57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3

Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

16
3.4 Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces

For a static fluid, the shear stress is zero and the only stress
is the normal stress, i.e., pressure p. Recall that p is a
scalar, which when in contact with a solid surface exerts a
normal force towards the surface.

A
p
dA n p F






For a plane surface n = constant such that we can separately
consider the magnitude and line of action of F
p
.

A
p
pdA F F

Line of action is towards and normal to A through the
center of pressure (x
cp
, y
cp
).

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

17
p = constant
Unless otherwise stated, throughout the chapter assume p
atm

acts at liquid surface. Also, we will use gage pressure so
that p = 0 at the liquid surface.


Horizontal Surfaces


F

pA pdA F

Line of action is through centroid of A,
i.e., (x
cp
, y
cp
) = ( ) y , x

horizontal surface with area A
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

18
Inclined Surfaces

dF = pdA = y sin dA


A A
ydA sin pdA F


A y sin F

A p F

Magnitude of resultant hydrostatic force on plane surface is
product of pressure at centroid of area and area of surface.


A y

p
= pressure at centroid of A
and sin are constants

ydA
A
1
y

1
st
moment of area
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

19
Center of Pressure

Center of pressure is in general below centroid since
pressure increases with depth. Center of pressure is
determined by equating the moments of the resultant and
distributed forces about any arbitrary axis.


Determine y
cp
by taking moments about horizontal axis 0-0

Y
cp
F =

A
ydF

A
pdA y

A
dA ) sin y ( y
=

A
2
dA y sin

I
o
= 2
nd
moment of area about 0-0
= moment of inertia



transfer equation: I A y I
2
o
+

I = moment of inertia with respect to horizontal
centroidal axis



57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

20
) I A y ( sin A y sin y
) I A y ( sin ) A p ( y
) I A y ( sin F y
2
cp
2
cp
2
cp
+
+
+

I A y A y y
2
cp
+


A y
I
y y
cp
+

y
cp
is below centroid by A y / I

y
cp
y for large y

For p
o
0, y must be measured from an equivalent free
surface located p
o
/ above y.


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

21
Determine x
cp
by taking moment about y axis

x
cp
F =

A
xdF

A
xpdA

A
cp
dA ) sin y ( x ) A sin y ( x

A
cp
xydA A y x

= A y x I
xy
+ transfer equation

A y x I A y x
xy
cp
+

x
A y
I
x
xy
cp
+


For plane surfaces with symmetry about an axis normal to
0-0, 0 I
xy
and x
cp
= x.

I
xy
= product of inertia
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

22
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

23
3.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces





Horizontal Components (x and y components)

A
x
dA i

n p i

F F

x
A
x
pdA

y
A
y y
pdA j

F F dA j

n dA
y

= projection ndA
onto plane to
y-direction

Therefore, the horizontal components can be determined by
some methods developed for submerged plane surfaces.

The horizontal component of force acting on a curved
surface is equal to the force acting on a vertical projection
of that surface including both magnitude and line of action.
Free surface

A
dA n p F
p = h

h = distance below
free surface
dA
x
= projection of ndA onto
plane to x-direction
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

24
Vertical Components

A
z
dA k

n p k

F F
=

z
A
z
pdA p = h
h=distance
below free
surface

=


z
A
z
V hdA
= weight of
fluid above
surface A


The vertical component of force acting on a curved surface
is equal to the net weight of the column of fluid above the
curved surface with line of action through the centroid of
that fluid volume.


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

25
Example: Drum Gate





Pressure Diagram
p = h = R(1-cos)
k

cos i

sin n +
dA = l Rd

+

0
Rd ) k

cos i

sin )( cos 1 ( R F l
p n dA

+

0
2
x
d sin ) cos 1 ( R F i

F l
=
2
0
2
R 2 2 cos
4
1
cos R l l

= (R)(2Rl ) same force as that on projection of
p A area onto vertical plane

0
2
z
d cos ) cos 1 ( R F l
=

0
2
4
2 sin
2
sin R l
= V
2
R
2
R
2
2

,
_

l l
net weight of water above surface
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

26
3.6 Buoyancy

Archimedes Principle


F
B
= F
v2
F
v1


= fluid weight above Surface 2 (ABC)
fluid weight above Surface 1 (ADC)

= fluid weight equivalent to body volume V

F
B
= gV V = submerged volume

Line of action is through centroid of V = center of
buoyancy

Net Horizontal forces are zero since
F
BAD
= F
BCD


57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

27
V
Hydrometry

A hydrometer uses the buoyancy principle to determine
specific weights of liquids.











W = mg =
f
V = S
w
V

W =
w
V
o
= S
w
(V
o
V) = S
w
(V
o
ah)

f


V
o
/S = V
o
ah ah = V
o
V
o
/S
h =

,
_

S
1
1
a
V
o


h =
S
1 S
a
V
o

calibrate scale using fluids of known S

S =
h a V
V
0
o



57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

28
Example (apparent weight)

King Hero ordered a new crown to be made from pure
gold. When he received the crown he suspected that other
metals had been used in its construction. Archimedes
discovered that the crown required a force of 4.7# to
suspend it when immersed in water, and that it displaced
18.9 in
3
of water. He concluded that the crown was not
pure gold. Do you agree?








F
vert
= 0 = W
a
+ F
b
W = 0 W
a
= W F
b
= (
c
-
w
)V

or
c
=
V
V W
V
W
w a
w
a
+
+

g 1 . 492
1728 / 9 . 18
1728 / 9 . 18 4 . 62 7 . 4
c c

+



c
= 15.3 slugs/ft
3



steel
and since gold is heavier than steel the crown
can not be pure gold

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

29
3.7 Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies

Here well consider transverse stability. In actual
applications both transverse and longitudinal stability are
important.

Immersed Bodies

Static equilibrium requires:

0 M and 0 F
v


M = 0 requires that the centers of gravity and buoyancy
coincide, i.e., C = G and body is neutrally stable

If C is above G, then the body is stable (righting moment
when heeled)

If G is above C, then the body is unstable (heeling moment
when heeled)

57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

30
Floating Bodies

For a floating body the situation is slightly more
complicated since the center of buoyancy will generally
shift when the body is rotated depending upon the shape of
the body and the position in which it is floating.

Positive GM Negative GM

The center of buoyancy (centroid of the displaced volume)
shifts laterally to the right for the case shown because part
of the original buoyant volume AOB is transferred to a new
buoyant volume EOD.

The point of intersection of the lines of action of the
buoyant force before and after heel is called the metacenter
M and the distance GM is called the metacentric height. If
GM is positive, that is, if M is above G, then the ship is
stable; however, if GM is negative, the ship is unstable.






57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

31
Floating Bodies

= small heel angle
C C x = lateral displacement
of C
C = center of buoyancy
i.e., centroid of displaced
volume V

Solve for GM: find x using
basic definition for centroid of V;
then use trigonometry
Fig. 3.17

Basic definition of centroid of volume V

i i
V x V xd V x moment about centerplane

V x = moment V before heel moment of V
AOB

+ moment of V
EOD
= 0 due to symmetry of
original V about y axis
i.e., ship centerplane

DOE AOB
V xd V d ) x ( V x tan = y/x
dV = ydA = x tan dA

OB
2
OA
2
dA tan x dA tan x V x
57:020 Mechanics of Fluids and Transport Processes Chapter 3
Professor Fred Stern Typed by Stephanie Schrader Fall 1999

32

dA x tan V x
2

ship waterplane area

moment of inertia of ship waterplane
about z axis O-O; i.e., I
OO


I
OO
= moment of inertia of waterplane
area about centerplane axis

tan CM
V
I tan
x C C
I tan V x
OO
OO


CM = I
OO
/ V

GM = CM CG

GM = CG
V
I
OO




GM > 0 Stable

GM < 0 Unstable