gom:
Hoi ngh hang nam cua cac ngoai trng, cac Uy ban adhoc
va cac Uy ban thng trc, Ban th ky cua moi nc thanh
vien. Trong giai oan au, Hoi ngh ngoai trng la cap quyet
nh toi cao, xay dng chnh sach hp tac va a ra quyet
nh cuoi cung, phe duyet cac e ngh do Uy ban thng trc
e trnh.
Viec Hiep hoi cac nc NA ra i la s tra li dt
khoat vi SEATO rang, ngi NA co mot triet ly chnh tr
vt ra ngoai he thong lng cc the gii; vt len ca moi am
mu thu oan can thiep cua cac cng quoc. ung nh Adam
Malik, ngoai trng Indonesia luc ay viet: to chc khu vc
mi nay se dng len mot bc tng thanh chac chan chong
lai s loi keo cua bon e quoc, cung nh se la mot nhan to on
nh co tnh chat quyet nh phan nay cua the gii, cham
dt han tat ca anh hng ach thong tr va can thiep cua nc
ngoai, xuat phat t chu ngha e quoc da vang cung nh da
trang NA
2
. ASEAN la mot to chc lien chnh phu, ai

1
Hiep hoi cac nc NA (ASEAN), sd, tr. 189-190.
2
Nguyen Van Lch, sd, tr. 25.
102
dien cho toan the quoc gia thanh vien trong quan he vi cac
cng hoac cac to chc khu vc. V the ASEAN tr thanh tai
san chung cua ho. Neu nh s that bai cua ASA va
MAPHILINDO chng to qua trnh chuyen bien cha thanh t
chu ngha quoc gia en chu ngha khu vc th ASEAN la bc
thang hoa, iem tu thanh cua qua trnh o.
2. ASEAN vi viec giai quyet cac van e chnh tr khu vc
Ve mat hnh thc, ASEAN khi mi thanh lap ch la mot
to chc hp tac kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi khu vc. Trong toan
van Tuyen bo Bangkok 8/8/1967 khong co mot t chnh tr
nao ngoai tr chc vu cua ngoai trng Indonesia Adam
Malik, ghi Bo trng phu trach cac van e chnh tr (Minister
for Political Affairs). S d co tnh trang nh vay la do cac nha
lanh ao ASEAN luc o cha muon cong khai tha nhan cac
hanh ong cua to chc nay mang tnh chnh tr e tranh s hieu
lam cua cong ong quoc te. Cac muc tieu hp tac trong Tuyen
bo Bangkok trc het la nham vao lanh vc kinh te, van hoa -
xa hoi, khoa hoc ky thuat, giao duc, thng mai - c coi la
nhng lnh vc phi chnh tr (tat nhien khai niem nay ch la
tng oi). Nhng tat ca cac muc tieu, ton ch trnh bay trong
Tuyen bo Bangkok lai a cho ta mot cam giac chnh tr kha
ro ret. Noi cach khac, co the coi Tuyen bo Bangkok la tuyen
ngon chnh tr cua Hiep hoi cac nc NA v no the hien toan
bo lap trng, thai o cua Hiep hoi trong cac van e khu vc va
quoc te. Noi nh Somsakdi Xuto, giao s ai hoc
Chulalongkorn: la mot to chc khu vc, ASEAN co khuynh
hng chnh tr nhng muc tieu, ton ch cua no ro rang phi
chnh tr. Ay nhng, cac muc tieu phi chnh tr nay se c tu
thanh thong qua mot bo may ieu khien bi mot thc the chnh
103
tr
1
. Hoc gia ngi My, H.H. Indort th khang nh: cac ong
c hp tac cua ASEAN co tnh chnh tr, nh the, va chang
nhng kha nang ton tai cua no mi c keo dai
2
. Thc te cho
thay, t khi thanh lap en nay, ASEAN a trien khai hang loat
hp tac chnh tr. oi khi trong tng giai oan cu the, hp tac
chnh tr tr thanh dong chay chnh trong cac hoat ong cua to
chc khu vc nay.
Co the khai quat qua trnh hp tac chnh tr cua ASEAN
theo hai he van e c ban sau: th nhat, ASEAN vi viec giai
quyet cac hau qua cua chu ngha thc dan va chu ngha e
quoc khu vc; th hai, ASEAN vi viec xay dng va thc
hien ng loi chnh tr khu vc.
- ASEAN vi viec giai quyet cac hau qua cua chu ngha
thc dan va chu ngha e quoc khu vc
Do a hnh khu vc phc tap, giao thong, kinh te eu
kem phat trien, lai b chnh sach cai tr chia re cua chu ngha
thc dan, nen ngi NA trc ay hieu biet ve khu vc cua
mnh cha c sau sac. Xa hoi truyen thong NA bao gom
nhieu bo toc, ton giao, tn ngng. Ho noi cac ngon ng khac
nhau va sinh hoat trong nhng cong ong tng oi khep kn.
Chang han Indonesia co ti 538 ngon ng va tho ng,
Philippines co gan 100 toc ngi (ethnic) vi 87 ngon ng
khac nhau
3
. Tnh trang o tao ra mot s manh mun, chia re

1
Somsakdi Xuto: The future of Asia. Regional in Southeast Asia, Center
for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta 1974, p. 85-93.
2
Indort H.H: ASEAN Problems and Prospect. Singapore, 1975, p.15.
3
Hiep hoi cac nc NA (ASEAN), sd, tr. 32-37.
104
ve chnh tr. Chu ngha thc dan a khuech trng them mat
han che nay, gay can tr cho qua trnh thong nhat dan toc cua
cac quoc gia trong khu vc. T nam 1941, lan au tien trong
lch s, hau nh toan bo khu vc c ket hp lai di uy
quyen chnh tr cua phat xt Nhat. Thay v thc hien ke hoach
Khoi thnh vng chung ai ong A, Nhat a cai tr cac
nc trong khu vc theo n the chnh tr, dan en viec tieu
huy kha nang thong nhat khu vc ngay bnh dien chnh tr.
Sau khi cac quoc gia NA gianh c oc lap, ho b loi keo
vao hang loat cac tranh chap ve lanh tho - hau qua e lai cua
chu ngha thc dan. Ty du nh tranh chap bien gii Thai Lan -
Malaysia, tranh chap vung Sabah gia Malaysia - Philippines,
quan he bien gii cang thang gia Indonesia - Malaysia tren
vung bac ban ao Kalimantan ... e giai quyet nhng van e
tren, gia ho phai co tinh than hp tac, ac biet, phai co
chung mot y thc khu vc. Cho nen, qua trnh hnh thanh chu
ngha khu vc cua ASEAN cung la mot qua trnh giai thc
dan hoa (decolonization), c thong qua moi lien ket khu
vc la chu ngha bai thc. T o co the coi chu ngha bai thc
la iem chung au tien NA t sau 1945.
Giai oan au, t 1967 en trc Hoi ngh thng nh
Bali (thang 2/1976), chc nang chu yeu cua ASEAN la ong
vai tro mot c quan hoa giai nhng mau thuan chnh tr
trong khu vc e tang cng s hp tac. Thi gian nay, mot
trong nhng van e noi com nhat cua hiep hoi la van e
Sabah - tranh chap lanh tho gia Malaysia va Philippines.
Sabah c coi la yeu to nhay cam oi vi an ninh
Philippines, la canh ca thong Philippines vi vung bien Sulu.
e gianh lai Sabah, t nam 1962, gii lanh ao Philippines a
105
het sc tranh thu Indonesia; coi lien minh vi Indonesia la
moi quan he ac biet
1
. Song, gia hai nc nay con ton tai
van e cong ong Hoi giao tren ao Mindanao. Sabah tr
thanh nguyen nhan xung ot gia Malaysia va Philippines t
1963 en 1965. Thang 3/1968 xay ra vu Corregido. Pha
Malaysia to cao Philippines a cung cap vu kh va huan luyen
mot nhom ngi Hoi ao Corregido e xam nhap Sabah, e
doa an ninh nc nay. V the, quan he hai nc cang tr nen
cang thang. Cac thanh vien ASEAN con lai a co gang tm
kiem nhng bien phap ngoai giao e cac ben giai quyet xung
ot bang thng lng va thoa hiep. Trong vu nay, ngoai
trng Thai Lan, Thanat Khoman ong vai tro trung gian hoa
giai rat tch cc
2
.
Ben canh nhng di san cua chu ngha thc dan, ASEAN
con phai oi mat vi nhng hanh ong banh trng, can thiep
cua Trung Quoc hau khap cac nc thanh vien. Cac ang
cong san thuoc phai Mao t, thc chat la nhng lc lng bao
loan c Trung Quoc ngam ngam giup . Chang han, ang
Cong san Thai Lan (CPT) vao nhng nam 70 co 10.000 tay
sung
3
; ang Cong san Malaysia (CPM) do Chin Peng cam
au, ngay t nam 1954 a co 8000 -10.000 tay sung. ai phat
thanh Bac Kinh t nam 1953 a phat song chng trnh
khuyen khch Hoa kieu hoi hng, ha hen cho ho nhieu

1
Gordon B.K: the Dimentions of Conflict in Southeast Asia. Prentice Hall
Inc, Wood Clifts, New Jersey, 1966, p. 33-36.
2
Thanat Khoman, ASEAN, sd, p. 18-22.
3
Acharya A: New regional order in Southeast Asia. Adelphi Paper 297, the
Internation Institute for Strategic Studies, 1993, p.18.
106
nhiem vu quan trong va a v ch huy; cac ai s quan
Trung Quoc NA giup rat nhieu phong trao Hoa kieu
hoac cac phan t chong oi nc s tai
1
. Nha cam quyen
Bac Kinh con tuyen bo thiet lap khu Thai t tr Van Nam
lam ban ap ot nhap vao at Thai Lan
2
. Qua trnh giai quyet
nhng hau qua cua chu ngha thc dan, nhng nguy c bat on
t chu ngha banh trng va chu ngha e quoc a tao cho cac
thanh vien ASEAN mot moi trng hieu biet, tin cay lan
nhau. Qua o tch luy c nhng kinh nghiem chnh tr nham
giai quyet cac van e chnh tr phc tap khac, hng ti
nhng lnh vc rong ln hn cua s hp tac khu vc.
- Xay dng va thc hien ng loi chnh tr khu vc
Mac du van kien au tien ve hp tac chnh tr cua
ASEAN c chnh thc thong qua tai Hoi ngh thng nh
lan I (Bali, ngay 24/2/76), nhng viec xay dng mot ng loi
chnh tr khu vc a c chuan b trc o. iem 2, ton ch
muc ch trong Tuyen ngon Bangkok, thang 8/1967 neu ro:
ASEAN can thuc ay hoa bnh va on nh khu vc bang viec
ton trong cong ly va nguyen tac luat phap trong quan he gia
cac quoc gia trong vung va tuan thu cac nguyen tac cua Hien
chng Lien hiep quoc
3
. Hien chng Lien hiep quoc tr
thanh c s phap ly e ASEAN xay dng ng loi chnh tr
cua mnh. o la mot qua trnh nhan thc cac moi tng quan

1
Tran Van Dnh: Van e Hoa kieu tai NA. Nguyet san Que hng, so
23, Sai Gon 1961, tr.127-129.
2
Lng Nh Ky: Tng lai cua NA gia Trung Cong va An o. Nguyet
san Que hng, so 23, Sai Gon 1961, tr. 19.
3
Hiep hoi cac nc NA (ASEAN), sd, tr. 189.
107
gia cac lc lng chnh tr quoc te va tnh tat yeu cua s phat
trien khu vc.
T au thap nien 70, tnh hnh quoc te co nhieu bien oi
manh me. Trc tien la s troi day cua Tay Au va Nhat Ban
e tr thanh nhng trung tam t ban phat trien. Nhat Ban a
tranh thu quan he oi au cang thang Xo - My e vt qua
mat hai cng quoc nay ve kinh te, thng mai. Quan he Xo -
My cung a en luc phai ieu chnh. Thang 11/1968 Nixon
trung c tong thong My. Chnh quyen Nixon a ieu chnh
chnh sach oi ngoai My tren tinh than ky nguyen oi au
phai nhng cho cho ky nguyen oi thoai. Thang 7/1969
Nixon e xuat viec rut dan lc lng quan s My ra khoi chau
A sau khi chien tranh Viet Nam cham dt va yeu cau cac
nc ong minh chau A cua My phai chia se trach nhiem.
Nixon cung lu y cac quoc gia chau A can nam lay nhng
sang kien nham tang cng kha nang t phong thu
1
. Thang
5/1972 Nixon en tham Matxcva, ky Hiep c han che
phong thu ten la oi khang.
Ve pha cac nc xa hoi chu ngha, he thong nay vi
mot he t tng thong nhat cung nhng nguyen tac chat che
van khong thu tieu noi nhng khuynh hng ly khai. T
nhng nam 60 Thong che Tito (Nam T) a a ra mo hnh
chu ngha xa hoi rieng cua mnh. Sau o la khuynh hng ly
khai khoi he thong cua Albany va Trung Quoc. S ran nt can
ban trong he thong xa hoi chu ngha c anh dau bang

1
Yoshiyuki Hagiwara: The Formation of ASEAN. The ASEAN reader,
Institute of Sotheast Asian Studies, Singapore 1992, p. 35-37.
108
xung ot bien gii Xo - Trung (thang 2/1969). Thang than
cong khai coi Lien Xo la ke thu chu yeu, Trung Quoc noi len
nh mot cng quoc co vai tro quan trong trong cac van e
quoc te. Theo li ngoai trng My Henry Kissinger, luc nay,
the gii a chuyen t lng cc sang a cc va xuat hien
nhng trung tam quyen lc mi.
Trong khi My co y o giam bt vai tro cua mnh chau
A noi chung va NA noi rieng th Lien Xo hnh nh lai muon
tang cng anh hng cua mnh khu vc nay. Thang 3/1967
Lien Xo thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vi Malaysia va vi
Singapore - thang 6/1968. Tuy nhien, tren tong the, chnh
sach oi ngoai cua Lien Xo a theo khuynh hng hoa hoan,
hoa du. Thang 6/1969 Tong b th ang Cong san Lien Xo
Brezhnev a ra e ngh xay dng He thong an ninh tap the
chau A (system of collective security in Asia). Neu chieu theo
tinh than ban Hien chng Lien hiep quoc th an ninh tap the
la nhng nguyen tac phoi hp hanh ong nham gi gn trat t
the gii cua cac nc a chuong hoa bnh. Thc te, chc nang
nay thuoc ve Hoi ong Bao an, ni thao tung cua cac nc
ln. V the, ban chat cua an ninh tap the Lien hiep quoc
chang khac g s thoa hiep gia cac cng quoc. e ngh tren
la s ap lai (trong chng mc nao ay) hoc thuyet Nixon va
tuyen bo cua Anh ve viec rut quan oi nc nay khoi b ong
kenh ao Suez trc nam 1971
1
.
Cung t au thap nien 70, quan he Trung - My dan dan
tr nen hoa du. Vao thi iem nay, Trung Quoc bat au cau

1
Yoshiyuki Hagiwara, sd.
109
truc lai quan he quoc te cua mnh. Thang 2/1972, Nixon chnh
thc sang tham Trung Quoc. Thong cao Thng Hai a ghi
nhan s thoa hiep Trung - My ve cac van e quoc te, trong o
quan trong nhat la van e chien tranh Viet Nam
1
. oi vi My,
mac du tong thong Nixon noi en viec rut lc lng quan s
ra khoi chau A, nhng s that khong han la nh vay. My van
tm cach can thiep vao khu vc. Thang 3/1970, di s giat
day cua My va bon phan ong the gii, Lon Nol a lam cuoc
ao chnh quan s lat o che o Sihanouk, lap nen chnh phu
than My. Nh vay, s trao tr cua cac nc ln trong i song
chnh tr quoc te la mot bai toan kho lng. S. Rajaratman, Bo
trng cac van e oi ngoai cua Singapore nhan xet rang,
trong bang giao quoc te nhng nam 70, cac cng quoc a rut
khoi nhng van e y thc he va tr lai ng loi chnh tr
nc ln truyen thong
2
. Chuyen vieng tham cua Nixon ti
Bac Kinh va sau o ti Matxcva (thang 5/1972) cho thay tnh
trang phan chia the gii thanh hai phe ang dan bien mat. Tat
nhien, ieu o khong co ngha la s cham dt ng loi chnh
tr nc ln, hoac cac nc ln khong con muon gay anh
hng, ma la s khon kheo s dung cac nc nho trong viec
giai quyet xung ot cua cac nc ln
3
. Tnh hnh quoc te phc
tap buoc cac nc ASEAN phai sm xay dng mot ng loi
chnh tr khu vc cu the.

1
S that ve quan he Viet Nam Trung Quoc 30 nam qua, sd, tr. 102.
2
Rajaratman S: ASEAN can not be alone. The Ambassador, May 1973,
vol.3, n
0
4, p.38-88.
3
Rajaratman S: Economics and Politics. The Ambassador, Aug 1972,
vol.III, p.39-42.
110
C s ly luan cua ng loi chnh tr khu vc cua
ASEAN la nhng t tng ve s trung lap hoa NA. Ngi
neu y kien trung lap hoa NA au tien la ngh s Malaysia
Tun Ismail. Phat bieu trong mot phien hop quoc hoi thang
gieng 1968, ong nay cho rang cac quoc gia NA can phai
thc hien trung lap hoa khu vc sau khi quan oi Anh rut khoi
b ong kenh Suez
1
. ay la ieu kien am bao e cac cng
quoc cam ket ng loi cung ton tai hoa bnh tai khu vc
NA. Tuy nhien sau xa hn, t tng ve trung lap hoa NA
bat nguon t ng loi khong lien ket c thong qua tai Hoi
ngh Bandung thang 4/1955. Phong trao khong lien ket la he
qua cua tnh trang chien tranh lanh, the hien c muon cua
cac nc ang phat trien khong muon b loi keo vao cuoc
tranh chap gia hai khoi nham gi vng chu quyen va oc lap
dan toc cua ho. NA cung muon ng ben ngoai cua s tranh
chap o. T tng cua Tun Ismail a c Pho thu tng
Malaysia luc o, Abdul Rahman ung ho. Ngi Malaysia hnh
dung ra hai giai oan thc hien trung lap NA nh sau:
Giai oan 1
- Cac nc trong khu vc phai ton trong chu quyen va
toan ven lanh tho cua nhau. ay la oi hoi can ban, au tien
cho moi bc i tiep theo.
- Tat ca cac lc lng nc ngoai se c triet thoai
khoi khu vc; khu vc nay se khong b s dung nh la au
trng cua nhng xung ot quyen lc quoc te.
- Cac nc NA se vach ra nhng con ng, bien phap

1
V.V. Samoilenko: ASEAN chnh tr va kinh te, Sd, tr. 40.
111
va cam ket trach nhiem am bao hoa bnh cho moi quoc gia
thanh vien; a ra quan iem tap the trc cac cng quoc ve
nen an ninh song con.
Giai oan 2
- Cac nc hng ti s hp tac mc o tiep theo; cac
cng quoc My, Trung Quoc, Lien Xo (cu) phai cam ket nh
sau:
- NA se la khu vc trung lap.
- Khu vc nay trung lap khoi nhng tranh chap quyen
lc gia ho.
- Cac cng quoc se nh ra nhng phng tien giam sat
e am bao nen trung lap cua NA
1
.
Sang kien nay chnh thc c a vao chng trnh
ngh s cua Hoi ngh ngoai trng cac nc ASEAN thang
11/1971. Sau o ngoai trng nam nc thanh vien a ky vao
Tuyen bo Kuala Lumpur ngay 27/11/1971 ve khu vc hoa
bnh, t do, trung lap (ZOPFAN). ZOPFAN co hai noi dung
chnh: th nhat, no oi hoi cac cng quoc ngoai khu vc phai
am bao tnh trang trung lap cho khu vc bang cach cham dt
viec loi keo cac lien minh a trung lap, xay dng cac can c
quan s tren lanh tho cua ho va s dung ho trong viec lat o
hoac can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cac nc khac; th hai,
cac nc trong khu vc tranh lien minh quan s vi cac cng
quoc va ngan nga viec xay dng cac can c quan s nc
ngoai tren lanh tho cua mnh, ton trong chu quyen toan ven

1
Nguyen Van Lch: Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr.50.
112
lanh tho cua nhau, khong co hanh ong e doa trc tiep hoac
gian tiep nen an ninh cua nhau
1
. Noi dung ZOPFAN the hien
toan bo t tng khong lien ket; lap trng, y ch cua ASEAN
tr thanh nen tang c ban cua ng loi chnh tr khu vc.
Viec ASEAN tuyen bo ng loi chnh tr trung lap
khong co ngha la khu vc nay t nay c trung lap hoa. Cac
cng quoc du sao van rao riet can thiep vao NA. ac biet
s phoi hp Trung - My trong chnh sach NA cua ho a lam
cho tnh hnh khu vc ngay cang tr nen nong bong. Viet
Nam, My leo thang chien tranh mi. Campuchia, Sihanouk b
lat o, Lon Nol len cam quyen. Thu tng Singapore Ly Quang
Dieu a nhan xet rang, cac nc ln khong muon NA thc
hien c ZOPFAN. Trong tng lai, s cam ket cua cac cng
quoc ve mot NA trung lap la khong co
2
. V the, quan iem
trung lap cua ASEAN ch thanh hien thc khi no u manh e cac
cng quoc phai ton trong. ay la qua trnh phan au khong met
moi cua ASEAN nham thc hien mot ng loi chnh tr khu vc
cua mnh.
Trong khi ngi Malaysia e xuat t tng trung lap hoa
NA th ngi Indonesia trnh bay va co vu quan iem ve s
thch ng quoc gia va thch ng khu vc (national resilience,
regional resilience). ay la t tng xuat hien Indonesia t

1
Sopiee N: the Neutralization of Southeast Asia. Asia and the Western
Pacific: Toward a New International Order, edited by Hedley Bull,
Melbourne and Sydney, Thomas Nelson p.144.
- Mohammad Ghazalie bin Shajie: The Neutralization of Southeast Asia-
Pacific Community, vol.3, n
o
.1, Oct. 1971, p.115.
2
Sopiee N: The Neutralization of Southeast Asia, Sd.
113
au nhng nam 70. Ngi Indonesia goi s thch ng quoc gia
la ketahanan nasional. Mot so ngi dch khai niem tren la e
khang quoc gia, e khang khu vc. So khac dch la t
cng dan toc, t cng khu vc
1
. S d ngi Indonesia
quan niem nh the bi ho cho rang nen an ninh thc s cua moi
quoc gia khong nam trong lien minh vi nhng nc ln hoac
nh nc ln che ch, ma nam kha nang thch ng cua moi
quoc gia nao o khi phai oi mat vi s phat trien
2
. Kha nang
thch ng nay, theo tong thong Suharto, bao gom moi no lc
boi ap cac nhan to cau thanh trong s phat trien cua moi
quoc gia thong nhat, nh s thch ng ve he t tng, chnh
tr, kinh te, van hoa, lanh vc quan s
3
. bnh dien khu vc,
khai niem thch ng e ch kha nang tng quoc gia cam ket
tron ven s quan he qua lai va phu thuoc lan nhau nh mot
nguyen tac cua chnh sach oi ngoai
4
. V the gia thch ng
va trung lap hoa khu vc co moi quan he qua lai chat che.
Thc chat cua trung lap hoa khu vc la tang cng s thch
ng cua tng quoc gia va ca khu vc nham hng ti mot
ASEAN phi quan s, phi he t tng, mau mc ve hp tac va
cam ket. Y tng ve trung lap hoa NA cua Malaysia va s
thch ng khu vc cua Indonesia gap nhau, tao s thong nhat
trong nhan thc.
Tren tinh than khong lien ket va ng loi trung lap hoa

1
Nguyen Van Lch: Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr.64-65.
2
Sopiee N: The Neutralization of Southeast Asia, sd.
3
Address by the President of the Republic of Indonesia. Regionalism in
Southeast Asia, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta
1974, p. 3-9.
4
Mohammad Ghazalie bin Shajie, sd.
114
khu vc, Hoi ngh cap cao ASEAN lan I (thang 2/1976) a
chnh thc ghi nhan van e hp tac chnh tr khu vc. Hoi ngh
a thong qua hai van kien quan trong: Hiep c than thien
va hp tac NA (Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in
Southest Asia), Tuyen bo hoa hp ASEAN (Declaration of
ASEAN Concord). Trong van kien th nhat, cac nc ASEAN
khang nh khat vong tang cng hoa bnh hu ngh va hp
tac NA, phu hp vi tinh than va nhng nguyen tac cua
Hien chng Lien hiep quoc, 10 nguyen tac c thong qua
trong Hoi ngh A - Phi Bandung 25/4/1955. Ho a ra sau
nguyen tac c ban ch ao ve hp tac chnh tr:
- Cung nhau ton trong oc lap, chu quyen, bnh ang,
toan ven lanh tho va ban sac dan toc cua tat ca cac nc.
- Quyen cua moi nc t do quyet nh s ton tai cua
dan toc, khong co s can thiep, lat o hoac ap bc cua nc
ngoai.
- Khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau.
- Giai quyet nhng bat ong hoac tranh chap bang bien
phap hoa bnh.
- Bac bo s e doa hoac dung bao lc.
- Hp tac vi nhau mot cach hieu qua
1
.
Trong van kien th hai, cac nc ASEAN the hien
quyet tam cung co khoi oan ket ve chnh tr, thuc ay cac
quan he hp tac kinh te (trong trng hp nay, hp tac kinh te
la bieu hien chieu sau cua hp tac chnh tr).

1
Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr. 202.
115
T sau Hoi ngh thng nh thang 2/1976, hp tac
chnh tr tr thanh mot lnh vc rat noi bat trong hoat ong
cua ASEAN. C cau to chc cua ASEAN c cai tien theo
hng tao s phoi hp thong nhat ngay cang cao trong hoat
ong. Bo may nay kha mem deo e thch ng vi nhng kha
nang bien oi. ASEAN a tm cach m rong to chc, tang so
thanh vien. Thang 1/1984 Bruney chnh thc tr thanh thanh
vien th sau cua Hiep hoi ma khong can trai qua v tr quan
sat vien. Thi gian nay, do tnh hnh chnh tr khu vc kha
phc tap, cac nc ong Dng cha co ieu kien tham gia
Hiep c Bali nhng ASEAN van tha nhan vai tro, v tr cua
Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia, coi o la nhng quoc gia cau
thanh cua khu vc. Thu tng Mal Tun Abdul Razak a noi:
trc ay cha bao gi trong lch s khu vc co s oi au.
Chung ta phai tao dng mot the gii mi cua ban than chung
ta NA - mot the gii hoa bnh, t do, thoat khoi ach o ho
va anh hng ben ngoai, mot the gii trong o cac nc trong
khu vc co the hp tac vi nc khac v li ch chung
1
.
Ngoai trng Indonesia cung tuyen bo sau Hoi ngh Bali rang
che o xa hoi khac nhau khong ngan can cac nc ong
Dng tham gia Hiep hoi cac nc NA.
Thanh tu ln nhat cua viec thi hanh ng loi
ZOPFAN la a ngan nga c phan ln tnh trang anh hng
oc quyen cua mot cng quoc NA. Suot thi ky nay vai
tro noi bat cua My NA khong ngan can c nguyen vong
cua ASEAN muon bt khoi s can thiep cua My vao khu vc.
ay la mot trong nhng ly do can ban giai thch phan ng lo

1
10 years ASEAN, tr.281.
116
ngai cua cac nc ASEAN khi Viet Nam ky Hiep c hp tac
toan dien vi Lien Xo (nam 1978), cho lc lng hai quan Lien
Xo (cu) s dung quan cang Cam Ranh. ac biet khi van e
Campuchia xay ra th ho phan ng rat quyet liet. Trong suot
giai oan 1976-1989, cac nc ASEAN luon gi lap trng kha
thong nhat trong cac van e quoc te lan khu vc. Ho co thai o
chung ve van e Campuchia la rut het quan oi nc ngoai ra
khoi nc nay, gianh quyen t quyet cho nhan dan Campuchia.
Ho the hien tinh than au tranh chong chu ngha thc dan, chu
ngha Apacthai di moi hnh thc. Ho au tranh oi thiet lap
cac khu vc hoa bnh, phi hat nhan.
Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan III (thang 2/1987) a
nang hp tac chnh tr len mot tam cao mi. Tuyen bo Manila
nam 1987 a nhac en chu ngha khu vc ASEAN c xay
dng tren s gan bo ve chnh tr, kinh te va van hoa, co tam quan
trong song con hn bao gi het oi vi tng lai cua NA
1
. Cac
nc ASEAN tiep tuc khang nh quan iem ve NA nh mot
khu vc hoa bnh, t do, trung lap va phi vu kh hat nhan
(SEANWFZ). Khoang thi gian nay, cac nha lanh ao Viet Nam
cung a nhan thc c ay u tam quan trong ac biet cua s
hoi nhap vao khu vc. Bo trng ngoai giao Nguyen Manh Cam
nhan xet rang, NA gi mot v tr quan trong trong chnh sach
oi ngoai cua Viet Nam v khu vc nay lien quan trc tiep en
an ninh va phat trien cua nc ta
2
. Tai khoa hop th 9 Quoc
hoi khoa VIII thang 8/1991, Chu tch Hoi ong bo trng Vo

1
Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr.221.
2
Nguyen Manh Cam, Bo trng Bo Ngoai giao: Tra li phong van tap ch
Quan he quoc te. Tap ch Quan he quoc te so 10/1991, tr. 2-3.
117
Van Kiet phat bieu: li ch cua Viet Nam gan lien vi li ch
cua khu vc. V vay moi quan tam ac biet hien nay cua chung ta
la m rong quan he vi cac nc lang gieng trong khu vc, phan
au cho mot NA hoa bnh, on nh, hu ngh va hp tac.
Sau s tan ra cua Lien Xo va phe xa hoi chu ngha, he
thong lng cc b pha v, mot trat t the gii mi ang hnh
thanh, cac thach thc trong tnh hnh mi a cho thay viec
phat trien quan he Viet Nam - ASEAN tr thanh mot van e
co tam quan trong chien lc ca ve chnh tr, kinh te, an ninh
cua NA. Thang 7/1992 Viet Nam tham gia Hiep c Bali.
Thang 7/1995 Viet Nam tr thanh thanh vien chnh thc cua
ASEAN. ay la mot s kien co tam quan trong ac biet, anh
dau s chuyen bien t hp tac lien ket tieu khu vc trnh o
thap, len ti hp tac lien ket toan khu vc trnh o cao tren
hau khap cac bnh dien chnh tr, kinh te va an ninh NA.
Tren a phat trien o, tai Hoi ngh Bo trng ngoai giao cac
nc ASEAN lan th 30 (thang 7/1997), ASEAN ket nap
them hai thanh vien mi (Lao va Myanmar). Thang 12/1998,
Hoi ngh cap cao ASEAN lan th sau a quyet nh ket nap
Campuchia la thanh vien ay u th 10 (le ket nap a c to
chc vao ngay 30/4/1999 tai Ha Noi). Con ng 30 nam cua
ASEAN cuoi cung cung at ti ch nhat the hoa NA trong
mot ng loi chnh tr va trong mot to chc khu vc.
III. S HNH THANH CHU NGHA KHU VC CUA ASEAN
NHN T BNH DIEN A - KINH TE
1. Tnh hnh kinh te cua cac nc ASEAN va khu vc
sau 1945
oi vi hau het cac quoc gia (von la thuoc a cu) mi
gianh c oc lap ve chnh tr, viec thu tieu tnh trang kinh
118
te - xa hoi lac hau keo dai hang the ky do chu ngha thc dan
e lai, tr thanh mot nhiem vu cap bach. o cung la cuoc au
tranh v s cong bang, bnh ang trong cac quan he kinh te -
thng mai quoc te nham thiet lap nen mot trat t kinh te
mi. Ve van e nay, Lenin a tng phe phan bao ch t san
rang, trong khi ban luan ve giai phong dan toc lai bo quen
trong bong toi s giai phong ve kinh te, ma thc chat, cai sau
cung mi la can ban
1
. Nh vay, theo quan iem mac xt, s
nghiep giai phong dan toc, xet en cung cung chnh la s giai
phong ve kinh te. ay la mot yeu cau, mot tat yeu oi vi
moi quoc gia - dan toc tng la thuoc a hoac phu thuoc.
Trong he thong kinh te t ban the gii, cho en au
nhng nam 60, NA van ch la mot vung ngoai bien cua the
gii t ban. Chu ngha thc dan a e lai cho khu vc nay mot
di san kinh te - xa hoi nang ne. o la tnh trang oi ngheo,
lac hau va phu thuoc ve ca kinh te lan chnh tr vao chu ngha
e quoc nhng mc o khac nhau. Cac moi quan he kinh te
khu vc truyen thong trc ay hau nh b pha v. Vi muc
ch bien NA thanh th trng tieu thu va ni cung cap
nguyen lieu, chu ngha thc dan a lam kinh te khu vc mang
tnh n ieu, trong khi c ban van gi nguyen loi canh tac
nong nghiep co truyen cua dan ban x suot mot thi gian dai.
Kinh te nang ve nong nghiep la ac iem bao trum tat ca cac
nc NA. Cho en nhng nam 70, cac nc NA (tr
Singapore va Brunei) t le c dan nong nghiep chiem a phan
trong dan so (%):

1
V.I. Lenin: toan tap, tap 27. Nxb. Tien bo Matxcva, 1976, tr. 187 (tieng
Nga).
119
Campuchia
Lao
Malaysia
Myanmar
76,4
78,3
56,5
63,7
Indonesia
Philippines
Thai Lan
Viet Nam
70,0
74,3
76,5
76,1
Nguon : Production Yearbook 1974,
Rome 1975, p.18
Mac du t trong cong - nong nghiep co thay oi, nhng
nhn chung trong nen kinh te khu vc, nong nghiep van la
nguon li chnh trong tong san pham quoc dan (GNP). T
trong nong nghiep trong GNP cua mot so nc NA cho en
thi iem 1974 la (%):
Brunei (1971)
Indonesia (1973)
Malaysia (1971)
3,7
60.1
45,5
Singapore
Thai Lan
Philippines
3,9
51,5
52,5
Nguon: Statistical yearbook for Asia and
Pacific 1974, New York 1975
San pham nong nghiep cung la mot mat hang xuat khau
chu yeu cua cac nc NA, chiem t trong ln trong kim
ngach xuat khau (%):
Indonesia (1973)
Lao (1973)
Myanmar (1972)
43,4
64,0
89,2
Philippines (1967)
Thai Lan (1973)
79,2
68,6
Nguon: Handbook of International Trade and Development, Statistic
1976, New York 1976.
Cac so lieu tren cho thay kinh te nong nghiep ong vai
tro chu ao trong kinh te cac nc khu vc, nhng trnh o
120
phat trien cua nong nghiep rat lac hau. Viec s dung at ai
thieu hp ly, tnh trang oc canh cay trong, san xuat nho,
manh mun... la nhng lc can oi vi s phat trien cua lc
lng san xuat. Cong cu lao ong nong nghiep trai qua hang
the ky van khong co g thay oi ln. Cho en cuoi nhng nam
50, viec dung li cay co diep lat at cha phai la pho bien
cac nc NA
1
.
Trong khi nong nghiep NA to ra tr tre nh vay th
cong nghiep cung khong co g noi bat, neu khong muon noi la
qua yeu t. Mi hnh thanh trong thi ky thc dan, phuc vu
muc ch thc dan nen c cau cong nghiep ay que quat,
thieu hp ly. Ngoai nganh khai mo ma san pham chu yeu
dung e xuat khau, cong nghiep che bien tr thanh nganh
cong nghiep chnh. T trong cong nghiep trong nen kinh te
quoc dan nhn chung tang cham. en nam 1974, t trong cong
nghiep trong GDP cua mot so noc NA nh sau (%):
Indonesia (1973)
Malaysia (1971)
Myanmar
27,9
38,7
19,1
Singapore
Philippines
Thai Lan
57,0
40,2
32,7
Nguon: Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistic
1976, New York 1976
Ngoai c cau cong - nong nghiep nh tren, cac lnh vc
giao thong van tai, ngoai thng cua cac nc NA cung
khong co g sang sua. ng sat ay c xay dng t cuoi
the ky XIX, phuc vu viec khai thac, van chuyen than quang,
nong san e xuat khau. Mang li ng sat nho be. en tan

1.
ong Nam A, nhng van e cong ong khu vc, sd, tr.52.
121
nhng nam 70, tnh ra c 1000 km
2
lanh tho NA mi co
c 4,4 km ng sat
1
.
Ngoai thng chiem vai tro kha quan trong trong kinh te
cac nc NA, nhng hoat ong cua nganh nay b han che
bi cac mat hang xuat khau (quang, dau mo, nong pham ...)
phan ln eu dang tho. Hn na, ong tien cua cac nc
trong khu vc cha tr thanh phng tien thanh toan quoc te.
ieu nay nhieu khi anh hng en hieu qua kinh te cua hoat
ong xuat nhap khau.
Do trnh o phat trien kinh te trong khu vc con thap
kem nh vay nen qua trnh hnh thanh cac khu vc a - kinh
te NA con lau mi hoan thanh. S phan cong lao ong
gia cac vung trong khu vc khong ro rang. Mot so vung
trong khu vc tap trung rat nhieu lc lng lao ong, c s vat
chat ky thuat nen tr thanh cac trung tam: nh Rangoon
(Myanmar), ao Java (Indonesia), vung tay Malacca (Malaysia),
vung trung tam va thu o Manila ( Philippines)... cac trung tam
nay trong nhng ieu kien lch s cu the dng nh b tach ri
nhau trong quan he kinh te khu vc.
Cac quoc gia NA khi a gianh c oc lap ve chnh
tr, tat nhien co khuynh hng thiet lap lai cac moi quan he
trong khu vc e hnh thanh mot th trng khu vc thong
nhat. ieu nay giup ho m rong th trng cho cac san
pham nong nghiep con kem sc canh tranh cua mnh, han che
s canh tranh t pha cac nc t ban phat trien, lanh manh
hoa tnh hnh tai chnh, thuc ay s phat trien cua lc lng
san xuat va giam thieu toi a nhng phu thuoc kinh te vao

1
ong Nam A, nhng van e cong ong khu vc, sd, tr.74.
122
chu ngha e quoc. Tuy nhien, qua trnh phat trien cac moi
quan he kinh te khu vc, hnh thanh mot th trng khu vc
thong nhat khong phai la n gian. Han che can ban nhat la
trnh o phat trien kinh te th trng trong khu vc con thap.
Thanh phan, c cau cong - nong nghiep cac nc giong nhau
a loai tr mot phan quan trong kha nang trao oi hang hoa.
Ben canh o, nhieu nc NA trong mot thi gian dai lai trai
qua nhng bat on ve chnh tr, cha co ieu kien m mang cac
quan he kinh te vi nhau. Muon thoat khoi tnh trang tren,
nhieu quoc gia trong khu vc a chon con ng phat trien
theo kinh te th trng. Ho hng s chu y vao cac yeu to
von, quan ly, cong nghe va ac biet la hang loat chnh sach
phat trien kinh te ung an.
2. ASEAN vi viec giai quyet cac van e kinh te khu vc
e am bao s oc lap ve kinh te va khong tr thanh
mot khu vc n thuan cung cap nguyen lieu chien lc, th
trong tieu thu hang hoa cua cac trung tam t ban phat trien,
cac nc ASEAN khong con cach nao khac la phai tien hanh
s nghiep cong nghiep hoa at nc. Song, do xuat phat iem
thap, s nghiep cong nghiep hoa cua cac nc nay gap rat
nhieu kho khan. Hn na, sau chien tranh the gii th hai, cac
nc t ban phat trien (tr My) van con tap trung xay dng
nen kinh te con rat kho khan cua mnh nen cha co ieu kien
xuat khau t ban ln ra cac vung ngoai vi cua he thong.
S nghiep cong nghiep hoa cua cac nc ASEAN tren
mot bnh dien nao o, co the coi la mot qua trnh giai thc
dan hoa ve kinh te. Muc tieu xoa bo bo mat kinh te - xa hoi
ngheo nan lac hau - di san cua chu ngha thc dan, vn ti
123
s oc lap ve kinh te a quy nh s la chon mot chien lc
kinh te phu hp. o la chien lc kinh te t lc canh sinh
hay con goi la chien lc hng noi hoac chien lc thay
the nhap khau
1
. Phan ln cac nc ASEAN a thc thi chien
lc nay trong giai oan 1950 - 1970. Chang han, thi gian
nay Philippines a xac nh phai khoi phuc, xay dng th
trng noi a, bang cach lap hang rao thue quan bao ve san
xuat trong nc, han che s dung ngoai te bang nhap hang
tieu dung. Indonesia cho en nam 1960, chnh phu ay a
quoc hu hoa gan het moi chi nhanh cua cac cong ty xuyen
quoc gia, nh chi nhanh cong ty dau Standard, Caltex
2
...
Malaysia, trong ieu kien con phu thuoc kha nhieu vao t ban
Anh, chnh phu a thi hanh cac chnh sach phat trien kinh te,
van hoa, giao duc. Nong dan c khuyen khch i xay dng
khu kinh te mi, c cap at e san xuat (3,2 hec ta trong
cay cong nghiep xuat khau; 0,8 hec ta trong cay lng thc).
ng sa, ien nc c cai tao va xay dng mi
3
. Theo
cach bo tr chien lc cua cac nc ASEAN trong giai oan
thc hien chnh sach kinh te hng noi a hnh thanh hai khu
vc kinh te: khu vc kinh te nha nc va khu vc kinh te t
nhan. Nha nc chu y au t vao lnh vc xay dng c s ha
tang va phat trien cong nghiep nang. T nhan phat trien cac
nganh nong nghiep, cong nghiep tieu dung va cac nganh kinh
te co truyen khac. Lam nh vay ngi ta hi vong tao ra mot

1
Nguyen Khac Than: Vai tro cong ty xuyen quoc gia oi vi nen kinh te
cac nc ASEAN, Nxb Phap ly, H. 1992, tr. 13.
2
Nguyen Khac Than, sd, tr. 13.
3
ao Duy Huan: Kinh te ong Nam A. Tu sach ai hoc M Ban cong
thanh pho Ho Ch Minh 1994, tr.74.
124
c cau kinh te hoan chnh, giup cho cac nc nay thc s co
nen kinh te oc lap, t chu.
Tren bnh dien ly luan, chnh sach kinh te hng noi
cua cac nc ASEAN trong giai oan nay la bieu hien cua th
chu ngha quoc gia ve kinh te (economic nationalism). Muc
tieu cua chu ngha quoc gia kinh te la xay dng mot nen kinh
te t chu, mot th trng dan toc thong nhat, lam c s cho s
thong nhat ve chnh tr. Nh vay hoan toan hp lo gch khi
qua trnh chuyen t chu ngha quoc gia kinh te en chu ngha
khu vc kinh te cung ong thi la qua trnh chuyen t th
trng dan toc thong nhat thanh mot th trng khu vc.
Nhng muon chuyen t cap o th trng dan toc thong
nhat en th trng khu vc th phai co ieu kien. o la trnh
o phat trien cua kinh te hang hoa, bieu hien qua cac yeu to
ve nang lc san xuat, von, nang lc quan ly va trnh o cong
nghe cua cac nc trong khu vc phai at ti chuan mc nao
o. Muon the, cac nc ASEAN phai mi goi au t t ban
nc ngoai. Bi v thc chat cua kinh te hng noi (bieu hien
cua chu ngha quoc gia kinh te) a t mau thuan vi nh
hng t ban chu ngha va s phat trien nen kinh te th
trng. Do o, ch co the la chon: hoac la ong ca quay tr
lai san xuat phong kien hoac m ca cho nen kinh te hang
hoa. Noi cach khac, qua trnh chuyen t chu ngha quoc gia
en chu ngha khu vc tren lnh vc kinh te cua cac nc
ASEAN cung la mot quy luat tat yeu cua s phat trien can
c nhan thc trong ieu kien nen kinh te the gii ang theo
xu hng toan cau hoa mot cach manh me.
Nhng nam cuoi thap ky 60, cac nc ASEAN a co s
ieu chnh trong chien lc kinh te. T chien lc kinh te
125
hng noi ho a chuyen sang chien lc kinh te hng
ngoai, cong nghiep hoa hng ti xuat khau. Chien lc
kinh te hng ngoai ve thc chat la m ca nen kinh te theo
hng tang cng quan he quoc te, chap nhan s phan cong
lao ong trong he thong t ban chu ngha. e thc hien c
chien lc nay, ho a xay dng mot he thong chnh sach
nham khuyen khch san xuat, trao oi hang hoa, xay dng ket
cau ha tang va cac khu che xuat, phat trien kinh te t nhan,
khuyen khch au t nc ngoai ... T nam 1967 en nam
1987, tc la sau 20 nam thanh lap ASEAN, tong au t trc
tiep cua t ban nc ngoai vao khu vc at ti 32,8547 ty
USD. Nh vay, bnh quan moi nam cac nc ASEAN nhan
nguon t ban trc tiep la 1,6427 ty USD
1
. Nguon von tren co
tac dung rut ngan thi gian tch luy t ban, gop phan tao bc
lay a e ho thc hien cong nghiep hoa, thuc ay nhanh kinh
te th trng.
Nh vay, tren bnh dien kinh te cac cong ty xuyen quoc
gia ong vai tro vo cung quan trong oi vi s hnh thanh chu
ngha khu vc cua ASEAN. Thc te cho thay, t than cac
nc ASEAN co rat nhieu kho khan trong viec lien ket thanh
mot th trng khu vc. Ho can co s ho tr cua cac cong ty
xuyen quoc gia ve von, cong nghe, quan ly - nhng yeu to
can ban cau thanh cua cong nghiep hien ai. Cac cong ty nay
a au t xay dng c s ha tang, ao tao nhan lc, a cac
yeu to ky thuat hien ai vao trong san xuat, nh o ma bo
mat kinh te cac nc ASEAN co nhieu bien oi theo hng
hien ai hoa. Di anh hng cua cac cong ty xuyen quoc

1
Nguyen Khac Than, sd, tr.24.
126
gia, c cau kinh te cua nen san xuat hang hoa, c kh hoa va
hng ngoai c hnh thanh. Neu tnh bnh quan cua nam
nc ASEAN, ty trong nong nghiep trong GNP t 43,25%
(nam 1960) giam con 24,1% (nam 1985) va 21,2% (nam
1987)
1
. Mat khac, cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia cung chu ong
keo cac nc tren tham gia vao qua trnh phan cong lao ong
quoc te. S phan cong lao ong nay tao ra tnh hnh la cac
nganh cong nghiep c chuyen dch t nc no ti nc kia,
ma tong hp lai giong nh s o an ngong bay
2
. V vay ma
kinh te cac nc ASEAN ngay cang c hoa nhap vao he
thong kinh te khu vc va the gii.
Nhng trong khi xam nhap vao nen kinh te khu vc, cac
cong ty xuyen quoc gia cung a boc lo ay ray nhng mat trai
cua mnh. Th nhat, chung phai thc hien cac muc tieu chien
lc cua chnh quoc nham khong che cac nc ASEAN theo
quy ao xac nh. V vay chung co the vi pham chu quyen
chnh tr hoac kinh te cua nc chu nha. Chang han, cac cong
ty xuyen quoc gia My Indonesia a n phng nh ch
viec tham do dau kh e buoc chnh phu nc nay giam bt
cac ieu kien. Thai Lan, cac cong ty My, Nhat thong qua
chnh phu cua mnh e buoc chnh phu Thai Lan thay oi cac
ieu trong luat au t co li cho t ban nc ngoai
3
. Th hai,
cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia phan ln chuyen giao cac cong
nghe lac hau, o nhiem cho nc chu nha. Phng thc chuyen
giao theo tng nac, nho giot va bao gi cung gi lai nhng
khau then chot e cac nc chu nha luon v tr phu thuoc
vao cong nghe. Cho nen, tiep nhan cong nghe cung la mot

12.3
Nguyen Khac Than, sd, tr. 56, 68, 84
127
qua trnh tranh au, trong o thai o nc chu nha co anh
hng rat ln. Th ba, cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia a gop
phan tao nen mot c cau kinh te phu hp vi s phan cong
quoc te t ban chu ngha do chung thc hien. T cho la yeu to
ben ngoai, cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia tr thanh cac yeu to ben
trong, co tac dung rat quan trong oi vi s phat trien kinh te cua
cac nc ASEAN. Nh Singapore cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia
kiem soat 85% nang lc san xuat cua cac nganh cong nghiep
mui nhon (cong nghiep che bien). Malaysia, cac cong ty
xuyen quoc gia nam 60% so x nghiep trong nc, 50% viec
lam, 70% tong san pham xa hoi, 70% gia tr gia tang, 70% kim
ngach xuat khau
1
. Th t, s boc lot sieu li nhuan cua cac cong
ty xuyen quoc gia a lam gia tang cac mau thuan xa hoi trong
cac nc ASEAN. Neu thieu s kiem soat chat che hoat ong
cua cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia th nguon tai nguyen, nhan lc
cua cac nc ang phat trien se b khai thac kiet que v muc ch
li nhuan. Th lay mot th du so sanh: trong khi li nhuan trung
bnh cac nc phat trien la 10 25% th li nhuan cua cac
cong ty xuyen quoc gia trong nganh che bien Thai Lan nam
1983 la 97,1%
2
. Cac nc ASEAN trong qua trnh cong nghiep
hoa va thc hien chien lc cong nghiep hng ve xuat khau a
nhan ra cac thach thc tren. V the, ho can co thai o va hanh
ong thong nhat nham chong lai nhng anh hng tieu cc t
pha cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia mang en. Va nh vay, cac
cong ty xuyen quoc gia trong qua trnh tao dng ra th trng

1
A.Gusev: S phat trien cua chu ngha t ban Malaysia, Nxb Khoa hoc
Matxcva, 1985, tr.78 (tieng Nga).
2
Rosefeld.S: Dragons in Distress, The Ifdp, San Francisco, USA, 1990,
p.36-294.
128
khu vc, gan ket kinh te khu vc vi kinh te the gii th cung a
lam nay sinh khuynh hng co ket trong noi bo khu vc - mot
trong nhng c s hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc kinh te cua
ASEAN.
Tat nhien cac nc ASEAN khong thu ong ngoi ch
cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia det cho ho mot th trng khu
vc, ma trc o, ban than ho a tng xay dng nhieu chng
trnh hp tac. Cac to chc tien than cua ASEAN nh ASA,
MAPHILINDO a tng coi hp tac kinh te la mot trong nhng
muc tieu chu yeu cua mnh. Tuyen bo Bangkok nam 1961
neu ro muc tieu hang au cua Hiep hoi NA la thiet lap mot
c che tch cc than thien e t van, phoi hp va giup lan
nhau trong lnh vc kinh te, xa hoi, van hoa, khoa hoc va
hanh chnh. Cac t tng ve t do hoa thng mai
(liberalization of trade), khu vc t do mau dch (free trade
area), th trng chung NA (Southest Asia Common
Market) a tng c trao oi trong cac cuoc hop ngoai
trng cua cac nc ASA
1
.
Ke tha nhng t tng cua ASA, trong tuyen bo cua
mnh (Tuyen bo Bangkok 8/8/67) ASEAN cung at viec thuc
ay tang trng kinh te la u tien hang au trong so cac muc
tieu cua mnh va khang nh s can thiet phai ay manh s
hp tac kinh te trong ca khu vc. Nhat quan vi nhng muc
tieu tren, Hiep c than thien va hp tac NA c thong
qua tai Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan I (nam 1976) cung
nhan manh en viec thuc ay s hp tac tch cc tren lnh vc

1
Somsakdi Xuto: Regional cooperation in Sotheast Asia, sd, tr.77.
129
kinh te nham tang cng cho nen tang cua mot cong ong
khu vc.
ng loi, muc tieu, chng trnh hp tac kinh te khu
vc cua ASEAN c bo sung ngay cang hoan thien va phong
phu. Nhat la sau Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan I, hp tac
kinh te trong khoi c ay manh vi s ra i cua mot loat
cac uy ban va ca c che hp tac
1
. Do cac nc ASEAN at
c mc tang trng kinh te kha cao va c coi la mot
trong nhng khu vc phat trien nang ong nhat the gii, trong
Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan IV (nam 1992) cac nha lanh
ao ASEAN cho rang can phai nang cao tam voc hp tac kinh
te khu vc len mot trnh o mi, ap ng s phat trien nhanh
chong, sau sac cua tnh hnh kinh te, chnh tr the gii sau khi
he thong lng cc b tan ra. Tuyen bo Singapore nam 1992
a neu ro nhng phng hng chu yeu trong hp tac kinh te
ASEAN la :
- Hnh thanh khu vc mau dch t do ASEAN (AFTA).
- Tang cng au t, lien ket va bo sung cho nhau ve
cong nghiep thong qua viec thc hien nhng bien phap sang
tao mi.
- Tang cng va phat trien s hp tac tren lnh vc th
trng von, khuyen khch va tao ieu kien cho t do hoa s
lu chuyen cac nguon von va cac nguon tai chnh khac.
- Hp tac khuyen khch thng mai va tang cng cac
cuoc thng lng ve san pham nong nghiep e gia tang kha

1
Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr. 46-48.
130
nang canh tranh cung nh duy tr cac san pham nong nghiep
xuat khau cua ASEAN.
- Tham do them kha nang hp tac tren cac lnh vc phi
thue quan gia cac nc e ho tr qua trnh t do hoa thue
quan va ay manh buon ban, au t.
- ay manh hp tac gia cac khu vc t nhan cua
ASEAN
1
.
Da tren ng loi hp tac kinh te khu vc c thong
qua trong nhng Hoi ngh thng nh, tren c s cac c che
hp tac theo tng nganh cu the, ASEAN a trien khai nhieu
chng trnh, d an trong cac lnh vc cong nghiep, nong -
lam nghiep, tai chnh, ngan hang, thng mai
2
. Nhng chng
trnh, d an o tao nen s hp tac kinh te a dien va co he
thong. Ro rang, s hp tac nay ngay cang theo hng co ket
khu vc. Cac thc the kinh te cat ngang nhng bien gii chnh
tr e ket hp nhng nguon tai nguyen, von, nhan lc, cong
nghe va trnh o quan ly. ASEAN a thc hien nhieu ke
hoach hp tac cong nghiep, chang han: D an cong nghiep
ASEAN (ASEAN Industrial Project - AIP), nam 1976; Ke
hoach bo sung cong nghiep ASEAN (1981) vi s ho tr cua
Hoi ong bao hiem ASEAN (ASEAN Insurance Council); D
an lien doanh cong nghiep ASEAN (ASEAN Industial
Jointventure), nam 1983. Thi gian gan ay, trong ASEAN va
khu vc NA ang dan hnh thanh cac tam giac, t giac phat
trien nh cac tam giac tang trng Singapore - Malaysia -
Indonesia; Malaysia - Philippines - Indonesia; t giac phat

1.2
Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr. 46, 49, 86
131
trien nh Campuchia - Thai Lan - Viet Nam - Lao
1
; cac tam giac
vung nh Singapore - Johor (Malaysia) - Rian (Indonesia)...
Trong lnh vc tai chnh, ASEAN a a ra cac chng trnh
hanh ong phoi hp nh xay dng che o thanh toan chung
bang cach nang cao viec s dung cac ong tien cua ASEAN,
trao oi tien te, bao hiem tai chnh. ac biet, viec thoa thuan
ho tr ngoai te (swap arrangement) ma ngan hang trung ng
cac nc ASEAN ky ket a gop phan cung cap kp thi nhng
khoan tn dung ngoai te ngan han cho cac thanh vien gap kho
khan trong thanh toan quoc te. Cac nc ASEAN con co
chng trnh an toan lng thc cho toan khoi vi muc ch
giup lan nhau khi xay ra tnh trang khan cap va thanh lap
he thong thong tin bao ong ve lng thc. Tong quy an ninh
lng thc ASEAN (ASEAN Food Security Reserve - AFSR)
nam 1984 la 53.000 tan
2
.
Trc nhng yeu cau phat trien kinh te khu vc va s canh
tranh ngay cang gay gat cua kinh te toan cau, ASEAN ang xuc
tien thanh lap Khu vc mau dch t do (ASEAN Free Trade Area
- AFTA). ay la nhu cau tat yeu nham xay dng thanh cong th
trng thong nhat NA. M au qua trnh nay la Hiep nh ve
chng trnh u ai thue quan (CEPT), c thong qua tai Hoi
ngh thng nh ASEAN lan IV (1992). CEPT la cong cu e
trien khai AFTA, c thc hien trong vong mi nam (thi han
mi), tc la en nam 2003, va nh the, chu ngha khu vc kinh
te ASEAN ang c hien thc hoa.

1
ao Huy Ngoc (chu bien): ASEAN va s hoi nhap cua Viet Nam, Nxb.
Chnh tr quoc gia, H. 1997, tr.30.
2
132
IV. S HNH THANH CHU NGHA KHU VC CUA ASEAN
NHN T BNH DIEN AN NINH KHU VC
goc o chnh tr, an ninh la mot khai niem ch s on
nh, an toan oi vi vi mot quoc gia hoac mot che o chnh
tr, nham duy tr s ton tai va phat trien cua quoc gia hay che
o chnh tr o. ay la mot van e t nhien cua moi quoc gia
- dan toc, mot nhu cau tron lan ca yeu to ban nang va y thc.
Theo cach hieu truyen thong, an ninh gan lien vi s
am bao ve sc manh quan s va tnh trang quoc phong cua
mot at nc. Nhng neu bo gon van e an ninh trong mot
quoc gia th o ch la an ninh n phng. Tuy nhien, s tuy
thuoc vao nhau trong the gii ngay nay manh en noi tnh
trang biet lap cua moi quoc gia that kho ma bao am cho
mnh mot nen an ninh ay u. Cho nen, qua trnh chuyen t
trang thai an ninh n phng sang trang thai an ninh a
phng la mot quy luat tat yeu oi vi moi quoc gia hoac to
chc khu vc.
Xet ve danh ngha ban au, ASEAN la mot to chc khu
vc kinh te. ieu nay c bay to trong cac van kien cua
hiep hoi. Nhng khong v the ma ASEAN t bo muc tieu an
ninh. Theo M.G. Shajie, cac tien bo kinh te (neu co) bat
nguon t s tang cng ve an ninh
1
. Noi cach khac, an ninh
tr thanh tien e can thiet cho hp tac va phat trien moi khu
vc, trong o co ASEAN.

1
Mohammad Ghazali bin Shajie T.S: ASEAN response to security issues in
Southeast Asia. Regionalism in Southest Asia, Center for Strategic and
International Studies, Jakarta 1974, p. 17-37.
133
1. Cac yeu to ban a chu yeu cua an ninh khu vc
Nhan thc ve an ninh khu vc NA khong phai la mot
viec de dang, bi trong o co s hien hu cua nhieu nhan to
an ninh cau thanh. Tren bnh dien he t tng, mot so hoc gia
a tng coi an ninh khu vc NA ch la s phan anh nhng ong
thai cua chien tranh lanh. V the ho cho rang, trat t khu vc cu
c hnh thanh bi hai cuoc chien tranh lanh chau A: ong -
Tay (Lien Xo - My), ong- ong (Lien Xo - Trung Quoc)
1
. Xu
hng nghien cu cac bien co an ninh trong khu vc theo truc
thi gian chien tranh lanh tr thanh cach tiep can tng oi pho
bien va cung la ieu hoan toan de hieu. Tuy vay, tnh trang o
khong co ngha la s phu nhan mot thc te sinh ong rang, t
sau chien tranh the gii th hai a xuat hien nhieu khuynh
hng khac nhau trong nhan thc ve cac to chc an ninh khu
vc. Co the phan lam ba khuynh hng can ban. Theo khuynh
hng th nhat, cac to chc an ninh khu vc c hnh thanh
tren c s chng VIII cua Hien chng Lien hiep quoc, c
hieu nh mot bo phan cua he thong an ninh tap the toan cau (the
universal collective security system). Khuynh hng th hai xuat
phat t nhng muc ch khi thuy cua cac to chc khu vc la
phong thu tap the (collective self-defence) trc s e doa an
ninh thuoc ve cac cap o cua cac he thong the gii (he thong t
ban chu ngha hoac xa hoi chu ngha). Khuynh hng th ba da
vao viec tang cng tnh trang an ninh, s thnh vng cua cac
quoc gia trong khu vc thong qua cac hanh ong tap the.
Khuynh hng nay chu y nhieu en nen an ninh ban a

1
Acharya A. New regional order in Southeast Asia. Adelphi Paper 297, the
Internation Institute for Strategic Studies, 1993, tr.7.
134
(Indigenous regional security) cua cac to chc khu vc
1
.
Ro rang khuynh hng th ba nay phu hp vi ng loi
va chnh sach an ninh cua ASEAN hn, mot ng loi ma
ngay t au a xac nh tnh chat ban a cua van e an ninh.
No pha v tnh trang an ninh khep kn cua mot quoc gia e
a en s thong nhat an ninh ( mot mc o nhat nh) cua
khu vc. Yeu to ban a cua an ninh khu vc NA trc het
c xac nh bi mot he van e sau:
- Tnh trang tranh chap lanh tho va xung ot sac toc,
ton giao
Phan ln cac quoc gia NA la quoc gia a dan toc. Khi
b thc dan phng Tay xam lc, mot so xa hoi cua ho do
nhng bien co lch s, con ang tnh trang hnh thanh dan
toc thong nhat. Khuynh hng dan toc thong nhat ay a b tac
ong to ln bi chnh sach chia e tr cua chu ngha thc
dan. Trai qua hang tram nam o ho, chu ngha thc dan a e
lai cho khu vc nay nhng ton tai lch s. Chang han, cac
ng bien gii thc dan trc ay cat ngang nhieu a ban
c tru cua cac sac toc, ton giao, sau nay tao ra tnh trang
chong lan, tranh chap lanh tho gia cac quoc gia oc lap
NA.
Tranh chap lanh tho, lanh hai la mot van e het sc
nhay cam v lien quan en chu quyen quoc gia. Ngi ta van
thng nhac en trng hp tranh chap lanh tho ien hnh

1
Alagappa. M: Regionalism and the quest for security: ASEAN and the
Cambodia Conflict. Australian Journal of the International Affairs, vol.47,
n
o
2, 1993, p.189-209.
135
gia Philippines va Malaysia ve vung Sabah. Ngoai ra con vo
so cac trng hp khac nh viec tranh chap ao Pedra Branca
ngoai khi pha b bien Johor gia Malaysia va Singapore,
tranh chap ao Sipadan va Ligitan vung bien Sulawesi gia
Malaysia va Indonesia, tranh chap ng bien gii gia
Malaysia va Thai Lan
1
. Do tnh chat phc tap cua vu viec va
lap trng kien nh cua moi ben, qua trnh giai quyet cac
tranh chap tren hau nh khong co iem cuoi. Tnh trang nay
anh hng trc tiep en an ninh quoc gia va an ninh khu vc.
en nay, ve c ban nhng tranh chap lanh tho lanh hai
sau ay van tao nhieu nguy c tiem an, co the pha v cac moi
quan he ben trong cua ASEAN va s on nh toan vung:
a) Van e Pedra Branca: Malaysia va Singapore eu
nhan chu quyen hon ao nay. Pha Singapore da vao bang
chng ngon hai ang Horsburgh do ngi Anh xay dng tren
ao hoat ong t nam 1840. Trong khi o, pha Malaysia lai
cho rang hon ao phai thuoc ve bien Johor. Hai nc a trao
oi y kien vao thang 12/1981. Nam 1989 Singapore e ngh
Toa an quoc te phan x, nhng cac bang chng a ra cha
u sc thuyet phuc. D an xay dng tram o trc thang tren
ao va viec uoi bat cac ng dan Malaysia cua hai quan
Singapore lam tnh hnh quanh ao kha cang thang. Ca hai
nc thng at lc lng vu trang cua mnh khu vc nay
trong tnh trang bao ong.
b) Van e Sipadan va Ligitan: Ca Malaysia va
Singapore eu vien dan ban o c xuat ban di thi cai tr

1
Acharya A, sd, tr.26-27.
136
cua ngi Ha Lan va ngi Anh e oi chu quyen lanh tho
hai hon ao. Vao nam 1982, ca hai pha thong nhat gi
nguyen hien trang. Thang 6/1991 Malaysia a tang cng cac
hoat ong du lch tren ao va gap phai phan ng manh me t
pha Indonesia. Sau o, hai nc ong y lap mot Lien uy
ban giai quyet tranh chap, nhng en nay vu viec cha co g
tien trien.
c) Van e bien gii gia Malaysia va Thai Lan: Hiep
c nam 1922 do chnh quyen thc dan Anh ky ket vi Thai
Lan ong y cho quan oi Thai c trien khai hoat ong doc
bien gii hai nc. T khi Malaysia gianh c oc lap, van
e tranh chap ng bien gii gia ho va Thai Lan ngay cang
nghiem trong. Thang 12/1991, lc lng bien phong Thai Lan
a no sung gay xung ot vu trang Ladang Besar. V the,
pha Malaysia a to cao Thai Lan vi pham cac nguyen tac cua
Hiep c nam 1922 va oi xem xet lai Hiep c nay. Hai
nc a thanh lap mot Uy ban hon hp va Phai bo cac van
e bien gii tong hp e tham van, giai quyet nhng xung
ot ve sau. Tuy nhien, trong vai nam gan ay, cac c quan
chc nang tren van khong ngan c cac xung ot vu trang le
te no ra doc bien gii hai nc.
d) Van e Sabah: Tranh chap Sabah c coi la mot
trong nhng moi e doa nguy hiem nhat, phng hai en quan
he song phng gia Malaysia va Philippines. Mac du van e
nay c tong thong Marcos chap thuan tam gac lai trong
cuoc gap thng nh ASEAN tai Kuala Lumpur nam 1977
nhng en thi chnh quyen Aquino, Thng vien Philippines
lai a ra yeu sach oi chu quyen vung at nay. Hien co
khoang bon tram ngan ngi Hoi giao chay sang Sabah t nan.
137
Malaysia cho rang Sabah tr thanh can c ao tao, vu trang
cho cac lc lng Hoi giao noi loan Mindanao. V the, ho
cang cng quyet oi chu quyen Sabah
e) Van e bien ong: Cac vung chong lan gia cac
nc co khap ni tren bien ong. Trong so o, phai ke en
viec tranh chap quan ao Trng Sa. ay la vung ao vi
khoang 230 ao nho, bai can, dai a ngam. Dien tch toan bo
quan ao khoang 250.000km
2
. Mot so nc nh Brunei, ai
Loan, Malaysia, Philippines nhan chu quyen tren nhng hon
ao cu the. Con Trung Quoc, Viet Nam la hai quoc gia nhan
chu quyen toan bo quan ao. Nhan thc c tam quan trong
chien lc cua Trng Sa, cac nc trong khu vc a nhieu
lan ngoi ban hoi ngh e thao luan cac bien phap giai quyet
tranh chap bang ng loi hoa bnh. Cuoc hoi thao au tien
c to chc tai Bali thang 1/1990. Thanh phan hoi thao nay
ch bao gom cac phai oan thanh vien ASEAN. Hoi thao lan
hai c to chc vao thang 7/1991 vi s tham gia cua sau
nc ASEAN va them Trung Quoc, ai Loan, Viet Nam.
Tnh hnh phc tap xung quanh viec tranh chap Trng Sa a
khien cac thanh vien ASEAN a ra Tuyen bo ve bien ong
1992. Theo o, cac nc oi chu quyen thong nhat cac giai
phap gi nguyen hien trang (the status quo), cung hp tac khai
thac tai nguyen bien vung chong lan, giai quyet tranh chap
bang hoa bnh, thng lng. Tuy nhien, lap trng ve chu
quyen lanh hai cua ho khong co g thay oi.
Ben canh tnh trang tranh chap lanh tho, lanh hai, cac
nc ASEAN con phai oi mat vi cac van e chia re sac toc,
ton giao. S hien dien cua nhieu sac toc va nhom ton giao oi
lap trong khu vc lam cho tnh hnh chnh tr khu vc von a
138
phc tap lai cang phc tap hn. Mot so nhom ton giao ay
tr thanh nhng the lc chnh tr. Chang han, ao Hoi
(Muslim) co mat hau khap cac nc NA. Phan ln c dan
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei theo ton giao nay. Ngoai ra, tn
o Hoi giao chiem 5% dan so Thai Lan, 10% dan so
Philippines, 17% dan so Singapore
1
. Indonesia Hoi giao la
mot oi trong cua the lc quan phiet
2
. Hoi giao nhn chung co
anh hng manh en ng loi oi ngoai cua mot so nc
NA, oi khi gay ra phan ng rat nhay cam trong quan he
song phng hoac a phng cua nhom nc nay. Bai hoc rut
ra t viec chnh quyen quan s Myanmar thi hanh chnh sach
phan biet oi x oi vi Hoi giao a ch ro thai o gay gat
cua Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei nh the nao
3
. Kinh nghiem
tren cho thay ranh gii gia cac van e noi bo quoc gia va
van e khu vc la rat kho xac nh. Can phai khang nh
rang, NA trc ay va ASEAN ngay nay, khong co cac
cuoc chien tranh ton giao (kieu cac cuoc Thap t chinh).
Nhng ton giao co the tr thanh cong cu can thiep hoac gay
anh hng cua mot quoc gia nay vi mot quoc gia khac.
mien Nam Philippines con mot so to chc Hoi giao ly khai
chong chnh phu. Cac to chc dang nay cung hoat ong
vung bien gii Thai Lan - Malaysia. vung ong Bac
Myanmar lc lng du kch ngi Karen theo ao Thien chua
a noi day chong chnh phu t nhieu nam nay. Tat ca nhng

1
Acharya A, sd, tr.24.
2
Vatikiotis. M: Indonesian Politics under Suharto, London Routledge
1993, p.128.
3
Vien Nghien cu Bao ve hoa bnh va an ninh Nhat Ban: Van e an ninh
khu vc NA.. Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia, H. 1994, tr.144.
139
iem nong o tao ra nhieu nguy c tiem an cho an ninh khu
vc.
Trong viec giai quyet cac nguy c, bat on ve an ninh, co
nguon goc t tranh chap lanh tho hoac xung ot sac toc, cac
nc ASEAN a to ro thien ch cung hp tac va oi thoai vi
nhau. o la mot qua trnh hoa giai (reconciliation) cac mau
thuan noi bo va cam ket xay dng NA thanh khu vc hoa
bnh, on nh va phat trien. S cam ket nay c the hien
ngay t Tuyen bo Bangkok (nam 1967), Tuyen bo Kuala
Lumpur (ZOPFAN concept nam 1971) va sau o la Hiep c
Bali (nam 1976). Da tren nhng nguyen tac c ban trong
quan he quoc te, cac nc ASEAN a giai quyet moi van e
khu vc tren tinh than ton trong oc lap, chu quyen bnh
ang, toan ven lanh tho va ban sac dan toc cua tat ca cac
quoc gia, khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau, giai
quyet bat ong, tranh chap bang bien phap hoa bnh, t bo
viec e doa hoac s dung vu lc, hp tac vi nhau mot cach
co hieu qua
1
. ieu 14, chng IV, Hiep c Bali neu ro: e
giai quyet tranh chap thong qua cac tien trnh khu vc, cac
ben tham gia se thanh lap - nh mot to chc c lap ra sau
khi xay ra tranh chap - mot hoi ong cap cao bao gom mot ai
dien cap bo trng cua moi ben tham gia ky hiep c, e ghi
nhan s ton tai cua cac tranh chap hoac tnh hnh co the pha
roi hoa bnh va hoa hp trong khu vc
2
. Nh vay, cac nc
ASEAN giai quyet cac van e an ninh khu vc vi t cach la
mot cong ong ASEAN (ASEAN community). Nh the, ho
a tao c bau khong kh oi thoai, hieu biet, tin cay - con

1.2
Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, 202, 204.
140
ng dan en hp tac, nhat tr. Trong c cau to chc cua
ASEAN co mot so uy ban adhoc phu trach van e tranh
chap lanh tho, lanh hai. Qua trnh am phan, cac ben thng
chap nhan nguyen tac gi nguyen hien trang (the status
quo). Cong c quoc te ve luat bien nam 1982 (the UN
convention on the law of the sea 1982 - LOSC) cung c cac
nc ASEAN dung lam c s phap ly xac nh vung bien ac
quyen kinh te (the Exclusive Economic Zone - EEZ) hoac vung
bien chong lan. Vung bien chong lan c x ly theo tinh
than the satus quo va e cac ben cung khai thac. Indonesia
la quoc gia co nhieu tranh chap ve lanh hai vi cac nc
trong khu vc nhng a giai quyet kha thanh cong ve van e
nay
1
.
- Nhng thach thc ve an ninh t pha Trung Quoc oi
vi NA
Ve mat a ly, phan ln cac nc NA nam trong vung
bien ong (bien Nam Trung Hoa). Do tnh chat quan trong
cua a - chnh tr khu vc ma co tac gia a lien tng NA
nh mot a trung hai (Mediterranean) Vien ong
2
.
Trong so cac cng quoc gay anh hng ln khu vc
th Trung Quoc co v tr ac biet quan trong. Lch s cho thay,
s hnh thanh cua nen van minh Trung Hoa gan lien vi
khuynh hng Nam tien cua ngi Han. Tham vong cua Han

1
Wiryono Sastrohandoyo: Territorial and Boundary Disputes. ASEAN-
Vietnamese Cooperation in preventive diplomacy, edited by Sarasin
Viraphon, Werner Pfennig, Bangkok 1995, p. 147-154..
2
Devillers.P: The impact of China on Southeast Asia and the Pacific region,
sd.
141
toc khong ch dng lai vung Hoa Nam ma con tien sau
xuong NA, cho du trong lch s Trung Quoc, cac trieu ai
phong kien cua no a lan lt xuat hien va suy tan. Trai qua
hang ngan nam, so lng ngi Hoa di tru xuong NA ngay
mot ong. Vao au nhng nam 70, khu vc nay co ti hai
mi trieu Hoa kieu. Theo so lieu cua Philip Devillers, t le
Hoa kieu trong c dan Philippines la 1/100, Indonesia -
1/60, Thai Lan - 1/9, Malaysia - 1/2, Myanmar - 1/80
1
.
Hien nay (1998), theo thong ke cua Chau Th Hai (Vien
Nghien cu NA) Indonesia, ngi Hoa chiem 4% dan so;
Malaysia - 35%; Philippines - 2%; Thai Lan - 10%; Viet Nam
- 1%. Cong ong Hoa kieu co tnh t tr rat cao. Ho bao ton
c van hoa, ngon ng cua mnh du trai qua rat nhieu the
he. S phat trien t ban chu ngha NA a tao ieu kien
cho Hoa kieu ay lam an, buon ban, tr thanh cac nha t
ban ln, nam trong tay tiem lc kinh te khong lo. Indonesia
trong thap nien 70, 80% hoat ong buon ban noi thng va
40% hoat ong buon ban ngoai thng nam trong tay ngi
Hoa
2
. Ho cung nam 60% cac phng tien tau thuy, 90% cac
cong ty van tai bien
3
. Malaysia, au thap nien 70, t ban

1
Devillers.P: The impact of China on Southeast Asia and the Pacific region.
Pacific crisis, national deverlopment and the World community,
Magaret Grant (edit); Dodd Mead & Company, N.Y. 1964, p. 136-159.
2
Ngi Hoa thanh pho Ho Ch Minh trong chang ng au tien xay
dng chu ngha xa hoi va nhng van e at ra (tai lieu tham khao). Ban
cong tac ngi Hoa, UBND Tp.HCM; Ban Dan toc hoc, Vien KHXHVN
tai Tp. HCM 1989.
3
Tran Khanh: Hoat ong kinh doanh cua ong bao Hoa phat trien soi noi.
Viet Nam au t nc ngoai, t.1, so 10/1992.
142
ngi Hoa kiem soat ti 70% tong so von au t vao nganh
cong nghiep che bien, che tao va 40% lnh vc khai thac
thiec. mien Nam Viet Nam trc nam 1975, ngi Hoa
kiem soat 80% lnh vc cong nghiep, 50% ngan hang - tai
chnh, 9/10 khoi lng buon ban s, mot na buon ban le va
hau het th trng lua gao
1
. Cung theo Chau Th Hai, so von
ngoai te cua ngi Hoa trong khu vc hien nay (1998) len ti
237,8 t USD, vi mc bnh quan au ngi rat cao: Singapore
- 43,7 t USD/ 2.360 ngan ngi; Thai Lan - 23,4 t USD/
6.580 ngan ngi; Indonesia - 11,1 t USD/ 5.050 ngan ngi
2
.
So lng ong, kinh te manh la ac iem noi bat cua
tang lp Hoa kieu trong khu vc. V vay cac gii lanh ao
Bac Kinh a sm nhan thc c vai tro cua Hoa kieu trong
chnh sach cua mnh NA. Ngay t nam 1909 nha Thanh
a thong qua luat quoc tch, trong o co ieu khoan tha nhan
rang, bat ky ngi nao khong ke sinh ra au, co cha e la
ngi Hoa, eu co quoc tch Trung Quoc
3
. Nc Cong hoa
nhan dan Trung Hoa ra i (thang 10/1949) a co vai tro va
tac ong het sc khac nhau oi vi tnh hnh the gii noi
chung va khu vc NA noi rieng. goc o an ninh khu vc,

1
Tran Khanh: Vai tro cua ngi Hoa trong nen kinh te cac nc NA.,
Vien nghien cu NA. H. 1992, tr. 253.
2
Chau Th Hai: Lam the nao e huy ong nguon lc kinh te cua ngi Hoa
cho s phat trien ben vng cua cac nc ASEAN. Hoi thao quoc te Xay
dng ASEAN thanh cong ong cac quoc gia phat trien ong eu, ben
vng, Trung tam Khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van quoc gia, H. 1998, tr. 189-
201.
3
Devillers.P: The impact of China on Southeast Asia and the Pacific region,
sd.
143
cac nc ASEAN eu co s lo ngai ve mot nguy c nao o co
the en t pha Bac Kinh. Nhng s kien Indonesia nam
1965, nan kieu Viet Nam nam 1978, van e
Campuchia 1979-1989, cac nhom cong san than Bac Kinh
(nh ang Cong san Thai Lan - CPT, ang Cong san Malaya
- CPM) ... a chng minh rang, s lo ngai tren la hoan toan co
c s. Nam 1974, Trung Quoc a quan anh chiem quan ao
Hoang Sa cua Viet Nam. Ke t o, Trung Quoc ay manh
viec tham do, lan chiem them nhieu ao, bai ngam thuoc
quan ao Trng Sa cua Viet Nam. e khang nh ba quyen
cua mnh bien ong, thang 6/1987 hai quan Trung Quoc to
chc cuoc tap tran ln quanh khu vc quan ao Trng Sa.
ieu nay xac nhan moi lo lang cua Indonesia rang, chnh
Bac Kinh ch khong phai la Matxcva la moi e doa chien
lc lau dai thc s oi vi NA.
Thang 2/1992 Bac Kinh a lam nhieu nc NA rat lo
ngai bang viec thong qua ao luat ve cac vung lanh hai, bao
gom quan ao Hoang Sa, Trng Sa va ca nhom ao Seukaku
hien ang do Nhat cai quan. Thang 5/1992 Trung Quoc ky
hiep nh vi cong ty nang lng Crestone (My) ve viec tham
do dau kh tai bai T Chnh, thuoc vung ac quyen kinh te
cua Viet Nam. au nam 1995, Trung Quoc chiem ao
Mischief (Vanh khan) va xay dng ay cac c s nghien
cu khoa hoc. Chien thuat gam dan cua Trung Quoc
bien ong la nhng thach thc vo cung ln oi vi cac nc
ASEAN hien nay.
Nhng thay oi trong thai o cua Trung Quoc oi vi
van e bien ong tren Dien an an ninh khu vc ASEAN
(ARF) cho thay nc nay ang co vai thien ch ang khch le.
144
Nhat la cam ket mi ay cua Hoi ngh cap cao ASEAN -
Trung Quoc 16/12/98 tai Ha Noi, a khang nh lai lap trng
giai quyet cac tranh chap bang ng loi hoa bnh, tren c s
luat phap quoc te, hanh ong theo tinh than Tuyen bo chung
Manila 1992 va Tuyen bo chung cap cao ASEAN - Trung
Quoc thang 12/1997, nham duy tr s on nh trong vung,
khong lam phc tap them tnh hnh, khong s dung vu lc
hoac e doa bang vu lc.
- Anh hng cua chien tranh lanh
Chien tranh lanh la khai niem ch tnh trang oi au
gia hai khoi xa hoi chu ngha va t ban chu ngha, do Lien
Xo va My ng au, bat au t sau chien tranh the gii th
hai va ket thuc vao nam 1989. Trong giai oan nay, phan
ong cac nc ang phat trien va mot so to chc khu vc a
thi hanh ng loi khong lien ket. Muc tieu cua ng loi nay
la gi vng oc lap dan toc, tranh b loi keo vao cac lien minh
quan s cua hai khoi. Mat khac, ng loi nay cung phan anh
tnh t li cua chu ngha quoc gia - dan toc nham tranh thu
ca hai khoi e cung co v tr chnh tr cua mnh tren trng
quoc te, phat trien nhanh chong nen kinh te dan toc. Ai Cap
va An o c coi la hai thanh cong ien hnh trong viec
tranh thu s ung ho ve chnh tr va nhan vien tr kinh te cua
ca hai khoi Xo - My.
Nh a trnh bay cac phan trc, khong lien ket cung
la mot ng loi chnh tr khu vc cua ASEAN. V la san
pham cua chien tranh lanh nen ng loi nay khong the t no
bt khoi hoan canh sinh ra no. Theo tinh than ay, anh hng
cua chien tranh lanh oi vi chu ngha khu vc an ninh
(security regionalism) NA la mot le t nhien.
145
Thuyet Domino cua cu ngoai trng My Foster Dulles
cho rang, neu mot quoc gia NA lot vao tay cong san th
cac nc khac trong khu vc lan lt sup o theo. V the, My
va cac ong minh cua mnh ky ket To chc hiep c NA
(SEATO) nham chong lai s banh trng cua chu ngha cong
san. Thai Lan, Philippines la thanh vien cua SEATO, cung la
nhng nc NA au tien tham gia hiep c va to chc quan
s vi cac nc ngoai khu vc. Ho mong muon on nhan an
ninh khu vc t ben ngoai. Lap trng nay cua ho keo dai
en tan nhng nam 60, khi mot so nc NA muon thanh lap
SEAFET. Luc ay, ngoai mot so thanh vien NA, Philippines
con muon ca ai Loan, Nhat Ban, ai Han (eu la nhng
ong minh tch cc cua My) tr thanh thanh vien cua to chc
nay
1
. en nam 1966, e tiep tuc leo thang chien tranh Viet
Nam va tang cng anh hng chau A - Thai Bnh Dng,
My a van ong mot so ong minh chau A thanh lap Hoi
ong chau A - Thai Bnh Dng (the Asian and Pacific
Council - ASPAC), gom Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Malaysia,
Philippines, Australia, ai Loan, New Zealand, Nam Viet
Nam, Thai Lan. ay la mot to chc chnh tr quoc te, mot
hiep c an ninh theo y thc he. Cac nc ASEAN trong khi
co gang thi hanh ng loi khong lien ket ma van bau vu vao
cac to chc quoc te khac cua cac nc t ban e quoc, chnh
la mot minh chng ro ret nhat ve tac ong cua chien tranh
lanh trong khuon kho trat t the gii hai cc Yalta. Mot ly do
khac khong kem phan quan trong la the lc quan phiet trong
cac chnh phu cua ho rat ln, co li ch kinh te, chnh tr gan

1
V.V. Samoilenko: ASEAN chnh tr va kinh te, sd, tr. 9.
146
lien vi cac quoc gia ong minh - t tng ngoai khu vc
1
.
Theo cach ly giai tren th Hiep c phong thu nam nc
(Anh, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand) hnh
thanh t nam 1971 cung khong phai la ngoai le. Hiep c nay
van c duy tr thng xuyen vi cac cuoc dien tap quan s
gia Singapore, Malaysia va cac nc thanh vien
2
. Ben canh
o, nhng hiep c an ninh song phng My - Philippines
(1951), My - Thai Lan (1954), eu co chung y ngha la tm
kiem mot s bao am nao o ve an ninh t ben ngoai.
Tuy nhien, van e an ninh khu vc NA khong phai la
mot dong chay n thuan nh the. Trong khi b chi phoi bi
anh hng cua chien tranh lanh th phan ln cac quoc gia
ay van mong muon vt ra ngoai khuon kho o e i theo
con ng khong lien ket. Theo anh gia cua mot so hoc gia,
e ngh cua Lien Xo (cu) ve viec xay dng mot he thong an
ninh tap the chau A (1969) la y nh nham hoa giai s hien
dien cua to chc quan s SEATO. e ngh nay phan anh y o
cua cac nc ln can thiep ngay cang sau vao khu vc. Cho
nen, chang co g kho hieu khi ZOPFAN Concept cua cac nc
ASEAN ra i ung vao thi iem cac cng quoc co s ieu
chnh trong chnh sach cua ho oi vi khu vc nay. Nh theo
uoi ng loi hoa bnh, t do, trung lap, ASEAN a tr thanh
mot to chc khu vc co v the oc lap nao o, du la rat tng
oi va mong manh vi trat t the gii hai cc. Ho a li dung

1
Jeshurum. C: The Military and National security. The ASEAN reader,
Institute of Sotheast Asian Studies, Singapore 1992, p. 118-124.
2
Nguyen Phng Bnh: Vai tro cua ASEAN trong viec xay dng c che an
ninh khu vc. Tap ch so 4(6), thang 12/1994, tr. 30-34.
147
trat t nay nh mot phng tien e am bao an ninh va phat
trien kinh te at nc mnh.
Nh vay, qua viec trnh bay cac yeu to ban a cua an
ninh NA, chung ta thay an ninh cua khu vc nay la van e
cc ky phc tap. Ch co the ng tren lap trng an ninh toan
khu vc mi co the giai quyet thoa ang moi lien he hu c
gia cac yeu to cua an ninh ban a. Cac nc ASEAN a
thanh cong trong viec kiem soat c cac mau thuan ben
trong va ben ngoai to chc, tao dng c mot cong ong an
ninh khu vc, thch ng vi nhng ieu kien lch s cu the.
2. ASEAN vi viec cung co, phat trien an ninh khu vc
Tren tinh than mot cong ong an ninh, cac nc ASEAN
a dan xoa bo c nhng nghi k, oi au, tng bc xay
dng long tin. Nh vay, ho a xay dng c mot c cau quan
he on nh, nham trc tien, giai quyet cac van e an ninh noi
bo bao gom cac tranh chap lanh tho, xung ot sac toc hoac
cac vu bao loan trong nc. Ho a thanh lap cac uy ban phoi
hp hanh ong doc bien gii, tien hanh cac cuoc tap tran
khong quan chung. Gia cac nc con trao oi ve viec xay
dng lc lng vu trang, phoi hp tin tc tnh bao, s di
chuyen quan oi
1
. S hp tac an ninh quan s cua cac nc
ASEAN mac du c tien hanh di danh ngha song
phng va ngoai khuon kho ASEAN a ong vai tro quan
trong trong viec on nh an ninh khu vc.

1
Chung Heng Chee: Intra-ASEAN Political Security and Economic
Cooperation. The ASEAN reader, Institute of Sotheast Asian Studies,
Singapore 1992, p. 101-105.
148
Do nhu cau an ninh quoc phong ngay mot tang, hau het
cac nc ASEAN eu a tien hanh viec hien ai hoa quan
oi cua mnh. Nhng qua trnh hien ai hoa quan oi cua ho
khong gay ra s xao tron trong khu vc. Theo thong ke cua
Vien nghien cu hoa bnh quoc te Stockholm (SIPRI), giai
oan t 1977 en 1986 Indonesia au t cho viec mua vu kh
hang nang, trung bnh moi nam la 325 trieu USD, Malaysia -
207 trieu USD, Singapore - 144 trieu USD, Thai Lan - 224
trieu USD (tnh theo thi gia USD nam 1985). Cung theo
SIPRI, chi ph quan s cua moi nc ASEAN a tang gap hai
lan trong mot thap ky (t 1972- 1981), cu the t 2,72 t USD
len 5,3 t USD
1
. Rieng nam 1992 cac nc ASEAN a chi ph
hn 3,3 t USD e nang cap cac lc lng khong quan
2
. Ro
rang, neu thieu i s hieu biet chng mc th qua trnh hien
ai hoa quan oi cua cac nc ASEAN co the tr thanh muc
tieu cua mot cuoc chay ua vu trang va gay ra tnh tnh oi
au mi.
oi vi moi trng an ninh ben ngoai, ASEAN noi len
nh mot sc manh tap the, tao c mot tam ly che ch nao
o cho cac nc thanh vien. To chc nay to ra ac biet nhay
cam oi vi cac bien oi trong an ninh toan cau. T na sau

1
Mark J.N: ASEAN defence reorientation 1975-1992. ANV, Canberra,
Australia 1993, p.28.
2
- Sheldom S.W, Donaldk E: Regional issues in Southeast Asian security-
Scenarious and Region. The National Bureau of Asian Research, USA
1993;
- Sheldon W.S: The Regionalization of Defence in Southeast Asia. Pacific
Review, Vol 5, N
o
2, 1992, p.112-123.
149
cua thap nien 70, ASEAN a co xu hng oi thoai vi cac
nc ong Dng mac du cha co dau hieu ket thuc cua
chien tranh lanh. Nhng v xay ra van e Campuchia nen
tien trnh hp nhat khu vc b chan lai. Suot thi gian t 1979
en 1991, van e Campuchia tr thanh trong e trong quan
he quoc te NA. ASEAN lo ngai van e Campuchia
trc het la v trong nhan thc cua ho, viec Viet Nam a
quan sang Campuchia a pha v nhng muc tieu va nguyen
tac cua Hiep c Bali va Tuyen bo Kuala Lumpur (ZOPFAN
concept). Thong qua khung hoang Campuchia, cac cng
quoc co the can thiep vao khu vc di nhng hnh thc mi.
Tnh trang an ninh cua ASEAN co the b e doa.
Qua trnh dan xep, giai quyet tnh trang oi au ASEAN
va ba nc ong Dng la do thien ch va no lc cua hai
pha. Ngay t thang 1/1980 Viet Nam a chu ong e ngh
cac nc ASEAN ky hiep c khong xam lc lan nhau gia
cac nc NA, ngo y san sang thao luan viec thiet lap mot
khu vc NA hoa bnh, oc lap, t do, trung lap va on nh.
Thang 9/1981, Cong hoa dan chu nhan dan Lao thay mat ba
nc ong Dng a ra bay nguyen tac ch ao quan he
gia hai nhom nc ong Dng va ASEAN v NA hoa
bnh, hu ngh va hp tac
1
. Thang 7/1982 Viet Nam tuyen bo
bat au qua trnh rut quan oi cua mnh khoi Campuchia ong
thi e ngh to chc hoi ngh quoc te ve NA. Nhng no lc
cua ba nc ong Dng dan dan a c ASEAN ap lai.
Thang 12/1987, tai Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan III,
Tong thong Philippines, Aquino tuyen bo khong con coi Viet

1
150
Nam la mot moi e doa oi vi an ninh nc nay. Thang
8/1988, thu tng Thai Lan, Chatichai Choonhavan a ra
luan iem noi tieng bien ong Dng t chien trng thanh
th trng
1
. Chuyen vieng tham Viet Nam cua tong thong
Indonesia Suharto thang 11/1990 a tr thanh mot s kien
quan trong, keo theo cac cuoc vieng tham quan trong khac
cua thu tng Thai Lan Panyarachun (thang 1/1992), thu
tng Malaysia Mahathir Mohammad (thang 4/1992) en Ha
Noi. Viet Nam sau o a tham gia Hiep c Bali (thang
7/1992) va tr thanh quan sat vien cua ASEAN.
Thang 7/1995 Viet Nam tr thanh thanh vien chnh thc
cua ASEAN. Cuoi cung, cuoc chien tranh lanh lan II
NA (theo cach noi cua mot so hoc gia phng Tay) cung a
cham dt. Ho sau ngan cach gia hai nhom nc a can ban
c khac phuc. Tnh trang oi au ve y thc he trong khu
vc en ay a mat het ly do ton tai.
Ben canh viec giai quyet thanh cong hau qua cua chien
tranh lanh khu vc, ASEAN con phan au xay dng nhng
c che hp tac an ninh a phng rong ln. Nhay cam vi s
suy giam ang ke vai tro quan s cua Nga, My NA, cac
nc ASEAN a lo ngai ve mot khoang trong quyen lc
(a power vacuum) trong khu vc va mot so cng quoc khac
se nhay vao lap khoang trong o. Do vay, ho cho rang can
phai xay dng mot so c che an ninh c the che hoa va co
s tham gia cua tat ca cac nc ln. S tuy thuoc cua the gii

1
Buszinski. L: New Aspirations and Old constrains in Thailand policy.
Asian Survey, vol 29, n
o
11, Nov 1989, p. 1057-1107.
151
ngay nay khien chnh phu cac nc ASEAN phai tnh en mot
nen an ninh lau dai va c che an ninh rong ln, vt ra ngoai
khu vc. Ke tha nhng kinh nghiem cua Hoi ngh an ninh
va hp tac chau Au (Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe - CSCE), cac nc ASEAN a neu ra
sang kien ve Dien an khu vc cua ASEAN (ASEAN Regional
Forum- ARF). ARF ra i nh mot phng tien nham thuc
ay hp tac chnh va an ninh cho ca khu vc chau A - Thai
Bnh Dng
1
. Sang kien thanh lap ARF trong chng mc nhat
nh la s oan tuyet dan vi t duy chien tranh lanh. Bi le,
ng loi ZOPFAN sinh ra t chien tranh lanh, to ra khong
con phu hp vi tnh hnh toan cau hoa moi phng dien cua
i song nhan loai. Ngoai trng Indonesia, Ali Alatas cho
rang can phai at ZOPFAN concept trong mot khung canh
thay oi nhanh chong co tnh toan cau va moi trng khu vc
ma thanh loc va ieu chnh. Ong goi ZOPFAN la mot bc
hoa mau xanh (blueprint) trong mot khuon mi v hoa bnh va
hp tac hoa bnh, v s on nh ben vng hn va mot nen an
ninh rong ln hn, bao trum ca vung Vien ong va Thai Bnh
Dng
2
.
ARF bat au vi 18 thanh vien (1994) nay a len ti 21
thanh vien (1997). Hn mi nc khac ang ch c ket
nap. Chieu hng nay phan anh uy tn va sc hap dan cua no.
Noi dung oi thoai an ninh cua cac ben tham gia ARF gom ba

1
ASEAN standing committee, Annual report 1993-1994, p.7.
2
Ho Peter: The ASEAN regional Forum: the way forward? ASEAN-VN
Cooperation in preventive diplomacy, edited by Sarasin Viraphon,
Werner Pfennig, Bangkok 1995, p.251-257.
152
bc: th nhat, xay dng long tin (confidence - building); th
hai, tien hanh ngoai giao phong nga (preventive diplomacy);
th ba, xay dng khung c che an ninh khu vc (regional
security framwork). Nh vay, viec thanh lap ARF a tao ra
nhng tnh huong cho cac cng quoc cam ket chia se trach
nhiem an ninh khu vc. Mat khac, no con dng len the can
bang lc lng gia cac cng quoc tai chau A - Thai Bnh
Dng. ASEAN a ng vng v tr cam lai trong suot cac
hoat ong cua ARF, tien hanh cac oi thoai a phng co li
cho an ninh NA.
Tom lai: do cac yeu to lch s, van hoa va v tr a -
chnh tr quan trong, an ninh NA la mot nen an ninh cc ky
phc tap. Tnh trang tranh chap chu quyen lanh tho, xung ot
sac toc, nhng thach thc an ninh t pha Trung Quoc va nguy
c can thiep t ben ngoai cua cac cng quoc la nhng dong
chay an xeo, tao nen ba ong cho nen an ninh khu vc.
Nhng ASEAN a sm xac nh c ng loi chnh tr - an
ninh cua mnh. o la ng loi hoa bnh, t do, trung lap, ton
trong oc lap, chu quyen va toan ven lanh tho va ban sac cua
tat ca cac dan toc, khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua
nhau, giai quyet tranh chap, bat ong bang bien phap hoa
bnh, khong e doa hoac dung vu lc, hp tac vi nhau co
hieu qua. Trong qua trnh thc hien ng loi an ninh khu
vc, ASEAN a tao ra mot cong ong an ninh va a giai
quyet kha thanh cong cac van e an ninh noi bo. ong thi
ASEAN cung am bao khong e mot cng quoc hay nhom
nc nao oc quyen gay anh hng hoac thong tr khu vc.
Trong xu hng toan cau hoa, khu vc hoa sau chien tranh
lanh, va s sup o cua trat t the gii hai cc, ASEAN a kp
153
a ra sang kien thanh lap ARF, tao ra cac oi thoai an ninh
a phng, m rong khong gian on nh va phat trien cho
mnh. Cho nen co the noi rang, cong ong ASEAN la ngon
nguon cua chnh sach an ninh khu vc, la mot bieu hien ac
biet noi bat cua chu ngha khu vc cua ASEAN.
* *
*
Nh vay, trong chng nay chung toi a trnh bay mot
cach co he thong s hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc cua
ASEAN tren cac bnh dien a chnh tr, a kinh te va an
ninh khu vc NA. Thc chat cua qua trnh hnh thanh chu
ngha khu vc ASEAN la s tm kiem, xay dng ng loi,
nguyen tac hp tac, hnh thc hp tac khu vc nham am bao
cho mot NA hoa bnh, trung lap, on nh va phat trien. Viec
khao sat s hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc cua ASEAN hien
nhien dan en mot he qua tat yeu la hieu ve noi dung ban
chat chu ngha khu vc cua ASEAN nh the nao. S trnh bay
cua chung toi trong chng nay cho thay ban chat chu ngha
khu vc cua ASEAN - noi mot cach co ong - la s chap nhan
mot th quyen lc sieu quoc gia NA e co the hp tac,
lien ket khu vc tren c s cac nguyen tac, tieu ch xac nh:
- Ve chnh tr: o la viec xay dng va thc hien ng
loi oan ket, hp tac, lien ket khu vc khong phan biet che o
chnh tr, trnh o phat trien kinh te, s khac biet ton giao tn
ngng, phan au cho mot NA hoa bnh, t do, trung lap, on
nh phat trien, phi vu kh hat nhan.
- Ve kinh te: o la c che xay dng mot th trng khu
vc thong nhat e va tao ra sc manh canh tranh vi cac
154
khoi kinh te khac, va am bao tnh trang oc lap ve kinh te
cua moi quoc gia thanh vien.
- Ve an ninh: o la c che hoac nguyen tac giai quyet
cac van e an ninh khu vc (nh nhng bieu hien cua xung
ot sac toc ton giao, van e lien quan en chu quyen lanh
tho, lanh hai); nguyen tac khong lien minh vi bat ky khoi
quan s nao, ton trong oc lap chu quyen, bnh ang, toan
ven lanh tho va ban sac dan toc cua tat ca cac quoc gia;
nguyen tac giai quyet cac van e tranh chap bang bien phap
hoa bnh, khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau, t
bo viec e doa va s dung vu lc
Trong qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien cua mnh, chu
ngha khu vc ASEAN a thc hien nhieu chc nang, thong
qua cac hoat ong cua Hiep hoi. Cac chc nang chu yeu o
la:
- Th nhat, giai quyet cac van e toan khu vc nh van
e Bien ong, van e khung hoang tai chnh khu vc nam
1997.
- Th hai, giai quyet nhng van e chnh tr, kinh te, an
ninh khong ch cua toan khu vc, ma con cua rieng tng nc
nhng co the lien quan en khu vc (chang han van e
Campuchia, van e My ngan can Myanmar gia nhap ASEAN
v nhan quyen).
- Th ba, giai quyet, x ly cac moi quan he vi ben
ngoai khu vc (vi cac nc ln, cac ben oi thoai, cac to
chc quoc te ).

155
Chng 3
CHU NGHA KHU VC ASEAN:
C HOI VA THACH THC

I. ASEAN TRONG TRAT T THE GII MI
Thap nien cuoi cung cua the ky XX chng kien nhng
bien oi ln lao trong i song chnh tr cua xa hoi quoc te.
Bau khong kh ngot ngat cua chien tranh lanh keo dai t sau
chien tranh the gii th hai a cham dt sau cuoc gap g
thng nh Xo My cuoi nam 1989. Tiep theo o, Lien Xo,
sieu cng quoc duy nhat co the oi au vi My, thanh tr cua
chu ngha xa hoi a sup o vao nam 1991. V the ma hau nh
tat ca nhng ac trng cua trat t the gii cu, c hnh thanh
t sau chien tranh the gii th hai en nay ang nhat dan.
Ngi ta ang suy t, phan oan ve mot trat t the gii mi
cua thi hau chien tranh lanh.
e xac nh mot trat t the gii, ngi ta thng da
vao the can bang tng oi cua cac lc lng quoc gia can
ban, von la nhng chu the trong quan he quoc te. He thong
quoc te vi t cach la mot chnh the phc tap, co cau truc
tng oi ben vng theo mot trnh t, quy cach, tc la mot trat
t nhat nh. Cho nen co the coi trat t the gii nh la cach
thc, trnh t, quy tac sap xep cac chu the trong quan he quoc
te. o la mot cau truc tng oi ben vng ve so sanh lc
lng cua cac chu the quoc te trong mot giai oan lch s nhat
156
nh
1
. Khi trat t the gii hnh thanh cung ong thi xac lap
nhng chuan mc va nguyen tac quan he gia cac chu the
trong trat t o. Mot khi trat t the gii nay cham dt th
nhng chuan mc, nguyen tac quan he cua no cung mat theo.
Vai tro cua trat t the gii la cho no chi phoi s van ong
va phat trien cua toan the the gii trong giai oan lch s ma
no ton tai.
Sau s tan v cua trat t Yalta, the gii phat trien ngay
cang nhanh theo hng a cc. Tuy vay, mot trat t the gii
mi ang hnh thanh nhng cha han a thanh hnh. Nguyen
do bi s chuyen oi lan nay co nhng ac iem khac xa vi
nhng chuyen oi trc ay. Nhng lan chuyen oi trc ay
thng dien ra sau hang loat cac cuoc chien tranh va trat t
the gii sau o c thiet lap kha nhanh chong, thong qua
viec cac nc thang tran phan chia pham vi anh hng (he
thong Versailles Washington, he thong Yalta). Gi ay, s
pha v trat t the gii lng cc a khien My tr thanh sieu
cng duy nhat cung mot so trung tam khac (Tay Au, Nhat
Ban, Trung Quoc, Nga) thiet lap nhng can bang mi. Tat
nhien, viec thiet lap the can bang mi gia ho khong he n
gian ma trai qua mot qua trnh au tranh hp tac ay trac tr.
Do o, cuc dien mot sieu cng, nhieu cng quoc tuy
phan anh the gii a cc hoa nhng van la mot c cau mang
tnh qua o.
Qua gan na the ky chien tranh lanh vi nhieu khuc
quanh co va oi au gay gat, gi ay, hp tac va oi thoai tr

1
Nguyen Xuan Sn: Trat t the gii thi ky chien tranh lanh. Nxb. Chnh
tr quoc gia, H. 1997, tr.7.
157
thanh dong chu lu trong quan he quoc te. Khong con cuoc
chay ua vu trang gianh quyen chu ong chien lc gia Lien
Xo (cu) va My. Mot cuoc chien tranh the gii mi cung se
rat kho xay ra v tnh chat huy diet cua vu kh hat nhan va
tnh trang khong co ke thang ngi bai trong chien tranh. Con
ngi a y thc c nhng bai hoc lch s. Nhng mac khac,
s tan ra cua trat t lng cc a gay ra nhieu bien ong
chnh tr hau khap cac khu vc. Cac khuynh hng ly khai
va xung ot sac toc von b che ay trong thi ky chien tranh
lanh a boc lo. Trong khi mot so iem nong cu, ton tai trong
giai oan chien tranh lanh (van e Campuchia, noi chien
Afganistan, noi chien Angola) con am th cac iem nong mi
mang tnh khu vc lai bung no d doi. Chang han cuoc noi
chien am mau Nam T, tranh chap lanh tho gia cac nc
cong hoa thuoc Lien Xo trc ay, xung ot sac toc
Rwanda Trong mot the gii van luon co nhieu bien ong
nh the, viec xac nh ung toa o chnh tr, toa o an ninh
cua NA co y ngha quan trong oi vi tng lai phat trien
cua chu ngha khu vc ASEAN.
Nam trong dai chau A Thai Bnh Dng, NA c
coi la khu vc tng oi giau tai nguyen va co v tr chien
lc quan trong. Trong suot thi ky chien tranh lanh, NA b
chi phoi nhieu bi tam giac chien lc My Xo Trung. Sau
khi Lien Xo tan ra, nc Nga mat dan anh hng khu vc
nay. Thay vao o la s tang cng anh hng xuong NA
cua Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban. Gi ay, viec hnh thanh tam
giac chien lc My Nhat Trung oi vi NA dng nh
la s thay the tam giac My Xo Trung ngay trc.

158
Trong tam giac chien lc My Nhat Trung oi vi
NA, My co vai tro ac biet quan trong khong ch qua kh ma
con hien tai va tng lai. Ke t nam 1969, khi Tong thong
Nixon at van e rut dan lc lng quan s My ra khoi chau A
va yeu cau cac nc ong minh chau A chia se trach nhiem en
nay, ngi My cha bao gi vang mat NA. Bi v NA la
mot bo phan quan trong trong chien lc chau A Thai Bnh
Dng cua My. Cac yeu to ve lch s, a ly, nhan khau khien
My tr thanh mot phan khong the thieu c cua vanh ai chau
A Thai Bnh Dng. Cac bang Alaska, California, Oregon
eu co bien gii vi Thai Bnh Dng. Con Hawai th c bien
bao quanh. Cong dan My song tren cac hon ao Guam, Samoa,
Bac Mariana gan vi nhieu thu o chau A hn la Washington.
Nhan thc c ieu nay, cac i tong thong My lien tiep a ra
nhieu hoc thuyet nham muc tieu duy tr s thong tr va kiem soat
tnh hnh chnh tr, kinh te, an ninh khu vc rong ln nay.
Chang han Hoc thuyet Truman, Thuyet cng ran cua
Eisenhower, Thuyet bien gii mi cua Kenedy, Thuyet
chau A cua Johnson
S sup o cua he thong lng cc cung s xuat hien nhng
xu hng mi cua the gii buoc My phai xac nh lai chien lc
chau A cua mnh, ngo hau cung co, phat huy nhng li ch kinh
te, chnh tr va an ninh cua My. Trc het la li ch kinh te.
Hien nay, s nang ong cua cac nen kinh te chau A ang m ra
th trng rong ln cho hang hoa va dch vu My xam nhap. Theo
bao cao chien lc an ninh chau A Thai Bnh Dng cua Bo
Quoc phong My thang 2/1995, buon ban cua My vi chau A
Thai Bnh Dng at hn 347 t USD, thu hut 2,8 trieu viec lam
159
cua ngi My
1
. Nam 1995 My xuat khau sang bay nc ASEAN
la 40 t USD hang hoa. Rieng quy I nam 1996 hang hoa bay
nc ASEAN nhap t My at 11,2 t USD, tang 27% so vi cung
ky nam trc. ASEAN tr thanh ban hang ln th ba cua My
2
.
Ben canh quan he thng mai, quan he au t cua My oi vi
ASEAN cung co tiem lc rat ln. Vi sc manh kinh te khong lo
va kha nang au t a dang, phong phu, My a tch cc au t
vao cac nganh nang lng, giao thong van tai, vien thong, thc
hien chuyen giao cong nghe, khai thac dau kh cac nc
ASEAN. Nhng so lieu sau cho thay quy mo au t cua My vao
cac nc ASEAN ngay cang tang (xem bang).
AU T CUA MY VAO ASEAN
n v : trieu USD
TT Ten nc Nam Ghi
chu
1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1 Singaore 1.874 8.O75 5.8G8 G.715 8.8G7 1O.O72 1.472` ` Bau
tu mJi
2 ndonesia 4.475 8.2O7 8.82G 4.884 4.77O 5.O15 2.771`
8 Thai Lan 1.O74 1.7OO 2.O25 2.5O4 2.O47 8.7G2 825`
4 Malaysia 1.14O 1.4GG 1.774 1.5OG 1.O88 2.882 7O7`
5 Fhiliines 1.O82 1.855 1.8O5 1.GGG 1.O45 2.874 G81`
G vietnam 85O`
Nguon: - US Department of Commerce, Far Eastern Economic Review
1995; - Surrey of Current Business, August 1995.

1
Bao cao Chien lc an ninh chau A - Thai Bnh Dng cua Bo Quoc
phong My thang 2/1995; cac nc vi chau A Thai Bnh Dng. Thong tan
xa Viet Nam, tai lieu tham khao so 4/1995, tr.1-26.
2
Nguyen Thiet Sn: Quan he ASEAN-My, nhng van e hien nay. Ky yeu hoi
thao quoc te ASEAN, hom nay va ngay mai. H. 9/1997, t.1, tr. 137-147.
160
Van e an ninh cua My chau A noi chung va NA noi
rieng cung ang dien ra theo chieu hng kha thuan li.
Nc Nga trong mot thi gian kha lau na con cha co u kha
nang duy tr anh hng manh me cua no chau A. Con My,
mac du co s cat giam quan so va rut bo mot vai can c quan
s (Clark, Subic Philippines) nc nay van cam ket duy tr
mot lc lng quan s on nh khoang 100.000 quan chau
A. Cac hiep c an ninh song phng My Nhat, My Han
Quoc, My Thai Lan, My Philippines, My Australia van
c cung co nh cha he co s cham dt cua chien tranh lanh.
Trong khi My chu y nhieu en vai tro lanh ao the gii
th Nhat Ban lai eo uoi chien lc kinh te toan cau. Chien
lc nay c Nhat Ban thc hien nhat quan khap ni tren
the gii, ac biet NA. Bi v NA la th trng ly tng
cho hang hoa Nhat, kho tai nguyen thien nhien quy gia phuc
vu cho cong nghiep Nhat Ban. Trong giai oan 1954 1975
Nhat Ban a cung cap cho My, nguy mien Nam Viet Nam
cac loai hang hoa phuc vu chien tranh nh quan trang quan
dung, thc pham. Nhat Ban cung ay manh viec xam nhap
vao th trng NA bang cac mat hang nh si tong hp, xe
may, o to, may moc phuc vu cong nghiep cau ng V the,
NA gan nh tr thanh mot th trng noi a cua Nhat ban
trong au t va buon ban mau dch. Thang 5 nam 1991, trong
chuyen en tham cac nc NA, thu tng Nhat Toshiki
Kaifu mot lan na nhan manh vai tro va sc manh kinh te cua
Nhat Ban, cam ket tiep tuc vien tr ODA cho cac nc
ASEAN. Nhng nam gan ay, ASEAN luon la mot ban hang
quan trong cua Nhat, ng hang th ba sau My va EU.
Nhat Ban cung rat chu trong vao cac hoat ong au t
161
NA, v ay la mot trong nhng bien phap tch cc thuc ay
kinh te Nhat Ban phat trien. Viec tang nhanh dong au t ra
nc ngoai con lien quan chat che en qua trnh tai cau truc nen
kinh te, nhat la nen cong nghiep Nhat Ban. o cung la phng
thc e Nhat Ban giam bt cang thang trong can can mau dch
vi My va Tay Au. Mat khac, t than nen kinh te cac nc
NA cung can rat nhieu von au t t ben ngoai. Chnh ieu
kien thuan li nay a tang nhanh dong von au t cua Nhat Ban
vao cac nc ASEAN. Ngoai nguon au t trc tiep, cac nc
ASEAN con nhan c nguon vien tr ODA cua Nhat Ban.
Nhng nam gan ay, khi Nhat Ban ieu chnh chnh sach chau
A Thai Bnh Dng cua mnh th cac nc ASEAN lai la
nhng ngi c nhan au t nhieu nhat, chiem khoang 20%
tong so ODA cua Nhat Ban
1
.
QUAN HE KINH TE NHAT BAN ASEAN
n v: trieu USD
Cac Nam
hoat ong 1991 1992 1993 1994
Xuat khau 37.679 40.706 49.474 60.629
Nhap khau 31.759 31.551 34.012 36.623
au t trc tiep 3.696 3.867 3.042
Vien tr ODA 2.149 2.258 2.978 1.884
Nguon:
- Japans ODA annual report, 1996, p.44
- Japan 1996, an International Companion, p.54
- Nihon Kezai Shum bum 1996, p.205.

1
Nguyen Duy Dung: Quan he kinh te Nhat Ban - ASEAN, thc trang va
trien vong. Ky yeu hoi thao quoc te ASEAN, hom nay va ngay mai. H.
thang 9/1997, t.1, tr. 148-154.
162
Vai tro kinh te quan trong cua Nhat Ban ang khuyen
khch nhng tham vong chnh tr cua no oi vi khu vc.
Nhat la khi he thong lng cc tren the gii tan ra th tham
vong chnh tr cua Nhat Ban cang ro net. Nhat Ban ang ieu
chnh chien lc thoat A nhap My e tr ve chau A
hong vn len tr thanh mot cng quoc chnh tr. Ngi Nhat
ang muon thay oi lai hien phap, thay oi tnh chat va chien
lc cua lc lng phong ve tham gia ngay cang nhieu vao
cac hoat ong gn gi hoa bnh cua Lien hiep quoc. Nhat Ban
ang tranh thu cac nc e sm tr thanh uy vien thng trc
Hoi ong Bao an, cung My va Tay Au cau truc lai trat t the
gii. Hn ai het, ngi Nhat rat nhay cam vi khoang trong
quyen lc NA sau chien tranh lanh. e co mot v tr
ngay cang vng chac NA, Nhat Ban ang tm moi cach e
lay long tin, nh viec Nhat e xuat y kien lay hoi ngh ngoai
trng cac nc ASEAN m rong lam ni oi thoai ve chnh
tr va an ninh khu vc. Nhat cung muon cung My chia se cam
ket am bao an ninh ong A (bao gom ong Bac A va
NA). Cac hoc gia cua Vien nghien cu Hoa bnh va An
ninh Nhat Ban a a ra bon s la chon cho chnh sach NA
cua Nhat Ban:
1. Tang cng the che an ninh Nhat - My, trong o can
phan chia trach nhiem ro rang.
2. Tang cng tnh t chu cua Nhat Ban tren c s an
ninh Nhat My, song han che thap nhat trach nhiem cua My,
m rong trach nhiem cua Nhat Ban.
3. Tang cng quan he hp tac thong qua cac lnh vc
chnh tr, kinh te, an ninh vi cac nc chau A theo hnh mau
CSCE.
163
4. ay manh quan he hp tac toan cau da vao Lien
hiep quoc. Nhat Ban se theo hng tang cng hp tac vi
Lien hiep quoc trong viec m rong hoat ong gn gi hoa
bnh
1
.
Bon la chon tren ch la s ket hp chnh sach toan cau
va chnh sach khu vc cua Nhat Ban tren nen tang can ban
cua lien minh Nhat My. V the, oi vi ngi Nhat, oi thu
tranh gianh anh hng NA chu yeu khong phai la My ma
chnh la Trung Quoc. S canh tranh gia Trung Quoc va Nhat
Ban chau A chac han se vo cung manh me, v s song ton
vai tro cng quoc cua ho trong khu vc la hien tng lch s
cha tng biet en.
Sau gan na the ky thoat khoi s le thuoc vao thc dan
phng Tay, gi ay Trung Quoc ang troi day. Vi dien tch
lanh tho rong ln, v tr a ly trung tam, tiem lc kinh te
manh, dan so ong, Trung Quoc tr thanh quoc gia co vai tro
ban le trong cac cong viec chau A. Trung Quoc con la uy
vien thng trc Hoi ong Bao an Lien hiep quoc nen viec
My, Nhat Ban muon co lap Trung Quoc la mot ieu bat li
cho ho. V the, My khuyen khch qua trnh t do hoa kinh te,
chnh tr Trung Quoc, loi keo cac nc ASEAN e lap the
can bang gia Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban. Trong khu vc chau
A Thai Bnh Dng, Trung Quoc luon tm cach phat huy
anh hng xuong NA v ay la loi ra de nhat e ho vn
rong ra Thai Bnh Dng. S bat on ve chnh tr, an ninh trong
na the ky qua NA gan lien vi ng loi, chnh sach cua

1
Van e an ninh khu vc NA, sd, tr. 152.
164
Trung Quoc oi vi khu vc nay. Sau cac cuoc noi day cua
lc lng Mao t NA, s au c truc li trong chien tranh
Viet Nam va van e Campuchia gi ay Trung Quoc ang
tien ra Bien ong. Ngay 25/12/1992, Quoc hoi Trung Quoc
a thong qua sac luat ve lanh tho va lanh hai, ngang nhien
sap nhap hai quan ao Hoang Sa va Trng Sa cua Viet Nam
vao lanh tho Trung Quoc. Muc tieu chnh cua Trung Quoc khi
tien ra kiem soat, khong che Bien ong la e xam nhap ngay
cang sau vao NA. S kiem soat cua Trung Quoc oi vi
Bien ong con lam tang them kha nang canh tranh cua nc
nay vi Nhat Ban. Bien ong co v tr chien lc trong giao
thong hang hai quoc te, ni cung cap nguon tai nguyen doi
dao, nhat la dau la va hi ot nhng nhien lieu ac biet
can thiet cho nen kinh te ang tang trng nhanh cua Trung
Quoc. e tien ra Bien ong, Trung Quoc ang rao riet xay
dng va hien ai hoa lc lng quoc phong. Ho a mua cua
Nga nhieu vu kh, kh tai hien ai nh may bay chien au SU-
27, may bay van tai IL-75, tau ngam lp Killo. Ho cung tm
cach mua ky thuat tiep dau tren khong cua Israel hoac Iran e
khong quan Trung Quoc co the hoat ong tam xa co hieu
qua. Vi mc tang trng kinh te 10% mot nam, Trung Quoc
ang vn dan len thanh mot cng quoc ca ve chnh tr va
kinh te, thach thc vai tro cua My va Nhat chau A.
Mot nguyen nhan khac khien Trung Quoc ngay cang
quyet tam banh trng ra Bien ong la cong cuoc cai cach
m ca Trung Quoc trong thi gian qua a tao ieu kien cho
cac khuynh hng ly khai phat trien. V the, Trung Quoc a
e cao chu ngha dan toc e thu hut dan chung khoi s bat
bnh co the co. Chu ngha dan toc cua Trung Quoc gi ay
165
gom ca viec thu hoi lanh tho e chuyen hoa cac mau thuan
noi bo cua Trung Quoc ra ngoai bien gii
1
.
Trong ieu kien quoc te a can ban thay oi, can phai
co t duy thien ch va lanh manh. Trung Quoc la mot nc
ln. Viec cac nc NA lien ket vi nhau trong ASEAN la
tat yeu, phu hp vi xu the cua thi ai. Viec tang cng
quan he hp tac ha ngh gia ASEAN va Trung Quoc la het
sc can thiet va quan trong v li ch cua nhan dan Trung
Quoc va nhan dan cac nc NA.
Nh vay, sau s sup o cua he thong lng cc, mot trat
t the gii mi ang hnh thanh. ASEAN se ong vai tro g
trong s thiet lap cac chuan mc va nguyen tac quan he gia
cac chu the trong trat t o? S on nh va phat trien cua khu
vc NA phu thuoc the nao vao viec x ly cac mau thuan
trong tam giac chien lc My Nhat Trung?
Tren phng dien chnh tr va an ninh khu vc, qua that
NA ang mot toa o kha bap benh vi nhieu yeu to bat
ng co the xuat hien. Nhng the cha phai la het. V tr kinh
te cua NA dng nh cung ang b kep chat bi nhng ap
lc khong lo cua cac khoi kinh te the gii. S ao lon trat t
a chnh tr cung keo theo s cau truc lai he thong kinh te
the gii. Xu hng nhat the hoa kinh te the gii ang cot chat

1
Phat bieu ngay 12/10/1995 cua Athur Waldron, giao s chien lc va
chnh sach, Hoc vien Chien tranh hai quan trc Tieu ban cac van e
ong A - Thai Bnh Dng, Uy ban oi ngoai Thng vien My ve vai tro
cua quan oi Trung Quoc va nhng tac ong oi vi tng lai cua chau A
va My; My anh gia ve Trung Quoc, Thong tan xa Viet Nam, tai lieu
tham khao so 2/1996, tr.26-30.
166
cac quoc gia lai vi nhau. Tren toan the gii, khoi lng trao
oi hang hoa va dch vu cho en au nhng nam 1990 at gan
3500 t USD, gap mi lan thi iem nhng nam 70. Vao nam
1993, tong so von au t nc ngoai at en con so 2125 t
USD. Rieng cac nc cong nghiep phat trien au t ra nc
ngoai trong nam 1993 la 109 t USD, ong thi nhan ve 181 t
USD. oi vi cac nc ang phat trien, t le o la 80/14
1
.
Toan bo tnh hnh o tao nen mot mang li chuyen dch von
au t an xen chang cht. Do vay, nen kinh te cac nc
khong con va khong the mang tnh chat quoc gia thuan khiet
ma cac nc o khac nhau eu mang tnh quoc te.
i oi vi xu hng nhat the hoa nen kinh te toan cau la
xu hng khu vc hoa kinh te. Trong khoang thi gian tng
oi ngan sau s tan v cua he thong lng cc the gii, hang
loat cac khu vc mau dch t do ra i. Trc tien phai ke
en Lien minh chau Au (EU) gom 15 quoc gia thanh vien vi
360 trieu dan. GNP cua EU vao khoang 6300 t USD. Tiep
theo la Hiep nh thng mai t do Bac My (NAFTA), khoi
kinh te ln nhat the gii vi dan so 370 trieu ngi. GNP cua
NAFTA at ti 7000 t USD. Con Hiep c thng mai Nam
My (MERCOSUR) co GNP at khoang 4800 t USD va th
trng 190 trieu dan
2
. Tat ca cac khoi kinh te nay, t nhieu,
eu co xu hng bao ve mau dch khu vc. Trong khi o, neu
tnh ca mi nc NA th tong GNP ch xap x 600 t USD
vi th trng 500 trieu dan. Thc lc nh vay cha phai la

1
Vu Khoan: Toan cau hoa va khu vc hoa, Tap ch Cong san, so 2/1995.
2
Vo ai Lc, Kim Ngoc (chu bien): Cac khoi kinh te va mau dch tren
the gii. Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia. H. 1996, tr.9.
167
ln trong tng quan vi cac khoi kinh te khong lo khac.
Thang 1/1993, khu vc mau dch t do ASEAN (AFTA) chnh
thc thanh lap. Sau o, e chu ong oi pho vi he thong
thng mai a phng toan cau ma phan troi thuoc ve cac
trung tam kinh te ln, cac quoc gia ASEAN a tham gia Dien
an hp tac kinh te chau A Thai Bnh Dng (APEC). Cac
nen kinh te nho be cua ASEAN ch muon APEC la mot dien
an mang tnh chat t van, nham giup ho trao oi y kien ve
cac van e kinh te thng mai va au t tren c s bnh ang
vi cac thanh vien khac la cac nc phat trien. Ho lo ngai
viec APEC co the tr thanh mot dien an thng lng ve
mau dch. V so vi cac nc phat trien, sc mac ca cua cac
nc ASEAN that nho be. Song, My th muon thao tung
APEC e tang cng kha nang canh tranh cua kinh te My va
truc li t s tang trng kinh te cua cac nc ASEAN. Bat
chap viec cac nc ASEAN sang lap vien APEC muon
tien hanh mot cach t ton, APEC a tien trien rat nhanh t
mot dien an cho viec ni long thng mai va au t tr
thanh mot to chc c the che hoa va se con tiep tuc tien xa
hn na thanh mot cong ong buon ban t do tren tinh than
chu ngha khu vc m (open regionalism)
1
.
Nhng van e kinh te, chnh tr, an ninh cua NA ang
at ra cho khu vc nhng c hoi va thach thc ln. Bc sang
the ky XXI, NA con rat nhieu cong viec phai lam e gop
phan xay dng mot trat t the gii mi, trong o moi dan toc
eu co quyen la chon con ng phat trien cua mnh va
tham gia bnh ang vao cac cong viec chung cua the gii.

1
Vo ai Lc, Kim Ngoc (chu bien), sd, tr.174-179.
168
II. ASEAN VA CAC C HOI PHAT TRIEN
en nay ASEAN a co hn 30 nam ton tai va phat trien.
o la nen tang quan trong e to chc nay vn ti nhng tam
cao mi cua s hp tac khu vc. iem lai lch s ASEAN 30
nam qua, ngi ta thay giai oan au cac nc ASEAN a
no lc phan au nham giai quyet cac tranh chap bat ong
bang phng phap hoa bnh, oi thoai, xay dng long tin va
cam ket hp tac. Cung trong giai oan nay, cac nc ASEAN
tm cach ng ra ngoai nhng quan he phc tap cua cac nc
ln, thc hien ng loi hoa bnh trung lap.
giai oan sau, quan he hp tac gia cac nc ASEAN
tiep tuc cung co va phat trien. Nhat la trong lnh vc kinh te.
Cac nen kinh te ASEAN chuyen dan t chien lc thay the
nhap khau sang chien lc m rong xuat khau. Ve chnh tr,
to chc ASEAN c m rong them bang viec ket nap Brunei
lam thanh vien th sau (nam 1984). Trong quan he vi nhom
nc ong Dng, mot so thanh vien ASEAN a chu ong bnh
thng hoa va thiet lap quan he ngoai giao vi Viet Nam.
Nhng v xay ra van e Campuchia nen tien trnh bnh thng
hoa nay b tam thi nh tre. Giai oan nay anh dau mot khuc
quanh trong quan he gia hai nhom nc khu vc.
T nam 1989 en nay, ASEAN a co bc ieu chnh
quan trong e phu hp vi nhng ieu kien quoc te va khu
vc a can ban thay oi. T oi au, cac nc ASEAN a
chuyen sang oi thoai trong quan he vi cac nc ong
Dng, ay tien trnh hp nhat khu vc len tam cao mi.
Lch s hnh thanh va phat trien cua ASEAN cho thay to
chc nay rat nhay cam, nang ong vi moi bien oi trong
tng quan lc lng quoc te. Ho a li dung triet e nhng
169
c hoi ma trat t lng cc em lai, trong khi nhieu nc
thuoc the gii th ba th bo l. ASEAN a tao dng c
nhng gia tr ln, co y ngha can ban oi vi tng lai cua
chnh mnh, cu the:
- Cac nc ASEAN a xay dng c long tin va s
cam ket hp tac, mac du phai mat kha nhieu thi gian (1967-
1976). Nhng o la tien e ban au cua s lien ket thong nhat
toan khu vc.
- Cac nc ASEAN a tao ra c mot moi trng hoa
bnh, on nh thong qua viec thc hien ng loi ZOPFAN va
Hiep c NA khong co vu kh hat nhan (SEAN WFZ).
- Nen kinh te cac nc ASEAN co toc o tang trng
nhanh, thc s m ca va hng ngoai.
- Da tren nhng gia tr van hoa truyen thong NA, cac
nc ASEAN a xay dng c phong cach, le loi lam viec
mang sac thai rieng. Thc chat, o la nhng nguyen tac hoat
ong c thu tng Malaysia, Mahathir Mohammad tong ket
bang nam ch C theo mau t tieng Anh: Concensus (nhat tr),
Consulation (tham khao), Caring (quan tam), Consolidation
(oan ket) va Corner stone (hon a tang nguyen tac)
1
.
Chien tranh lanh ket thuc a tao thi c lch s cho
ASEAN phat trien ve chnh tr. Tuyen bo Singapore nam
1992 neu ro: ASEAN hoan nghenh tat ca cac nc NA
tham gia vao hiep c than thien va hp tac NA, Hiep c
nay se la mot khuon kho chung cho hp tac rong ln hn toan

1
Nguyen Duy Quy: Dien van khai mac hoi thao quoc te ASEAN hom nay
va ngay mai. Ky yeu, t.1, tr.3-4.
170
NA
1
. Theo tinh than nay, thang 7/1995 cac nc ASEAN
a chap nhan Viet Nam la thanh vien chnh thc cua Hiep
hoi. ay la lan au tien, chu ngha khu vc ASEAN vi tnh
cach la y thc khu vc a vt qua s am anh cuoi cung cua
he thong lng cc the gii va van e y thc he t tng.
Thc ra, trnh o thap cua s lien ket khu vc, van e
hp tac gia cac thanh vien ASEAN co che o chnh tr khac
nhau khong i en thang 7/1995 mi at ra; ma a c nen
trong ieu 2 chng I Hiep c Bali 1976 trong quan he cua
ho (cac nc ASEAN tac gia) vi nhau, cac ben tham gia
Hiep c se tuan thu cac nguyen tac c ban sau ay:
- Cung ton trong oc lap, chu quyen, bnh ang, toan
ven lanh tho va ban sac dan toc cua tat ca cac quoc gia.
- Quyen cua moi quoc gia c ton tai ma khong co s
can thiep hoac lat o hoac ap bc cua ben ngoai.
- Khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau
2
.
Mac du trong ieu kien cach mang khoa hoc cong nghe
phat trien nh vu bao, nhng khai niem truyen thong ve oc
lap chnh tr va chu quyen lanh tho dng nh khong con
ng vng trc nhng bien oi to ln cua lc lng san xuat
xa hoi. Nhng bat re t ieu kien lch s, t van hoa truyen
thong NA, chu ngha khu vc ASEAN co nhng ac thu
quan trong. Tuyen bo Hoi ngh cap cao Bangkok 1995 khang
nh se tien hanh cac bien phap cu the nham tang cng hn

1
2
171
na ban sac, tinh than va y thc cong ong ASEAN
1
.
e cap en van e hp tac chnh tr va an ninh khu vc,
tuyen bo cam ket ASEAN se tiep tuc ong vai tro trung tam
trong qua trnh hp tac vi cac ben tham gia khac e phat
trien dien an khu vc ASEAN (ARF) thanh mot tien trnh co
y ngha va hieu qua. ong thi vi tien trnh ARF, ASEAN
sm tm kiem nhng giai phap hoa bnh cho nhng tranh chap
bien ong va duy tr ng loi hoa bnh, t do va trung lap
NA
2
.
Thang 7/1997 ASEAN a ket nap hai thanh vien mi la
Myanmar va Lao. Ngay 30/04/99 ho ket nap not Campuchia.
S m rong ASEAN thanh mot cong ong gom mi quoc gia
thanh vien NA la bc phat trien hp lo gch nham duy tr
mot NA hoa bnh, on nh, hp tac va phat trien. ASEAN,
v vay, co t the vng vang hn tren ban thng lng quoc
te. Nhng hoat ong cua ASEAN trong mot so nam gan ay
cho thay o la mot thc the chnh tr co tiem lc. Nhng yeu
to can ban tao nen ieu o la:
- Cac nc thanh vien co nguyen vong chung ve phat
trien kinh te, co nhu cau chung ve chnh tr nham ngan nga
s can thiep va e doa cua cac nc ln.
- Da vao sc manh tap the, bao ve li ch chung cua
mnh trong cong ong quoc te.
- Co nhng nguyen tac hp ly ch ao hanh ong:
khong can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau, hp tac bnh

1.2
Nguyen Van Lch: Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr.
218, 220.
172
ang, hiep thng nhat tr trong noi bo to chc
1
.
Thc lc chnh tr c tang cng va kinh te phat trien
nhanh chong a tao cho ASEAN co vai tro mot trung tam ca
ve chnh tr lan kinh te. Hp tac kinh te khu vc luon la ong
lc thuc ay ASEAN va cung la bien phap chu yeu e
ASEAN on nh chnh tr noi bo, tang cng va cung co a v
quoc te cua mnh. Ngay t Hoi ngh cap cao lan th nhat,
ASEAN a at hp tac kinh te vao v tr trung tam va neu van
e thanh lap khu vc mau dch t do nham ay nhanh tien
trnh nhat the hoa kinh te khu vc. T thap ky 90 tr i,
ASEAN a nhan thc c s can thiet kiem tm mot hnh
thc hp tac kinh te that hieu qua. Nhieu sang kien c a
ra nh Thoa thuan ve thue quan u ai co hieu lc chung
(CEPT) cua Indonesia, e ngh thanh lap Nhom kinh te
ong A (EAEG) cua Malaysia, Khu vc mau dch t do
(AFTA) cua Thai Lan va Hiep c kinh te ASEAN (AET)
cua Philippines. Cac e ngh tren eu nham thiet lap mot th
trng chung ASEAN. Cuoi cung, cac nc ASEAN a chon
e ngh thiet lap AFTA va s dung CEPT lam cong cu chnh
e thc hien
2
. Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan th t nam
1992 tai Singapor neu ro ASEAN se thiet lap khu mau dch
t do cua ASEAN, s dung Chng trnh u ai thue quan co
hieu lc chung nh la c che chnh trong vong mi lam

1
Shi Yong Ming: a v cua ASEAN c tang cng va anh hng cua no
sau khi chien tranh lanh ket thuc. Tai lieu phuc vu nghien cu (lu hanh
noi bo). Vien thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi, H. 1997, so TN 97-57.
2
Hoang Anh Tuan: AFTA va trien vong hp tac kinh te ASEAN. Tap ch
Nghien cu quoc te, so 2 (4) thang 6/1994, tr.33-39.
173
nam, bat au t 1/1/1993 vi mc thue u ai cuoi cung co
hieu lc t 0 en 5%
1
. Cac quoc gia thanh vien a xac nh
mi lam nhom san pham e giam thue quan theo ke hoach
CEPT. o la cac mat hang dau thc vat, xi mang, dc lieu
phan bon, chat deo, san pham cao su, san pham da thuoc, bot
giay, hang det, san pham o gom va knh, a quy va o trang
sc, ong thoi, hang ien t, o go va song may
2
. Tuyen bo
Bangkok 1995 a rut ngan tien trnh thc hien AFTA xuong
con mi nam.
S ra i cua AFTA gop phan tang cng thng mai
noi bo ASEAN, bu ap cho viec xuat khau sang cac th trng
truyen thong chau Au va Bac My do s gia tang cua chu
ngha bao ho mau dch. Tren c s lien ket cac nen kinh te
rieng biet, kinh te ASEAN thong nhat se tang cng kha nang
canh tranh va thu hut au t nc ngoai. Co the noi, trong thi
iem hien nay, AFTA la bieu hien cao nhat cua chu ngha
khu vc kinh te ASEAN.
Mac du AFTA ve c ban la mot sang kien mang tnh
thng mai nhng no tac ong en nhieu lnh vc. He qua tat
yeu la phai xac nh lai cac moi quan he hien co trong cac
lanh vc khong phai thng mai trong noi bo ASEAN. Trc
tien la tac ong cua AFTA en lnh vc hp tac chuyen
nganh, thuc ay cac thanh vien ASEAN chuyen nganh hoa
nhng lnh vc ma li the so sanh hoac li the canh tranh cho
phep. AFTA se la chat xuc tac e gan cac chng trnh hp

1
2
174
tac van hoa, giao duc xa hoi, moi trng, quan ly hanh chnh
cua ASEAN trong mot tong the hu c. o la nhng tien e
quan trong vach nh tien trnh nhat the hoa toan dien kieu
NA. Tat nhien, mc o nhat the NA en au, con phu
thuoc vao nhieu yeu to. Trong o, nhng yeu to can ban la:
- Cac nc ASEAN co v tr a kinh te rat thuan li;
nguon tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu tao u the cho cong
nghiep che bien hang xuat khau; co nguon nhan lc doi dao.
- Nen kinh te cac nc ASEAN co t le tch luy kha cao,
phan anh nang lc au t trong nc cua ho. Theo thong ke, t
le tch luy cua Singapore trong giai oan 1990-1994 bnh quan
len ti 48%. T le tch luy cua Thai Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia
lan lt theo thi gian tren la 37,2%, 35,6%, 38,7%
1
.
- Ket cau nen kinh te cac nc ASEAN ang chuyen
dch nhanh chong theo mo hnh kinh te hien ai hng ve
xuat khau, ap ng nhu cau m rong hp tac kinh te trong va
ngoai khu vc. C cau xuat khau a chuyen t cac san pham
tho, s cap sang cac san pham cong nghiep chat lng.
- Cac nc ang xay dng va cai tien he thong ngan
hang-tai chnh tien te nham phuc vu tot cho viec phat trien
kinh te moi nc va ca khu vc.
Ro rang thc lc kinh te, chnh tr cua ASEAN khong ch
c cung co, m rong ma con c ho tr bi mot ng loi oi

1
Le Van Sang: Vai tro cua ASEAN trong hp tac kinh te ong A. Ky yeu
Hoi thao quoc te ASEAN, Hom nay va Ngay mai. H. 9/1997, t.1, tr.75-
85.
175
ngoai linh hoat, khon kheo. ASEAN ang khang nh vai tro noi
bat, oc ao cua mnh tai chau A Thai Bnh Dng. No khien
cho cuc dien chau A Thai Bnh Dng von lay quan he gia
cac nc ln lam chu ao co nhng bien oi quan trong. Mot
mat, ASEAN xac lap a v chu ao cua mnh thong qua dien
an ARF khien cac nc ln kho long can thiep vao cong viec
noi bo cua khu vc. Mac khac, ASEAN lay mnh lam trung tam
e hnh thanh cuc dien can bang gia cac nc ln, ong thi
ong vai tro hoa hoan xung ot, can bang, ieu hoa cac nc ln
vi nhau. Nhng thanh cong ngoai giao cua ASEAN tai khu vc
chau A Thai Bnh Dng la nh phng thc x ly oc ao
cua no trong quan he vi cac nc khac. Phng thc nay co
the phan chia lam ba cap o:
Th nhat, thong qua Hoi ngh cac ben oi thoai (PMC) sau
Hoi ngh Ngoai trng cac nc ASEAN hang nam e nam vng
moi quan he ve mat chnh tr vi nhng quoc gia quan trong.
Th hai, li dung dien an an ninh khu vc ASEAN von
c thiet lap tren c s Hoi ngh cac ben oi thoai, cac hnh
thc oi thoai thng thuyet e ASEAN gianh the chu ong
ieu hoa an ninh khu vc.
Th ba, tch cc xay dng Dien an hat nhan kinh te
ong A va trieu tap Hoi ngh cac nguyen thu A Au
(ASEM) nham tang cng hn na vai tro, a v ASEAN tai
chau A Thai Bnh Dng
1
.
Tom lai, sau s tan ra cua the gii lng cc, nhng c
hoi phat trien cua ASEAN la het sc to ln. Cac nen kinh te

1
sau khi chien tranh lanh ket thuc, sd.
176
cua ASEAN co toc o tang trng nhanh va ang nam trong
ke hoach tng bc nhat the hoa kinh te khu vc. o la nhp
cau e kinh te ASEAN hoa nhap vao kinh te toan cau mot
cach vng chai. S nhat the hoa kinh te nay ang song hanh
vi s m rong quy mo to chc, tang cng sc manh chnh tr
cua ASEAN. Mot ASEAN vi mi thanh vien ay u cua
khu vc NA a tr thanh hien thc. Mat khac, vi ng loi
oi ngoai khon kheo, uyen chuyen, ASEAN ang noi len nh
mot trung tam quyen lc, ong vai tro quan trong trong cac
van e cua NA va ca chau A Thai Bnh Dng.
III. NHNG THACH THC PHAT TRIEN CUA ASEAN
Xu hng toan cau hoa va khu vc hoa tren the gii
ang at ra nhieu van e ma nhan loai can phai giai quyet
moi cap o: quoc gia, khu vc va toan cau. Trong ieu kien
o, mot to chc khu vc nh ASEAN va co nhieu c hoi
thuan li, va phai oi mat vi nhng thach thc to ln. Hn
na, qua trnh lien ket khu vc ang chuyen sang mot giai
oan mi. o la giai oan m rong lien ket toan khu vc,
giai oan nhat the hoa th trng ASEAN, giai oan tang
cng s hp tac an ninh va chnh tr lnh vc ma cha bao
gi ASEAN tuyen bo cong khai manh me en the.
Nhng cang trnh o cao cua s lien ket khu vc, cac
nc ASEAN cang phai vt qua nhieu tr ngai ve van e
oc lap chnh tr va chu quyen, ve kha nang xay dng mot
mo hnh nha nc khu vc (Regional State), kha nang thiet
lap mot th trng khu vc thong nhat, kha nang tao s on
nh ve an ninh chnh tr khu vc trong ieu kien the gii ang
qua o hnh thanh mot trat t quoc te mi Tu trung lai,
177
nhng thach thc phat trien cua ASEAN ham cha trong he
van e sau ay.
1. Van e he t tng va chu ngha quoc gia - dan toc
Ve mat lch s, ASEAN gom phan ln cac nc nho
tng b no dch lau dai trong qua kh. V the ho co truyen
thong au tranh gianh oc lap dan toc. Chu ngha quoc gia
dan toc cua ho hau nh cha bao gi c phat trien manh
me nh ngay nay. Trong thi ai t ban chu ngha th chu
ngha quoc gia dan toc cua ho mang tnh chat chu ngha
quoc gia dan toc t san (tr Viet Nam va Lao). Ho thng
gan cho van e nay mot y ngha qua mc, bien no thanh mot
phng thc chu yeu e chong lai s xam pham hoac can
thiep t ben ngoai. Trong boi canh thap nien 90, nhieu khu
vc tren the gii bung no cac cuoc chien tranh sac toc, ton
giao th trong mot chng mc nao o, ASEAN cung khong
phai la mot ngoai le. Bi v trong noi bo ASEAN, ben canh
nhng tranh chap lanh tho dng nh tr thanh can benh man
tnh, cac hnh thc ly khai, noi loan mi a xuat hien. Cuoc
noi loan nam 1991 cua ngi Aceh Indonesia oi ly khai,
iem nong ong Timo nc nay, cac cuoc bao loan chong
thng nhan Hoa kieu Indonesia, Malaysia mua he 1998 do
anh hng t cuoc khung hoang tai chnh NA, nhac nh
ngi ta ve nguy c chia re sac toc va chu ngha ly khai tiem
an. Mac du cac chnh phu ASEAN trc mat eu khong ung
ho viec ly khai, chia cat lanh tho, nhng moi nguy hiem ay
luon san sang cham en vung nhay cam nhat cua chu ngha
dan toc.
S xch lai gan nhau cua cac dan toc la ket qua khach
178
quan cua qua trnh quoc te hoa toan bo i song xa hoi. Tat
nhien s xch lai gan nhau nay khong the dan en s thong
nhat cac dan toc bang con ng thu tieu chnh ho e tr
thanh nhng cong ong toc ngi, ma bang con ng lien
ket cac dan toc trong cac to chc chnh tr, kinh te mang tnh
khu vc, nh thc tien lch s.
Chu ngha dan toc t san, o la chnh sach chia tach ve
mat dan toc nhng lc lng xa hoi theo dau hieu giai cap,
gan lien vi s chia re nhng lc lng ay theo dau hieu dan
toc
1
. Giai cap t san a chia cat nhng lc lng xa hoi
trong khuon kho nhng dan toc rieng biet hay nhng to chc
nha nc dan toc (nation- states) rieng biet. V the, di
con mat cua giai cap t san, dan toc hien ra nh la hnh thc
cao nhat cua s thong nhat xa hoi cua con ngi. Bang cach
au c nhng tnh cam dan toc, giai cap t san thng ay
tinh than dan toc len mc cc oan, dan en tnh trang nhng
can ho dan toc. Cho nen, tren bnh dien khu vc, kho co s
ong nhat ve he t tng e xay dng ASEAN thanh mot
nha nc khu vc. Nhat la khi thc lc cua cac quoc gia
trong vung con chenh lech nhau qua nhieu va cung con qua
nhieu tranh chap hoac bat ong y kien ve cac van e lanh
tho, lanh hai, ton giao, sac toc. Trong ieu kien ay, neu s
hp tac gia cac thanh vien ASEAN la mot dong chay kha
nhuan nh, th s canh tranh noi bo gia ho co the tao ra
nhng vc xoay e doa tien trnh lien ket khu vc. Mot vai
quoc gia thanh vien ASEAN rat co y thc ve vai tro lanh ao

1
M.V. Ioron: Chu ngha quoc te chong chu ngha dan toc. Nxb. Thong
tin ly luan, H. 1995, tr.47.
179
khu vc NA. Chang han Indonesia, quoc gia ln nhat khu
vc, mot trong nhng thanh vien sang lap cua hau het cac to
chc tien than ASEAN. Indonesia tng ong vai tro chu ao
dan xep oi thoai gia hai nhom nc ong Dng va
ASEAN trong van e Campuchia. Khi van e Bien ong tr
nen phc tap, Indonesia la nc au tien to chc Hoi ngh ve
Bien ong (Hoi ngh Bandung thang 7/1991), gom nc chu
nha, Trung Quoc, Viet Nam, ai Loan, Philippines, Malaysia,
Brunei nham ngan chan nhng kha nang bung no cuoc tranh
chap lanh hai.
Cung giong nh Indonesia, Malaysia la quoc gia cung
cap nhieu y tng cho s hp tac khu vc. Sau ke hoach ai
Ma Lai b that bai, Malaysia van noi len nh mot quoc gia
phon vinh NA. Khoi kinh te ong A (AEAG) la y o cua
Malaysia nham oi pho vi tnh trang bao ho mau dch cua
cac khoi kinh te Tay Au va Bac My. Hien Malaysia ang co
tham vong Tam nhn 2020 hng ti trnh o mot quoc gia
phat trien. Khi ay, vai tro trung tam khu vc cua Malaysia
co the c khang nh.
Do ton tai o venh tat yeu gia quyen li quoc gia va
quyen li khu vc (phan anh nhng mau thuan kha triet e
gia chu ngha quoc gia va chu ngha khu vc), cac thanh
vien ASEAN mac nhien co ng loi, chnh sach oi ngoai
khong phai bao gi cung hoan toan trung nhau. Nhat la chnh
sach oi ngoai cua ho oi vi cac cng quoc. V the, s canh
tranh noi bo ASEAN khong ch the hien tham vong tr
thanh trung tam khu vc cua mot so nc thanh vien, ma
con cac moi quan he cua ho vi cac nc ln. Nhng hiep
c song phng My Thai Lan, My Philippines tat nhien
180
co anh hng manh me en thai o cua hai nc nay trong
van e duy tr s hien dien cua My khu vc. Cac moi quan
he Trung Quoc Myanmar, Trung Quoc Thai Lan cung
tng t. ac biet la trng hp cua Thai Lan. Trong ieu
kien canh tranh noi bo khu vc, nc nay ang co gang vn
len bang nhng no lc phat trien kinh te va chnh sach oi
ngoai linh ong mem deo von la s trng cua ho. Khi ma
nhieu quoc gia NA thng kho khan trong viec x ly moi
quan he vi cac nc ln th Thai Lan dng nh luon i
trc. Nam 1976, Thai Lan a bnh thng hoa quan he vi
Trung Quoc bc ieu chnh rat quan trong trong chnh sach
oi ngoai cua Thai Lan e nc nay co the ong vai tro noi
bat khu vc. Trong suot giai oan t 1978-1988, lap trng
cua Trung Quoc va Thai Lan ve van e Campuchia rat trung
hp. T 1988 tr i, t tng bien ong Dng t chien
trng thanh th trng cua Chatchai Choonhavan cho thay
nc nay co chu trng chiem v tr kinh te hang au trong
khu vc. e tranh thu Trung Quoc, Thai Lan a ra d an
phat trien t giac Thai Lan Myanmar nam Trung Quoc
Lao. Theo anh gia cua Andrew Walker (ai hoc Australia)
ay la d an phat trien lu vc song Mekong cha ng s
tranh cai ln nhat trong nhom nc NA v vai tro noi bat cua
moi quan he Thai Trung trong noi bo ASEAN
1
. Thai Lan
tch cc trien khai cac cuoc thao luan chung, ang cai nhieu
hoi thao, hoi ngh cap bo trng va cac quan chc cao cap, e

1
Sopiee N, Chew Lay See, Lim Sang Jin: ASEAN at the Cross: Obstacles,
Options and Opportunities in Economic Cooperation. Institute of Strategic
International Studies, Kuala Lumpur, 1987.
181
xuat nhieu phng an, phng hng hp tac kinh te nham
khang nh vai tro hang au cua nc nay trong khoi
1
.
2. Van e m rong to chc
Nhng tr ngai tren bnh dien he t tng la rat phc
tap nhng du sao van cha phai la thach thc ln. Thach thc
ln nhat oi vi ASEAN co le nam cac van e m rong to
chc, thong nhat khu vc ca ve chnh tr va kinh te theo mot
mo thc nao o. Mo thc cua EU to ra khong phu hp vi
ASEAN v nhng tieu chuan khat khe ap dung khi ket nap
thanh vien mi. Chang han, cac nc muon tr thanh thanh
vien mi cua EU phai am bao cac tieu chuan ve chnh tr,
bao gom: s nhat tr ve viec gia nhap thong qua cuoc trng
cau dan y trong nc, truyen thong dan chu, mc o hoi nhap
va tham gia vao cac to chc quoc te; cac tieu chuan kinh te
xa hoi gom: tnh trang that nghiep (so % tren tong lc lng
lao ong), t le lam phat, cac ch tieu ve dan so, GNP tnh
theo au ngi (bang ong Ecu), tnh hnh lao ong nong
nghiep (t le % trong GDP), tnh hnh xuat khau en EU, kha
nang canh tranh cua nen kinh te th trng
2
. Trong khi o,
ASEAN hau nh khong oi hoi tieu chuan nao, ngoai tinh
than t nguyen gia nhap va s on nh chnh tr noi bo cua
thanh vien mi. Hien nay, ASEAN ang ng trc mot s
la chon e phat trien: hoac van gi hnh thc Hiep hoi vi
vai tro cua Ban th ky lam viec theo s thoa thuan cua cac

1
Nguyen Xuan Sn, Thai Van Long (chu bien): Quan he oi ngoai cua
cac nc ASEAN, Nxb. Chnh tr quoc gia, H. 1997, tr.113.
2
inh Cong Tuan: M rong lien minh chau Au trong qua trnh nhat the
hoa chau Au. Tap ch Nghien cu chau Au, so 4, 5/1995, tr.3-9.
182
chnh phu, hoac phai tien dan en viec thanh lap mot chnh
phu khu vc e ay manh qua trnh lien ket va thong nhat
khu vc. Du phat trien theo hng nao, ASEAN van gap phai
nhng van e sau:
a) S khac biet ve che o chnh tr gia cac nc thanh
vien
Viec m rong to chc ASEAN cang lam tang them s
a dang ve chnh tr. Trong ASEAN, ton tai nhieu hnh thc
nha nc, nh quan chu lap hien, cong hoa ngh vien, quan
chu Hoi giao (Sultan), cong hoa dan chu nhan dan, xa hoi chu
ngha. Hnh thc nha nc Quan chu lap hien cung rat khac
nhau. Malaysia, ngi ta thc hien che o quan chu lap
hien lien bang. Hien phap Malaysia quy nh mot trong so
chn quoc vng cua cac bang c bau lam ngi ng au
toi cao cua Lien bang (Yangdi-pertuan Agong) vi nhiem ky 5
nam. Tat ca mi ba bang cua Malaysia eu co hien phap va
quoc hoi rieng
1
. Trong khi o, nen quan chu lap hien cua
Thai Lan ch co mot vua, mot quoc hoi
2
. Brunei cung duy tr
che o quan chu. ng au nha nc la quoc vng. Quoc
vng Brunei kiem thu tng va bo trng quoc phong
3
.
Cong hoa ngh vien la hnh thc nha nc theo mo hnh
phng Tay. Che o cong hoa ngh vien Indonesia va
Philippines eu theo nguyen tac a ang. ng au nha nc la
tong thong. Quoc hoi cua ho gom hai vien. Trong khi o,
Singapore lai thc hien che o cong hoa vi quoc hoi mot vien
4
.
Cong hoa xa hoi chu ngha Viet Nam va Cong hoa dan

1.2.3.4.
Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A (ASEAN), sd, tr.36, 40, 32, 39.
183
chu nhan dan Lao tuy khac nhau ve ten goi nhng eu la cac
nha nc da tren nen tang lien minh cong - nong va nguyen
tac mot ang, khong chap nhan a nguyen. Rieng trng hp
Myanmar, trong giai oan 1962-1988, quoc gia nay duy tr
hnh thc nha nc Lien bang xa hoi chu ngha. T cuoi nam
1988, Myanmar c at di s ieu hanh cua Hoi ong
khoi phuc trat t va luat phap quoc gia (SLORC).
S a dang ve che o chnh tr nh vay la mot thach thc
khong nho trong viec dung hoa, can bang cac quan iem gia
cac nc thanh vien ve cac van e khu vc va quoc te
1
. Hien
thi, hai trong bon nc thanh vien mi cua ASEAN van gi
cam ket vi chu ngha Mac - Lenin, trong khi mot so nc thanh
vien cu a at ang cong san ra khoi vong phap luat va tm cach
km che anh hng cua chu ngha cong san bang nhieu phng
phap khac nhau. Phai chang, ay la mot trng hp, trong o s
khac nhau ve chnh tr co the b at ra ngoai theo nguyen tac duy
tr chu quyen quoc gia, v the khong can thiep vao cong viec noi
bo cua nc khac va cung khong anh hng g en s m ca
tng oi ve he thong chnh tr khu vc?
2
. Mot van e nh vay,
ro rang khong co cau tra li chac chan.
Viec m rong ASEAN ve mat to chc con dan en s
phan cc cua hai nhom nc; nhom nc thanh vien cu va
nhom nc thanh vien mi. Neu tnh GNP theo au ngi th
cao nhat la Singapore, at 28000 USD (so lieu 1995, Tong

1
ASEAN- to chc khu vc thanh cong nhat tren the gii, sd.
2
R.A. Scanapino: ASEAN, nhng thach thc ang pha trc. Ky yeu
Hoi thao quoc te ASEAN hom nay va ngay mai. Ha Noi thang 9/1997,
t.1 tr .262-272.
184
cuc Thong ke Nha nc); thap nhat la Viet Nam va
Campuchia, khoang 270 USD. Nh vay, co mot ASEAN giau
ton tai ben mot ASEAN ngheo theo cong thc 6 + 4. S
chenh lech ve sc manh kinh te co the dan en hai kieu quan
he cua ASEAN, quan he gia cac thanh vien giau va quan he
gia cac thanh vien ngheo
1
. ASEAN v the tr thanh mot he
thong vi mot cau truc thieu can oi. S gia tang so lng va
quy mo cac thanh phan (tc la gia tang so thanh vien
ASEAN) se lam he thong nay phai thay oi. ieu o dan en
s thay oi cua v tr cac thanh phan va ca quan he gia cac
thanh phan trong he thong nay. Song s khac biet ve trnh o
phat trien kinh te, s a dang ve chnh tr cua ASEAN cung
theo ly thuyet he thong co the gay ra s tch hp cac mau
thuan ti mot mc o co the lam bung no ca he thong.
S khac biet ve che o chnh tr gia cac nc thanh
vien ASEAN khong ch bieu hien bi tnh a dang cua cac
hnh thc nha nc ma con bi tnh chat oc oan, gia trng
cua mot so bo may nha nc. Hien phap Indonesia cung nh
hien phap Philippines c xay dng tren nguyen tac tap
trung quyen lc cua tong thong. ay la nguyen nhan chu yeu
gay ra cac hnh thc cai tr oc oan
2
. The che oc oan cua
cac nc nay thng da vao lc lng tng lnh quan oi.
V the, anh hng cua gii quan s oi vi i song chnh tr

1
Nguyen Quoc Hung: T ASEAN bay en ASEAN mi, mot ong Nam A
thong nhat va nhng thach thc. Ky yeu Hoi thao Quoc te ASEAN hom
nay va ngay mai. Ha Noi thang 9/1997, t.1 tr.239-249.
2
ong Nam A, cac nc phi xa hoi chu ngha. Nxb. Khoa hoc Matxcva
1989, tr. 128.
185
cua mot so nc ASEAN a tr thanh truyen thong. Thai
Lan vao au thap nien 90, gan nh thng xuyen co cac cuoc
ao chnh quan s, dan en viec thiet lap cac nen chuyen
chnh cua gii quan nhan. Mac du hien nay, noi cac Thai Lan
do ang Dan chu chi phoi nhng gii quan s Thai Lan va cac
ang phai than quan oi van la nhng lc lng e doa s on
nh chnh tr cua nc nay.
Mot ac iem khong kem phan quan trong cua cac the
che chnh tr cac nc ASEAN la bo may nha nc quan
lieu, cong kenh. Ngay Singapore, quoc gia phat trien nhat
khu vc th so lng quan chc hang nam van tang
1
. Hn
na, rat t trong so chnh phu cua cac nc ASEAN c coi
la trong sach. Tnh trang tham nhung Indonesia, Philippines,
Viet Nam ang la mot thach thc ln oi vi s on nh va
phat trien cua cac quoc gia nay
2
. Co the noi rang, trnh o
lien ket khu vc cang cao th s oi hoi tnh lanh manh cua
cac the che chnh tr cac nc trong khu vc cang ln.
b). S khac biet ve trnh o phat trien kinh te
Tr Singapore la nc cong nghiep hoa mi (NIC) hau
het cac nc thanh vien ASEAN thuoc cac nc ang phat
trien. T trong san lng nong nghiep trong nen kinh te quoc
dan cua cac nc nay con kha ln. Indonesia nong nghiep
chiem 23,4% GDP (so lieu nam 1989)
3
. Malaysia, nganh

1
ong Nam A, cac nc phi xa hoi chu ngha, sd, tr.131.
2
Cac nen kinh te ong Nam A nam 1998; Chau A trong cn khung
hoang, Thong tan xa Viet Nam, tai lieu tham khao so 7/1998, tr.33-42.
3
Thai Th Ngoc D (chu bien): a ly cac nc vung ong Nam A. Tu
sach ai hoc M Ban cong thanh pho Ho Ch Minh. 1993. tr.123.
186
nong lam nghiep 18,7% GDP (so lieu nam 1990)
1
. C s ha
tang cua nhieu quoc gia con rat nhieu yeu kem. S chenh
lech ve trnh o phat trien kinh te se gay nhieu tr ngai cho
tien trnh hoi nhap kinh te khu vc. Sau ay la nhng ch so
c ban ve kinh te xa hoi cua cac nc ASEAN trong nam
1996-1997.
VAI CH SO C BAN VE KINH TE -XA HOI
CUA CAC NC ASEAN TRONG NAM 1996-1997
huJc Ti le tang
truJng
00F/nam
(%)
0hF tinh
theo dau
nguJi/nam
(uS0)
0an so
(trieu
nguJi)
Xuat khau
(ti uS0
/nam)
hha
khau (ti
uS0/
nam)
Brunei 2,0% 20.400 0,3 2,3
Malaysia 8,1% 4.466 21,3 77,84 78,45
Myanmar 6,0% 890 48,3 3,8
Laos 6,9% 370 4,9 0,3
Indonesia 7,8% 1.086 199,2 49,76 42,43
Philippines 5,9% 3.265 69,7 20,54 32,50
Singapore 5,8% 30.500 3,1 125,08 131,82
Thai Lan 8,5% 2.970 61,4 54,68 71,85
Viet Nam 9,5% 270 76,7 7,10 11,10
Nguon: Asia, Week, May, 1997 p.69,78
Bang tren cho thay khoang cach ve trnh o phat trien
kinh te cua cac nc trong khu vc la kha ln. Trong so cac
nc ASEAN th Singapore, Malaysia, Thai Lan, Philippines
la cac nc sm phat trien kinh te nen tiem lc kinh te cua ho
(the hien qua hoat ong xuat nhap khau) kha manh. Viec

1
Pham c Thanh: Malaysia tren ng phat trien. Nxb. Chnh tr quoc
gia, H. 1993, tr.105.
187
tiep nhan them Viet Nam, Lao, Myanmar, Campuchia vao
Hiep hoi tuy co the lam tang them tnh nang ong ve kinh te
nh viec m rong th trng va au t, nhng se khien nhng
mau thuan do s chenh lech trnh o phat trien kinh te ben
trong Hiep hoi cang tr nen sau sac. ay la van e khong ch
rieng cua ASEAN ma cua nhieu to chc khu vc khac tren
the gii. Chang han EU cung ang co d an m rong thanh
vien ti cac nc Trung va ong Au. Nhng phan ong cac
nc nay van mang ac iem nc cong nghiep cha phat
trien nh Tay Au, Bac My va Nhat Ban. Trnh o phat trien
kinh te cua ho so vi cac thanh vien EU con kem. Viec m
rong to chc tat yeu phai dan en s ieu chnh ve c cau cac
nganh kinh te e phu hp vi chnh sach t do hoa thng
mai. Song, chi ph cho s ieu chnh o qua ln, co the tr
thanh nguyen nhan lam giam s tang trng kinh te, ha thap
mc song, pha loang cac khoan u tien danh cho cac khu vc
phat trien thap trong noi bo EU. V the, EU ch ong y tiep
nhan ve nguyen tac ch cha an nh thi gian bieu cho viec
ket nap cac thanh vien mi
1
.
Neu trnh o phat trien kinh te khong ong eu la mot
tr ngai ln cho s lien ket kinh te ASEAN, th c cau kinh te
tng oi giong nhau cung la mot van e kha nan giai e cac
nc thanh vien ASEAN co the hp tac vi nhau mot cach co
hieu qua. Ve c ban, cac nc ASEAN eu ap dung mo thc
kinh te hng ve xuat khau. Mot vai nam gan ay ho a tang

1
Nguyen Van Dan: Nhng van e xung quanh viec hp nhat chau Au.
Sach Nhng van e xung quanh viec hp nhat chau Au. Vien Thong tin
Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi 1997, tr. 5-19.
188
cng trao oi mau dch noi bo. en gia nam 1996, mau
dch hai chieu trong noi bo ASEAN a vt con so 40 t USD
nhng van con chiem t le tng oi thap (khoang 20-22%)
trong tong kim ngach mau dch oi ngoai cua ho. Hn na,
trong o con bao gom mot phan kha ln la mau dch noi bo
cua cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia
1
. Tnh chat ong dang cua
cac nen kinh te ASEAN dan en tnh trang nhng mat hang
xuat khau chu chot cua ho tng oi giong nhau ve chung loai
va chat lng. He qua tat yeu la nhng mat hang nay ch co
the trao oi vi ben ngoai thay v trao oi noi bo. Xuat khau
a the th nhap khau cung tng t. Nhng mat hang nhap
khau cua cac nc ASEAN hau nh eu co nguon goc t cac
nc cong nghiep phat trien. Buon ban cua tng nc ASEAN
vi cac nc ngoai khu vc, v the van tang len va chiem v
tr chu yeu trong hoat ong ngoai thng cua ho, nhat la vi
cac nc Bac My, Tay Au va Nhat Ban.
3. Van e thc hien AFTA
Hoi ngh thng nh ASEAN lan I (nam 1976) a quyet
nh bc chuyen bien manh me cua Hiep hoi t hp tac
chnh tr sang hp tac ca chnh tr lan kinh te, trong o, hp
tac kinh te la trong tam. V vay, nam 1977 Bo trng ngoai
giao nam nc ASEAN a ky Hiep nh u ai thng mai
(PTA), anh dau bc khi au i ti mot khu vc buon ban
t do. Khac vi cac hiep nh u ai buon ban cua cac nc
phat trien khac, PTA cua ASEAN khong at ra nhng muc

1
sau khi chien tranh lanh ket thuc, sd.
189
tieu ac biet ma ch co gang tao ra mot c che khien viec
buon ban trong pham vi ASEAN c t do hoa tng bc,
vi kha nang chap nhan c oi vi cac thanh vien
1
.
Mac du co mot so tien bo, nhng quan he buon ban thc
hien trong khuon kho PTA van cham chap va han che. Nhng
bien phap m rong buon ban, thc chat ch la cac muc tieu
ngan han. Li ch c ban ma cac nc thanh vien nhan c
t s lien ket kinh te khu vc van con la van e tranh cai
gay gat.
V the, AFTA ra i tren c s cac hnh thc lien ket
kinh te cua cac nc ASEAN con kem hieu qua va cha u
ieu kien tr thanh mot khoi lien ket kinh te khu vc. ac
iem nay khac vi EU, bi EU la mot lien minh kinh te tng
oi vng chac va ang i en hnh thc cao hn cho viec hnh
thanh mot th trng chung. Muc tieu chu yeu cua AFTA la
tao ra moi trng thng mai, au t u ai trong khu vc tren
c s loai tr cac rao chan thue quan va phi thue quan. Van
e at ra cho cac nc trong khu vc hien nay muon gia nhap
ASEAN la phai tham gia AFTA nh mot ieu kien bat buoc.
ay ch la ly do thuan tuy kinh te. Trong khi o, sc manh
ASEAN (trong o co sc manh kinh te) khong han phu thuoc
vao viec m rong to chc nay nh mot phep tnh so hoc n
gian.
Do trnh o phat trien kinh te th trng trong khu vc con
thap nen cac nc thanh vien ASEAN van phai gan bo vi th
trng ben ngoai nhieu hn thay v th trng khu vc. Ben canh

1
Vo ai Lc, Kim Ngoc (chu bien), sd, tr. 148-154.
190
o, tnh ong dang cua c cau va san pham cong - nong nghiep
a gay khong t kho khan cho viec thc hien CEPT (cong cu
thc hien cua AFTA). Nhieu tranh chap a xay ra trong buon
ban gia cac nc thanh vien. Chang han, Malaysia va Singapore
eu co nganh cong nghiep nha tong hp. e cu van nganh cong
nghiep nha cua mnh ang trong cn khung hoang, Malaysia a
tang 30% thue anh vao viec nhap khau mat hang nay ma
Singapore la ban hang cung cap chu yeu. Bien phap tren a lam
viec xuat khau mat hang nha cua Singapore t thang 4 en thang
10 nam 1994 giam 44% so vi cung ky nam trc
1
.
Roi ay, s canh tranh kinh te trong khu vc se dien ra
ngay cang gay gat. Bi v muc ch cua AFTA khong phai la
phan phoi bnh ang nhng li ch co san ma la s chia se nhng
c hoi tot e phat trien kinh te. Nhng theo ly thuyet li the so
sanh, khi mot quoc gia oi hoi nhan cong se tien hanh chuyen
mon hoa vao cac san pham lao ong, ngha la san xuat cac san
pham co nang suat thap. Mat khac, mot quoc gia oi hoi von ln
se san xuat cac san pham co nang suat cao. Mot quoc gia ma gia
tr gia tang thap se chuyen mon hoa vao viec san xuat cac loai
hang hoa co gia tr gia tang thap. V le o, s thay oi ve c cau
cong nghiep va cong nghe gia cac nc ASEAN se la rat kho
khan. Cac nc giau se co thu nhap cao hn va cang giau len.
Cac nc ngheo thu nhap thap se cang ngheo i trong so sanh
luy tien
2
. Nhng van e cua quan he Bac Nam khi o co the

1
Far-Eastern Economic Review; Jan 26
th
, 1995.
2
Shoichi Yamashita: ASEAN 30 nam va nhng van e can giai quyet. Ky
yeu Hoi thao quoc te ASEAN hom nay va ngay mai. Ha Noi thang
9/1997, t.1, tr. 44-62.
191
xay ra ngay trong quan he Nam Nam.
Cuoc khung hoang tien te NA t thang 7/1997 a
giang mot on nang ne vao hau het cac nen kinh te cua
ASEAN. Toc o tang trng kinh te cua cac nc trong khu
vc eu giam ang ke
1
. Ngi ta ang nghi ng ve s tang
trng nhanh cua kinh te khu vc trong thi gian qua. Theo
nha kinh te hoc ngi My Paul Krugman, s tang trng ay la
co ve gia tao nh s chi tieu ln trong au t hn la viec tang
nang suat
2
. Cuoc khung hoang tien te nam 1997 NA con
tiep tuc anh hng en tien trnh lanh manh hoa cac he thong
ngan hang ay. Nh the, y tng ve mot ong tien chung
ASEAN nh kieu ong Euro cua EU trong ieu kien cac nc
thanh vien co trnh o phat trien kinh te khac nhau, thi hanh
chnh sach tien te khac nhau con that xa vi.
Cuoi cung, van e thc hien AFTA khong ch phu thuoc
vao trnh o phat trien kinh te th trng khu vc ma con
phu thuoc vao chnh viec to chc thc hien no. Khac vi EU,
khoi kinh te co mot c quan ch ao chung va ng ra ieu
hanh gan nh toan bo nhng van e lien ket kinh te khu vc,
AFTA c thanh lap tren c s nhng hiep nh ky ket gia
cac nc thanh vien. Ngoai tr Ban th ky ASEAN va mot so
Uy ban chc nang, cho ti nay AFTA van cha co mot c cau
to chc tap trung va on nh. Cac van e lien quan en qua
trnh thc hien AFTA eu c xem xet, am phan tai Hoi
ngh cac Bo trng kinh te dien ra vai lan trong mot nam.

1
Cac nen kinh te ong Nam A nam 1998, sd.
2
Chau A lai noi len; chau A trong cn khung hoang, Thong tan xa Viet
Nam, tai lieu tham khao so 7/1998, tr1-16.
192
Xet ve chc nang va quyen han cho ti nay, bo may to chc
ieu hanh AFTA van con la van e bo ngo.
* *
*
Tom lai: ngay nay, mac du tnh hnh quoc te a can ban
thay oi, nhng nam v tr a chnh tr quan trong, khu
vc NA trc sau van la vung tranh gianh anh hng kha
quyet liet cua cac cng quoc. V the, s ln manh cua
ASEAN a va ang gay ra nhieu lo ngai cho nhng the lc
nao muon kiem che to chc nay vao quy ao cua ho.
Vi ng loi oi ngoai kha mem deo, linh ong,
ASEAN ang ong vai tro quan trong trong viec on nh chnh
tr, an ninh khu vc NA va ca vung chau A Thai Bnh
Dng. Chien tranh lanh ket thuc va s sup o cua he thong
lng cc the gii a tao ieu kien cho ASEAN phat trien ca
ve quy mo to chc va trnh o hp tac, lien ket toan khu vc.
Tuy nhien, qua trnh lien ket toan khu vc at ra nhieu van e
rat nan giai, phc tap. o la s khac biet va a dang ve the
che chnh tr, s chenh lech ve trnh o phat trien kinh te
trong cac thanh vien. Nhng kho khan o lai b chi phoi bi
truyen thong van hoa va ieu kien lch s ac thu cua moi
nc. Nhng du sao, ngi NA a co kinh nghiem hn 30
nam xay dng to chc khu vc cua mnh. Nhng nguyen tac
ve tnh thong nhat trong a dang, tinh than bnh ang, nhat
tr trong hp tac gia cac nc thanh vien se luon la nen tang
can ban e chu ngha khu vc ASEAN tiep tuc phat trien.
193
KET LUAN

1. S hnh thanh, phat trien cua ASEAN da tren mot
nen tang can ban la chu ngha khu vc (regionalism)
Chu ngha khu vc la san pham tat yeu cua s phat trien
lch s, nhng ch thc s hnh thanh trong giai oan phat trien
t ban chu ngha t sau chien tranh the gii th hai en nay.
Chu ngha khu vc xuat hien t s sup o cua he thong thuoc
a cua chu ngha e quoc, tnh trang au tranh gay gat gia
cac he thong the gii va ngay trong long nhng he thong o.
Chu ngha khu vc co moi quan he chat che vi chu
ngha quoc gia (nationalism) va chu ngha toan cau
(globalism). Khi chu ngha t ban a noi ket hau nh toan bo
the gii vao mot th trng thong nhat th no cung ong thi
xoa bo dan cac ngan cach ve chnh tr, kinh te, van hoa gia
cac quoc gia, dan toc. T ay xuat hien cac van e sieu quoc
gia trong mot khu vc va toan cau, toan nhan loai. Bc qua
o t chu ngha quoc gia en chu ngha khu vc la mot qua
trnh nhan thc ve tnh thong nhat cua khu vc, ve nhu cau on
nh va phat trien, ve nhng thach thc ca trong va ngoai
khu vc - nhng van e ma khong mot quoc gia n le nao
trong khu vc giai quyet noi. goc o toan cau th chu ngha
khu vc la mot cap o cua chu ngha toan cau nhng khong
phai la chu ngha toan cau v trung tam cua no, noi dung cua
no la cac van e khu vc ch khong phai la cac van e toan
the gii. S toan cau hoa lam nay sinh tnh trang khu vc hoa.
Cho nen ve mat ly luan, co the coi chu ngha khu vc la iem
giao thoa, s dung hoa gia chu ngha quoc gia va chu ngha
194
toan cau. Ve mat thc tien lch s th s xuat hien cua chu
ngha khu vc nh la mot phan ng trc xu hng toan cau
hoa i song nhan loai xay ra di s thao tung cua chu ngha
e quoc.
2. Trong cac ieu kien lch s khac nhau th chu ngha
khu vc cung bieu hien khac nhau. Nhng ve ban chat, chu
ngha khu vc la mot he thong cac nguyen tac va tieu ch xac
nh, theo o, cac quoc gia - dan toc trong cung mot khong
gian a - lch s, a - van hoa, a - chnh tr - xa hoi co the
hp tac vi nhau e cung phat trien ban than moi quoc gia
cung nh toan khu vc; khong phu thuoc vao the che, che o
chnh tr - xa hoi, he t tng, trnh o phat trien kinh te - xa
hoi cung nh ban sac van hoa, ton giao rieng cua tng quoc
gia - dan toc. Chu ngha khu vc thng c the hien qua
viec thanh lap cac to chc khu vc - dang to chc lien chnh
phu, c quan quyen lc sieu quoc gia. Da tren cac hiep c
mang tnh cong phap quoc te, cac to chc nay thc hien chc
nang giai quyet nhng van e khu vc lien quan en cac nc
thanh vien, cung nh cac quoc gia hoac cong ong ngoai khu
vc.
3. Nhng bieu hien cua chu ngha khu vc tren thc te
la rat a dang, phong phu. Nhng ni co hoan canh lch s va
trnh o phat trien khac nhau th noi dung, tnh chat cua chu
ngha khu vc cung khac nhau. V the, khong co th chu ngha
khu vc c bieu hien chung chung ma ch co chu ngha khu
vc c bieu hien cu the trong nhng ieu kien lch s cu
the. Can c vao muc ch, tnh chat va cac hnh thc hoat
ong cua cac to chc khu vc tren the gii, ta co the xac nh
c cac mo thc cua chu ngha khu vc tren the gii. Ve c
195
ban, co bon loai mo thc chnh: mo thc chnh tr, mo thc
kinh te, mo thc an ninh va mo thc van hoa. Mo thc chnh
tr la mo thc tong hp - mot hnh thc hp tac dien rong,
long leo hoac chat che, da tren c s xay dng mot ng
loi chnh tr khu vc chung. Mo thc kinh te c the hien qua
cac to chc khu vc kinh te, co muc ch tao ra mot he thong
kinh te khu vc. S rang buoc ve kinh te thng chat che
hn s rang buoc ve chnh tr. o la s khac biet can ban gia
hai mo thc. Mo thc an ninh la mot hnh thc lien minh chnh
tr quan s ac biet nham vao viec duy tr tnh trang an ninh
khu vc v li ch an ninh cua moi quoc gia va the quan bnh
trong quan he quoc te. Con mo thc van hoa la mo thc nen
tang. No c the hien qua s hnh thanh khu vc nh mot
cong ong van hoa, van minh.
4. ASEAN nam trong khu vc NA mot chnh the khu
vc a ly lch s - van hoa. ay la khu vc nhiet i gio
mua vi ac trng c ban la nen van minh nong nghiep trong
lua nc. Nhng quoc gia s ky NA xuat hien tng oi
sm tren nen van hoa ban a ket hp vi cac yeu to van hoa
Trung Quoc va An o thi co trung ai. Khoang t the ky X,
NA bat au hnh thanh cac quoc gia - dan toc. Qua trnh
hnh thanh va phat trien cua cac quoc gia NA cung la qua
trnh cau truc khu vc e NA sm tr thanh mot he thong
cau truc a ly lch s van hoa. He thong nay c th
thach qua nhng thang tram lch s can - hien ai. Mac du
che o thc dan phng Tay a lam tang them tnh a dang
ve trnh o phat trien kinh te xa hoi, van hoa, che o chnh
tr, he t tng trong khu vc. Nhng s a dang o cung
khong vt ra ngoai tnh thong nhat chung von co cua NA.
196
T sau chien tranh the gii lan th hai, hang loat cac
quoc gia NA thoat khoi tnh trang thuoc a hoac phu thuoc,
m ra thi ky mi cho oc lap t do va kha nang hp tac, lien
ket toan vung. T ay lch s NA lat sang trang mi trong
s trai nghiem ve mot cong ong van minh, mot than phan
lch s va s nay n, chn dan cua chu ngha khu vc. NA t
mot khu vc t phat tr thanh mot khu vc t giac.
5. S chuyen bien NA t mot khu vc t phat sang
mot khu vc t giac gan lien vi viec hnh thanh va phat
trien cua ASEAN. Ve thc chat, o la qua trnh i t chu
ngha quoc gia en chu ngha khu vc. Tren bnh dien a
chnh tr, qua trnh nay dien ra trong boi canh chien tranh lanh
va khuon kho cua trat t the gii hai cc Yalta. Chu ngha e
quoc ng au la My tien hanh chien lc bao vay ngan chan
s ln manh cua chu ngha xa hoi va phong trao dan toc dan
chu khap cac khu vc tren the gii. oi lai, Lien Xo va he
thong xa hoi chu ngha cung thc hien sach lc cua mnh
nham tap hp cac dan toc vao chung chien hao chong chu
ngha e quoc. Cac nc NA luc o va phai oi mat vi
nhng di san nang ne cua chu ngha thc dan, va lo ngai b
lun sau vao vung tranh chap quyen lc gia hai he thong the
gii. Tnh hnh tren tao ra nhng van e tam khu vc ma
thieu s ong hp tac giai quyet, cac nc NA co the mot
lan na ri vao than phan phu thuoc chu ngha e quoc hoac
cac the lc banh trng so vanh nc ln.
a co nhieu mu o cua chu ngha e quoc hong can
thiep vao khu vc NA thong qua cac to chc quoc te nh
Hoi ong kinh te chau A va Vien ong (ECAFE), Ke
hoach Colombo, To chc hiep c NA (SEATO). Nhng
197
cac mu o o eu khong at c ket qua nh mong muon
cua nhng ngi khi xng ra chung. Ngi NA a sm
la chon cho mnh mot con ng hp tac lien ket khu vc
thong qua mot to chc khu vc do chnh mnh thiet lap. Bat
au t y tng thanh lap SEAFET, mot so nc NA a dan
than vao qua trnh tm kiem cac hnh thc hp tac khu vc
phu hp. Thang 7/1961, ASA ra i. Ve mat thc tien, ASA la
iem moc anh dau qua trnh lien ket chnh phu NA. No
bat au tha nhan mot th quyen lc sieu quoc gia trong khu
vc. MAPHILINDO la lan th nghiem tiep theo chu ngha
khu vc ay. Neu nh trc o, ASA a tuyen bo cho toan
the gii biet lap trng NA cua ngi NA khong lien
quan en bat ky mot cng quoc hoac khoi quyen lc ben
ngoai nao, th lan tiep theo, MAPHILINDO a xac nh ro
hn cuoc au tranh chung cua cac quoc gia NA chong chu
ngha thc dan va chu ngha e quoc di tat ca cac hnh
thc. Bai thc dan tr thanh iem giao thoa gia chu ngha
quoc gia va chu ngha khu vc NA.
Nh the, vao thi iem trc khi thanh lap ASEAN, cac
quoc gia thanh vien cua ASA, MAPHILINDO a nhan thc
c mot cach sau sac va toan dien nhu cau hp tac, lien ket
khu vc. Nhu cau nay bat nguon t viec y thc c v tr a
chnh tr, tnh thong nhat khu vc, li ch chung v hoa bnh,
on nh va phat trien NA. Lien ket khu vc a tr thanh
menh lenh cua chnh s phat trien lch s. Thang 8/1967
ASEAN ra i. ay la cau tra li dt khoat rang, ngi NA
a co mot triet ly chnh tr vt ra ben ngoai he thong lng
cc the gii, vt len ca moi am mu, thu oan can thiep cua
cac cng quoc. Neu nh s that bai cua ASA, MAPHILINDO
198
chng to qua trnh chuyen bien cha thanh t chu ngha quoc
gia en chu ngha khu vc, th ASEAN la bc thang hoa,
iem tu thanh cua qua trnh ay.
Sau khi ra i, ASEAN a chu ong, tch cc giai quyet
cac van e chnh tr khu vc. Th nhat, no a thc hien
thanh cong chc nang mot c quan hoa giai nhng mau thuan
chnh tr gia cac nc thanh vien nham xay dng long tin va
tang cng s hp tac trong hiep hoi. Th hai, no a xay
dng, thc thi va phat trien mot ng loi chnh tr khu vc.
C s ly luan cua ng loi chnh tr nay la nhng t tng ve
trung lap hoa NA, bien NA t mot khu vc b chia re ve
chnh tr, bat on ve an ninh, thanh khu vc hoa bnh, t do va
trung lap (ZOPFAN). Khai niem ZOPFAN co hai noi dung
chnh: 1/ oi hoi cac cng quoc ngoai khu vc phai am bao
tnh trang trung lap cho NA bang cach cham dt s loi keo
cac lien minh a trung lap, xay dng cac can c quan s tren
lanh tho cua ho va s dung ho trong viec lap o hoac can
thiep vao cong viec noi bo nc khac; 2/ Cac nc trong khu
vc tranh lien minh quan s vi cac cng quoc va ngan nga
viec xay dng cac can c quan s nc ngoai tren lanh tho
cua mnh, ton trong chu quyen toan ven lanh tho cua nhau,
khong co hanh ong e doa trc tiep hoac gian tiep nen an
ninh cua nhau. o cung la lap trng khong lien ket cac dan
toc nho be ton tai trong ieu kien phc tap cua nen chnh tr
quoc te trong he thong lng cc va chien tranh lanh. Sau
ZOPFAN, ASEAN tiep tuc xay dng NA thanh mot khu vc
hoa bnh, t do, trung lap va phi vu kh hat nhan (ASEANWFZ).
Qua trnh phat trien ng loi chnh tr khu vc gan lien
vi qua trnh cung co va m rong to chc. S kien Viet Nam
199
va cac nc NA con lai gia nhap ASEAN chng to to chc
nay a at ti ch nhat the hoa NA trong mot ng loi
chnh tr khu vc chung.
6. Tren bnh dien a kinh te, qua trnh hnh thanh chu
ngha khu vc cua ASEAN bat au t chu ngha quoc gia kinh
te moi nc. Sau khi gianh c oc lap, cac nc nay at
ra nhiem vu can thu tieu tnh trang kinh te xa hoi lac hau,
xay dng nen kinh te t chu, mot th trng dan toc thong
nhat lam c s cho s thong nhat ve chnh tr. Qua trnh xay
dng mot nen kinh te oc lap, t chu, cua cac nc ASEAN
tat nhien lam nay sinh khuynh hng thiet lap lai cac moi
quan he kinh te trong khu vc von a b lang quen giai oan
thuoc a e dan en viec hnh thanh mot th trng khu vc.
ieu nay giup ho m rong th trng cho cac san pham cong
nghiep con kem sc canh tranh cua mnh, han che s canh
tranh t pha cac nc t ban phat trien, lanh manh hoa nen
tai chnh, thuc ay s phat trien cua lc lng san xuat; sau
o la giam thieu nhng phu thuoc kinh te vao chu ngha e
quoc. Nh vay, hoan toan lo gch khi qua trnh chuyen t chu
ngha quoc gia kinh te en chu ngha khu vc kinh te cung
ong thi la qua trnh i t cac th trng dan toc en th
trng khu vc.
Cac bc i t chu ngha quoc gia kinh te (economic
nationalism) en chu ngha khu vc kinh te (economic
regionalism) the hien qua nhng chnh sach kinh te cua cac
nc ASEAN. Bat au t chnh sach kinh te t lc canh
sinh co tnh hng noi, ho a chuyen sang chien lc kinh te
hng ngoai vi phng cham ay manh cong nghiep hoa
hng ve xuat khau. Thc chat, ay la qua trnh m ca nen
200
kinh te theo hng tang cng quan he kinh te quoc te, chap
nhan s phan cong lao ong toan cau. Nh vay, cac cong ty
xuyen quoc gia a xam nhap va ong mot vai tro vo cung
quan trong trong s hnh thanh mot th trng khu vc thong
nhat NA. Tuy nhien, cac cong ty nay cung gay ra nhieu
mat tieu cc co the anh hng en tnh trang oc lap ve kinh
te va chu quyen quoc gia. Vi t cach la ai dien cua chu
ngha toan cau, cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia trong qua trnh ket
gan kinh te khu vc vi kinh te the gii a lam nay sinh
khuynh hng co ket trong noi bo khu vc mot trong nhng
c s quan trong hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc kinh te
ASEAN.
S hnh thanh chu ngha khu vc kinh te ASEAN con
gan lien vi viec xay dng va thc hien cac ng loi, chnh
sach hp tac kinh te cua to chc nay. Nhieu chng trnh d
an trong cac lnh vc cong nghiep, nong lam nghiep, tai
chnh, ngan hang, thng mai a c trien khai, tao nen s
hp tac kinh te toan dien va co he thong. Hp tac kinh te
ASEAN ngay cang theo hng co ket khu vc. Cac thc the
kinh te a va ang cat ngang nhng bien gii chnh tr e ket
hp nhng nguon tai nguyen, von, nhan lc, cong nghe va
trnh o quan ly san xuat toan vung. Khu vc mau dch t do
ASEAN (AFTA) theo ke hoach, chnh thc ra i vao nam
2003 se la s the hien trnh o cao cua chu ngha khu vc
kinh te NA.
7. Nhn t bnh dien an ninh khu vc, s hnh thanh chu
ngha khu vc cua ASEAN gan lien vi viec x ly cac yeu to
an ninh ban a. Ve c ban, an ninh NA c cau thanh bi
ba yeu to : 1/ Tnh trang tranh chap lanh tho, lanh hai, xung
201
ot sac toc, ton giao; 2/ Nhng thach thc ve an ninh t pha
Trung Quoc oi vi NA ; 3/ Anh hng cua chien tranh lanh
va trat t the gii lng cc Yalta. An ninh khu vc NA la
mot van e cc ky phc tap. Ch ng tren lap trng an ninh
toan khu vc mi co the giai quyet thoa ang moi lien he hu
c gia cac yeu to cua an ninh ban a. S ket hp hai hoa li
ch an ninh quoc gia va an ninh khu vc chnh la cha khoa e
cac nc ASEAN i t chu ngha quoc gia en chu khu vc
tren bnh dien an ninh
Chnh sach an ninh khu vc cua ASEAN da tren ng
loi hoa bnh, t do, trung lap, ton trong oc lap chu quyen
toan ven lanh tho va ban sac cua tat ca cac dan toc, khong
can thiep vao cong viec noi bo cua nhau, giai quyet tranh
chap bat ong bang bien phap hoa bnh, khong e doa hoac
dung vu lc, hp tac vi nhau co hieu qua. Trong qua trnh
thc hien ng loi an ninh khu vc, ASEAN a tao ra mot
cong ong an ninh va a giai quyet kha thanh cong cac van
e an ninh noi bo. ong thi ASEAN cung thc hien nhieu
chnh sach oi ngoai khon kheo, am bao e khong mot
cng quoc hoac nhom nc nao oc quyen gay anh hng
hoac thong tr khu vc. Trong xu hng toan cau hoa va khu
vc hoa sau chien tranh lanh, ASEAN a kp thi a ra sang
kien thanh lap Dien an an ninh khu vc (ARF) tao ra cac oi
thoai an ninh a phng e m rong khong gian cho s on
nh va phat trien cua mnh. Cho nen co the noi rang, cong
ong an ninh ASEAN la cai ch cua chnh sach an ninh khu
vc, la bieu hien sinh ong cua chu ngha khu vc ASEAN.
8. Sau s sup o cua he thong lng cc, mot trat t the
gii mi ang hnh thanh. Mac du tnh hnh quoc te a can
202
ban thay oi, nhng do nam v tr a chnh tr quan trong,
NA trc sau van la vung tranh gianh anh hng kha quyet
liet gia cac cng quoc. S ln manh cua ASEAN a va
ang gay ra nhieu lo ngai cho nhng the lc nao muon kiem
che to chc nay vao quy ao cua chung. Tuy nhien, boi canh
quoc te mi a tao c hoi cho ASEAN phat trien ca ve quy
mo to chc va trnh o hp tac, lien ket toan khu vc. Ve
chnh tr, ASEAN a thu nap tat ca cac quoc gia con lai cua
NA, ay s hp tac chnh tr khu vc len tam cao mi. Ve
kinh te, ASEAN ang ay manh tien trnh lien ket cac nen
kinh te rieng biet vao trong mot th trng khu vc thong
nhat. Ve an ninh, ASEAN ang khang nh vai tro noi bat oc
ao cua mnh tai chau A Thai Bnh Dng, thong qua Dien
an ARF. No t lay mnh lam mot trung tam e hnh thanh
cuc dien can bang gia cac nc ln, ong thi ong vai tro
hoa hoan xung ot, can bang ieu hoa cac nc ln vi nhau.
No khien cho cuc dien chau A Thai Bnh Dng von lay
quan he gia cac nc ln lam chu ao a co nhng bien oi
quan trong, co li cho an ninh khu vc NA.
9. Cang trnh o cao cua s lien ket khu vc, ASEAN
cang phai oi mat vi nhng thach thc to ln. Thach thc
au tien co the noi en la van e he t tng va chu ngha
quoc gia - dan toc. Do ton tai o venh tat yeu gia quyen
li quoc gia va quyen li khu vc, chu ngha quoc gia - dan
toc kho vn ti s thong nhat ve t tng e xay dng
ASEAN thanh mot nha nc khu vc (regional state). Cang
kho hn khi thc lc cac quoc gia thanh vien chenh lech nhau
qua nhieu. Va cung con qua nhieu tranh chap hoac bat ong y
kien ve cac van e lanh tho, lanh hai, ton giao, sac toc.
203
Nhng tr ngai tren bnh dien he t tng la rat phc
tap, nhng du sao van cha phai la thach thc nghiem trong.
oi vi ASEAN, thach thc nghiem trong nhat co le nam
van e m rong to chc, thong nhat khu vc ca ve chnh tr va
kinh te theo mot mo hnh nao o. Du phat trien theo mo hnh
nao th s khac biet kha ln ve che o chnh tr gia cac nc
thanh vien, s oc oan, gia trng, tham nhung trong mot so
bo may nha nc, s phan cc giau ngheo gia cac thanh
vien cu va mi la nhng tr ngai can ban. Trien vong cua
AFTA nh la mot thc o s thanh cong cua chu ngha khu
vc ASEAN trong giai oan ti. V the, van la mot cau hoi
ln treo pha trc. Nhng du sao, ngi NA a co hn ba
mi nam xay dng to chc khu vc cua mnh. Nhng nguyen
tac ve tnh thong nhat trong a dang, tinh than bnh ang
nhat tr trong hp tac se luon la nen tang can ban e chu
ngha khu vc ASEAN tiep tuc phat trien.
10. oi vi Viet Nam, bai hoc ve viec x ly cac moi
quan he vi cac nc ln, nho, nhat la vi cac nc lang
gieng trong thi gian qua a qua ro rang. Va chung ta a biet
rut kinh nghiem. Trong qua trnh hoi nhap cua Viet Nam vao
khu vc va quoc te (trc tien la hoi nhap khu vc), chung ta
co nhieu c hoi va cung gap phai nhieu thach thc. Bi v ban
chat cua qua trnh lien ket khu vc NA luon bao gom hai
mat hp tac va au tranh. o la s thong nhat bien chng cua
phat trien. Cho nen theo chung toi, Viet Nam nen chang can
quan triet cac quan iem co tnh nguyen tac nh sau:
- Ve nhan thc tnh thong nhat khu vc: NA la mot
chnh the khu vc a ly lch s van hoa. ieu nay tng
chng rat t nhien nhng khong phai chung ta luc nao cung
204
nhan thc ay u. La mot nc thanh vien cua NA, so phan
lch s cua Viet Nam gan lien vi nhng thang tram cua lch
s khu vc. V tr a - chnh tr va ac iem cua nhng dan
toc lang gieng oi vi moi quoc gia la mot thach thc t
nhien. Ong cha ta a day ban anh em xa mua lang gieng
gan. Trong khi ta cha u lc e quan tam en mot so nc
xa, nhng vi cac nc lang gieng th phai luon coi trong.
V the, trong toan bo chnh sach oi ngoai cua Viet Nam cung
nh trong chnh sach chau A Thai Bnh Dng cua Viet Nam,
u tien th nhat gianh cho cac nc cung tieu khu vc NA,
cac nc ASEAN, v li ch hoa bnh on nh khu vc cung nh
v li ch phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam nh phat bieu cua
cu Th trng Bo Ngoai giao Tran Quang C - la hoan toan
ung an.
- Ve x ly cac moi quan he ben trong khu vc: trong qua
trnh phat trien cua ASEAN, mau thuan co the nay sinh va
c tch hp. Van e la khong e cho cac mau thuan tr nen
oi khang mac du phai co mau thuan s vat mi phat trien
c. Viet Nam can ong vai tro hat nhan oan ket noi bo
khu vc, bi v ay la gia tr truyen thong quy bau ma dan toc
ta co the ong gop cho nhan dan khu vc. Thong qua vai tro
nay Viet Nam khang nh v tr vng chac cua mnh trong to
chc; phat trien hn na cac moi quan he chnh tr, kinh te,
van hoa va ngoai giao nhan dan e tang cng s hieu biet
cua khu vc ve Viet Nam; chung ta can nam vng li ch toi
cao cua dan toc mnh trong khi van chu y va ton trong nhng
li ch chnh ang cua dan toc khac. o la cach x ly va ket
hp hai hoa gia li ch quoc gia dan toc va li ch toan khu
vc.
205
- Ve x ly cac moi quan he ben ngoai khu vc: quan he
vi ben ngoai khu vc ay la quan he vi cac nc ln va
cac to chc khu vc hoac to chc quoc te khac. Viet Nam la
mot nc nho. Trong quan he quoc te, phat bieu vi t cach la
mot to chc khu vc co li hn la vi t cach mot quoc gia
rieng le. V the, Viet Nam va moi thanh vien ASEAN can
phai tuan thu cac nguyen tac cua to chc, oan ket, nhat tr
cung chung lap trng trong cuoc au tranh chong chu ngha
e quoc v hoa bnh, on nh va phat trien khu vc, v dan
chu va tien bo xa hoi tren pham vi toan the gii. Trong khi
nhan thc c tnh thong nhat cua khu vc th chung ta cung
lu y ti tnh chat tng oi cua s thong nhat ay. V the
chung ta van phai neu cao tinh than oc lap, t chu m rong
quan he a phng, phan au v mot Viet Nam dan giau
nc manh, xa hoi cong bang, van minh, trong cong ong
ASEAN phon vinh va phat trien.

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