Content

Sub Topic 1 Sub Topic 2 Sub Topic 3 Sub Topic 4

What is the Safety and Health at workplace?

The History Terminologies of major safety

Classification types of accident

THE UN-DESIRED
HOW DID PEOPLE GET IJURIES & ILLNESSES?

HAZARD

WORKER

WORK

Financial benefit Social benefit Injuries & illnesses*

Property damage Operation interference

FATAL

THE UN-SAFE
CAUSE OF ACCIDENTS HAZARD

Anything that can cause HARM!!!

SAFETY HAZARD
Physical Hazard

HEALTH HAZARD
Fire Hazard

Biological Hazard Radiation Hazard

Mechanical Hazard Chemical Hazard Thermal Hazard Machinery Hazard

THE UN-SAFE
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?

SOURCE OF HAZARD

1. Unsafe Act: activity, workers behavior etc

2. Unsafe Condition: workplace condition,

environment etc
- Physical condition/layout - Living form. - Substance

THE UN-SAFE
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?

SOURCE OF HAZARD

1. Activity; Unsafe Act Unsafe way of working A violation of accepted safe procedure
Unsafe act is include doing HEALTHY ACTIVITY AT THE WRONG PLACE!!!

THE UN-SAFE
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?

SOURCE OF HAZARD 2. Workplace condition/environment: Unsafe Condition

An unsafe physical condition or circumstances - Improper housekeeping - Insufficient light

THE UN-SAFE
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?

SOURCE OF HAZARD 2. Workplace condition / environment; unsafe condition

An unsafe physical condition or circumstances CHANGES AT WORKPLACE MAY CREATE HAZARDOUS CONDITION!!!

THE UN-SAFE
WHERE DOES SAFETY HAZARD COME FROM?

SOURCE OF HAZARD 2. Workplace condition / environment; unsafe condition

The existence of unsafe substances / energy
- Chemicals - Sharp edge (physically harmful) - Hot / hard / moving parts

THE UN-SAFE
IN MANY ACCIDENT CASES, BOTH CAUSES ARE INVOLVED
UNSAFE CONDITION UNSAFE ACT

The History

OSH before and during the industrial revolution Development in OSH management between the 1930s and1970;s

Early recognition of occupational diseases

In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the first known pamphlets on occupational diseases from gold miners. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, described in diseases of miners. In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as the father of occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis doctors should ask patients about their occupation .

Emergence of industrial accident - 1

Industrial accidents arose out of the factory system during the industrial revolution in Britain in 18th century(1700s).

Women and children worked as heavy labourers under unsafe and unhealthy workplaces.

Emergence of industrial safety legislation

In 1883, English Factory Acts was the first effective industrial safety law.

It provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes.

Insurance companies inspected work places and suggested prevention methods. Problem :
Safety became injury and insurance oriented

Emergence of safety management - 1

Role of Herbert W Heinrich (1930s) -Developed Domino Theory and promoted control of workers behavior. Problem : -Focused on worker behavior and not management -Caused people to think that safety is about policing worker

DOMINOS THEORY
Promoted control of workers behavior. Problem : -Focused on worker behavior and not management -Caused people to think that safety is about policing worker

Emergence of safety management - 2

Frank bird (1970) developed Loss Control Theory

Suggested that underlying causes of accidents are lack of management controls and poor management decisions.
Problem : - not so popular: blames management (responsibility and control)

Loss control theory

Lack of control Job factors unsafe acts and cond Accidents Injury and damages costs

Emergence of Safety Management - 3

In 80s Behavioral Based Safety (BBS) was introduced:

Based on Heinrichs findings

Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards and punishment Problem: -focuses on workers and not on hazard or management -reward and punishment system have flaws

Emergence of safety management system -1

Current development of occupational safety and health management system was driven by two parallel forces:

a) self-regulatory legislation in the united kingdom(1974) b) quality management movement

A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION - 1

Lord Robens, chairman of a royal safety commission report noted that: There was too many OSH legislation, Was fragmented Limited in coverage(specific hazards & workplace) Out of date and difficult to update Inflexible (prescriptive) People thought that safety was what government inspectors enforced

A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION -1

Lord Robens recommended - Self regulation Report resulted in the health and safety of workers at work act in the UK in 1974 Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in 1984 Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 bright sparkler accident in Sg Buloh.

A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION - 3

Features of Robens style legislation: -general duties of care by: -employer, employee, manufacturer, designer, supplier. -duty of employer to make the workplace safe Consultation with employees through safety committees Safety officers as advisor and coordinator Improvement and prohibition notices

A-SELF REGULATION LEGISLATION-4

Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for management system

ACCIDENT
Fixborough (1974) Bhopal (1984) Piper alpha (1988)

REGULATION/PROGRAME opal
CIMAH regulation responsible care/process safety risk assessment/management system

QUALITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT-1

There are similar issues in safety management as in quality management Example: -productivity -worker involvement -proactive approach -scientific approach -customer and human rights

QUALITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH TO OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT-2

Management system standards:

- ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful and ISO introduced in 1996. 14000 EMS was

-UK published BS 8800 and australia AS8401 OSH management system in19996 -international and auditable OHSAS 18001 OSH systems published in 1999 -ILO approved an OSH management system for adopt during 2000 manangement

governments to

SUMMARY

The industrial revolution cause of industrial accidents. Laws were enacted to compensate and protect workers in 1833 Safety management guideline began with Heinrich and followed by Frank Bird and others Lord Robens in 1972 recommended self-regulatory legislation. Adopted by Malaysia in 1994 Outcome of accidents in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in OSH management system today

SUMMARY

Health problems due to occupation has been known from ancient times Industrial accidents became rampant after the industrial revolution Accidents in the 70s & 80s resulted in OSHMS today

Terminologies of major safety

Terminologies of major safety

Acute. Health effects which show up a short length of time after exposure. Asbestosis. A disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of fine airborne fibers of asbestos. Biohazard. Biological hazard. Organisms or products of organisms that present a risk to humans, i.e., blood, body fluids.

Terminologies of major safety

Carpal tunnel. A passage in the wrist through which the median nerve and many tendons pass to the hand from the forearm. CSDS. Chemical Safety Data Sheet.

Terminologies of major safety

Confined Space - An enclosure that is difficult to get out of and limited or no ventilation. Examples are storage tanks, boilers, sewers and tank cars. Corrosive - A substance that causes visible destruction or permanent changes in human skin tissue at the site of contact. Danger - Relative exposure to hazard

Terminologies of major safety

Eczema. A skin disease or disorder. Dermatitis. Engineering Controls. Methods of controlling employee exposures by modifying the source or reducing the quantity of contaminants released into the workroom environment. Fume. Airborne particulate formed by the evaporation of solid materials, i.e., metal fume emitted during welding.

Terminologies of major safety

Hazard - something that could cause you or someone else an injury or illness. Hazardous material - Any substance or compound that has the capability of producing adverse effects on the health and safety of humans. Heat stress - Relative amount of thermal strain from the environment.

Terminologies of major safety

MSDS. Material Safety Data Sheet. NIOSH. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a federal agency. It conducts research on health and safety concerns and trains occupational health and safety professionals. NRC. Nuclear Regulatory Commission of the U.S. Department of Energy.

Terminologies of major safety

OSHA. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. PEL. Permissible Exposure Limit. An exposure limit that is published and enforced by OSHA as a legal standard. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Devices worn by the worker to protect against hazards in the environment (respirators, gloves, hearing protection).

Terminologies of major safety

Presbycusis - Hearing loss due to age. Pulmonary - Pertaining to the lungs. Reactivity. A chemical substance's susceptibility to undergoing a chemical reaction or change that may result in dangerous side effects. Risk - A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event

Terminologies of major safety

Routes of entry. The paths by which chemicals can enter the body. The three main routes are inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Silicosis. A disease of the lungs caused by the inhalation of silica dust. Short term exposure limit (STEL). ACGIH recommended exposure limit. Maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed for a short period of time (15 minutes) for only 4 times throughout the day with at least one hour between exposures.

Terminologies of major safety

Solder - A material used for joining metal surfaces together by filling a joint or covering a junction. Symptom - Any bit of evidence from a patient indicating illness; the subjective feelings of the patient. TLV - Threshold Limit Value. A time weighted average concentration under which most people can work consistently for 8 hours a day, day after day, with no harmful effects. Toxicant - A poison or poisonous agent.

Terminologies of major safety

Toxin - A poisonous substance that is derived from an organism. Turbidity - Cloudiness; disturbances of solids (sediments) in a solution, so that it is not clear. Vapors - The gaseous form of substances that are normally in the solid or liquid state (at room temperature and pressure).

Classification types of accident

According to OSHA, there are 6 classification types of accident. 1. Death 2. Days Away From Work 3. Restricted Work 4. Treatment beyond First Aid 5. Loss of Consciousness 6. Physician-Diagnosed Issue

Classification types of accident

1. Death In the case of an on-the-job fatality, a company has up to 8 hours, from the time of death, to report the incident to OSHA. This includes all at-work fatalities including those involving malice, equipment failure, accident or natural causes.

Classification types of accident

2. Days Away From Work When an employee suffers an injury that results in him being unable to work, it is recorded in the "Days Away From Work" category. This is marked by calendar days and written as soon as the employer is informed of the potential number of days missed. An employer is responsible for updating this count if he returns earlier or misses additional days. Also, only full days missed are counted, so if injured, the official count begins on the following day.

Classification types of accident

3. Restricted Work In the case of incidents where an employee is injured or becomes ill at work and a doctor places the employee on restricted work hours, the situation is noted as "Restricted Work" with a citation of the number of days that the doctor suggests. These cover events where an injury is less serious, or if the employee has a nonrestrictive disease.

Classification types of accident

4. Treatment Beyond First Aid When an employee becomes ill or is injured, seen by a doctor but not placed on restricted duty or removed from work, "Treatment Beyond First Aid" is the recorded category.

Classification types of accident

5. Loss of Consciousness A company is responsible for recording any and all incidents of lost consciousness that occur in the workplace. In cases where an employee is able to return to work immediately after the incident, or even after they are treated by a doctor, these cases are still recorded as a loss of consciousness event.

Classification types of accident

6. Physician-Diagnosed Issue OSHA requires that all physician-diagnosed issues be recorded immediately upon diagnosis. This includes long-term issues such as cancer, silicosis and byssinosis. Other long-term injuries such as broken or cracked bones, loss of hearing or eyesight are also recorded. This category covers all injuries that are not specifically listed above.