Summary Chapter 6-CHEM SPM by Naguib Zakaria

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrolyte Ion Present Anode Cathode Note

Molten Lead bromide (PbBr2)
PbBr2  Pb2+ + 2Br- Ion present : Pb2+
Ion Present :Pb2+ (CATion) Discharge : Pb2+ + 2e Pb
Br- (ANion) Observation : grey solid deposit
on electrode.
Product : Lead solid
Ion present : Br-
Discharge: 2Br-  Br2 + 2e
Observation : Pungent brown
gas is liberated
Product : Bromine gas
In molten only 2 ions are
present, so no problem to
determine which ions are goin to
be discharge on respective
electrode.

Diluted Sodium chloride (NaCl)
solution / aquoeus
Concentrated Sodium chloride
(NaCl) solution / aqueous
Concentrated / Diluted
Copper(II)sulphate aqueous (
using carbon / graphite /
platinum electrode)
Concentrated / Diluted
Copper(II)sulphate aqueous
( using copper electrode)
Easy to discharge (more electronegativity)
CATion
NaCl  Na+ + Cl- Ion present : Na+ , H+
H2O  H+ + OH- Discharge : 2H+ + 2e H2
Ion Present : Na+ , H+ (CATion) Observation : colourless gas is
Cl- , OH- (ANion) liberated at cathode
Product : Hydrogen gas
NaCl  Na+ + Cl- Ion present : Na+ , H+
H2O  H+ + OH- Discharge : 2H+ + 2e H2
Ion Present : Na+ , H+ (CATion) Observation : colourless gas is
Cl- , OH- (ANion) liberated at cathode
Product : Hydrogen gas
CuSO4  Cu2+ + SO42- Ion present : Cu2+ , H+
H2O  H+ + OH- Discharge : Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Ion Present : Cu2+ , H+ (CATion) Observation : Brown solid
SO42-, OH- (ANion) deposit on cathode
Product : Copper solid
CuSO4  Cu2+ + SO42- Ion present : Cu2+ , H+
H2O  H+ + OH- Discharge : Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Ion Present : Cu2+ , H+ (CATion) Observation : Brown solid
SO42-, OH- (ANion) deposit on cathode // Electrode
become thicker // mass of
electrode increase
Product : Copper solid
Easy to discharge
**K+, Na+, Ca2+ from cation, F-, SO42- andNO3- from anion : THESE ARE STABLE
IONS. THEY DO NOT DISCHARGE IN WHATEVER CONDITION. THEY HAVE A
Ion present : Cl- , OH-
Discharge: 4OH-2H2O + O2+4e
Observation : colourless gas is
liberated at cathode
Product : Oxygen gas
Ion present : Cl- , OH-
Discharge: 2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e
Observation : Pungent yellowish
gas is liberated at anode
Product : Chlorine gas
Ion present : SO42-, OH-
Discharge: 4OH-2H2O + O2+4e
Observation : colourless gas is
liberated at cathode
Product : Oxygen gas
Ion present : SO42-, OH-
Ionization : Cu  Cu2+ 2e
Observation : Electrode become
thinner // mass of electrode
decrease
Product : Cu2+ ion
KCl, CaCl2 will yeild same
product as NaCl in this case,
because K+, Na+ and Ca2+ will
not choose to bes discharge at
cathode. ( refer to E.C.S)
** Anode- solute will discharge
when solution is concentrated, if
diluted refer to ECS, the lowest
ion will choose to be discharge.
Either concentrated or diluted
Cu2+ is choose to discharge at
cathode ( refer to E.C.S)
** extra observation : Intensity
of blue colour decrease
Reason : concentration Cu2+ ion
decrease
Reactive electrode are used. So
at anode, discharge process
does not occur. Electrode will
dissolves in electrolyte to
produce ion.
** extra observation : Intensity
of blue colour remains
unchange

ANion

SO42-
Mg2+

NO3-
Pb2+

Cu2+
Ca2+

Zn2+
Fe2+
Sn2+

OH-
Na+

Al3+

Ag+

Br-
Cl-
H+
K+

STRONGER TENDENCY TO EXIST AS IONS THAN ATOMS OR MOLECULE.

F-

I-
 Summary Chapter 6-CHEM SPM by Naguib Zakaria

DIAGRAM ELECTROPLATING AND PURIFYING OF METAL

ELECTROLYSIS USING MOLTEN ELECTROLYTE

GAS CONFIRMATORY TEST

Gas Properties Chemical test

ELECTROLYSIS USING SOLUTION / AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE
1. Bring glowing wooden splinter
near to the mouth of test tube.
Oxygen Colourless gas
2. Glowing wooden splinter relight.
3. Oxygen gas is released.

1. Bring lighted splinter near to the

mouth of test tube
Hydrogen Colourless gas 2. Fire extinguish, produce ‘pop’
ELECTROLYSIS COPPER (ii) SULPHATE AS ELECTROLYTE (Carbon Electrode) sound.
3. Hydrogen gas is released.
1. Put a moist blue litmus paper in
the test tube.
Chlorine Pungent yellowish gas 2. Blue litmus change to red and
bleach out (white).
3. Chlorine gas is released.

1. Put a moist blue litmus paper in

the test tube.
Bromine Pungent brown gas
2. Blue litmus change to red.
3. Bromine gas is released.

Anode ( negative terminal)
Definition:
Anode is a terminal where substance
releases electrons and the oxidation
process takes place.
Zinc is more electropositive than copper.
(Zinc stated above than copper in
electrochemical series).
Zinc atom will released electrons to form
zinc ion.
2+
Zn  Zn + 2e
Zinc strip : becomes the negative
terminal.
Electron flow from zinc strip to copper
strip.
Observation at Anode:
Zinc strip become thinner. (because it
dissolves, refer to half equation above)
Summary Chapter 6-CHEM SPM by Naguib Zakaria
Energy change : Chemical energy  Electrical Energy
** the position of two metals is in Electrochemical series
determine the cell voltage.
** the further the distance between two metal in
Electrochamical series, he bigger the cell voltage will be.
Salt Bridge : contains inert ions or salt that does not
react with the electrolyte, example sodium chloride,
potassium chloride, potassium nitrate and dilute
sulphuric acid.
**Function:
To complete the circuit by allows the flow of ions.
To prevent the two electrolyte from mixing.
** Porous pot also functioned like a salt bridge. Porous
pot has fine pores to allow ions to flow through but
prevent the two electrolyte from mixing
Cathode ( positive terminal)
Definition:
Cathode is a terminal where the substance
accepts electrons and the reduction
process takes place
Electrons flow from zins strip to copper
strip through the external circuit.
Electrons are accepted by Cu2+ ions.
Cu2+ ions are discharged because its
position is lower than Zn2+ ion and H+ ion
in ECS.
Cu2+ + 2e  Cu
Copper strip : becomes the positive
terminal.
Observation at Anode:
Brown solid deposit on the copper strip.
Intensity of blue colour decrease (because
the concentration of Cu2+ is decreases.)