Bai Tap Chon Loc Hoa 10 Nang Cao

PGS.TS NGUYN XUN TRNG - TS.
TRN TRUNG NINH

BI TP CHN LC
HA HC 10
(Chng trnh chun v nng cao)
NH XUT BN !I HC "U#C GIA
THNH PH# H$ CH% &INH - '00(
3
LI NI U
Ha hc l mt khoa hc l thuyt v thc nghim. Ha hc i hi s
chnh !c c"a to!n hc #ng th$i v%i s linh ho&t t'ong t( )uy v c t(*ng t(+ng
,hong ,h-. sinh ng v s kh/o l/o t'ong c!c thao t!c th nghim.
0h-ng t1i gi%i thiu c2ng 3&n c 4uy5n 67i t8, chn lc Ha hc 9:;
ch(<ng t'=nh chu>n v n?ng cao. @!ch g#m c!c 3i t8, Ha hc chn lc t'ong
ch(<ng t'=nh Ha hc 9: c m* 'ng v n?ng cao. c th5 sA )Bng 5 ,h!t t'i5n
nCng lc t( )uy Ha hc cho hc sinh l%, 9: v ,hBc vB 1n t8, c!c k= thi t- ti. thi
tuy5n sinh &i hc. cao Dng v thi hc sinh gii. Euy5n s!ch (+c 3iFn so&n thGo
ch(<ng t'=nh m%i c"a 7 Hi!o )Bc v o t&o. @!ch (+c chia thnh I ch(<ng.
t(<ng Jng v%i tKng ch(<ng c"a s!ch gi!o khoa Ha hc 9:. LMi ch(<ng 3ao g#m
c!c ni )ung chnh sauN
OP Qm tRt l thuyt.
7P 7i t8, c h(%ng )Sn.
0P H(%ng )Sn giTi
UP 7i t8, t luyn
VP 7i t8, t'Rc nghim
WP Qh1ng tin 3X sung.
@!ch c th5 (+c sA )Bng lm ti liu tham khTo cho c!c thYy. c1 gi!o. cho c!c
Gm hc sinh mong c (+c mt nZn tTng v[ng chRc c!c kin thJc. t( )uy v k\
nCng m1n Ha hc l%, 9:.
L]c )2 ch-ng t1i ^ c nhiZu c_ gRng. nh(ng )o t'=nh v th$i gian 3iFn so&n
cn h&n ch nFn kh1ng t'!nh khi c!c sai st. 0h-ng t1i in ch?n thnh cTm <n
mi kin ng g, c"a c!c 3&n c. nh`t l c!c thYy. c1 gi!o v c!c Gm hc sinh
5 s!ch (+c hon chanh h<n t'ong lYn t!i 3Tn sau.
C)* +)* ,-.
b
c
C/012, 1
NGUY3N T4
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
I. T/72/ 8/92 2,:;<2 +=
9. d%, vN 7ao g#m c!c GlGct'on mang in tch ?m.
P ein tchN 4
G
f P9.g:h.9:
P9i
0 f 9P
P jh_i l(+ngN m
G
f i.9:ic.9:
P39
kg
h. H&t nh?nN 7ao g#m c!c ,'oton v c!c n<t'on
a. k'oton
P ein tchN 4
,
f l9.g:h.9:
P9i
0 f 9l
P jh_i l(+ngN m
,
f 9.gIhg.9:
PhI
kg 9u mv0n
3. o<t'on
P ein tchN 4
n
f :
P jh_i l(+ngN m
n
f 9.gIbp.9:
PhI
kg 9u
g
d%, v H&t nh?n
H#m c!c GlGct'on
mang in ?m
k'oton
mang in )(<ng
oguyFn tA
o<t'on
kh1ng mang in
jt lu8nN
- Ht nhn mang in dng, cn l v! mang in m
- "#ng $% roton & t#ng $% 'l'ctron trong ngu()n t*
- +h%i l,ng c-a 'l'ctron r.t nh! $o vi roton v ntron
II. ->2 +?*/ @7 AB C/B- /D+ 2/E2
9. ein tch h&t nh?n
oguyFn tA t'ung ha in. cho nFn ngoi c!c GlGct'on mang in ?m. nguyFn tA
cn c h&t nh?n mang in )(<ng. ein tch h&t nh?n l ql. s_ <n vr in tch h&t
nh?n l q.
/% n v0 in t1ch ht nhn (2) & $% roton & $% 'l'ctron
Qh )BN oguyFn tA c 9I GlGct'on th= in tch h&t nh?n l 9Il
h. @_ kh_i h&t nh?n
O f q l o
Qh )BN oguyFn tA c nat'i c 99 GlGct'on v 9h n<t'on th= s_ kh_i lN
O f 99 l 9h f h3 (/% 3h%i 3h4ng c5 n v0)
3. oguyFn t_ ha hc
P d t8, h+, c!c nguyFn tA c c2ng s_ in tch h&t nh?n.
P @_ hiu nguyFn tA mqnN q f k f G
P j hiu nguyFn tAN
A
Z
X Q'ong O l s_ kh_i nguyFn tA. q l s_ hiu nguyFn tA.
III. F2, @GH 2,:;<2 += C/B- +I:2, JK2/
9. e#ng vr
P d t8, h+, c!c nguyFn tA c c2ng s_ ,'oton nh(ng kh!c nhau s_ n<t'on mkh!c
nhau s_ kh_i On.
P Qh )BN oguyFn t_ cac3on c 3 #ng vrN
12 13 14
6 6 6
C, C, C
h. oguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh
I
Hi
A
l nguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a mt nguyFn t_. O
9
. O
h
... l nguyFn
tA kh_i c"a c!c #ng vr c s s_ nguyFn tA lYn l(+t l as. 3s...
Qa cN
+ +
1 2
a.A b.A ....
A
100
IL. SM */:;N2 OP2, *QR STS*+IU2 +IU2, 2,:;<2 +=. VJ-+R2 2,:;<2 +=.
P Q'ong nguyFn tA. c!c GlGct'on chuy5n ng '`t nhanh ung 4uanh h&t nh?n v
kh1ng thGo mt 4ut &o no.
P jhu vc ung 4uanh h&t nh?n m t&i !c su`t c m]t c"a GlGct'on l l%n nh`t
(+c gi l o3itan nguyFn tA.
P u3itan s c )&ng h=nh cYu. o3itan , c )&ng h=nh s_ p nXi. o3itan ). v c h=nh
,hJc t&,.
u3itan s
w
y
u3itan ,
y
u3itan ,
y
w
y
u3itan ,
w
w
y
L. LW8 @7 8/E2 TW8
9. d%,
P 0!c GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA (+c sR, , thnh l%, v ,h?n l%,.
P 0!c GlGct'on t'ong c2ng mt l%, c mJc nCng l(+ng gYn 3xng nhau.
P QhJ t v k hiu c!c l%,N
n 9 h 3 b c g I
QFn l%, j d L o u k E
h. kh?n l%,
P e(+c k hiu lN s. ,. ). v
P @_ ,h?n l%, t'ong mt l%, chnh 3xng s_ thJ t c"a l%,.
p
P @_ o3itan c t'ong c!c ,h?n l%, s. ,. ). v lYn l(+t l 9. 3. c v I
P LMi o3itan chJa t_i a h GlGct'on
LI. CX: /K2/ STS*+IU2 +IU2, 2,:;<2 +=
9. LJc nCng l(+ng
P Q'8t t mJc nCng l(+ngN 1A 'A '8 YA Y8 ZA Y[ Z8 \A Z[ \8 (A Z] \[ (8 Â ...
P @ ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA tu?n thGo c!c nguyFn l v 4uy tRcN oguyFn
l kauPli. nguyFn l v[ng 3Zn. 4uy tRc Hun.
h. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on
@ ,h?n 3_ c!c GlGct'on vo o3itan t'ong nguyFn tA tu?n thGo c!c 4uy tRc
v nguyFn lN
P 6gu()n l1 7auli8 Q'Fn mt o3itan c th5 c nhiZu nh`t hai GlGct'on v hai
GlGct'on ny chuy5n ng t 4uay kh!c chiZu nhau ung 4uanh t'Bc 'iFng c"a mMi
o3itan.
P 6gu()n l1 v9ng :;n8 * t'&ng th!i c< 3Tn. t'ong nguyFn tA c!c GlGct'on
chim lYn l(+t nh[ng o3itan c mJc nCng l(+ng tK th`, n cao.
P <u( t=c Hun8 Q'ong c2ng mt ,h?n l%,. c!c GlGct'on sy ,h?n 3_ t'Fn
o3itan sao cho s_ GlGct'on c th?n l t_i a v c!c GlGct'on ny ,hTi c chiZu t
4uay gi_ng nhau.
C>ch vi?t c.u hnh 'l'ctron trong ngu()n t*8
l z!c rnh s_ GlGct'on
l @R, , c!c GlGct'on vo ,h?n l%, thGo thJ t tCng )Yn mJc nCng l(+ng
l {it GlGct'on thGo thJ t c!c l%, v ,h?n l%,.
"h1 d@8 {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a WG mq f hgn
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
3)
g
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
g
bs
h
/= A? th'o mBc nCng l,ng C.u hnh 'l'ctron
i
B. BI TP C LI GII
1.1 {= sao tK nh[ng t(*ng Yu tiFn vZ nguyFn tA. c!ch ?y hc:: nCm c"a
UGmoc'it. mî n cu_i th ka z|z ng($i ta m%i ch-ng minh (+c nguyFn tA l c
th8t v c cù t&o ,hJc t&, } L1 tT th nghim t=m 'a GlGct'on.
1.' oguyFn tA kh_i c"a nGon l h:.9Ii. H^y tnh kh_i l(+ng c"a mt nguyFn tA
nGon thGo kg.
1.Y jt 4uT ,h?n tch cho th`y t'ong ,h?n tA kh 0u
h
c hI.3s 0 v Ih.Is u thGo
kh_i l(+ng. 7it nguyFn tA kh_i c"a 0 l 9h.:99. H^y !c rnh nguyFn tA kh_i c"a
oi.
1.Z 7it 'xng kh_i l(+ng mt nguyFn tA oi n]ng g`, 9c.pbh lYn v kh_i l(+ng c"a
nguyFn tA cac3on n]ng g`, 99.i:ci lYn kh_i l(+ng c"a nguyFn tA hi'o. Hi nu
chn
9
9h
kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA cac3on lm <n vr th= H. u c nguyFn tA kh_i l
3ao nhiFu }
1.\ LBc ch th nghim c"a ~<P)<P,ho l g=} Q'=nh 3y th nghim t=m 'a h&t
nh?n nguyFn tA c"a ~<P)<P,ho v c!c cng s c"a 1ng.
1.( H^y cho 3it s_ <n vr in tch h&t nh?n. s_ ,'oton. s_ n<t'on v s_ GlGct'on
c"a c!c nguyFn tA c k hiu sau ?y N
an
7 23 39 40 234
3 11 19 19 90
Li, Na, K, Ca, Th
3n
2 4 12 16 32 56
1 2 6 8 15 26
H, He, C, O, P, Fe.
1.^ 0!ch tnh s_ kh_i c"a h&t nh?n nh( th no } oi s_ kh_i 3xng nguyFn tA kh_i
th= c -ng kh1ng } t&i sao }
1._ oguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a 3&c 3xng 9:I.:h lYn nguyFn tA kh_i c"a hi'o.
oguyFn tA kh_i c"a hi'o 3xng 9.::Ii. Qnh nguyFn tA kh_i c"a 3&c.
1.` 0ho hai #ng vr hi'o v%i ta l s s_ nguyFn tA N
1
1
H mii.ipbsn.
2
1
H m:.:9gsn
v hai #ng vr c"a clo N
35
17
Cl mIc.c3sn.
37
17
Cl mhb.bIsn.
an Qnh nguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a mMi nguyFn t_.
9:
3n 0 th5 c 3ao nhiFu lo&i ,h?n tA H0l kh!c nhau (+c t&o nFn tK hai lo&i
#ng vr c"a hai nguyFn t_ .
cn Qnh ,h?n tA kh_i gYn -ng c"a mMi lo&i ,h?n tA ni t'Fn.
1.10 oguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a #ng 3xng g3.cbg. e#ng t#n t&i t'ong t nhiFn
)(%i hai )&ng #ng vr
63
29
C v
65
29
C. Qnh ta l s s_ nguyFn tA #ng
63
29
Ct#n t&i
t'ong t nhiFn.
1.11 0ho hai #ng vr
1
1
Hmk hiu l Hn.
2
1
Hmk hiu l Un.
an {it c!c c1ng thJc ,h?n tA hi'o c th5 c.
3n Qnh ,h?n tA kh_i c"a mMi lo&i ,h?n tA.
cn Lt lit kh hi'o giu <tG'i m
2
1
Hn * iZu kin tiFu chu>n n]ng :.9:g. Qnh
thnh ,hYn s kh_i l(+ng tKng #ng vr c"a hi'o.
1.1' 0 th5 m1 tT s chuy5n ng c"a GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA 3xng c!c 4ut &o
chuy5n ng (+c kh1ng } t&i sao }
1.1Y QhGo l thuyt hin &i. t'&ng th!i chuy5n ng c"a GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA
(+c m1 tT 3xng h=nh Tnh g= }
1.1Z Q'=nh 3y h=nh )&ng c"a c!c o3itan nguyFn tA s v , v nFu ' s rnh h(%ng
kh!c nhau c"a ch-ng t'ong kh1ng gian.
1.1\ 7it 'xng nguyFn t_ agon c 3a #ng vr kh!c nhau. Jng v%i s_ kh_i 3g. 3p v O.
khYn t'Cm c!c #ng vr t(<ng Jng lYn l(+t 3xng N :.3bs :.:gs v ii.gs.
Qnh s_ kh_i c"a #ng vr O c"a nguyFn t_ agon. 3it 'xng nguyFn tA kh_i t'ung
3=nh c"a agon 3xng 3i.ip.
1.1( oguyFn tA Lg c 3a #ng vr Jng v%i thnh ,hYn ,hYn t'Cm nh( sau N
e#ng vr
24
!"
25
!"
26
!"
s Ip.g 9:.9 99.3
an Qnh nguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a Lg.
3n HiT sA t'ong hMn h+, ni t'Fn c c: nguyFn tA
25
!". th= s_ nguyFn tA
t(<ng Jng c"a hai #ng vr cn l&i l 3ao nhiFu }
99
1.1^ H^y cho 3it tFn c"a c!c l%, GlGct'on Jng v%i c!c gi! t'r c"a n f 9. h. 3. b v
cho 3it c!c l%, lYn l(+t c 3ao nhiFu ,h?n l%, GlGct'on }
1.1_ H^y cho 3it s_ ,h?n l%,. s_ o3itan c t'ong l%, o v L.
1.1` {y h=nh )&ng c!c o3itan 9s. hs v c!c o3itan h,
. h,
y
. h,
w
.
1.'0 @ ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on t'ong ,h?n tA tu?n thGo nh[ng nguyFn l v 4uy tRc no }
H^y ,h!t 3i5u c!c nguyFn l v 4uy tRc . d`y th )B minh ha.
1.'1 Q&i sao t'ong s< # ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA cac3on m0 N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
h
n
,h?n l%, h, l&i 3i5u )in nh( sau N

1.'' H^y vit cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a c!c nguyFn t_ c q f h:. q f h9. q f hh.
q f hb. q f hi v cho nh8n /t cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a c!c nguyFn t_ kh!c nhau
nh( th no }
1.'Y H^y cho 3it s_ GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng c"a c!c nguyFn tA H. di. oa. j. 0a.
Lg. 0. @i. u.
1.'Z 0ù h=nh GlGct'on t'Fn c!c o3itan nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ j mq f 9in v
0a mq f h:n c ]c i5m g= }
1.'\ {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a W mq f in v 0l mq f 9In v cho 3it khi nguyFn tA c"a
ch-ng nh8n thFm 9 GlGct'on. l%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng khi c ]c i5m g= }
1.'( jhi s_ hiu nguyFn tA q tCng. t'8t t nCng l(+ng Ou tCng )Yn thGo chiZu tK
t'!i 4ua ,hTi v -ng t'8t t nh( )^y sau kh1ng }
9s hs h, 3s 3, 3) bs b, b) bv cs c, gs c) g, Is cv g)...
ou sai. h^y sAa l&i cho -ng.
1.'^ {it c?- h=nh GlGct'on nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ c q f 9c. q f 9I. q f
h:. q f h9. q f 39.
1.'_ oguyFn tA WG c q f hg. H^y vit cù h=nh Glct'on c"a WG.
ou nguyFn tA WG 3r m`t hai GlGct'on. m`t 3a GlGct'on th= c!c cù h=nh GlGct'on
t(<ng Jng sy nh( th no }
9h

1.'` khTn Jng h&t nh?n l 4u! t'=nh 3in Xi h&t nh?n nguyFn tA )o s ,h?n ' t
nhiFn. ho]c )o t(<ng t!c gi[a h&t nh?n v%i c!c h&t c< 3Tn. ho]c t(<ng t!c c"a c!c
h&t nh?n v%i nhau. Q'ong ,hTn Jng h&t nh?n $% 3h%i v in t1ch l c>c i l,ng
,c :Do ton. Q'Fn c< s* . h^y hon thnh c!c ,hTn Jng h&t nh?n )(%i ?yN
man HG oG } Lg
b
h
h3
9:
hg
9h
+ +
m3n HG } H H
b
h
9
9
9i
i
+ +
mcn n b } oG ku
9
:
hh
9:
hbh
ib
+ +
m)n n HG h } U
9
:
b
h
h
9
+ +
1.Y0 7it 'xng 4u! t'=nh hn rE tF nhi)n ,h!t & c!c tia ( )
+ h b
h
HG . ( ) G
:
9
v

mmt )&ng 3Jc & in tKn. H^y hon thnh c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng h&t nh?nN
9n ... k3
h:g
ph
h3p
ih
+
hn ... k3 Qh
h:p
ph
h3h
i:
+
93

C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
1.Y1 7xng c!ch no. ng($i ta c th5 t&o 'a nh[ng ch2m tia GlGct'on. 0ho 3it in
tch v kh_i l(+ng c"a GlGct'on. @o s!nh kh_i l(+ng c"a GlGct'on v%i kh_i l(+ng
c"a nguyFn tA nh nh`t t'ong t nhiFn l hi'o. tK c th5 '-t 'a nh8n /t g=}
1.Y' Qnh kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA t'ung 3=nh c"a nikGn. 3it 'xng t'ong t nhiFn. c!c
#ng vr c"a nikGn t#n t&i nh( sauN
e#ng vr
cp
hp
oi

g:
hp
oi

g9
hp
oi

gh
hp
oi

gb
hp
oi
Qhnh ,hYn s gI.Ig hg.9g 9.hc 3.gg 9.9g
1.YY Q'ong nguyFn tA. nh[ng GlGct'on no 4uyt rnh tnh ch`t ha hc c"a mt
nguyFn t_ ha hc}
1.YZ 0ho 3it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA mt s_ nguyFn t_ sauN
a. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
9
3. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
c
c.9s
h
hs
h
h,
h
). 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
g
bs
h
9. H^y cho 3it nh[ng nguyFn t_ no l kim lo&i. ,hi kim}
h. oguyFn t_ no t'ong c!c nguyFn t_ t'Fn thuc h s. , hay )}
3. oguyFn t_ no c th5 nh8n 9 GlGct'on t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc}
1.Y\ QXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA l hp. t'ong s_ h&t
kh1ng mang in chim `, a 3cs tXng s_ h&t. Qnh s_ h&t mMi lo&i v vit cù
h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA .
1.Y( 7it kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA c"a mt lo&i #ng vr c"a WG l p.ig. 9:
P h3
gam.
7it WG c s_ hiu nguyFn tA q f hg . Qnh s_ kh_i v s_ n<t'on c t'ong h&t nh?n
nguyFn tA c"a #ng vr t'Fn.
1.Y^ a. Ua vo ?u m 3it (+c 'xng t'ong nguyFn tA c!c GlGct'on (+c sR, ,
thGo tKng l%, }
3. VlGct'on * l%, no liFn kt v%i h&t nh?n ch]t chy nh`t} j/m nh`t }
1.Y_ { GlGct'on c"a mt nguyFn tA c h: GlGct'on . Hi
9b
a. oguyFn tA c 3ao nhiFu l%, GlGct'on }
3. d%, ngoi c2ng c 3ao nhiFu GlGct'on }
c. e l kim lo&i hay ,hi kim }
1.Y` 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA c ngh\a g=} 0ho th )B.
1.Z0 0!c nguyFn tA O. 7. 0. U. V c s_ ,'oton v s_ n<t'on lYn l(+t nh( sauN
ON hp ,'oton v 39 n<t'on.
7N 9p ,'oton v hh n<t'on.
0N hp ,'oton v 3b n<t'on.
UN hi ,'oton v 3: n<t'on.
VN hg ,'oton v 3: n<t'on.
Hi nh[ng nguyFn tA no l nh[ng #ng vr c"a c2ng mt nguyFn t_ v
nguyFn t_ l nguyFn t_ g=} oh[ng nguyFn tA no c c2ng s_ kh_i}
1.Z1 0ho 3it tFn. k hiu. s_ hiu nguyFn tA c"aN
an h nguyFn t_ c s_ GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng t_i a.
3n h nguyFn t_ c h GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng.
cn h nguyFn t_ c I GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng.
)n h nguyFn t_ c h GlGct'on c th?n * t'&ng th!i c< 3Tn.
Gn h nguyFn t_ h ) c ha t'r || v ha t'r ||| 3Zn.
1.Z' {it cù h=nh GlGt'on Yy " cho c!c nguyFn c l%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng lN
an hs
9
3n hs
h
h,
3
cn hs
h
h,
g
)n 3s
h
3,
3
n 3s
h
3,
c
Gn 3s
h
3,
g
1.ZY an{it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA nh1m mq f93n. e5 &t (+c cù h=nh
GlGct'on c"a kh him gYn nh`t t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon nguyFn tA nh1m nh($ng hay
nh8n 3ao nhiFu GlGct'on} oh1m th5 hin tnh ch`t kim lo&i hay ,hi kim}
3n {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA clo mq f9In. e5 &t (+c cù h=nh
GlGct'on c"a kh him gYn nh`t t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. nguyFn tA clo nh($ng hay
nh8n 3ao nhiFu GlGct'on} 0lo th5 hin tnh ch`t kim lo&i hay ,hi kim}
9c
1.ZZ 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA l(u hunh l 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
b
. HiN
an oguyFn tA l(u hunh c 3ao nhiFu GlGct'on }
3n @_ hiu nguyFn tA c"a l(u hunh l 3ao nhiFu}
cn d%, no c mJc nCng l(+ng cao nh`t}
)n 0 3ao nhiZu l%,. mMi l%, c 3ao nhiFu GlGct'on}
Gn d(u hunh l kim lo&i hay ,hi kim} {= sao}
1.Z\ 7it tXng s_ h&t ,. n. G t'ong mt nguyFn tA l 9cc. @_ h&t mang in nhiZu
h<n s_ h&t kh1ng mang in l 33 h&t. Qnh s_ kh_i c"a nguyFn tA.
c. BI TP TR5C NGHIb&
1.Z( 0ho nh[ng nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ sauN

9 h 3 b
oh[ng nguyFn tA no sau ?y l #ng vr c"a nhau }
O. 9 v h 7. h v 3
0. 9. h v 3 U. 0T 9. h. 3. b
1.Z^ NoguyFn tA no t'ong h=nh vy )(%i ?y c khT nCng nh8n 3 GlGct'on t'ong
c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc}

9 h 3 b
O. 9 v h 7.9 v 3
0. 3 v b U.9 v b
1.Z_ H=nh vy no sau ?y vi ,h&m nguyFn l kauli khi iZn GlGct'on vo Ou}
9g
a 3 c )
O. a 7. 3
0. a v 3 U.c v )
1.Z` 0ù h=nh c"a nguyFn tA sau 3i5u )in 3xng 1 l(+ng tA. Qh1ng tin no C/d2,
Oe2, khi ni vZ cù h=nh ^ cho}

9s
h
hs
h
h,
3
O.oguyFn tA c I GlGct'on
7.d%, ngoi c2ng c 3 GlGct'on
0.oguyFn tA c 3 GlGct'on c th?n
U.oguyFn tA c h l%, GlGct'on
1.\0 jhi ,h?n tch mt mSu 3'om lng. ng($i ta t=m (+c 3 gi! t'r kh_i l(+ng
,h?n tA h<n k/m nhau h <n vr. iZu chJng tN
O. 0 hin t(+ng #ng vr
7. 0 s t#n t&i c"a #ng ,h?n
0. 7'om c 3 #ng vr
U. 7'om c h #ng vr
1.\1
kh!t 3i5u no sau ?y khng -ng}
O. 0!c GlGct'on chuy5n ng ung 4uanh h&t nh?n thGo nh[ng h=nh t'n.
7. 0!c GlGct'on chuy5n ng ung 4uanh h&t nh?n kh1ng thGo 4ut &o !c
rnh no.
0. u3itan l khu vc ung 4uanh h&t nh?n m t&i !c su`t c m]t c"a
GlGct'on l l%n nh`t.
U. u3itan c"a c!c ,h?n l%, kh!c nhau c h=nh )&ng kh!c nhau.
9I

1.\'
0ho c!c nguyFn tA sau o mq f In. u mq f pn. @ mq f 9gn. 0l mq f 9In. Q'ong
s_ c!c nguyFn tA c h GlGct'on c th?n * t'&ng th!i c< 3Tn lN
O. o v @ 7. @ v 0l
0. u v @ U. o v 0l
1.\Y
|on O
hl
c cù h=nh GlGct'on ,h?n l%, ngoi c2ng l 3,
g
. QXng s_ GlGct'on
t'ong nguyFn tA O lN
O. 9p 7. 9i 0. h: U. h9
1.\Z
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a ion no sau ?y kh!c cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a kh him }
O. oa
l
7. 0u
hl
0. 0l
P
U. u
hP
1.\\
0!c nguyFn tA v ion N W
P
. oa
l
. oG c ]c i5m no chung }
O. 0 c2ng s_ GlGct'on 7. 0 c2ng s_ n<t'on
0. 02ng s_ kh_i U. 02ng in tch h&t nh?n
1.\(
Lt nguyFn tA c tXng cng I GlGct'on * c!c ,h?n l%, ,. @_ ,'oton c"a
nguyFn tA l N
O. 9: 7. 99 0. 9h U. 93
1.\^
oguyFn tA z c cù h=nh GlGct'on l N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
c
. |on m z c th5 t&o thnh
l N
O. z
l
7. z
hl
0. z
P
U. z
hP
1.\_ 7it 9 mol nguyFn tA sRt c kh_i l(+ng 3xng cgg. mt nguyFn tA sRt c hg
GlGct'on. @_ h&t GlGct'on c t'ong c.gg sRt l
O. 9c.gg.9:
hb
7. 9c.gg.9:
h9

0. 9c.gg.9:
hh
U. 9c.gg.9:
h3
1.\`
oguyFn tA no t'ong s_ c!c nguyFn tA sau ?y c h: ,'oton. h: GlGct'on. h:
n<t'on}
O.
39
19
j 7.
40
18
O' 0.
40
20
0a U.
37
17
0l
1.(0
Q'ong nguyFn tA cac3on. hai GlGct'on h, (+c ,h?n 3_ t'Fn h o3itan , kh!c
nhau v (+c 3i5u )in 3xng hai mi tFn c2ng chiZu. oguyFn l hay 4uy tRc (+c
!, )Bng * ?y l
9p
O. nguyFn l kauli 7. 4uy tRc Hun)
0. 4uy tRc jlGtko,ski U. cT O. 7 v 0
f. gP gN L HhNG ciN GII BI TP
9.bg. 0 9.bI. U 9.bp. U 9.bi. 7 9.c:. U
9.c9. O 9.ch. 0 9.c3. 0 9.cb. 7 9.cc. O
9.cg. U 9.cI. 0 9.cp. U 9.ci. 0 9.g:. 7
1.1 Hng dGn 8
Q'ong mt th$i k= )i. ng($i ta kh1ng c " c!c thit 3r khoa hc 5 ki5m
chJng t(*ng vZ nguyFn tA. @ ,h!t t'i5n c"a khoa hc v k\ thu8t cu_i th ka
z|z cho ,h/, ch t&o (+c thit 3r c ch?n kh1ng cao m, f :.::9mmHgn. c
mn hunh 4uang 5 4uan s!t ($ng i c"a c!c tia kh1ng nh=n th`y 3xng mRt
th($ng v ngu#n in c th hiu '`t cao m9c:::{n.
T/? 2,/->j 8/)+ j-2/ STS*+IU2 *QR TUj-k12 l1_`^m
QomP<n ^ cho ,hng in v%i th hiu 9c::: v1n 4ua hai in cc gRn vo
hai Yu c"a mt _ng th"y tinh kn ^ '-t gYn ht kh1ng kh. !, su`t :.::9mmHg.
th= th`y mn hunh 4uang lG s!ng. Ln
hunh 4uang ,h!t s!ng )o s u`t hin c"a
c!c tia kh1ng nh=n th`y (+c i tK cc ?m
sang cc )(<ng. tia ny (+c gi l tia ?m
cc. Qia ?m cc 3r h-t lch vZ ,ha cc
)(<ng khi ]t _ng th"y tinh t'ong mt in
t'($ng. Qh nghim ny chJng t nguyFn tA
c cù t&o ,hJc t&,. Lt t'ong nh[ng
thnh ,hYn cù t&o c"a nguyFn tA l c!c GlGct'on.
1.' Hng dGn8
Qa c m
oG
f 9.gg::c.9:
PhI
. h:.9Ii f 33.bip.9:
PhI
kg.
1.Y Hng dGn 8
9i
Hi nguyFn tA kh_i c"a oi l z. ta c N
m hz l 9h.:99n.hI.3s f 9h.:99
z f 9c.ii
1.Z Hng dGn8 QhGo Z 3i N
L
u
f 9c.pbh.L
H
L
0
f 99.i:ci.L
H

12
! . 9059 , 11
12
!
H C

{8y L
u
v L
H

tnh

thGo
0
9
.L
9h
l N
H
u
H
9c.pbh.L .9h
L 9c. igIh
99. i:ci.L

o
H
L 9c. igIh
L 9. ::Ii
9c.pbh 9c.pbh

1.\ Hng dGn8
@au th nghim t=m 'a GlGct'on Plo&i h&t mang in tch ?m. 3xng c!ch suy
lu8n ng($i ta 3it 'xng nguyFn tA c c!c ,hYn tA mang in )(<ng. 3*i v= nguyFn
tA t'ung ha in. Quy nhiFn c mt c?u hi ]t 'a l c!c ,hYn tA mang in )(<ng
,h?n 3_ nh( th no t'ong nguyFn tA} QomP<n v nh[ng ng($i "ng h 1ng cho
'xng c!c ,hYn tA mang in )(<ng ,h?n t!n Zu t'ong ton 3 th5 tch nguyFn tA.
Q'ong khi ~<P)<P,ho v c!c cng s mu_n ki5m t'a l&i giT thuyt c"a QomP
<n. H lm th nghim 5 t=m hi5u s ,h?n 3_ c!c in tch )(<ng t'ong nguyFn
tA.
T/? 2,/->j +Kj IR /D+ 2/E2 2,:;<2 += *QR R1-[1-8/U l1`11m
e5 ki5m t'a giT thuyt c"a
QomP<n. ~<P)<P,ho ^ )2ng tia
3Rn ,h! mt l! vng mng. ung
4uanh ]t mn hunh 4uang 5
h:
4uan s!t s chuy5n ng c"a c!c h&t . jt 4uT l hYu ht c!c h&t i thDng. mt
s_ t 3r lch h(%ng. mt s_ t h<n 3r 38t ng(+c t'* l&i. eiZu ny cho ,h/, kt lu8n
giT thuyt c"a QomP<n l sai. khYn mang in tch )(<ng t8, t'ung * h&t nh?n
c"a nguyFn tA. kch th(%c '`t nh 3/ so v%i kch th(%c nguyFn tA. oguyFn tA c
cù t&o 'Mng.
1.( Hng dGn8
@_ <n vr in tch h&t nh?n. s_ ,'oton. s_ n<t'on v s_ GlGct'on c"a c!c nguyFn tAN
Rm.
7
3
Li c s_ kh_i O f I
@_ , f s_ G f q f 3 o f b

23
11
Na c s_ kh_i O f h3
@_ , f s_ G f q f 99 o f 9h

39
19
K c s_ kh_i O f 3i
@_ , f s_ G f q f 9i o f h:

40
20
Ca c s_ kh_i O f b:
@_ , f s_ G f q f h: o f h:

234
90
Th c s_ kh_i O f h3b
@_ , f s_ G f q f i: o f 9bb
Jm.
2
1
H c s_ kh_i O f h
@_ , f s_ G f q f 9 o f 9

4
2
He c s_ kh_i O f b
@_ , f s_ G f q f h o f h

12
6
C c s_ kh_i O f 9h
@_ , f s_ G f q f g o f g

16
8
O c s_ kh_i O f 9g
@_ , f s_ G f q f p o f p
h9

56
26
Fe c s_ kh_i O f cg
@_ , f s_ G f q f hg o f3:

32
15
P c s_ kh_i O f 3h
@_ , f s_ G f q f 9c o f 9I
1.^ Hng dGn8 0!ch tnh s_ kh_i c"a h&t nh?n N
@_ kh_i h&t nh?n mk hiu On 3xng tXng s_ ,'oton m,n v s_ n<t'on mnn.
O f q l o
oi s_ kh_i 3xng nguyFn tA kh_i l sai. v= s_ kh_i l tXng s_ ,'oton v
not'on t'ong h&t nh?n. t'ong khi nguyFn tA kh_i l kh_i l(+ng t(<ng _i c"a
nguyFn tA. oguyFn tA kh_i cho 3it kh_i l(+ng c"a mt nguyFn tA n]ng g`, 3ao
nhiFu lYn <n vr kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA.
Uo kh_i l(+ng c"a mMi h&t ,'oton v n<t'on 9u. cho nFn t'ong c!c tnh
to!n kh1ng cYn chnh !c cao. coi s_ kh_i 3xng nguyFn tA kh_i.
1._ Hng dGn8 Qa c O
Og
f 9:I.:h.
2
H
A
m
H
h
O
f
h
H
L
f 9.::Ii
O
Og
f 9:I.:h . 9.::Ii f 9:I.pgc
1.` Hng dGn8
an oguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a hi'o v clo lN
A
H
f
1.99,984 2.0,016
1,00016
100
+
A
0l
f
35.75,53 37.24,47
100
+
f 3c.c
3n. 0 3_n lo&i ,h?n tA H0l kh!c nhau t&o nFn tK hai lo&i #ng vr c"a hai nguyFn
tA hi'o v clo.
01ng thJc ,h?n tA l N
35 37 35 37
17 17 17 17
H Cl, H Cl, # Cl, # Cl
cn kh?n tA kh_i lYn l(+tN 3g 3p 3I 3i
1.10 Hng dGn8
hh
Hi ta l s s_ nguyFn tA c"a #ng vr
63
29
C l . s #ng vr
65
29
C l 9:: P
Qa c
63$ 65%100 $&
100
+
f g3.cbg
g3 l gc:: P gc f g3cb.g
f Ih.I
{8y s s_ nguyFn tA c"a #ng vr
63
29
C l Ih.Is.
1.11 Hng dGn8
an 01ng thJc ,h?n tA N H
h
HU U
h
3n kh?n tA kh_i N h 3 b
cn e]t a l thnh ,hYn s c"a H v 9:: P a l thnh ,hYn s c"a U vZ kh_i l(+ng.
QhGo 3i 'a ta c N H
m9asn l hm9:: P asn
L
9::
f hh.b
:.9
h
s H f pps sU f 9hs
1.1' Hng dGn8
jh1ng th5 m1 tT (+c s chuy5n ng c"a GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA 3xng c!c
4ut &o chuy5n ng. 7*i v= t'ong nguyFn tA. c!c GlGct'on chuy5n ng '`t nhanh
ung 4uanh h&t nh?n kh1ng thGo mt 4ut &o !c rnh no. og($i ta cha ni n
khT nCng 4uan s!t GlGct'on t&i mt th$i i5m no t'ong kh1ng gian c"a nguyFn
tA.
1.1Y Hng dGn8
QhGo l thuyt hin &i t'&ng th!i chuy5n ng c"a GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA
(+c m1 tT 3xng h=nh Tnh (+c gi l o3itan nguyFn tA.
1.1Z Hng dGn8
H=nh )&ng c"a c!c o3itan nguyFn tA s v , N
l u3itan s N 0 )&ng h=nh cYu. t?m l h&t nh?n nguyFn tA. u3itan s kh1ng c
s rnh h(%ng t'ong kh1ng gian c"a nguyFn tA.
h3
l u3itan , N H#m 3a o3itan N ,
. ,
y
v ,
w
c )&ng h=nh s_ p nXi. LMi o3itan c
s rnh h(%ng kh!c nhau t'ong kh1ng gian. 0hDng h&n N u3itan ,
rnh h(%ng
thGo t'Bc . ,
y
rnh h(%ng thGo t'Bc y....
u3itan s
w
y
u3itan ,
y
u3itan ,
y
w
y
u3itan ,
w
w
y
1
1.1\ Hng dGn8
Hi s_ kh_i c"a #ng vr O c"a nguyFn t_ agon l z
Qa c + + A'
A
0,34 0,06 99,6
A 36 38 X 39,98
100 100 100
z
O
f b:
1.1( Hng dGn8
Qa c
an oguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh c"a Lg l
!"
78,6 10,1 11,3
A 24 25 26 24,33
100 100 100
+ +
3n HiT sA t'ong hMn h+, ni t'Fn c c: nguyFn tA
25
!". th= s_ nguyFn tA t(<ng
Jng c"a h #ng vr cn l&i lN
@_ nguyFn tA
24
!" f
c:
9:.9
Ip.g f 3pi mnguyFn tAn.
@_ nguyFn tA
26
!" f
c:
9:.9
99.3 f cg mnguyFn tAn.
1.1^ Hng dGn8
Qa c
hb
n N 9 h 3 b
QFn l%, N j d L o
d%, j c mt ,h?n l%, 9s
d%, d c hai ,h?n l%, hs. h,
d%, L c 3a ,h?n l%, 3s. 3,. 3)
d%, o c 3_n ,h?n l%, bs. b,. b). bv
1.1_ Hng dGn8
ln d%, o c N P b ,h?n l%, bs. b,. b). bv
P 9g o3itan N
'
1 (bi )a* 4+
3 (bi )a* 4,
5 (bi )a* 4-
7(bi )a* 4.
ln d%, L c N P 3 ,h?n l%, 3s. 3,. 3)
P i o3itan N
1 (bi )a* 3+
3 (bi )a* 3,
5 (bi )a* 3-
'
1.1` Hng dGn8

{y h=nh )&ng c!c o3itan 9s. hs v c!c o3itan h,
. h,
y
. h,
w

u3itan s
w
y
u3itan ,
y
u3itan ,
y
w
y
u3itan ,
w
w
y
1.'0 Hng dGn8
@ ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on t'ong nguyFn tA tu?n thGo nguyFn l kauPli. nguyFn l v[ng
3Zn v 4uy tRc Hun.
hc
P N,:;<2 Tn PR:-T- N Q'Fn mt o3itan cha c th5 c
nhiZu nh`t l h GlGct'on v h GlGct'on ny chuy5n ng t 4uay kh!c chiZu
nhau ung 4uanh t'Bc 'iFng c"a mMi GlGct'on.
Qh )B N oguyFn t_ HG c q f h
9s
h
P N,:;<2 Tn @o2, Jp2 N * t'&ng th!i c< 3Tn t'ong
nguyFn tA c!c GlGct'on chim lYn l(+t nh[ng o3itan c mJc nCng l(+ng tK th`,
n cao.
Qh )B N oguyFn tA 7 mq f cn N
9s
h
hs
h
h,
9
P ":; +q* H:2 N Q'ong c2ng 9 ,h?n l%, c!c GlGct'on sy ,h?n 3_ t'Fn c!c o3itan
sao cho c s_ GlGct'on c th?n l t_i a v c!c GlGct'on ny ,hTi c chiZu t 4uay
gi_ng nhau.
Qh )B N oguyFn tA 0 mq f gn
9s
h
hs
h
h,
h
1.'1 Hng dGn8
QhGo nguyFn tRc Hun cho nFn t'ong s< # ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA cac3on
m 0 N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
h
n ,h?n l%, h, (+c 3i5u )in N

1.'' Hng dGn8
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a c!c nguyFn t_ c N
P q f h: N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
P q f h9 N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
9
bs
h

P q f hh N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
h
bs
h

P q f hb N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
c
bs
9
P q f hi N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
9:
bs
9

6hHn AIt 8
hg

l 0ù h=nh q fh: kh!c v%i c!c cù h=nh cn l&i * chM kh1ng c ,h?n l%, 3).
l 0ù h=nh q fhb v q f hi c 9 GlGct'on * ,h?n l%, bs.
1.'Y Hng dGn8
@_ G * l%, ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA c!c nguyFn t_N
H N c 9G 0a N c hG u N c gG
di N c 9G LgN c hG
oaN c 9G 0 N c bG
j N c 9G @i N c bG
1.'Z Hng dGn8
j mqf 9in N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
9
0a mq f h:n N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
{8y s ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on t'Fn c!c o3itan nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ j v
0a c ]c i5m l c 9 hay h GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng. oh[ng GlGct'on ny c
liFn kt yu v%i h&t nh?n. )o t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc. j v 0a ) nh($ng
i 5 t'* thnh c!c ion )(<ng 3Zn v[ng.
1.'\ Hng dGn8
0ù h=nh G c"a W v 0l l N
W mq f in 9s
h
hs
h
h,
c
0l mq f 9In N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
c
c im N l%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng c IG. nh[ng GlGct'on ny liFn kt ch]t chy v%i h&t
nh?n. )o t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc. W v 0l c u h(%ng nh8n thFm 9 GlGct'on 5
&t cù h=nh 3ô ha. 3Zn v[ng nh( kh him Jng sau ch-ng.
1.'( Hng dGn8
Q'8t t thGo )^y ^ cho l sai. sAa l&i l N
9s hs h, 3s 3, bs 3) b, cs b) c, gs c) g, Is cv g) ...
@ai * vr t' c"a Ou 3) v Ou bs.
1.'^ Hng dGn8
hI
0ù h=nh G nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ c N
q f 9c N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
3
q f 9I N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
c
q f h: N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
q f h9 N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
9
bs
h

q f 39 N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
9:
bs
h
b,
9
1.'_ Hng dGn8
WG q f hg N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
g
bs
h

WG
hl

q f hg N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
g
WG
3l

q f hg N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
c

1.'` Hng dGn8
an
hg 9 h3 b
9h : 9: h
Jg n 6' H' + +
3n
9i 9 9g b
i 9 p h
+ + K H L H'
cn
hbh hh hg: 9
ib 9: 9:b :
b 7u 6' MnN n + +
)n
h I b 9
9 3 h :
h O Pi H' n + +
1.Y0 Hng dGn8
an
h3p h:g b :
ih ph h 9
p g M 7: H' '
+ +
3n
h3h h:p b :
i: ph h 9
g b "h 7: H' '
+ +
r. &sT S# THtNG TIN Bu SUNG
Nv2, T0w2, /D+ 2/E2 *x 2<2 O0w* A= [y2, z L->+ NRj{
1. N/o2, n C-|2 Q2, /P @->* kE; [M2, 2/7 j); O->2 /D+ 2/E2
QR du( tr mSt t%c S tCng trTng 3inh t? cao thB hai chu U, 3hoDng V,W
XYZ mSt nCm nh hin na(, th'o nghi)n cBu c-a t#ng c4ng t( in lFc [it
6am (\[6), tCng trTng ngu]n in hDi t trung :nh ^WZ mSt nCm_ JSt
hp
$% nc h>t triRn nh 7h> v Hn <u%c c5 t` trang in ht nhn trong
t#ng ngu]n nCng l,ng r.t cao (tr)n bcZ)_
C>c ngu]n in ch- (?u hin na( c-a nc ta l th-( in v nhit in_
"h-( in c5 u iRm tHn d@ng ti ngu()n nc, nhng ngu]n in li h@
thuSc nhi;u vo ngu]n nc_ [o nh9ng th>ng d, W hng nCm, ngu]n nc
cho th-( in giDm lm ngu]n cung c. in thi?u h@t dGn ?n hDi c=t in
lun hi)n, Dnh hTng 3h4ng nh! ?n $Dn Au.t v 3inh doanh_ 6hit in vi
c>c nhi)n liu nh than > (<uDng 6inh), 3h1 %t T e f0aX[gng "u ang
g5 hhn lm tCng mBc S 4 nhiim m4i trjng T [it 6am_
QR giDi Nu(?t nn thi?u in c5 nhi;u hng >n ,c lFa chan, trong 5
c5 in ht nhn_ "h'o \[6 ?n nCm kc^V nc ta $l c5 nh m>( in ht
nhn hu ti)n_
6h m>( in ht nhn $l cung c. mSt ngu]n in #n 0nh, 3h4ng lm tCng
3h1 thDi CL
k
nh vic %t c>c nhi)n liu h5a thch nh than >, dhu m!_
6gu]n in ht nhn $l hm tr, c>c nh m>( th-( in trong mna 3h4_
6h m>( in ht nhn cn l :iRu t,ng c-a mSt n;n 3hoa hac, c4ng
ngh ti)n ti?n_
C>c nc c5 n;n c4ng nghi in ht nhn h>t triRn nh 6ga, 7h>,
Hn <u%c ang gii thiu cho [it 6am c>c thi?t :0 in ht nhn c-a ha_ "u(
nhi)n, cho ?n na( cha c5 mSt $F lFa chan nh thhu ch1nh thBc no to h1a
[it 6am_
'. N/o2, n C-|2 8/.2 OB- @->* kE; [M2, 2/7 j); O->2 /D+ 2/E2
"hB nh.t l nCng l,ng ht nhn c5 S r-i ro cao_ ei hac v; v@ n# l
hDn Bng ht nhn T "r'cno:(l kc nCm trc, vi mSt $Bc tn h> tng ng
dcc NuD :om ngu()n t* m Jp nIm Au%ng thnh h% Hiro$ima, lm cho mSt 3hu
vFc :>n 31nh qc3m ?n na( hon ton 3h4ng ngji T v S nhiim A cao vGn cn
gi> tr0_
"hB hai l c4ng ngh in ht nhn hDi nhH vi gi> thnh r.t cao_ 6gu()n
liu hot Sng c-a nh m>( in ht nhn ng( cng hi?m v hDi nhH 3hu vi
hi
gi> thnh ng( cng cao, do 5 in ht nhn 3Im t1nh cnh tranh $o vi c>c
ngu]n nCng l,ng 3h>c_
"hB :a l v.n ; A* l1 r>c thDi ht nhn_ Q( l mSt v.n ; r.t hBc t, nga(
cD vi nh9ng Nu%c gia c5 n;n 3hoa hac v c4ng ngh ti)n ti?n tr)n th? gii_
"hB t l nhu chu nc lm m>t c-a nh m>( in ht nhn r.t ln_ "rong 3hi
c>c 0a iRm dF 0nh A( dFng nh m>( in ht nhn c-a nc ta li rt T
nh9ng vnng r.t hi?m nc_
"hB nCm l ngu]n nhn lFc R vHn hnh nh m>( in ht nhn i h!i mSt
Si ngg c5 t1nh 3s luHt v 3p thuHt r.t cao, l i;u 3h4ng thFc hin ,c mSt c>ch
di dng T nc ta trong giai on trc m=t_
Ch1nh v nh9ng l1 do tr)n cho n)n nhi;u nc h>t triRn tr)n th? gii nh
QBc, "h@( iRn, ttal( ___ ang c5 3? hoch loi :! c>c nh m>( in ht nhn vo
nCm kckc_
6h9ng l1 do voa ; cH tr)n ( i h!i $F cn nh=c 3u lvng c-a ch1nh
h- trc 3hi Nu(?t 0nh A( dFng nh m>( in ht nhn hu ti)n c-a [it 6am_
Y. C}2 JD2H JD2 +/SU ~:R2 O-Nj 27U{
3:
C/012, '
BNG TUN HVN CgC NGUY3N T# HA HC
L NH LUT TUN HVN
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
1. B.2, +:92 /U72 *)* 2,:;<2 +B /xR /*
an oguyFn tRc sR, ,N
P 0!c nguyFn t_ (+c sR, , thGo chiZu tCng )Yn c"a in tch h&t nh?n nguyFn
tA.
P 0!c nguyFn t_ c c2ng s_ l%, GlGct'on (+c , thnh mt hng.
P 0!c nguyFn t_ c s_ GlGct'on ha t'r t'ong nguyFn tA nh( nhau (+c , thnh
mt ct.
3n 0ù t&o c"a 3Tng tuYn hon
7Tng tuYn hon c!c nguyFn t_ ha hc l s th5 hin ni )ung c"a rnh lu8t tuYn
hon. Q'ong h<n 9:: nCm t#n t&i v ,h!t t'i5n. ^ c khoTng nhiZu ki5u 3Tng tuYn
hon kh!c nhau. U&ng (+c sA )Bng t'ong s!ch gi!o khoa ha hc ,hX th1ng hin
nay l 3Tng tuYn hon )&ng )i. c cù t&o nh( sauN
w 8 @_ thJ t c"a 1 3xng s_ hiu nguyFn tA v 3xng s_ <n vr in tch h&t nh?n.
3xng tXng s_ GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA..
Chu 3 8
0 I chu k=. s_ thJ t c"a chu k= 3xng s_ l%, GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA g#m N
l 0hu k= nh l c!c chu k= 9. h. 3 cha g#m c!c nguyFn t_ s v c!c nguyFn t_ ,. LMi
chu k= nh g#m p nguyFn t_. t'K chu k= 9 cha c hai nguyFn t_.
l 0hu k= l%n l c!c chu k= b. c. g .I g#m c!c nguyFn t_ s. ,. ) v v. 0hu k= b v chu
k= c mMi chu k= c 9p nguyFn t_. 0hu k= g c 3h nguyFn t_. QhGo 4uy lu8t. chu k= I
cng ,hTi c 3h nguyFn t_. tuy nhiFn chu k= I m%i ,h!t hin (+c hb nguyFn t_
ha hc. d )o l c!c nguyFn t_ c h&t nh?n cng n]ng cng k/m 3Zn. ch-ng c
6$i s_ng; '`t ngRn ng"i.
39
6h5mN 0 p nhm. s_ thJ t c"a nhm 3xng s_ GlGct'on ha t'r.
l ohm ON @_ thJ t c"a nhm 3xng s_ GlGct'on ha t'r. nhm O g#m c!c nguyFn t_ s
v ,. ohm O cn (+c gi l c!c nguyFn t_ thuc ,h?n nhm chnh.
l ohm 7N @_ thJ t c"a nhm 7 3xng s_ GlGct'on ha t'r. nhm 7 g#m c!c
nguyFn t_ ) v v. ohm 7 cn (+c gi l c!c nguyFn t_ thuc ,h?n nhm ,hB.
cn oh[ng tnh ch`t 3in Xi tuYn hon thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n
P 7!n knh nguyFn tAN
l Q'ong chu k=. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. 3!n knh nguyFn tA
giTm )Yn. v= s_ GlGct'on ngoi c2ng tCng )Yn t'ong khi s_ l%, GlGct'on kh1ng thay
Xi.
l Q'ong nhm O. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. 3!n knh nguyFn
tA tCng )Yn. )o s_ l%, GlGct'on tCng )Yn.
P oCng l(+ng ion ho!N
l Q'ong chu k=. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. nCng l(+ng ion ha
c"a nguyFn tA tCng )Yn. v= s_ GlGct'on ngoi c2ng tCng )Yn t'ong khi s_ l%,
GlGct'on kh1ng thay Xi.
l Q'ong nhm O. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. nCng l(+ng ion
ha c"a nguyFn tA giTm )Yn v= GlGct'on * a h&t nh?n h<n. liFn kt v%i h&t nh?n
yu h<n.
P e ?m inN e ?m in l mt kh!i nim mang tnh ch`t kinh nghim v thay
Xi thGo thang o v cha c ngh\a t(<ng _i. e ?m in ]c t'(ng cho khT nCng
h-t GlGct'on vZ ,ha m=nh c"a nguyFn tA t'ong ,h?n tA.
l Q'ong chu k=. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. ?m in c"a nguyFn tA
tCng )Yn.
l Q'ong nhm O. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. ?m in c"a nguyFn tA
giTm )Yn.
P Qnh kim lo&i P ,hi kimN
3h
l Q'ong chu k=. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. tnh kim lo&i giTm )Yn v
tnh ,hi kim tCng )Yn.
l Q'ong nhm O. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. tnh kim lo&i tCng )Yn v
tnh ,hi kim giTm )Yn.
Qnh ait P 3aw< c"a oit v hi'oitN
l Q'ong chu k=. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. tnh 3aw< giTm )Yn v tnh
ait tCng )Yn.
l Q'ong nhm O. thGo chiZu tCng c"a in tch h&t nh?n. tnh 3aw< tCng )Yn v
tnh ait )Yn giTm mt'K nhm {||n.
'. G2/ T:+ +:92 /U72
Qnh ch`t c"a c!c nguyFn t_ v <n ch`t cng nh( thnh ,hYn v tnh ch`t
c"a c!c h+, ch`t t&o nFn tK c!c nguyFn t_ 3in Xi tuYn hon thGo chiZu tCng
c"a in tch h&t nh?n nguyFn tA.
Y. 2,/R *QR OG2/ T:+ +:92 /U72
P 7it vr t' c"a mt nguyFn t_ t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. c th5 suy 'a cù t&o
nguyFn tA c"a nguyFn t_ v ng(+c l&i.

P 7it vr t' c"a mt nguyFn t_ t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. c th5 suy 'a tnh
ch`t ha hc c< 3Tn c"a n.
33
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon (
@_ thJ t c"a nguyFn tA
@_ thJ t c"a chu k=
@_ thJ t c"a nhm O
!"u t#o nguyn t$
@_ ,'oton v s_ GlGct'on.
@_ l%, GlGct'on
@_ GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon
ohm |O. ||O. |||O
ohm {O. {|O. {||O
ohm |{O
%nh ch"t c& bn
jim lo&i.
khi kim
0 th5 l ,hi kim m0. @in. c th5
l kim lo&i m@n. k3n
P @o s!nh tnh ch`t ha hc c"a mt nguyFn t_ v%i c!c nguyFn t_ l?n c8n.
3b
B. BI TP C LI GII
'.1 z!c rnh vr t' ms_ thJ t. chu k. nhm. ,h?n nhmn c!c nguyFn t_ sau ?y
t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. cho 3it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA c!c nguyFn t_
nh( sauN
9. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
h. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
c
bs
h
'.' |on L
3l
c cù h=nh GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng l 3s
h
3,
g
3)
c
.
9. z!c rnh vr t' ms_ thJ t. chu k. nhmn c"a L t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. 0ho
3it L l kim lo&i g=}
h. Q'ong iZu kin kh1ng c kh1ng kh. cho L ch!y t'ong kh 0l
h
thu
(+c mt ch`t O v nung hMn h+, 3t mL v @n (+c mt h+, ch`t 7. 7xng c!c
,hTn Jng ha hc. h^y nh8n 3it thnh ,hYn v ha t'r c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong O
v 7.
'.Y HiT sA nguyFn t_ L * 1 s_ 9i t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon ch(a (+c t=m 'a v 1 ny
vSn cn (+c 3 t'_ng. H^y ) o!n nh[ng ]c i5m sau vZ nguyFn t_ N
9. Qnh ch`t ]c t'(ng.
h. 01ng thJc oit. uit l oit ait hay oit 3aw<}
'.Z oguyFn tA c"a nguyFn t_ ~ c ,h?n mJc nCng l(+ng cao nh`t l bs
h
.
9. {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA ~
h. {r t' t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
3. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc Ty 'a khi choN
~ l H
h
u hi'oit l H
h
uit c"a ~ l H
h
u
Lu_i cac3onat c"a ~ l H0l
Hi'oit c"a ~ l oa
h
0u
3

'.\ Lt h+, ch`t c c1ng thJc l LO
. t'ong L chim bg.gIs vZ kh_i l(+ng.

L l kim lo&i. O l ,hi kim * chu k= 3. Q'ong h&t nh?n c"a L c n P , f b. t'ong
h&t nh?n c"a O c n f ,. QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong LO
l cp.
3c
9. z!c rnh tFn nguyFn t_. s_ kh_i c"a L. s_ thJ t O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
h. Hon thnh c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hcN
a. Lz
l u
h

:
t
L
h
u
3
l zu
h
3. Lz

l Hou
3

:
t
Lmou
3
n
3
l H
h
zu
b
l ou
h
l H
h
u
'.( L l kim lo&i thuc nhm ||O.Ha tan ht 9:.p gam hMn h+, g#m kim lo&i L
v mu_i cac3onat c"a n t'ong )ung )rch H0l. thu (+c b.bp lit hMn h+, kh O
mktcn. Qa kh_i c"a O so v%i kh hi'o l 99.c.
9. Q=m kim lo&i L
h. Qnh s th5 tch c!c kh t'ong O.
'.^ z. l hai kim lo&i c GlGct'on cu_i c2ng l 3,
9
v 3)
g
.
9. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon. h^y !c rnh tFn hai kim lo&i z. .
h. Ha tan ht p.3 gam hMn h+, z. vo )ung )rch H0l :.cL mvKa "n. ta th`y
kh_i l(+ng )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng tCng thFm I.p gam. Qnh kh_i l(+ng mMi kim
lo&i v th5 tch )ung )rch H0l ^ )2ng.
'._ Ha tan ht a gam oit kim lo&i L mthuc nhm ||On 3xng mt l(+ng vKa "
)ung )rch H
h
@u
b
9I.cs thu (+c )ung )rch mu_i c n#ng h:s.
z!c rnh c1ng thJc oit kim lo&i L.
'.` O. 7 l h kim lo&i nxm * h chu k liFn ti, thuc nhm ||O. 0ho b.b gam mt
hMn h+, g#m O v 7 t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch H0l 9L m)(n thu (+c 3.3g lit kh
mktcn.
9. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng v !c rnh tFn h kim lo&i.
h. Qnh th5 tch )ung )rch H0l ^ )2ng. 3it 'xng H0l )2ng )( hcs so v%i
l(+ng cYn thit.
'.10 0ho :.pc gam hai kim lo&i thuc hai chu k k ti, t'ong nhm |O vo c_c
chJa bi.9p gam H
h
u thu (+c )ung )rch O v kh 7. e5 t'ung ha )ung )rch O
cYn 3: ml )ung )rch H0l 9L.
a. z!c rnh hai kim lo&i
3. Qnh n#ng s c"a c!c ch`t t'ong )ung )rch O.
3g
'.11 oguyFn t_ ~ c ha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit g`, 3 lYn ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t
v%i hi'o.
a. H^y cho 3it ha t'r cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit.
3. Q'ong h+, ch`t c"a ~ v%i hi'o c ta l kh_i l(+ngN
9
9g

m
m
H
~
.
jh1ng )2ng 3Tng tuYn hon. cho 3it k hiu c"a nguyFn tA ~.
'.1' oguyFn t_ ~ * chu k= 3. nhm {O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. jh1ng sA )Bng
3Tng tuYn hon. h^y cho 3itN
a. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a ~.
3. Q'ong oit cao nh`t c"a ~ th= ~ chim b3.ggs kh_i l(+ng. Qnh s_ l(+ng
mMi lo&i h&t c"a nguyFn tA ~.
'.1Y O v 7 l hai nguyFn t_ * c2ng mt nhm v thuc hai chu k= liFn ti, t'ong
3Tng tuYn hon. QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong hai h&t nh?n nguyFn tA c"a O v 7 3xng 3h.
H^y vit cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a O . 7 v c"a c!c ion m O v 7 c th5 t&o thnh.
'.1Z Hai nguyFn t_ O v 7 * hai nhm O liFn ti, t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. 7 thuc
nhm {O. * t'&ng th!i <n ch`t O. 7 kh1ng ,hTn Jng v%i nhau. QXng s_ ,'oton
t'ong h&t nh?n nguyFn tA c"a O v 7 l h3.
9. {it cù h=nh GlGct'on nguyFn tA c"a O. 7.
h. QK c!c <n ch`t O. 7 v c!c ha ch`t cYn thit. h^y vit c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha
hc mghi ' iZu kinn iZu ch hai ait t'ong O v 7 c s_ oi ha cao nh`t.
'.1\ 0ho 3it tXng s_ GlGct'on t'ong anion
h
3
O7 l bh. Q'ong c!c h&t nh?n O v
7 Zu c s_ ,'oton 3xng s_ n<t'on.
9. Q=m s_ kh_i c"a O v 7
h. 0ho 3it vr t' c"a O. 7 t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
'.1( QXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA mt nguyFn t_ ~ nhm
{||O l hp.
9. Qnh s_ kh_i.
3I
h. {it k hiu nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ .
'.1^ Lt h+, ch`t ion (+c cù t&o tK L
l
v z
hP
. Q'ong ,h?n tA L
h
z c tXng s_
h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on l 9b: h&t. Q'ong s_ h&t mang in nhiZu h<n s_ h&t
kh1ng mang in l bb h&t. @_ kh_i c"a ion L
l
l%n h<n s_ kh_i c"a ion z
hP
l h3.
QXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on t'ong ion L
l
nhiZu h<n t'ong ion z
hP
l 39.
9. {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a L v z.
h. z!c rnh vr t' c"a L v c"a z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
'.1_ jhi 3it (+c s_ thJ t q c"a mt nguyFn t_ t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. ta c th5
3it (+c c!c th1ng tin sau ?y kh1ng. giTi thch ngRn gnN
9. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on b. Qnh ch`t c< 3Tn
h. @_ kh_i c. Ha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit
3. j hiu nguyFn tA g. Ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t v%i hi'o
'.1` jhi 3it cù h=nh l%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA mt nguyFn t_ nhm
O. ta c th5 3it (+c c!c th1ng tin sau ?y kh1ng}
9. Qnh ch`t ha hc c< 3Tn h. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on
3. {r t' nguyFn t_ t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon b. 01ng thJc oit cao nh`t
c. j hiu nguyFn tA g. 01ng thJc h+, ch`t v%i hi'o
HiTi thch ngRn gn c!c c?u t'T l$i.
'.'0 Lt s_ ]c i5m c"a c!c nguyFn t_ kim lo&i kiZm (+c t'=nh 3y * 3Tng sauN
oguyFn t_ di oa j ~3 0s
0ù h=nh GlGct'on HGhs
9
oG3s
9
O'bs
9
j'cs
9
zGgs
9
7!n knh nguyFn tA mnmn :.9cc :.9pi :.h3g :.hbp :.hgp
oCng l(+ng ion ha. kmol
|
9
ch: big b9i b:3 3Ig
|
h
Ihic bcgc 3:gi hgbb hhcp
9. HiTi thch s 3in Xi nCng l(+ng ion ha thJ nh`t} Q&i sao nCng l(+ng ion ha
thJ hai l%n h<n '`t nhiZu so v%i nCng l(+ng ion ha thJ nh`t}
3p
h. Q&i sao t'ong c!c h+, ch`t. s_ oi ha c"a c!c kim lo&i kiZm lu1n l l9. ch-ng
c th5 t&o 'a s_ oi ha cao h<n hay kh1ng }
'.'1 QXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on t'ong hai nguyFn tA kim lo&i O v 7 l
9bh. t'ong tXng s_ h&t mang in nhiZu h<n s_ h&t kh1ng mang in l bh. @_
h&t mang in c"a nguyFn tA 7 nhiZu h<n c"a nguyFn tA O l 9h.
a. z!c rnh h kim lo&i O v 7. 0ho 3it s_ hiu nguyFn tA c"a mt s_ nguyFn
t_N oa mq f 99n. Lg mqf 9hn. Ol mq f93n. j mq f 9in. 0a mq f h:n. WG mq f hgn.
0u mq f hin. qn mq f 3:n.
3. {it ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng iZu ch O tK mu_i cac3onat c"a O v iZu ch 7
tK mt oit c"a 7.
("r1ch Q; thi QH X CQ 3h%i e, nCm kccq)
'.'' 0ho 9: gam kim lo&i L mthuc nhm ||On t!c )Bng v%i n(%c. thu (+c g.99
lit kh hi'o mo * hc
o
0 v 9 atmn.
a. H^y !c rnh tFn c"a kim lo&i L ^ )2ng.
3. 0ho b gam kim lo&i L vo c_c ng h.clit )ung )rch H0l :.:gL thu (+c )ung
)rch 7.
Qnh n#ng moll c!c ch`t t'ong c_c sau ,hTn Jng. 0oi th5 tch )ung )rch t'ong
c_c vSn l h.c l.
'.'Y Lt h+, ch`t c c1ng thJc z
h
t'ong z chim c:s vZ kh_i l(+ng. Q'ong
h&t nh?n c"a z v Zu c s_ ,'oton 3xng s_ n<t'on. QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong ,h?n
tA z
h
l 3h.
a. {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a z v .
3. z!c rnh vr t' c"a z v t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
'.'Z 0ho 3it cù h=nh GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA c!c nguyFn t_
mthuc chu k 3n O. L. z lYn l(+t l ns
9
. ns
h
n,
9
. ns
h
n,
c
.
9. z!c rnh vr t' c"a O. L. z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon v cho 3it tFn c"a ch-ng.
h. Hon thnh c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc thGo s< # sauN
- OmuHn
m
l Lz
y

O
9

l ...
3i
- O
9

l OmuHn
m

O
h
mtann

l ...
- O
h
l Hz l H
h
u
O
9

l ...
- O
9

l Hz
O
3
mtann

l ...
Q'ong L. O. z l c!c nguyFn t_ t=m th`y * c?u 9.
'.'\ 0 c.cg gam hMn h+, O g#m WG v kim lo&i L mha t'r nn. 0hia O lm hai
,hYn 3xng nhauN
khYn 9N Ha tan ht t'ong )ung )rch H0l (+c 9.cgp lit kh H
h
.
khYn hN Ha tan ht t'ong )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
]c nng thu (+c h.:9g lit kh @u
h
.
{it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng v !c rnh tFn kim lo&i L. 0!c kh o * ktc.
'.'( ~ l kim lo&i ha t'r ||. eGm ha tan h gam oit c"a kim lo&i ny vo bp gam
)ung )rch H
h
@u
b
g.9hcs lo^ng thu (+c )ung )rch O t'ong n#ng H
h
@u
b
cha
cn :.ips.
9. {it ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc v !c rnh ~. 7it ~@u
b
l mu_i tan.
h. Qnh th5 tch )ung )rch oauH ps m) f9.:c gmln cYn cho vo O 5 thu (+c
l(+ng kt t"a l%n nh`t.
'.'^ L l kim lo&i ha t'r ||. Ha tan m gam L vo h:: gam )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
lo^ng. vKa " th= thu (+c )ung )rch O v :.gIh lit kh m* cb.g
:
0 v h atmn. 0hia
O thnh h ,hYn 3xng nhauN
khYn 9N cho t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch oauH )(. lc kt t"a Gm nung n kh_i
l(+ng kh1ng Xi thu (+c 9 gam ch`t 'Rn.
z!c rnh kim lo&i L v tnh n#ng s )ung )rch ait ^ )2ng.
khYn hN lm 3ay h<i n(%c thu (+c g.9c gam mu_i ng8m n(%c )&ng L@u
b
.nH
h
u.
z!c rnh c1ng thJc mu_i ng8m n(%c.
'.'_ Ha tan 9g.h gam kim lo&i L mnhm |||On vo c lit )ung )rch Hou
3
:.cL
m) f 9.hc gmln. @au khi kt th-c ,hTn Jng thu (+c c.g lit hMn h+, kh ou v o
h
mktcn. Qa kh_i c"a hMn h+, kh ny so v%i hi'o l 9b.b.
9. z!c rnh kim lo&i ~.
b:
h. Qnh n#ng s c"a )ung )rch Hou
3
t'ong )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng.
'.'` 0ù t&o c!c l%, GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA c!c nguyFn t_ O. 7. 0. U. V nh( sauN
ON hh 7N hpph 0N hI UN hpI VN h
9. z!c rnh vr t' c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
h. oguyFn t_ no c tnh kim lo&i m&nh nh`t} khi kim m&nh nh`t} oguyFn t_
no k/m ho&t ng nh`t} HiTi thch}
'.Y0 Ha tan ht bg gam hMn h+, g#m 7a v hai kim lo&i kiZm O. 7 thuc hai chu
k= k ti, vo n(%c. thu (+c )ung )rch U v 99.h lit kh o * ktc.
ou thFm :.9p mol oa
h
@u
b
vo )ung )rch U th= )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng vSn ch(a
kt t"a ht 3a'i. ou thFm :.h9 mol oa
h
@u
b
vo )ung )rch U th= )ung )rch sau
,hTn Jng cn )( oa
h
@u
b
.
z!c rnh tFn hai kim lo&i kiZm.
0hoN 7a f 93I. di fI. oa f h3. j f3i. ~3 f pc. 0s f 933.
C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
'.Y1 Hai nguyFn t_ O. 7 Jng k ti, nhau t'ong c2ng mt chu k= t'ong 3Tng
tuYn hon. c tXng in tch h&t nh?n l hc.
9. z!c rnh vr t' c"a O. 7 t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
h. @o s!nh tnh ch`t ha hc c"a O v 7 tnh 3aw< c"a oit t&o thnh tK O v 7.
'.Y' H^y giTi thch t&i saoN
9. Q'ong mt chu k=. ?m in tCng )Yn thGo chiZu tK t'!i sang ,hTi cn t'ong
mt nhm. ?m in giTm )Yn thGo chiZu tK t'Fn u_ng )(%i.
h. Q'ong mt chu k=. nCng l(+ng ion ha tCng )Yn thGo chiZu tK t'!i sang ,hTi cn
t'ong mt nhm. nCng l(+ng ion ha giTm )Yn thGo chiZu tK t'Fn u_ng )(%i.
3. Q'ong mt chu k=. tnh ,hi kim tCng )Yn. tnh kim lo&i giTm )Yn thGo chiZu tCng
c"a in tch h&t nh?n.
'.YY 0ho 3it 3!n knh nguyFn tA c!c nguyFn t_ sau mtnh thGo . 9 f 9:
P9:
mn.
oguyFn t_ oa Lg Ol @i k @ 0l
b9
' mn 9.pg 9.g: 9.b3 9.9I 9.9: 9.:b :.ii
oguyFn t_ di oa j ~3 0s
' mn 9.ch 9.pg h.39 h.bb h.gh
oh8n /t s thay Xi 3!n knh c"a c!c nguyFn tA t'Fn c tu?n thGo 4uy lu8t no hay
kh1ng} ou c. h^y giTi thch t&i sao}
'.YZ z l nguyFn t_ thuc chu k= 3. z t&o v%i hi'o mt h+, ch`t kh c c1ng thJc
H
h
z. t'ong z c s_ oi ha th`, nh`t.
9. z!c rnh vr t' c"a z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
h. {it ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng khi lYn l(+t cho H
h
z t!c )Bng v%i n(%c 0l
h
. )ung
)rch WG0l
3
. )ung )rch 0u@u
b
.
'.Y\ ~ l mt nguyFn t_ ,hi kim. QXng &i s_ s_ oi ha )(<ng cao nh`t v%i h lYn s_
oi ha ?m th`, nh`t c"a ~ l lh. QXng s_ ,'oton v n<t'on c"a ~ nh h<n 3b.
9. z!c rnh ~
h. z l h+, ch`t kh c"a ~ v%i hi'o. l oit c"a ~ c chJa c:s oi vZ kh_i
l(+ng. z!c rnh c1ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a z v .
'.Y( Lt )ung )rch n(%c c chJa 3c gam mt hMn h+, mu_i cac3onat c"a hai kim
lo&i kiZm thuc hai chu k= liFn ti,. QhFm tK tK v khu`y Zu )ung )rch H0l :.cL
vo )ung )rch t'Fn. jhi ,hTn Jng ong. thu (+c h.hb lit kh 0u
h
* ktc v mt
)ung )rch O. QhFm mt l(+ng n(%c v1i t'ong )( vo )ung )rch O. thu (+c h:
gam kt t"a.
9. z!c rnh c!c kim lo&i kiZm.
h. Qnh kh_i l(+ng c"a mMi mu_i t'ong hMn h+, Yu.
'.Y^ O v 7 l hai kim lo&i thuc nhm ||O. Ha tan hon ton 9c.:c gam hMn
h+, z g#m hai mu_i clo'ua c"a O v 7 vo n(%c thu (+c 9:: gam )ung )rch .
e5 kt t"a ht ion 0l
P
c t'ong b: gam )ung )rch 3xng )ung )rch Ogou
3
th= thu
(+c 9I.hh gam kt t"a. H^y !c rnh c!c kim lo&i O v 7. 3it ta s_ kh_i l(+ng
nguyFn tA c"a ch-ng l 3Nc.
bh
'.Y_ HMn h+, O g#m hai mu_i cac3onat c"a hai kim lo&i k ti, nhau t'ong nhm
||O. Ha tan hon ton 3.g gam hMn h+, O t'ong )ung )rch H0l thu (+c kh 7.
cho ton 3 l(+ng kh 7 h`, thB ht 3*i 3 lit )ung )rch 0amuHn
h
:.:9cL. thu (+c
b gam kt t"a.
z!c rnh hai mu_i cac3onat v tnh kh_i l(+ng c"a mMi mu_i t'ong hMn h+, O.
'.Y` e5 khA hon ton p gam oit c"a mt kim lo&i thnh kim lo&i cYn )2ng 3.3g
lit H
h
. Ha tan ht l(+ng kim lo&i thu (+c vo )ung )rch H0l lo^ng th`y tho!t 'a
h.hb lit kh H
h
.
z!c rnh c1ng thJc c"a oit. 7it c!c kh o * ktc.
'.Z0 7Tng )(%i ?y cho 3it 3!n knh nguyFn tA. nCng l(+ng ion ha c"a c!c
nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ chu k 3
oguyFn t_ oa Lg Ol @i k @ 0l
' mnmn :.9pg :.9g: :.9b3 :.99I :.99: :.9:b :.:ii
|
9
mkmoln biI I3p cIp Ipg 9:9h 9::: 9hc9
9. Ua vo c!c )[ kin t'Fn h^y cho nh8n /t vZ s 3in Xi 3!n knh v s 3in
Xi nCng l(+ng ion ha |
9
c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong chu k.
h. 0ho 3it s 3in Xi tnh ch`t ait P 3aw< t'ong )^y oit v hi'oit )(%i ?yN
oa
h
u P Lgu P Ol
h
u
3
P @iu
h
P k
h
u
c
P @u
3
P 0l
h
u
I
oauH P LgmuHn
h
P OlmuHn
3
P H
h
@iu
3
P H
3
ku
b
P H
h
@u
b
P H0lu
b
.
'.Z1
U^y nguyFn tA no sau 8y (+c , thGo chiZu 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng }
O. |. 7'. 0l. k 7. 0. o. u. W
0. oa. Lg. Ol. @i U. u. @. @G. QG.
'.Z'
Qnh ch`t kim lo&i c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong )^y Lg 0a @' P 7a 3in Xi
thGo chiZu N
O. QCng 7. giTm
0. jh1ng thay Xi U. {Ka giTm vKa tCng
b3
'.ZY
Qnh ch`t ,hi kim c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong )^y oP kPOsP@3P7i 3in Xi thGo
chiZu N
O. QCng 7. giTm
0. jh1ng thay Xi U. {Ka giTm vKa tCng.
'.ZZ
Qnh ch`t 3aw< c"a hi'oit c"a nhm |O thGo chiZu tCng c"a s_ thJ t lN
O. QCng 7. giTm
0. jh1ng thay Xi U. {Ka giTm vKa tCng.
'.Z\ 0ho c!c h=nh vy sau. mMi h=nh cYu l 9 t'ong c!c nguyFn tA oa. Lg. Ol. j.
a 3 c )
a. 3. c. ) t(<ng Jng thGo thJ t sy lN
O. oa. Lg. Ol. j 7. j. oa. Lg. Ol
0. Ol. Lg. oa. j U. j. Ol. Lg. oa
'.Z( 0ho c!c nguyFn tA a. 3. c. ) thuc nhm |O c 3!n knh t'ung 3=nh nh( h=nh
vy )(%i ?yN
a 3 c )
oCng l(+ng ion ha |
9
tCng )Yn thGo thJ tN
O.a 3 c ) 7.) c 3 a
0.a c 3 ) U.) 3 c a
'.Z^ 0ho nguyFn tA c"a nguyFn t_ z c cù t&o nh( sauN
{r t' c"a nguyFn t_ z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon lN
O. s_ I. chu k= h. nhm {||O.
7. s_ I. chu k= h. nhm {O
bb
0. s_ c. chu k= h. nhm {O
U. s_ c. chu k= I. nhm {||O.
'.Z_ 0ho ion <n nguyFn tA z c in tch hl c cù t&o nh( sauN
0ho 3it vr t' c"a z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
O. s_ 9:. chu k= h. nhm {|||O.
7. s_ 9h. chu k= 3. nhm {|||O.
0. s_ 9h. chu k= 3. nhm ||O.
U. s_ 9:. chu k= h. nhm ||O.
'.Z` 0ho cù h=nh c"a nguyFn t_ z sau. cho 3it kt lu8n no -ng}
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
O. z * 1 s_ 9h. chu k 3. nhm |||O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
7. z * 1 s_ 9h. chu k 3. nhm |||7 t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
0. z * 1 s_ 9h. chu k h. nhm ||O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
U. z * 1 s_ 9h. chu k 3. nhm ||O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
'.\0
oguyFn tA nguyFn t_ z. c!c ion
l
v q
hP
Zu c cù h=nh GlGct'on ,h?n l%,
ngoi c2ng l 3,
g
. @_ thJ t c"a z. . q t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon lYn l(+t l
O. 9p. 9i v 9g 7. 9:. 99 v p
0. 9p. 9i v p U. 9. 99 v 9g
'.\1
QXng s_ h&t c< 3Tn m,. n. Gn t'ong nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ z l bg. 3it s_ h&t
mang in nhiZu h<n s_ h&t kh1ng mang in l 9b. z!c rnh chu k=. s_ hiu
nguyFn tA c"a z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
O. 0hu k= h. 1 I 7. 0hu k= 3. 1 9c
0. 0hu k= 3 1 9g U. 0hu k= 3 1 9I
'.\'
Ha tan hon ton 3.9g hMn h+, hai kim lo&i kiZm thuc hai chu k= liFn ti,
vo n(%c thu (+c 9.9h lt hi'o mktcn. Hai kim lo&i kiZm ^ cho l
bc

O. di v oa 7. oa v j
0. j v ~3 U. ~3 v 0s
'.\Y
0ho :.gb g hMn h+, g#m kim lo&i L v oit c"a n Lu. c s_ mol 3xng
nhau. t!c )Bng ht v%i H
h
@u
b
lo^ng. Qh5 tch kh H
h
mktcn thu (+c l :.hhb lit.
0ho 3it L thuc nhm ||O. z!c rnh L l nguyFn t_ no sau ?y }
O. Lg 7. 0a 0. @' U. 7a
'.\Z
Hai kim lo&i z v Jng k ti, nhau t'ong mt chu k c tXng s_ ,'oton
t'ong hai h&t nh?n nguyFn tA l hc. @_ GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng c"a z v lYn l(+t
l N
O. 9 v h 7. h v 3 0. 9 v 3 U. 3 v b
'.\\
|on L
hl
c cù t&o l%, v GlGct'on ngoi c2ng l hs
h
h,
g
. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on
c"a L v vr t' c"a n t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon l
O. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
. 1 p chu k h. nhm {|O.
7. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
. 1 9h chu k 3. nhm ||O.
0. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s

3, . 1 9h chu k 3. nhm ||O.
U. 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3, . 1 93 chu k 3. nhm |||O.
h.b9. U h.bh. O h.b3. 7 h.bb. O h.bc. 7
h.bg. O h.bI. 7 h.bp. O h.bi. U h.c:. O
h.c9. 7 h.ch. 7 h.c3. O h.cb. 7 h.cc. O
'.1 "rD lji
9. @_ thJ t h:. chu k= b. nhm ||O.
h. @_ thJ t hc. chu k= b. nhm {||7.
'.' "rD lji
9. QXng s_ GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA L l hg. @_ thJ t hg. chu k= b. nhm
{|||7. L l WG.
h. P WG ch!y t'ong kh cloN hWG l 30l
h

:
t
hWG0l
3
bg
Ha tan sTn ,h>m thu (+c vo n(%c thu (+c )ung )rch. d`y vi ml )ung )rch
cho t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch Ogou
3
. c kt t"a t'Rng chJng t c g_c clo'uaN
WG0l
3
l 3Ogou
3

WGmou
3
n
3
l 3Og0l
d], l&i th nghim v%i )ung )rch oauH. c kt t"a n?u chJng t c
WGm|||nN WG0l
3
l 3oauH
WGmuHn
3
l 3oa0l
P oung hMn h+, 3t WG v 3t @N WG l @
:
t
WG@
0ho 7 vo )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
lo^ng. c kh m2i t'Jng th_i 3ay 'a chJng t c
g_c sunvuaN WG@ l H
h
@u
b

WG@u
b
l H
h
@ mt'Jng th_in
oh )ung )rch oauH vo )ung )rch thu (+c. c kt t"a t'Rng anh chJng
t c WGm||nN WG@u
b
l hoauH
oa
h
@u
b
l WGmuHn
h
mt'Rng anhn
'.Y "rD lji
9. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn t_ lN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
9
Qnh ch`t ]c t'(ng c"a L l tnh kim lo&i.
h. oguyFn t_ nxm * nhm |O nFn c1ng thJc oit l L
h
u. e?y l mt oit
3aw<.
'.Z xiDi
9. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA ~ lN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
h. oguyFn t_ O nxm * 1 s_ h:. chu k b. nhm ||O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
3. ~ ha t'r || m~ thuc nhm ||On.
0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hcN
~ l hH
h
u ~muHn
h
l H
h
~u l H
h
u ~muHn
h
~0u
3
l hH0l ~0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
~muHn
h
l oa
h
0u
3
~0u
3
l hoauH
'.\ xiDi
9. Q'ong h+, ch`t LO
. L chim bg.gIs vZ kh_i l(+ng nFnN

bI

p
I
n , mn
, n

c3.33
bg.gI
O
L
. .

+
+

. Qhay n P , f b v n f , ta cN
p
I
h,
b h,

.

+
hayN bmh, l bn f I,.
QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong LO
l cp nFnN , l , f cp.
QK ?y t=m (+cN , f hg v , f 3h.
Uo O l ,hi kim * chu k= 3 nFn 9c , 9I. {8y f h v , f 9g tha m^n.
{8y L l WG v L l @.
h. Hon thnh c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
a. bWG@
h
l 99u
h

:
t
hWG
h
u
3
l p@u
h
3. WG@
h
l 9pHou
3

:
t
WGmou
3
n
3
l hH
h
@u
b
l 9cou
h
l IH
h
u
'.( xiDi
9. Hi s_ mol c!c ch`t t'ong hMn h+, YuN L f a mol L0u
3
f 3 mol.
L l hH0l
L0l
h
l H
h
m9n
mmolnN a a
L0u
3
l hH0l
L0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u mhn
mmolnN 3 3
@_ mol H
h
f
b . hh
bp . b
f :.h nFnN a l 3 f :.h m3n
L
O
f 99.ch f h3 nFn h3
3 a
bb3 ha
+
+
hay ha l bb3 f b.g mbn
QhGo 3iN La l mL l g:n3 f 9:.p mcn
QK m3n. mbn. mcn ta t=m (+cN a f :.9 mol 3 f :.9 mol L f hb mLgn.
h. s
h
H
{
f c:s s
h
0u
{
f c:s.
'.^ xiDi
9. kh?n mJc nCng l(+ng c"a nguyFn tA z v lYn l(+t lN
bp
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
9
v 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
3)
g
.
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA z v lYn l(+t lN
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
9
v 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
g
bs
h
.
Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon ta t=m (+c z l Ol v l WG.
h. Hi s_ mol c!c ch`t t'ong hMn h+,N Ol f a mol WG f 3 mol.
Qa cN hIa l cg3 f p.3 m9n
hOl l gH0l
hOl0l
3
l 3H
h
mhn
mmolnN a 3a 9.ca
WG l hH0l
WG0l
h
l H
h
m3n
mmolnN 3 h3 3
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng tCng thFm I.p gam nFnN p.3 P
h
H
m
f I.p.
{8yN
h
H
m
f :.c gam

h
H
n
f :.hc mol
9.ca l 3 f :.hc mbn

QK m9n v mbn ta t=m (+cN a f :.9 mol 3 f :.9 mol.
m
Ol
f hI:.9 f h.I mgamn m
WG

f cg:.9 f c.g mgamn {
H0l
f
:.c
h3 3a +
f 9 mlitn.
'._ xiDi
Hi s_ mol oit Lu f mol.
Lu l H
h
@u
b

L@u
b
l H
h
u
mmolnN
Qa cN mL l 9gn f a
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch ait H
h
@u
b
3an Yu f
c . 9I
9:: . . ip A
f cg: mgamn.
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng f a l cg: f mL l 9gn l cg:.
QhGo 3iN 0s mL@u
b
n f h:s nFnN
9::
h:
cg: 9gn mL
ign mL
+ +
+
.
QK ?y t=m (+c L f hb mmagiGn. uit kim lo&i cYn t=m l Lgu.
bi
'.` xiDi
9. Hi c1ng thJc chung c"a hai kim lo&i l L f a mol.
L l hH0l
L0l
h
l H
h
mmolnN a ha a
@_ mol H
h
f :.9c mol nFn a f :.9c mol.
Qa cN La f b.b
L f hi.33.
O v 7 l h kim lo&i nxm * h chu k liFn ti, thuc nhm ||O nFn O l Lg v 7 l
0a.
h. Qh5 tch )ung )rch H0l cYn )2ng f
9
3 . :
f :.3 mlitn f 3:: mmln.
Qh5 tch )ung )rch H0l ^ )2ng f 3:: l hcs.3:: f 3Ic mmln.
'.10 xiDi
a. Hi c1ng thJc chung c"a kim lo&i l ~ f a mol.
h~ l hH
h
u
h~uH l H
h
mmolnN a a a :.ca
~uH l H0l
~0l l H
h
u
mmolnN a a
@_ mol H0l f :.:3 mol nFn a f :.:3 mol.
Qa cN ~a f :.pc
~ f hp.33. {8y hai kim lo&i l oa v j.

Hi s_ mol oa f 3 mol v j f c mol. Qa cN 3 l c f :.:3 v h33 l 3ic f :.pc.
QK ?y t=m (+c 3 f :.:h mmoln c f :.:9 mmoln.
3. Uung )rch O g#m oauH f :.:h mol v juH f :.:9 mol.
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch O f bi.9p l :.pc P :.:9ch f c: mgamn.
0s moauHn f s 9:: .
c:
b: :h . :
f 9.gs
c:
0s mjuHn f s 9:: .
c:
cg :9 . :
f 9.9hs.
'.11 xiDi
a. Hi ha t'r cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit l m. ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t v%i hi'o
l n. Qa cN m l n f p.
QhGo 3iN m f 3n. QK ?y t=m (+c m fg n f h.
3. 01ng thJc h+, ch`t ~ v%i hi'o l H
h
~. QhGo 3iN
9
9g

m
m
H
~
nFn ~ f 3h.
Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on c"a ~ l k. o. Qa c k l o f 3h.
Qa cN k o 9.ck
k k P 3h 9.ck
9h.p k 9g.
L]t kh!c. ~ thuc nhm {| mha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit 3xng {|n nFn )a
vo cù h=nh GlGct'on khi k f 93. 9b. 9c. 9g ta th`y k f 9g tha m^n.
{8y k hiu c"a nguyFn tA ~ lN ~
3h
9g
.
'.1' xiDi
a. ~ nxm * chu k 3 nFn l%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng l l%, thJ 3. L]t kh!c. ~
thuc ,h?n nhm chnh nhm {O nFn nguyFn tA ~ c c GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng.
{8y cù h=nh l%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng c"a ~ l 3s
h
3,
3
.
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a ~ l 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
3
.
3. ~ thuc nhm { nFn ha t'r cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit l {. 01ng thJc
oit l ~
h
u
c
.
QhGo 3iN s~ f b3.ggs nFn
cg.3b
b3.gg
9g c
h~
~ f 39 m,hot,hon.
QXng s_ h&t GlGct'on f tXng s_ h&t ,'oton f 9c m)a vo cù h=nh GlGct'onn.
QXng s_ h&t n<t'on f 39 P9c f 9g.
'.1Y xiDi
c9
O v 7 l hai nguyFn t_ * c2ng mt ,h?n nhm v thuc hai chu k= liFn ti,
t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon nFn s_ thJ t c"a ch-ng h<n k/m nhau p ho]c 9p <n vr
m-ng 3xng s_ nguyFn t_ t'ong mt chu kn.
QhGo 3i 'a. tXng s_ ,'oton t'ong hai h&t nh?n nguyFn tA c"a O v 7 3xng 3h
nFn q
O
l q
7
f 3h.
Q'($ng h+, 9N q
7
P q
O
f p. Qa t=m (+c q
O
f 9h q
7
f h:.
0ù h=nh GlGct'onN
O N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
mchu k 3. nhm ||On.
v 7N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
mchu k b. nhm ||On.
|on O
hl
N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
v 7
hl
N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
.
Q'($ng h+, hN q
7
P q
O
f 9p. Qa t=m (+c q
O
f I q
7
f hc.
0ù h=nh GlGct'onN
O N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
3
mchu k h. nhm {On.
v 7N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
3)
c
bs
h
mchu k b. nhm {||7n.
Q'($ng h+, ny O. 7 kh1ng c2ng nhm nFn kh1ng tha m^n.
'.1Z xiDi
9. Hai nguyFn t_ O v 7 * hai nhm O liFn ti, t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. 7
thuc nhm {O. )o O thuc nhm |{O ho]c nhm {|O.
QhGo 3iN q
O
l q
7
f h3.
{=N q
O
l q
7
f h3 v 7 thuc nhm {. cn O thuc nhm |{ ho]c nhm {|
nFn O. 7 thuc c!c chu k= nh mchu k h v chu k 3n.
L]t kh!c. O v 7 kh1ng th5 c2ng chu k v= hai nguyFn t_ thuc hai nhm O
k ti, t'ong mt chu k h<n k/m nhau 9 ,'oton. ngh\a l * 1 s_ 99 v 9h mtXng s_
,'oton 3xng h3n. kh1ng thuc c!c nhm |{ v { hay { v {|.
Q'($ng h+, 9N 7 thuc chu k h. QhGo 3i. 7 * nhm {O nFn q
7
f I mnit<n.
{8y q
O

f h3 P I f 9g ml(u hunhn. Q'($ng h+, ny tha m^n v= * t'&ng th!i <n
ch`t nit< kh1ng ,hTn Jng v%i l(u hunh.
ch
Q'($ng h+, hN 7 thuc chu k 3. QhGo 3i. 7 * nhm {O nFn q
7
f 9c
m,ho,hon. {8y q
O

f h3 P 9c f p moin. Q'($ng h+, ny kh1ng tha m^n v= * t'&ng
th!i <n ch`t oi ,hTn Jng v%i ,ho,ho.
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a O v 7 lN
ON 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
b
v 7N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
3
h. eiZu ch Hou
3
tK o
h
v H
h
@u
b
tK @.
eiZu ch Hou
3
N o
h

oH
3

ou
ou
h

Hou
3
o
h
l 3H
h
hoH
3
boH
3
l cu
h

kt 0. pc:
:
bou l gH
h
u
hou l u
h

hou
h
bou
h
l u
h
l hH
h
u
bHou
3
eiZu ch H
h
@u
b
N @
@u
h

@u
3

H
h
@u
b
@ l u
h

:
t
@u
h
h@u
h
l u
h
h@u
3
@u
3
l H
h
u
H
h
@u
b
'.1\ xiDi
9. Hi s_ h&t ,'oton c"a O l k v c"a 7 l k. ta cN
k l 3k f bh P h. Qa th`y 3k k l 3k f b: nFn k
3
b:
f 93.3.
Uo 7 t&o (+c anion nFn 7 l ,hi kim. L]t kh!c k 93.3 nFn 7 cha c th5
l nit<. oi hay vlo.
ou 7 l nit< mk f In
k f 9i mjn. Onion l
h
3
jo N lo&i
ou 7 l oi mk f pn
k f 9g m@n. Onion l
h
3
@u N tha m^n
ou 7 l vlo mk f in
k f 93 mOln. Onion l
h
3
OlW N lo&i
c3
450
o
C, Fe

450
o
C, V
2
O
5

{8y O l l(u hunh. 7 l oi.
h. u mk f pn N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
m1 s_ p. chu k h. nhm {|On
@ mk f 9gn N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
b
m1 s_ 9g. chu k 3. nhm {|On
'.1( xiDi
9. Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA ~ l k. o. V. Q'ong
k f V.
QhGo 3iN k l o l V f hp
hk l o f hp
o f hp P hk.
L]t kh!c. k o 9.ck
k hp P hk 9.ck
p k i.3
{8y k f p ho]c i. Uo nguyFn t_ ~ thuc nhm {||O nFn nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ ~
c I GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng.
k f pN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
N lo&i
k f iN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
c
N tha m^n. {8y k f V f i o f 9:.
9. @_ kh_i Of o l k f 9i.
h. j hiu nguyFn tAN ~
9i
i
oguyFn t_ ^ cho l vlo.
'.1^ xiDi
Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA L l k. o. V v c"a
nguyFn tA z l k. o. V. Qa c k f V v k f V.
QhGo 3i ta l8, (+c c!c s ,hB thuc sauN
hmk l o l Vn l k l o l V f 9b:
bk l hk l ho l o f 9b: m9n
hmk l Vn l k l V P ho P o f bb
bk l hk P ho P o f bb mhn
k l o P k P o f h3 k l o P k P o f h3 m3n
mk l o l V P 9n P mk l o l V l hn f 39
hk l o P hk P o f 3b mbn
QK m9n v mhn ta cN hk l k f bg v ho l o f bp.
QK m3n. mbn ta cN k P k f 99 v o P o f 9h.
HiTi 'a ta (+c k f 9i mjn o f h: k f p mun o f p. {8y z l j
h
u.
cb
0ù h=nh GlGct'onN
j mk f 9inN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
9
mchu k b. nhm |On.
u mk f pnN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
mchu k h. nhm {|On
'.1_ "rD lji
9. {it (+c cù h=nh GlGct'on v= s_ GlGct'on * l%, v nguyFn tA 3xng s_ thJ
t q.
h. jh1ng 3it s_ kh_i v= cha 3it s_ ,'oton 3xng q. nh(ng kh1ng 3it s_
n<t'on.
3. jh1ng vit (+c k hiu nguyFn tA v= kh1ng 3it s_ kh_i v k hiu
nguyFn t_.
b. QK cù h=nh GlGct'on ta 3it (+c tnh ch`t c< 3Tn.
c. QK cù h=nh GlGct'on ta 3it (+c s_ thJ t nhm. v chnh l ha t'r
cao nh`t t'ong oit.
g. Ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t v%i hi'o f p P ha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit.
'.1` "rD lji
9. 7it (+c tnh ch`t c< 3Tn )a vo s_ GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng.
h. 7it (+c cù h=nh GlGct'on v= tK cù h=nh l%, GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng.
ch-ng ta c th5 hon chanh ti, cù h=nh GlGct'on c!c l%, 3Fn t'ong.
3. Ua vo cù h=nh GlGct'on ch-ng ta 3it (+c vr t' t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
b. Qa l8, (+c c1ng thJc oit cao nh`t v= ha t'r c"a cao nh`t c"a nguyFn t_
3xng s_ thJ t nhm v 3xng s_ GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng.
c. jh1ng vit (+c k hiu nguyFn tA v= kh1ng 3it s_ kh_i v k hiu
nguyFn t_.
g. Qa l8, (+c c1ng thJc h+, ch`t v%i hi'o v= ha t'r c"a nguyFn t_ t'ong
h+, ch`t v%i hi'o f p P ha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit.
'.'0 xiDi
cc
9. oCng l(+ng ion ha thJ nh`t giTm )Yn )o 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng )Yn.
lc h-t c"a h&t nh?n v%i GlGct'on ha t'r giTm )Yn.
oCng l(+ng ion ha thJ hai Jng v%i 4u! t'=nhN L
l
mkhn P 9G
L
hl
mkhn.
{= ion L
l
c cù h=nh 3Zn v[ng c"a kh him v mang mt in tch )(<ng nFn
vic 3Jt i mt GlGct'on kh khCn h<n nhiZu. i hi cYn cung c`, nCng l(+ng '`t
l%n.
h. Ua vo cù h=nh GlGct'on ta th`y. t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc c!c kim lo&i
kiZm c khuynh h(%ng nh($ng 9 GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng 5 &t (+c cù h=nh 3Zn
v[ng c"a kh him. L]t kh!c. c!c kim lo&i kiZm l c!c nguyFn t_ c ?m in 3/
nh`t nFn ch-ng lu1n c s_ oi ha l9 t'ong c!c h+, ch`t.
0!c kim lo&i kiZm kh1ng th5 t&o (+c h+, ch`t c s_ oi ha l%n h<n l9 v= s
nh($ng ti, c!c GlGct'on thJ hai. thJ 3a. i hi nCng l(+ng '`t l%n.
'.'1 xiDi
a. Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on v GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA O lN k
O
. o
O
. V
O
v 7 l k
7
. o
7
. V
7
. Qa c k
O
f V
O

v k
7
f V
7
.

QhGo 3iN QXng s_ c!c lo&i h&t ,'oton. n<t'on v GlGct'on c"a hai nguyFn tA
O v 7 l 9bh nFnN k
O
l o
O
l V
O
l k
7
l o
7
l V
7
f 9bh
hk
O
l hk
7
l o
O
l o
7
f 9bh m9n
QXng s_ h&t mang in nhiZu h<n s_ h&t kh1ng mang in l bh nFnN
k
O
l V
O
l k
7
l V
7
P o
O
P o
7
f bh
hk
O
l hk
7
P o
O

P o
7
f bh mhn
@_ h&t mang in c"a nguyFn tA 7 nhiZu h<n c"a nguyFn tA O l 9h nFnN
k
7
l V
7
P k
O
P V
O
f 9h
hk
7
P hk
O
f 9h
k
7
P k
O
f g m3n
QK m9n. mhn. m3n ta cN k
O
f h: m0an v k
7
f hg mWGn
3. eiZu ch 0a tK 0a0u
3
v WG tK WG
h
u
3
.
eiZu ch 0aN
0a0u
3
l hH0l
0a0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
h
),nc
h
0l 0a 0a0l +
cg
eiZu ch WGN WG
h
u
3
l 30u

:
t
hWG l 30u
h
'.'' xiDi
a. Hi s_ mol kim lo&i L l a mol.
L l hH
h
u
LmuHn
h
l H
h
mmolnN a a
@_ mol kh H
h
f
n hc hI3 m :ph . :
99 . g 9
~Q
k{
+
f :.hc mmoln nFnN a f :.hc

Qa cN La f 9:
L f b: m0an.
3. @_ mol 0a f :.9 mol. 0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
0a l hH0l
0a0l
h
l H
h
mmolnN :.:Ic :.9c :.:Ic

0a l hH
h
u
0amuHn
h
l H
h
mmolnN :.:hc :.:hc

Uung )rch 7 g#mN 0a0l
h
f :.:Ic mol v 0amuHn
h
f :.:hc mol.
0
L
:.:3L
h
0a0l
0
L
:.:9L
h
0amuHn

'.'Y xiDi
a. Hi s_ h&t ,''oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA z l k. o. V v c"a l k.
o. V.
QhGo 3iN k f o f V v k f o f V.
Q'ong h+, ch`t z
h
. z chim c:s vZ kh_i l(+ng nFnN
c:
c:
hL
L

9
n o hmk
o k

+
+

k f hk.
QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong ,h?n tA z
h
l 3h nFn k l hk f 3h.
QK ?y t=m (+cN k f 9g m@n v k f p mun. H+, ch`t cYn t=m l @u
h
.
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a @N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
b
v c"a uN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
cI
3. d(u hunh * 1 s_ 9g. chu k 3. nhm {|O.
ui * 1 s_ p. chu k h. nhm {|O.
'.'Z xiDi
9. O. L. z thuc chu k 3 nFn n f 3.
0ù h=nh GlGct'on. vr t' v tFn nguyFn t_N
ON 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
9
m1 s_ 99. nhm |On. O l kim lo&i oa.
LN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
9
m1 s_ 93. nhm |||On. L l kim lo&i Ol.
zN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
c
m1 s_ 9I. nhm {||On. z l ,hi kim 0l.
h. 0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
3oauH l Ol0l
3

OlmuHn
3

l 3oa0l
OlmuHn
3
l oauH
oaOlu
h
l hH
h
u
oaOlu
h
l H0l l H
h
u
OlmuHn
3

l oa0l
'.'\ xiDi
Hi s_ mol t'ong mMi ,hYnN WG f mol L f y mol.
khYn 9N
WG l hH0l
WG0l
h
l H
h
mmolnN
hL l hnH0l
hL0l
n
l nH
h
mmolnN y :.cny
@_ mol H
h
f :.:I nFn l :.cny f :.:I.
khYn hN
hWG l gH
h
@u
b

m]cn

:
t
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l 3@u
h
l gH
h
u
mmolnN 9.c
hL l hnH
h
@u
b

m]cn

:
t
L
h
m@u
b
n
n
l n@u
h
l hnH
h
u
mmolnN y :.cn
cp
@_ mol @u
h
f :.:i nFn 9.c l :.cny f :.:i. {8y f :.:b v ny f :.:g.
L]t kh!cN cg l Ly f h.Ip nFn Ly f :.cb. {8y
i
ny
Ly
n
L

hay L f in.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
n 9 h 3
L i mlo&in 9p mlo&in hI mnh8nn
{8y L l Ol.
'.'( xiDi8
9. Hi s_ mol oit ~u f a mol.
~u l H
h
@u
b

~@u
b
l H
h
u
mmolnN a a a
@_ mol ait H
h
@u
b
)( f
9:: . ip
9hc . g bp
P a f :.:3 P a.
0s mH
h
@u
b
n sau ,hTn Jng f :.ips

bp h
an.ip m:.:3
+
f
9::
ip . :

a f :.:hc mmoln.
Qa cN mL l 9gna f h
L f gb m0un.
h. Uung )rch O g#mN 0u@u
b
f :.:hc mol H
h
@u
b
f :.::c mol.
H
h
@u
b
l hoauH
oa
h
@u
b
l hH
h
u
mmolnN :.::c :.:9
0u@u
b
l hoauH
0umuHn
h
l oa
h
@u
b

mmolnN :.:hc :.:c
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch oauH cYn )2ng

f 9:: .
p
b: :g . :
f 3: mgamn.
Qh5 tch )ung )rch oauH cYn )2ng

f
:c . 9
3:
f hp.cI mmln
'.'^ xiDi
ci
9. Hi s_ mol L f a mol.
L l H
h
@u
b

~@u
b
l H
h
mmolnN a a a
@_ mol H
h
f :.:c mol nFn a f :.:c mol.
khYn 9N
~@u
b
l hoauH
~muHn
h
l oa
h
@u
b
mmolnN :.:hc :.:hc
~muHn
h

:
t
~u l H
h
u
mmolnN :.:hc :.:hc
m
~u

f 9 gam
m~ l 9gn.:.:hc f 9
~ f hb mLgn.
0s mH
h
@u
b
n f
h::
s 9:: ip :c . :
f h.bcs.
khYn hN Lg@u
b
.nH
h
u f :.:hc mol. Qa cN m9h: l 9pnn.:.:hc f g.9c
n f I.
{8y c1ng thJc mu_i ng8m n(%c l Lg@u
b
.IH
h
u.
'.'_ xiDi
9. L thuc nhm |||O nFn L c ha t'r |||.
L l bHou
3

Lmou
3
n
3
l ou
l hH
h
u m9n
mmolnN a ba a a
9:L l 3gHou
3

9:Lmou
3
n
3
l 3o
h
l 9pH
h
u mhn
mmolnN 9:3 3g3 9:3 33
Qa cN a l 33 f :.hc. m3n
L
O
f 9b.bh f hp.p
hp.p
33 a
33 hp 3:a
+
+
3:a l pb3 f I.h mbn

QK m3n. mbn ta cN a f :.9 mol 3 f :.:c mol.
Lma l 9:3n f 9g.h
L f hI mOln.
h. @_ mol Hou
3
)( f h.c P ba P 3g3 f :.3 mmoln.
g:
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch Hou
3
3an Yu f c:::9.hc f ghc: mgamn.
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng f ghc: l 9g.h P 3:a P pb3 f ghci mgamn.
0s mHou
3
sau ,hTn Jngn f
ghci
s 9:: . g3 3 . :
f :.3:s.
'.'` xiDi
9. {r t' c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong 3Tng tuYn honN
ON 1 s_ b. chu k h. nhm ||O.
7N 1 s_ h:. chu k b. nhm ||O.
0N 1 s_ i. chu k h. nhm {||O.
UN 1 s_ 9I. chu k 3. nhm {||O.
VN 1 s_ h. chu k 9. nhm {|||O.
h. 7 l kim lo&i m&nh nh`t. Hai kim lo&i O. 7 c2ng thuc nhm ||O. thGo
chiZu tK t'Fn u_ng. tnh kim lo&i tCng )Yn.
0 l ,hi kim m&nh nh`t. Hai ,hi kim 0. U c2ng thuc nhm {||O. thGo
chiZu tK t'Fn u_ng. tnh ,hi kim giTm )Yn.
V l nguyFn t_ k/m ho&t ng nh`t v= l%, v ^ 3ô ha GlGct'on.
'.Y0 xiDi
Hi k hiu chung c"a hai kim lo&i kiZm l L.
Hi s_ mol t'ong bg gam hMn h+, YuN L f a mol v 7a f 3 mol.
0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
hL l hH
h
u
hLuH l H
h
m9n
mmolnN a a :.ca
7a l hH
h
u
7amuHn
h
l H
h
mhn
mmolnN 3 3 3
@_ mol H
h
f :.c mol nFnN :.ca l 3 f :.c
a l h3 f 9. m3n
jhi cho )ung )rch thu (+c t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch oa
h
@u
b
N
g9
7amuHn
h
l oa
h
@u
b

7a@u
b
l hoauH mbn
jhi thFm :.9p mol oa
h
@u
b
. t'ong )ung )rch cn )( 7amuHn
h
nFn 3 :.9p.
jhi thFm :.h9 mol oa
h
@u
b
.
t'ong )ung )rch cn )( oa
h
@u
b
nFn 3 :.h9.
L]t kh!cN La l 93I3 f bg mcn
jt h+, m3n. mcn ta cN 3 f
hL 93I
L bg
L]t kh!cN :.9p 3 :.h9
hi.I L 33.3b.
jh_i l(+ng mol t'ung 3=nh c"a h kim lo&i kiZm liFn ti, lN hi.I L 33.3b. Hai
kim lo&i l oa moa f h3n v j m j f 3in.
'.Y1 Hng dGn8
9. Hai nguyFn t_ O. 7 Jng k ti, nhau t'ong c2ng mt chu k= t'ong 3Tng
tuYn hon nFn in tch h&t nh?n h<n k/m nhau 9 <n vr.
QhGo 3i 'a ta t=m (+cN q
O
f 9h v q
7
f 93.
ON 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
N O thuc chu k 3. nhm ||O l Lg
7N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
9
N 7 thuc chu k 3. nhm |||O.
h. O v 7 Zu l kim lo&i. tnh kim lo&i c"a O m&nh h<n 7.
uit 7u c tnh 3aw< yu h<n oit Ou.
'.Y' Hng dGn8
9. Q'ong mt chu k=. thGo chiZu tK t'!i sang ,hTi. in tch h&t nh?n tCng )Yn
v 3!n knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn. iZu lm tCng khT nCng h-t GlGct'on c"a
nguyFn tA t'ong ,h?n tA. )o ?m in tCng )Yn.
Q'ong mt nhm. thGo chiZu tK t'Fn u_ng )(%i. 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng
)Yn v chim (u th so v%i s tCng in tch h&t nh?n. iZu lm giTm khT nCng
h-t GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA t'ong ,h?n tA. )o ?m in giTm )Yn.
h. Q'ong mt chu k=. thGo chiZu tK t'!i sang ,hTi. in tch h&t nh?n tCng )Yn
v 3!n knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn. iZu lm tCng lc h-t c"a h&t nh?n _i v%i c!c
GlGct'on ha t'r. )o nCng l(+ng ion ha tCng )Yn.
gh
Q'ong mt nhm. thGo chiZu tK t'Fn u_ng )(%i. 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng
)Yn v chim (u th so v%i s tCng in tch h&t nh?n. iZu lm giTm lc h-t
c"a h&t nh?n _i v%i c!c GlGct'on ha t'r. )o nCng l(+ng ion ha giTm )Yn.
'.YY Hng dGn8
QK oa n 0l. 3!n knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn tu?n thGo 4uy lu8t 3in Xi 3!n
knh t'ong mt chu k. e l. t'ong mt chu k. khi i tK t'!i sang ,hTi in tch
h&t nh?n tCng )Yn t'ong khi s_ l%, GlGct'on * v nguyFn tA kh1ng Xi. )o 3!n
knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn.
QK di n 0s. 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng )Yn tu?n thGo 4uy lu8t 3in Xi 3!n
knh t'ong mt ,h?n nhm. e l. t'ong mt ,h?n nhm. khi i tK t'Fn u_ng )(%i
s_ l%, GlGct'on * v nguyFn tA tCng lFn v chim (u th h<n so v%i s tCng in
tch h&t nh?n. )o 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng )Yn.
'.YZ Hng dGn8
9. QhGo 3i 'a. ha t'r c"a z t'ong h+, ch`t v%i hi'o l || nFn ha t'r cao nh`t
t'ong oit l {|.
{8y z thuc chu k 3. nhm {|O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. z l @.
h. 0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
H
h
@ l b0l
h
l bH
h
u
H
h
@u
b
l pH0l
H
h
@ l hWG0l
3

hWG0l
h
l @
l hH0l
H
h
@ l 0u@u
b
0u@ l H
h
@u
b
'.Y\ Hng dGn8
9. Hi s_ oi ha )(<ng cao nh`t v s_ oi ha ?m th`, nh`t c"a ~ lYn l(+t l
lm v Pn. Qa cN m l n f p.
L]t kh!c. thGo 3i 'aN lm l hmPnn f lh m P hn f h.
QK ?y t=m (+cN m f g v n f h. {8y ~ l ,hi kim thuc nhm {|.
@_ kh_i c"a ~ 3b nFn ~ l u hay @. Uo oi kh1ng t&o (+c s_ oi ha cao nh`t l
lg nFn ~ l l(u hunh.
h. Q'ong h+, ch`t z. ~ c s_ oi ha th`, nh`t nFn z c c1ng thJc l H
h
@.
g3
Hi c1ng thJc oit l @u
n
.
Uo s@ f c:s nFn
3h
9gn
f
c:
c:
n f h. 01ng thJc c"a l @u
h
.
'.Y( Hng dGn8
9. Hi c1ng thJc chung c"a hai mu_i l L
h
0u
3
f a mol.
L
h
0u
3
l H0l LH0u
3
l L0l
mmolnN a a a
LH0u
3
l H0l
L0l l 0u
h
l H
h
u
mmolnN :.9 :.9 :.9 :.9
Uung )rch O g#m L0l f a l :.9 mol v LH0u
3
f a P :.9 mol.
LH0u
3
l 0amuHn
h

0a0u
3
l LuH l H
h
u
mmolnN a P :.9 a P :.9
QhGo 3iN s_ mol 0a0u
3
f :.h mol nFn a P :.9 f :.h a f :.3.
Qa cN mhL l g:n.:.3 f 3c L f hp.33. Uo hai kim lo&i kiZm thuc hai chu k=
liFn ti, nFn l oa v j.
h. Hi s_ mol oa
h
0u
3
f 3 mol v j
h
0u
3
f c mol.
Qa c 3 l c f :.3 v 9:g3 l 93pc f 3c.
QK ?y t=m (+c 3 f :.h mol c f :.9 mol.
m

3 h
0u oa
h9.h gam m

3 h
0u j
93.p gam.
'.Y^ Hng dGn8
9. Hi c1ng thJc chung c"a hai mu_i l L0l
h
v s_ mol c t'ong 9c.:c gam
hMn h+, l a mol.
L0l
h
l hOgou
3
Lmou
3
n
h
l hOg0l
mmolnN
9::
b:a
:.pa
@_ mol Ogou
3
f :.9h mol nFn :.pa f :.9h a f :.9c mol.
Qa cN mL l I9na f 9c.:c L f hi.33.
gb
oh( v8y. O c kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA nh h<n hi.33. O c th5 l 7G ho]c Lg.
ou O l 7G th= L
7
f
3
i c
f 9cN lo&i
ou O l Lg th= L
7
f
3
hb c
f b:N {8y 7 l 0a.
'.Y_ Hng dGn8
9. Hi c1ng thJc chung c"a hai mu_i l L0u
3
v s_ mol c t'ong 3.g gam
hMn h+, l a mol.
L0u
3
l hH0l
L0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
mmolnN a a
jh 7 l 0u
h
f a mol. 0ho ton 3 l(+ng kh 7 h`, thB ht 3*i )ung )rch chJa
:.:bc mol 0amuHn
h
. Ty 'a h t'($ng h+,N
Q'($ng h+, 9N 0amuHn
h
)( m a :.:bc moln
0u
h
l 0amuHn
h

0a0u
3

l H
h
u
mmolnN a a a
@_ mol 0a0u
3
f :.:b mol a f :.:b mtha m^n iZu kin a :.:bc moln.
Qa cN mL l g:n.:.:b f 3.g L f 3:. Hai kim lo&i k ti, l Lg v 0a.
Q'($ng h+, hN 0amuHn
h
kh1ng )( m a :.:bc moln
0u
h
l 0amuHn
h

0a0u
3

l H
h
u
mmolnN :.:b :.:b :.:b
h0u
h
l 0amuHn
h
0amH0u
3
n
h
mmolnN :.:9 :.::c
@_ mol 0u
h
f :.:c mol a f :.:c mtha m^n iZu kin a :.:bc moln.
Qa cN mL l g:n.:.:c f 3.g L f 9h. Hai kim lo&i k ti, l 7G v Lg.
'.Y` Hng dGn8
gc
Hi c1ng thJc oit l L
u
y
. c s_ mol l a mol.
L
u
y
l yH
h

:
t
L l yH
h
u
mmolnN a ay a
Qa cN amL l 9gyn f p v ay f :.9c. oh( v8y L.a. f c.g.
e]t n l ha t'r c"a kim lo&i L m9 n 3n.
hL l hnH0l
hL0l
n
l nH
h
mmolnN a :.cn.a.
Qa cN :.cn.a. f :.9 hay n.a. f :.h.
d8, ta lN hp
na
La
n
L
. {8y L f hpn.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
n 9 h 3
L hp mlo&in cg mnh8nn pb mlo&in
{8y kim lo&i L l WG.
d8, ta lN
3
h
ay
a
y

.
{8y c1ng thJc oit kim lo&i l WG
h
u
3
.
'.Z0 Hng dGn8
9. QK oa n 0l. 3!n knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn tu?n thGo 4uy lu8t 3in Xi
3!n knh t'ong mt chu k. e l. t'ong mt chu k. khi i tK t'!i sang ,hTi. thGo
chiZu in tch h&t nh?n tCng )Yn. s_ GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng tCng )Yn t'ong khi
s_ l%, GlGct'on * v nguyFn tA kh1ng Xi. )o 3!n knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn.
oCng l(+ng ion ha thJ nh`t tCng )Yn )o in tch h&t nh?n tCng )Yn. 3!n
knh nguyFn tA giTm )Yn. lc h-t c"a h&t nh?n v%i GlGct'on ha t'r tCng )Yn.
h. Qnh ch`t ait P 3aw< t'ong )^y oit v hi'oit 3in Xi thGo chiZu giTm )Yn
tnh 3aw< v tCng )Yn tnh ait.
oa
h
u Lgu Ol
h
u
3
@iu
h
k
h
u
c
@u
3
0l
h
u
I
uit uit 3aw< uit uit ait uit ait uit ait uit
gg
3aw<
m&nh
t'ung
3=nh
l(ng tnh yu
t'ung 3=nh
m&nh
ait
m&nh
oau
H
LgmuHn
h
OlmuHn
3
H
h
@iu
3
H
3
ku
b
H
h
@u
b
H0lu
b
7aw<
kiZm
7aw<
t'ung
3=nh
Hi'oit
l(ng tnh
Oit yu Oit
t'ung 3=nh
Oit
m&nh
Oit
'`t
m&nh
W. QHoH Q|o 7 @oH
@!ch gi!o khoa Ha hc 9: n?ng cao gi%i thiu 3Tng tuYn hon )&ng )i c
'`t nhiZu (u i5m. e5 c thFm th1ng tin. ch-ng t1i in gi%i thiu mt s_ ki5u 3Tng
tuYn hon kh!c.
9. U&ng kim t th!,
h. U&ng 3Tng tuYn hon o!y t'1n _c
gI
3. U&ng 3Tng tuYn hon c k hiu ]c 3it
gp
C/012, Y
LI3N 6T HA HC
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
I. L-<2 C|+ T-<2 C|+ -U2 @7 *P2, /xR +IG
P Pi)n 3?t h5a hac l $F 3?t h, gi9a c>c ngu()n t% to thnh hn t* ha(
tinh thR :;n v9ng hn_
X C>c ngu()n t* c-a c>c ngu()n t% c5 3hu(nh hng li)n 3?t vi ngu()n t*
3h>c to thnh R t ,c c.u hnh 'l'ctron :;n v9ng nh c-a 3h1 hi?m (c5 k
horc Y 'l'ctron l ngoi cnng)_
9. diFn kt ion
ernh ngh\aN d liFn kt (+c h=nh thnh )o lc h-t t\nh in gi[a c!c ion
mang in tch t'!i )ù.
@ h=nh thnh liFn kt ion
oguyFn tA kim lo&i nh($ng GlGct'on ha t'r t'* thnh ion )(<ng mcationn.
oguyFn tA ,hi kim nh8n GlGct'on t'* thnh ion ?m manionn. 0!c ion t'!i )ù
h-t nhau t&o thnh liFn kt ion.
Qh )BN diFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA 0a0l
h
l oguyFn tA 0a nh($ng h GlGct'on t&o thnh ion )(<ng.
0a P 0a
hl
l hG
l oguyFn tA clo nh8n 9 GlGct'on t&o thnh ion ?m.
0l
h
l hG h0l
P
|on 0a
hl
v h ion 0l
P
h-t nhau t&o thnh ,h?n tA 0a0l
h
.
eiZu kin h=nh thnh liFn kt ion
0!c nguyFn t_ c tnh ch`t kh!c hDn nhau mkim lo&i v ,hi kim i5n h=nhn.
Euy (%c hiu ?m in gi[a hai nguyFn tA liFn kt 9.I l liFn kt ion.
gi
0!c h+, ch`t ion c nhit nng chTy v nhit s1i cao. )Sn in khi tan
t'ong n(%c ho]c nng chTy.
h. diFn kt cng ha t'r
ernh ngh\aN d liFn kt (+c h=nh thnh gi[a h nguyFn tA 3xng mt
hay nhiZu c], GlGct'on )2ng chung.
eiZu kin h=nh thnh liFn kt cng ha t'r
0!c nguyFn tA gi_ng nhau ho]c gYn gi_ng nhau. liFn kt v%i nhau 3xng
c!ch g, chung c!c GlGct'on ha t'r. Qh )B 0l
h
. H
h
. o
h
. H0l. H
h
u...
Euy (%c hiu ?m in gi[a hai nguyFn tA liFn kt 9.I l liFn kt cng
ha t'r.
diFn kt cng ha t'r c cc v kh1ng cc
jhi c], GlGct'on )2ng chung ,h?n 3_ _i Jng gi[a hai h&t nh?n nguyFn tA
tham gia liFn kt th= l liFn kt cng ha t'r kh1ng ,h?n cc.
jhi c], GlGct'on )2ng chung 3r h-t lch vZ nguyFn tA c ?m in l%n
h<n th= l liFn kt cng ha t'r c cc.
Euy (%c hiu ?m in gi[a hai nguyFn tA liFn kt :.b 9.I l liFn
kt cng ha t'r c cc. nu gi! t'r ny nh h<n :.b th= liFn kt l cng ha
t'r kh1ng cc.
II. SM TR- /xR *)* UJ-+R2 2,:;<2 +=
9. @ lai ha
@ lai ha o3itan nguyFn tA l s tX h+, mt s_ o3itan nguyFn tA t'ong mt
nguyFn tA 5 (+c c!c o3itan lai ha gi_ng nhau. c s_ l(+ng 3xng tXng s_ o3itan
tham gia lai ha. nh(ng rnh h(%ng kh!c nhau t'ong kh1ng gian.
h. 0!c ki5u lai ha th($ng g],
a. dai ha s,N d s tX h+, 9 o3itan s v%i 9 o3itan , t&o thnh h o3itan lai ha s,
nxm thDng hng v%i nhau. h(%ng vZ hai ,ha.
I:
9Ou s l 9Ou , h Ou lai h/a+,
3. dai ha s,
h
N d s tX h+, c"a 9 o3itan s v%i h o3itan , c"a mt nguyFn tA tham
gia liFn kt t&o thnh 3 o3itan lai ha s,
h
nxm t'ong mt m]t ,hDng. rnh h(%ng tK
t?m n c!c anh c"a tam gi!c Zu.

9 Ou s l h Ou , 3 Ou lai h/a +,
2
c. dai ha s,
3
N d s tX h+, c"a 9 o3itan s v%i 3 o3itan , c"a mt nguyFn tA tham
gia liFn kt t&o thnh b o3itan lai ha s,
3
rnh h(%ng tK t?m n c!c b anh c"a tJ
)in Zu.

9 Ou s l 3 Ou , b Ou lai h/a +,
3
III. SM +DU +/72/ T-<2 C|+ *P2, /xR +IG
9. diFn kt <n
e(+c h=nh thnh )o s Gn ,h" t'Bc c"a c!c o3itan mliFn kt n. 0!c liFn
kt th($ng '`t 3Zn v[ng.
Qh )BN H P 0l H P u P H
h. diFn kt 1i.
I9
7ao g#m 9 liFn kt h=nh thnh )o s Gn ,h" t'Bc v 9 liFn kt * h=nh
thnh )o s Gn ,h" 3Fn c"a c!c o3itan lai ha. diFn kt * th($ng k/m 3Zn.
Qh )B 0H
h
f 0H
h
u f 0 f u
3. diFn kt 3a.
7ao g#m 9 liFn kt v h liFn kt *.
Qh )B
N N1 CH CH
IL. HxR +IG @7 AB Uk- /xR
9. Ha t'r
P Q'ong c!c h+, ch`t ionN ha t'r mcn gi l in ha t'rn chnh 3xng in
tch c"a ion .
P Q'ong h+, ch`t cng ha t'rN ha t'r mcng ha t'rn chnh 3xng s_ liFn kt
c"a nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ t&o 'a (+c v%i c!c nguyFn tA kh!c.
h. @_ oi ha
@_ oi ha c"a mt nguyFn t_ t'ong h+, ch`t l in tch c"a nguyFn tA
nguyFn t_ t'ong ,h?n tA nu giT rnh liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA l liFn kt ion.
z!c rnh s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn tA t'ong ,h?n tA thGo nguyFn tRcN
l @_ oi ha c"a c!c <n ch`t 3xng kh1ng.
l QXng s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn tA t'ong ,h?n tA 3xng kh1ng
. l @_ oi ha c"a c!c ion 3xng in tch c"a ion .
l Q'ong hYu ht c!c h+, ch`t. s_ oi ha c"a hi'o l l9. c"a oi l Ph.
L. L-<2 C|+ C-j TUD-
P diFn kt kim lo&i l liFn kt (+c h=nh thnh gi[a c!c nguyFn tA v ion
kim lo&i t'ong m&ng tinh th5 )o ) tham gia c"a c'c ()(ctron t* +o.
P 0!c m&ng tinh th5 kim lo&i th($ng g],N d8, ,h(<ng t?m kh_i. l8,
,h(<ng t?m )in. lBc ,h(<ng.
P 0!c kim lo&i )Sn in. )Sn nhit t_t. c tnh )o. c !nh kim l )o cù t&o
tinh th5 kim lo&i 4uy rnh.
Ih
B. BI TP C LI GII
Y.1 {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a 0l mqf9In v 0a mqfh:n. 0ho 3it vr t' c"a ch-ng
mchu k=. nhmn t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. diFn kt gi[a cani v clo t'ong h+, ch`t
0a0l
h
thuc lo&i liFn kt g=} {= sao} {it s< # h=nh thnh liFn kt .
mQ'ch Z thi tuy5n sinh eHP 0e kh_i 7 nCm h::bn
Y.' Hai nguyFn t_ L v z t&o thnh h+, ch`t c c1ng thJc l L
h
z. 0ho 3itN
P QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong h+, ch`t 3xng bg.
P Q'ong h&t nh?n c"a L c n P , f 9. t'ong h&t nh?n c"a z c n f ,.
P Q'ong h+, ch`t L
h
z. nguyFn t_ z chim
47
8
kh_i l(+ng.
9. Q=m s_ h&t ,'oton t'ong nguyFn tA L v z.
h. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon h^y cho 3it tFn c!c nguyFn t_ L. z.
3. diFn kt t'ong h+, ch`t L
h
z l liFn kt g=} Q&i sao} {it s< # h=nh thnh liFn
kt t'ong h+, ch`t .
Y.Y {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a c!c nguyFn tA O. 7 3it 'xngN
P QXng s_ c!c lo&i h&t c< 3Tn t'ong nguyFn tA O l 3b. @_ h&t mang in nhiZu h<n
s_ h&t kh1ng mang in l 9:.
P j hiu c"a nguyFn tA 7 l
9i
i
7.
h. diFn kt t'ong h+, ch`t t&o thnh tK O v 7 thuc lo&i liFn kt g=} {= sao} {it
c1ng thJc c"a h+, ch`t t&o thnh .
Y.Z z. . q l nh[ng nguyFn t_ c in tch h&t nh?n lYn l(+t l i. 9i. p.
9. {it cù h=nh GlGct'on nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ . 0ho 3it tnh ch`t ha
hc ]c t'(ng c"a z. . q.
h. U o!n liFn kt ha hc c th5 c gi[a c!c c], z v . v q. z v q. {it
c1ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a c!c h+, ch`t t&o thnh.
Y.\ Lt h+, ch`t c c1ng thJc z
h
t'ong chim c:s vZ kh_i l(+ng. Q'ong
h&t nh?n c"a z c n f , v h&t nh?n c n f ,. QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong ,h?n tA
z
h
l 3h.
I3
a. {it cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a z v .
3. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon. cho 3it z. l nh[ng nguyFn t_ g=} 0ho 3it 3Tn
ch`t liFn kt v c1ng thJc cù t&o c"a ,h?n tA z
h
.
Y.( QXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA mt nguyFn t_ ~ nhm
{||O l hp.
9. Qnh s_ kh_i c"a ~. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon. cho 3it ~ l nguyFn t_ g=}
h. {it c1ng thJc ,h?n tA v c1ng thJc cù t&o c"a ,h?n tA <n ch`t ~.
3. {it c1ng thJc GlGct'on v c1ng thJc cù t&o h+, ch`t c"a ~ v%i hi'o.
Y.^ kh?n tA oH
3
c cù t&o )&ng ch, tam gi!c v%i gc liFn kt HoH 3xng 9:I
:
.
9. QhGo l thuyt lai ha. nguyFn tA nit< t'ong ,h?n tA oH
3
* t'&ng th!i lai ha
no} L1 tT s h=nh thnh liFn kt t'ong oH
3
thGo giT thit lai ha .
h. HiTi thch t&i sao gc liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA oH
3
l&i nh h<n so v%i gc c"a tJ
Zu m9:i.c
o
n}
Y._ kh?n tA H
h
u c cù t&o h=nh ch[ { v%i gc liFn kt HuH 3xng 9:b.c
:
.
9. QhGo l thuyt lai ha. nguyFn tA oi t'ong ,h?n tA H
h
u * t'&ng th!i lai ha
no} L1 tT s h=nh thnh liFn kt t'ong H
h
u thGo giT thit lai ha .
h. HiTi thch t&i sao gc liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA H
h
u l&i nh h<n so v%i gc c"a tJ
Zu m9:i.c
o
n}
Y.` Q'=nh 3y cù t'-c c"a tinh th5 n(%c !. Qinh th5 n(%c ! thuc ki5u tinh th5
nguyFn tA. ,h?n tA hay ion}
h. H^y giTi thch v= sao n(%c ! l&i nXi t'Fn 3Z m]t n(%c lng}
Y.10 oguyFn t_ ~ c ha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit g`, 3 lYn ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t
v%i hi'o.
a. H^y cho 3it ha t'r cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit.
3. Q'ong h+, ch`t c"a ~ v%i hi'o. ~ chim
9I
9g
,hYn kh_i l(+ng.
jh1ng )2ng 3Tng tuYn hon. cho 3it k hiu c"a nguyFn tA ~.
Ib
c. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon cho 3it ~ l nguyFn t_ g=} {it c1ng thJc GlGct'on v
c1ng thJc cù t&o oit cao nh`t c"a ~.
Y.11 H+, ch`t z t&o 3*i hai nguyFn t_ O. 7 v c ,h?n tA kh_i l Ig. O v 7 c
s_ oi ha cao nh`t t'ong c!c oit l ln
u
v l m
u
. v s_ oi ha ?m t'ong c!c h+,
ch`t v%i hi'o l Pn
H
v Pm
H
tha m^n iZu kin n
u
f n
H
v m
u
f 3m
H
.
9. Q=m c1ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a z. 3it 'xng O c_ s_ oi ha cao nh`t t'ong z.
h. 7it 'xng z c cù t'-c ,h?n tA thDng. H^y cho 3it t'&ng th!i lai ha c"a
nguyFn tA O v 3Tn ch`t liFn kt t'ong z.
Y.1' z l nguyFn t_ thuc chu k= 3. z t&o v%i hi'o mt h+, ch`t kh c c1ng thJc
H
h
z. t'ong z c s_ oi ha th`, nh`t.
9. z!c rnh vr t' c"a z t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
h. Q'ong oit cao nh`t c"a ~ th= ~ chim b:s kh_i l(+ng. Q=m kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA
c"a ~.
3. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon h^y cho 3it z l nguyFn t_ no. {it ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn
Jng khi lYn l(+t cho H
h
z t!c )Bng v%i n(%c 0l
h
. )ung )rch WG0l
3
. )ung )rch 0u@u
b
.
Y.1Y ~ l mt nguyFn t_ ,hi kim. QXng &i s_ s_ oi ha )(<ng cao nh`t v%i h lYn s_
oi ha ?m th`, nh`t c"a ~ l lh. QXng s_ ,'oton v n<t'on c"a ~ nh h<n 3b.
9. z!c rnh ~
h. z l h+, ch`t kh c"a ~ v%i hi'o. l oit c"a ~ c chJa c:s oi vZ kh_i l(+ng.
z!c rnh c1ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a z v .
3. {it c1ng thJc cù t&o c!c ,h?n tA ~u
h
~u
3
H
h
~u
b
.
Y.1Z 0ation z
l
)o c nguyFn tA c"a h nguyFn t_ ha hc t&o nFn. QXng s_ ,'oton
t'ong z
l
l 99.
9. z!c rnh c1ng thJc v gi tFn cation z
l
.
h. {it c1ng thJc GlGct'on c"a ion z
l
. 0ho 3it cù t'-c h=nh hc c"a ion ny}
Y.1\ Onion
hP
)o c nguyFn tA c"a h nguyFn t_ ha hc t&o nFn. QXng s_ GlGct'on
t'ong
hP
l c:.
Ic
9. z!c rnh c1ng thJc ,h?n tA v gi tFn ion
hP
. 3it 'xng h nguyFn t_ t'ong
hP
thuc c2ng mt ,h?n nhm v thuc hai chu k= liFn ti,.
h. {it c1ng thJc GlGct'on c"a ion
hP
. 0ho 3it cù t'-c h=nh hc c"a ion ny}
Y.1( 0 c.cg gam hMn h+, O g#m WG v kim lo&i L mha t'r nn. 0hia O lm hai
,hYn 3xng nhauN
khYn 9N Ha tan ht t'ong )ung )rch H0l lo^ng. (+c 9.cgp lit kh H
h
.
khYn hN Ha tan ht t'ong )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
]c nng thu (+c h.:9g lit kh @u
h
.
{it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc v !c rnh tFn kim lo&i L. 0!c th5 tch kh o * ktc.
Y.1^ e5 khA hon ton p gam oit c"a mt kim lo&i thnh kim lo&i cYn )2ng 3.3g
lit H
h
. Ha tan ht l(+ng kim lo&i thu (+c vo )ung )rch H0l lo^ng th`y tho!t 'a
h.hb lit kh H
h
. 7it c!c kh o * ktc.
z!c rnh c1ng thJc c"a oit. 0ho 3it s_ oi ha v ha t'r c"a kim lo&i t'ong oit.
Y.1_ jhA hon ton b.:g gam mt oit kim lo&i 3xng 0u * nhit cao thnh
kim lo&i. USn ton 3 kh sinh 'a vo 3=nh ng )ung )rch 0amuHn
h
)(. th`y t&o
thnh I gam kt t"a. ou l`y l(+ng kim lo&i sinh 'a ha tan ht vo )ung )rch H0l
)( th= thu (+c 9.9Ig lit kh H
h
mktcn.
9. z!c rnh c1ng thJc oit kim lo&i.
h. 0ho b.:g gam oit kim lo&i t'Fn t!c )Bng hon ton v%i c::ml )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
]c. nng m)(n (+c )ung )rch z v c kh @u
h
3ay 'a.
H^y !c rnh n#ng mollit c"a mu_i t'ong )ung )rch z.
0oi th5 tch c"a )ung )rch kh1ng thay Xi t'ong su_t 4u! t'=nh ,hTn Jng.
("r1ch ; thi tu(Rn $inh QHX CQ 3h%i y nCm kccq)
Y.1` Ha tan hon ton I gam kim lo&i L t'ong h:: gam )ung )rch H0l vKa "
thu (+c h:g.Ic gam )ung )rch O.
9. z!c rnh L v n#ng s c"a )ung )rch H0l.
h. Ha tan g.hp gam hMn h+, z g#m L v mt oit c"a L t'ong 9I: ml )ung )rch
Hou
3
hL mlo^ng. vKa "n thu (+c 9.h3h lit ou mktcn.
Q=m c1ng thJc c"a oit. 0ho 3it s_ oi ha v ha t'r c"a L t'ong oit.
Ig
C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
Y.'0 Q'ong m&ng tinh th5 kim lo&i. ng($i ta )2ng ]c kht
l ,hYn t'Cm th5

tch m c!c nguyFn tA chim t'ong tinh th5 5 ]c t'(ng cho tKng ki5u cù t'-c. {%i
ki5u cù t'-c l8, ,h(<ng t?m kh_i.
f gps ki5u cù t'-c l8, ,h(<ng t?m )in.
f Ibs. 7xng tnh to!n cB th5. h^y chJng minh c!c kt 4uT t'Fn.
Y.'1 QhKa nh8n 'xng c!c nguyFn tA 0a. 0u Zu c )&ng h=nh cYu sR, , ]c kht
3Fn c&nh nhau. th= th5 tch chim 3*i c!c nguyFn tA kim lo&i chim Ibs so v%i ton
3 kh_i tinh th5. H^y tnh 3!n knh nguyFn tA 0a. 0u mthGo <n vr n. 3it kh_i
l(+ng 'iFng c"a c!c tinh th5 kim lo&i * iZu kin chu>n t(<ng Jng l 9.ccgcm
3
v
p.i:gcm
3
.
0ho 3itN 0a f b:.:p 0u fg3.cc 9 f 9:
Pp
cm 9u f 9.gI.9:
Phb
g.
Y.'' Q'=nh 3y 3Tn ch`t liFn kt kim lo&i. @o s!nh liFn kt kim lo&i v%i liFn kt cng
ha t'r v liFn kt ion.
h. H^y giTi thch t&i sao c!c kim lo&i c nh[ng tnh ch`t v8t l ]c t'(ng l c !nh
kim. c tnh )o v c khT nCng )Sn in. )Sn nhit t_t.
Y.'Y jim lo&i oa c cù t'-c m&ng tinh th5 thGo ki5u l8, ,h(<ng t?m kh_i v%i
)i mMi c&nh h=nh l8, ,h(<ng l a f :.bhi nm. H^y tnhN
9. 7!n knh nguyFn tA oa.
h. jh_i l(+ng 'iFng mgcm
3
n c"a nat'i. oat'i c th5 nXi t'Fn n(%c kh1ng}
0ho 3it kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA c"a nat'i l h3u m 9u f 9.gI.9:
Phb
gn.
Y.'Z jim lo&i oi c cù t'-c m&ng tinh th5 thGo ki5u l8, ,h(<ng t?m )in. 7!n knh
nguyFn tA c"a oi l ' f 9.hb.9:
Pp
cm. H^y tnhN
9. e )i mMi c&nh h=nh l8, ,h(<ng.
h. jh_i l(+ng 'iFng mgcm
3
n c"a nikGn.
0ho 3it kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA c"a nikGn l cp.Iu m 9u f 9.gI.9:
Phb
gn.
Y.'\ 0ù t'-c m&ng tinh th5 c"a h+, ch`t ion oa0l (+c 3i5u )in )(%i ?yN
II

Q'ong c!c 4uT cYu l%n mion 0l
P
n ,h?n 3_ thGo ki5u l8, ,h(<ng t?m )in. c!c 4uT
cYu nh mion oa
l
n ,h?n 3_ * t?m v * gi[a c!c c&nh c"a h=nh l8, ,h(<ng.
9. Qnh s_ ion oa
l
v 0l
P
c t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ng.
h. Qnh 3!n knh ion oa
l
v 0l
P
.
0ho 3it h=nh l8, ,h(<ng c c&nh l a f :.cch nm v ta l 3!n knh
:.chc
'
'
0l
oa
+
.
Y.'( diFn kt ha hc t'ong ,h?n tA H
h
(+c h=nh thnh nh$ s Gn ,h" c"a c!c
o'3itan no}
O.
7.
l
0.
U. Lt kt 4uT kh!c.
Y.'^ diFn kt ha hc t'ong ,h?n tA H0l (+c h=nh thnh nh$ s Gn ,h" c"a c!c
o'3itan no}
O.
7.
Ip
0.
U. Lt kt 4uT kh!c.
Y.'_ diFn kt ha hc t'ong ,h?n tA 0l
h
(+c h=nh thnh nh$ s Gn ,h" c"a c!c
o'3itan no}
O.
7.
0.
U. Lt kt 4uT kh!c.
Y.'` 0hn h=nh vy m1 tT -ng s t&o thnh liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA H
h
@ .
O. 7.
0. U.
Y.Y0 H=nh no )(%i ?y m1 tT s lai ha s,}
Ii
O.
7.
0.
U. Lt !, !n kh!c.
Y.Y1 0ho h=nh vy m1 tT s t&o thnh o'3itan lai ha s,
h
.
@ lai ha s,
h
sau ?y Ty 'a * mt nguyFn tA )oN
O. s tX h+, c"a 9o'3itan s v h o'3itan , c"a nguyFn tA .
7. s tX h+, c"a ho'3itan s v h o'3itan , c"a nguyFn tA .
0. s tX h+, c"a ho'3itan s v 9 o'3itan , c"a nguyFn tA
U. s tX h+, c"a 9o'3itan s v 3 o'3itan , c"a nguyFn tA
Y.Y' 0ho 3 )&ng lai ha lYn l(+t nh( h=nh vy.
p:

s, s,
h
s,
3
Hc gi[a c!c o'3itan lai ha lYn l(+t lN
O. 9p:
:
. 9h:
:
. 9:i
:
hp 7. 9h:
:
9p:
:
9:i
:
hp

0. 9:i
:
hp 9h:
:
9p:
:
U. 9p:
:
9:i
:
hp 9h:
:
Y.YY @ Gn ,h" no sau ?y t&o thnh liFn kt }
O.
7.
0.
U. cT O. 7. 0 Zu -ng.
Y.YZ @ Gn ,h" no sau ?y t&o thnh liFn kt .
O.
7.
0.
p9
U.
Y.Y\ 0ho c!c tinh th5 sauN
jim c(<ngm 0 n |
h
H
h
u
Qinh th5 no l tinh th5 ,h?n tAN
O.Qinh th5 kim c(<ng v |_t 7.Qinh th5 kim c(<ng v n(%c !.
0.Qinh th5 n(%c ! v |_t. U.0T 3 tinh th5 ^ cho.
Y.Y(
diFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA no sau ?y h=nh thnh )o s Gn ,h" c"a c!c o3itan s
O. H0l 7. H
h
u
0. 0l
h
U. H
h
Y.Y^
0ho c!c ,h?n tA o
h
. H0l. oa0l. Lgu. 0!c ,h?n tA Zu c liFn kt cng ha
t'r l
O. o
h
v H0l 7. H0l v Lgu
0. o
h
v oa0l U. oa0l v Lgu
Y.Y_
Lt ,h?n tA z
3
c tXng c!c h&t ,'oton. GlGct'on. not'on 3xng 9ig. Q'ong
s_ h&t mang in nhiZu h<n s_ h&t kh1ng mang in l g:. s_ h&t mang in c"a z
t h<n s_ h&t mang in c"a t'ong ,h?n tA l Ig. z
3
l c1ng thJc no sau ?y }
O. @u
3
7. Ol0l
3
0. 7W
3
U. oH
3
Y.Y`
z. l hai nguyFn t_ thuc c2ng mt nhm O. * hai chu k liFn ti,. 0ho
3it tXng s_ GlGct'on t'ong anion z
h
3
l bh. z!c rnh hai nguyFn t_ z. v z
h
3
t'ong s_ c!c ,h(<ng !n sau
O. 7G. Lg v Lg7G
3
7. @. u v @u
3
hP

ph
0. 0. u v 0u
3
hP
U. @i. u v @iu
3
hP
Y.Z0
diFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA ch`t no sau ?y mang nhiZu tnh ch`t ion nh`t}
O. di0l 7. oa0l 0. 0s0l U. ~30l

3.hg. O 3.hI. 7 3.hp. 0 3.hi. O 3.3:. O
3.39. O 3.3h. O 3.33. U 3.3b. 0 3.3c. 0
3.3g. U 3.3I. O 3.3p. 7 3.3i. 7 3.b:. 0
Y.1 H(%ng )SnN
0l mq f 9In N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
c
0a mq f h:n N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
0lo nxm * 1 s_ 9I. chu k 3. nhm {||O.
0ani nxm * 1 s_ h:. chu k b. nhm ||O.
diFn kt t'ong h+, ch`t 0a0l
h
l liFn kt ion v= 0a l kim lo&i i5n h=nh. 0l
l ,hi kim i5n h=nh.
@< # h=nh thnh liFn ktN
h0l l h9G h0l
P
0a 0a
hl
l hG
0!c ion 0a
hl
v 0l
P
t&o thnh mang in tch t'!i )ù. ch-ng h-t nhau 3xng
lc h-t t\nh in. t&o thnh h+, ch`t 0a0l
h
N
0a
hl
l h0l
P

0a0l
h
Y.' Hng dGn8
9. QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong h+, ch`t L
h
z 3xng bg nFn N h, l , f bg. m9n
Q'ong h+, ch`t L
h
z. nguyFn t_ z chim
47
8
kh_i l(+ng nFnN
3i
p
hL
L
L
z

3i
p
,n hmn
, n
. .
+
+

3i
p
9n hmh,
, h
.
3i, f pmh, l 9n. mhn

p3
QK m9n. mhn ta t=m (+cN , f 9i , f p.
h. L l kali mjn v z l oi mun.
3. diFn kt t'ong h+, ch`t j
h
u l liFn kt ion v= j l kim lo&i i5n h=nh. u l
,hi kim i5n h=nh.
u l hG
u
hP
hj
hj
l
l h9G
0!c ion j
l
v u
hP
t&o thnh mang in tch t'!i )ù. ch-ng h-t nhau 3xng lc
h-t t\nh in. t&o thnh h+, ch`t j
h
uN
hj
l
l u
hP

j
h
u
Y.Y Hng dGn8
9. Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA O l k. o. V mt'ong
k f Vn.
Qa cN k l o l V f 3b v k l V P o f 9:.
QK ?y t=m (+c k f V f 99 o f 9h.
j hiu c"a nguyFn tA 7 l
9i
i
7 nFn q
7
f i
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a O. 7N
O mq f 99n N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
9
7 mq f in N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
c
h. diFn kt t'ong h+, ch`t gi[a O v 7 l liFn kt ion v= O l kim lo&i i5n
h=nh mnhm |On. 7 l ,hi kim i5n h=nh mnhm {||On.
O
O
l
l 9G
7 l 9G
7
P
0!c ion O
l
v 7
P
t&o thnh mang in tch t'!i )ù. ch-ng h-t nhau 3xng lc
h-t t\nh in. t&o thnh h+, ch`t O7N
O
l
l 7
P

O7.
pb
Y.Z Hng dGn8
9. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a c!c nguyFn tA z. . qN
zN mq f in N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
c

N mq f 9in N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
9
qN mq f pn N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b

Qnh ch`t ]c t'(ng c"a l tnh kim lo&i. c"a z v q l tnh ,hi kim.
h. diFn kt gi[a z v . gi[a v q l liFn kt ion.
P @ h=nh thnh liFn kt gi[a z v N
z l 9G
z
P

l
l 9G
0!c ion
l
v z
P
h-t nhau 3xng lc h-t t\nh in. t&o thnh h+, ch`t z.
P @ h=nh thnh liFn kt gi[a v qN
q l hG
q
hP
h
h
l
l h9G
0!c ion
l
v q
hP
h-t nhau 3xng lc h-t t\nh in. t&o thnh h+, ch`t
h
q.
P z v q l c!c ,hi kim nFn liFn kt gi[a ch-ng l liFn kt cng ha t'r. e5
&t (+c cù h=nh 3Zn v[ng. mMi nguyFn tA z cYn g, chung 9G. mMi nguyFn tA q
cYn g, chung hG. oh( v8y h nguyFn tA z sy tham gia liFn kt v%i 9 nguyFn tA q
3xng h liFn kt cng ha t'r <n nh$ h c], GlGct'on g, chung. Uo c1ng thJc
,h?n tA c"a h+, ch`t l z
h
q.
Y.\ Hng dGn8
a. Q'ong h+, ch`t z
h
. z chim c:s vZ kh_i l(+ng nFnN
c:
c:
L
hL
z
9
nn m,
n n hm,
. .
+
+

, f h,.
QXng s_ ,'oton t'ong ,h?n tA z
h
l 3h nFn , l h, f 3h.
QK ?y t=m (+cN , f 9g v , f p .
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a zN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
b
v c"a N 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
pc
3. Ua vo 3Tng tuYn hon ta th`y z l @. l u. H+, ch`t cYn t=m l @u
h
.
@< # h=nh thnh liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA @u
h
N
Q(<ng Jng v%i c1ng thJc cù t&oN
Y.( Hng dGn8
9. Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on. GlGct'on c"a nguyFn tA ~ l k. o. V. Q'ong
k f V.
QhGo 3iN k l o l V f hp
hk l o f hp
o f hp P hk.
L]t kh!c. k o 9.ck
k hp P hk 9.ck
p k i.3
{8y k f p ho]c i. Uo nguyFn t_ ~ thuc nhm {||O nFn nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ ~
c I GlGct'on * l%, ngoi c2ng.
k f pN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
N lo&i
k f iN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
c
N tha m^n. {8y k f V f i o f 9:.
@_ kh_i Of o l k f 9i. ~ l vlo.
h. QK cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a W ta th`y l%, ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA W c I
GlGct'on. cn thiu mt GlGct'on 5 &t cù h=nh 3Zn v[ng c"a kh him gYn nh`t.
Uo * )&ng <n ch`t. nguyFn t_ W t#n t&i )(%i )&ng ,h?n tA h nguyFn tA. liFn kt
gi[a hai nguyFn tA l liFn kt cng ha t'r <n h=nh thnh tK mt c], GlGct'on )2ng
chung.
01ng thJc ,h?n tA l W
h
. c1ng thJc cù t&o l W P W.
pg
u
u
@
uN
uN
@N
diFn kt
diFn kt 6cho nhn;
3. 01ng thJc GlGct'on v c1ng thJc cù t&o h+, ch`t c"a ~ v%i hi'o nh( sauN
H P W
01ng thJc GlGct'on 01ng thJc cù t&o
Y.^ Hng dGn8
9. e5 giTi thch cù t'-c h=nh hc c"a ,h?n tA oH
3
. thuyt lai ha cho 'xng
nguyFn tA o * t'&ng th!i lai ha tJ )in s,
3
.
@ h=nh thnh c!c liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA oH
3
(+c giTi thch nh( sauN
7a o3itan lai ha chJa GlGct'on c th?n
sy Gn ,h" v%i 3 o3itan 9s c"a 3 nguyFn tA H
t&o thnh 3 liFn kt
.
Lt o3itan lai ha chJa c], GlGct'on c"a
o kh1ng tham gia liFn kt h(%ng vZ mt anh
c"a h=nh tJ )in.

H=nh 9. 0ù t&o ,h?n tA oH
3
h. Uo c], GlGct'on kh1ng liFn kt t'Fn nguyFn tA o cha chru lc h-t c"a h&t
nh?n nguyFn tA o nFn c], GlGct'on ny chim v2ng kh1ng gian 'ng h<n so v%i 3
c], GlGct'on liFn kt mchru lc h-t c"a hai h&t nh?nn. Uo v8y n t&o 'a lc >y _i
pI
..
H
H
H
H
o
s,
3
W H
..
.
.
.
.
..
v%i !m m?y c!c c], GlGct'on liFn kt. lm c!c !m m?y ny h<i 3r /, l&i. )o v8y
gc liFn kt thc t l 9:I
:
h<i nh h<n so v%i gc c"a tJ )in Zu.
Y._ Hng dGn8
9. e5 giTi thch cù t'-c h=nh hc c"a ,h?n tA H
h
u. thuyt lai ha cho 'xng
nguyFn tA u * t'&ng th!i lai ha tJ )in s,
3
.
@ h=nh thnh c!c liFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA H
h
u (+c giTi thch nh( sauN
Hai o3itan lai ha chJa GlGct'on c th?n sy Gn ,h" v%i h o3itan 9s c"a h
nguyFn tA H t&o thnh h liFn kt
.
Hai o3itan lai ha chJa c], GlGct'on c"a u kh1ng tham gia liFn kt h(%ng vZ hai
anh c"a h=nh tJ )in.
h. Uo h c], GlGct'on kh1ng liFn kt t'Fn
nguyFn tA u cha chru lc h-t c"a h&t nh?n
nguyFn tA u nFn h c], GlGct'on ny chim
v2ng kh1ng gian 'ng h<n so v%i h c],
GlGct'on liFn kt mchru lc h-t c"a hai h&t
nh?nn. Uo v8y n t&o 'a lc >y _i v%i
!m m?y c!c c], GlGct'on liFn kt. lm c!c
!m m?y ny h<i 3r /, l&i. )o v8y gc liFn
kt thc t l 9:b.c
:
nh h<n so v%i gc c"a
tJ )in Zu.

H=nh h. 0ù t&o ,h?n tA H
h
u
Y.` Hng dGn8
pp
s,
3
L&ng tinh th5 n(%c ! thuc ki5u
m&ng tinh th5 ,h?n tA. LMi ,h?n tA n(%c
liFn kt v%i b ,h?n tA n(%c kh!c gYn n
nh`t nxm t'Fn 3_n anh c"a mt h=nh tJ )in
Zu.
oh( v8y. t'ong m&ng tinh th5. mMi
,h?n tA n(%c Zu * t?m c"a mt h=nh tJ
)in Zu v liFn kt v%i b ,h?n tA n(%c t'Fn
b anh nh$ t&o thnh b liFn kt hi'o.

H=nh 3. L1 h=nh tinh th5 n(%c !
h. 0ù t'-c tinh th5 ,h?n tA n(%c ! l cù t'-c tJ )in. l cù t'-c 'Mng nFn
c ta kh_i nh h<n khi n(%c * t'&ng th!i lng. )o v8y n(%c ! nXi t'Fn 3Z m]t n(%c
lng. Qh5 tch n(%c c"a ! khi 1ng ]c l%n h<n khi * t'&ng th!i lng.
Y.10 Hng dGn8
a. Hi ha t'r cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit l m. ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t v%i hi'o
l n.
Ha t'r cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit l m nFn * l%, ngoi c2ng nguyFn tA ~ c
m GlGct'on.
Ha t'r t'ong h+, ch`t c"a ~ v%i hi'o l n nFn 5 &t (+c cù h=nh p GlGct'on
3ô ha c"a kh him. l%, ngoi c2ng nguyFn tA ~ cYn nh8n thFm n GlGct'on.
oh( v8y ta cN m l n f p. QhGo 3iN m f 3n. QK ?y t=m (+c m fg n f h.
3. 01ng thJc h+, ch`t ~ v%i hi'o l H
h
~. QhGo 3iN
9
9g

hL
L
H
~
nFn ~ f 3h.
Hi tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on c"a ~ l k. o. Qa c k l o f 3h.
Qa cN k o 9.ck
k k P 3h 9.ck
9h.p k 9g.
L]t kh!c. ~ thuc nhm {| mha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit 3xng {|n nFn )a
vo cù h=nh GlGct'on khi k f 93. 9b. 9c. 9g ta th`y k f 9g tha m^n.
pi
{8y k hiu c"a nguyFn tA ~ lN ~
3h
9g
.
c. ~ l l(u hunh. Ha t'r cao nh`t c"a @ t'ong oit l {| nFn c1ng thJc oit
l @u
3
. 01ng thJc GlGct'on v c1ng thJc cù t&o c"a oit @u
3
nh( sauN
Y.11 Hng dGn8
a. O. 7 c s_ oi ha cao nh`t t'ong c!c oit l ln
u
v l m
u
nFn l%, ngoi
c2ng c"a O. 7 c s_ GlGct'on l n
u
v m
u
.
O. 7 c s_ oi ha ?m t'ong c!c h+, ch`t v%i hi'o l Pn
H
v P m
H
nFn ta
th`y 5 hon thnh l%, v 3ô ha p GlGct'on. l%, ngoi c2ng c"a O. 7 cYn nh8n
thFm s_ GlGct'on l n
H
v m
H
.
oh( v8yN n
u
l n
H
f p v m
u
l m
H
f p.
QhGo 3iN n
u
f n
H
v m
u
f 3m
H
.
QK ?y t=m (+c n
u
f n
H
f b. m
u
f g. n
H
f h.
O c s_ oi ha )(<ng cao nh`t l lb nFn O thuc nhm |{. 7 c s_ oi ha
)(<ng cao nh`t l lg nFn 7 thuc nhm {|.
Q'ong h+, ch`t z. O c s_ oi ha lb mnh($ng b GlGct'onn nFn mt nguyFn
tA O liFn kt v%i h nguyFn tA 7. t'ong 7 c s_ oi ha Ph.
01ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a z l O7
h
.
QhGo 3iN kh_i l(+ng ,h?n tA c"a z l Igu nFn L
O
l hL
7
f Igu.
L
7

h
Igu
f 3pu.
i:
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
u
u
u @ u
u
@
u
L]t kh!c. 7 thuc nhm {| v t&o (+c s_ oi ha cao nh`t t'ong oit l lg
nFn 7 l l(u hunh. {8y L
7
f 3hu. suy 'a L
O
f Igu P h3hu f 9hu. O l cac3on.
01ng thJc c"a z l 0@
h
.
h. QhGo 3i. 0@
h
c cù t'-c thDng nFn nguyFn tA 0 * t'&ng th!i lai ha s,.
0ù h=nh GlGct'on l%, ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA l(u hunhN
diFn kt t'ong ,h?n tA 0@
h
(+c h=nh thnh nh( sauN
Hai o3itan lai ha s, c"a 0 Gn ,h" t'Bc v%i hai o3itan 3, chJa GlGct'on c
th?n c"a h l(u hunh t&o thnh h liFn kt
.
Hai o3itan h,
. h,
y
kh1ng tham gia lai ha c"a 0 Gn ,h" 3Fn v%i hai o3itan 3,
chJa GlGct'on c th?n c"a h l(u hunh t&o thnh h liFn kt
.
oh( v8y. nguyFn tA cac3on t&o v%i mMi nguyFn tA l(u hunh 9 liFn kt
v 9
liFn kt
. 01ng thJc cù t&o c"a ,h?n tA 0@

h
nh( sauN
Y.1' Hng dGn8
9. QhGo 3i 'a. ha t'r c"a z t'ong h+, ch`t v%i hi)'o l || nFn ha t'r cao nh`t
t'ong oit l {|.
{8y z thuc chu k 3. nhm {|O t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
h. ~ thuc nhm {| nFn ha t'r cao nh`t t'ong oit l {|. v8y c1ng thJc oit
cao nh`t c )&ng ~u
3
. Q'ong oit ny ~ chim b:s kh_i l(+ng nFnN
i9
s,
3
hs
h,
s,
h,
h,
y
@ 0 @
3s
3,
g:
b:
9g 3
L
~
L
~
f 3h.
3. z l @. 0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
H
h
@ l b0l
h
l bH
h
u
H
h
@u
b
l pH0l
H
h
@ l hWG0l
3

hWG0l
h
l @
l hH0l
H
h
@ l 0u@u
b

0u@
l H
h
@u
b
Y.1Y Hng dGn8
9. Hi s_ oi ha )(<ng cao nh`t v s_ oi ha ?m th`, nh`t c"a ~ lYn l(+t l
lm v Pn.
@_ oi ha cao nh`t c"a ~ t'ong oit l lm nFn * l%, ngoi c2ng nguyFn tA
~ c m GlGct'on.
@_ oi ha t'ong h+, ch`t c"a ~ v%i hi'o l Pn nFn 5 &t (+c cù h=nh p
GlGct'on 3ô ha c"a kh him. l%, ngoi c2ng nguyFn tA ~ cYn nh8n thFm n
GlGct'on.
Qa cN m l n f p. L]t kh!c. thGo 3i 'aN lm l hmPnn f lh
m P hn f h.
QK ?y t=m (+cN m f g v n f h. {8y ~ l ,hi kim thuc nhm {|.
@_ kh_i c"a ~ 3b nFn ~ l u hay @. Uo oi kh1ng t&o (+c s_ oi ha cao
nh`t l lg nFn ~ l l(u hunh.
h. Q'ong h+, ch`t z. @ c s_ oi ha th`, nh`t nFn z c c1ng thJc l H
h
@.
Hi c1ng thJc oit l @u
n
.
Uo s@ f c:s nFn
9gn
3h
f
c:
c:

n f h. 01ng thJc c"a l @u

h
.
3. 01ng thJc cù t&o c"a @u
h
@u
3
H
h
@u
b
N
Y.1Z Hng dGn8
ih
u
u
@ u
u
@
u
u

@
u Hu
Hu
9. @_ ,'oton t'ung 3=nh c"a mt h&t nh?n nguyFn tA t'ong z
l
l
c
99
f h.h. {8y
mt nguyFn t_ t'ong z
l
c in tch h&t nh?n nh h<n h.h. nguyFn t_ l H mq f 9n.
Qa lo&i t'($ng h+, HG mq f hn v= HG l kh him kh1ng t&o (+c h+, ch`t.
{8y c1ng thJc ion z
l
c )&ngN O
cPn
H
n
l
. Q'ong N mcPnn.q
O
l n f 99.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
o 9 h 3
b
q
O
mOn h.c mlo&in 3 mdin b m7Gn I mon
Qa lo&i c!c t'($ng h+, O l di. 7G v= c!c ion z
l
t(<ng Jng kh1ng t#n t&i.
Q'($ng h+, O l nit< tha m^n v= ion amoni t#n t&i. {8y z
l
l ion oH
+
b
.
h. 01ng thJc GlGct'on c"a ion oH
+
b
nh( sauN
Y.1\ Hng dGn8Hi c1ng thJc c"a
hP
l
h
m m c
W V .
QhGo 3i. tXng s_ GlGct'on t'ong
hP
3xng c: nFn tXng s_ ,'oton t'ong
hP
3xng bp.
Qa cN mcPmnq
V
l mq
W
f bp. m9n
Qa nh8n th`yN
@_ ,'oton t'ung 3=nh c"a mt h&t nh?n nguyFn tA t'ong
hP
l
c
bp
f i.g nFn V
thuc chu k h. W * chu k k ti, v%i V nFn W thuc chu k 3. L]t kh!c. hai
nguyFn t_ V v W thuc c2ng mt ,h?n nhm nFn q
W
P q
V
f p. mhn
i3
H
H
H H
..
.
.
.
.
o
..

H

H

H

o

H
QK m9n. mhn ta cN cq
V
l pm f bp.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
L 9 h 3
b
q
V
mVn p mun g.b mlo&in b.p mlo&in 3.h mlo&in
{8y V l u. QK suy 'a W l @. |on
hP
cYn t=m l ion sunvat @u
h
b
.
h. 01ng thJc GlGct'on c"a ion @u
h
b
nh( sauN
Y.1( Hng dGn8
Hi s_ mol t'ong mMi ,hYnN WG f mol L f y mol.
khYn 9N
WG l hH0l
WG0l
h
l H
h
mmolnN
hL l hnH0l
hL0l
n
l nH
h
mmolnN y :.cny
@_ mol H
h
f :.:I nFn l :.cny f :.:I.
khYn hN
hWG l gH
h
@u
b

m]cn

:
t
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l 3@u
h
l gH
h
u
mmolnN 9.c
ib
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
u
u
u u @
hP
u
u
u
@
u
hP
hL l hnH
h
@u
b

m]cn

:
t
L
h
m@u
b
n
n
l n@u
h
l hnH
h
u
mmolnN y :.cn
@_ mol @u
h
f :.:i nFn 9.c l :.cny f :.:i. {8y f :.:b v ny f :.:g.
L]t kh!cN cg l Ly f h.Ip nFn Ly f :.cb. {8y
i
ny
Ly
n
L

hay L f in.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
o 9 h 3
L i mlo&in 9p mlo&in hI mnh8nn
{8y L l Ol.
Y.1^ Hng dGn8
Hi c1ng thJc oit l L
u
y
f a mol.
L
u
y
l yH
h

:
t
L l yH
h
u
mmolnN a ay a
Qa cN amL l 9gyn f p v ay f :.9c. oh( v8y La f c.g.
hL l hnH0l
hL0l
n
l nH
h
mmolnN a :.cna
Qa cN :.cna f :.9 hay na f :.h.
d8, ta lN hp
na
La
n
L
. {8y L f hpn.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
o 9 h 3
d8, ta lN
3
h
ay
a
y

. {8y c1ng thJc oit l WG
h
u
3
.
@_ oi ha c"a sRt t'ong oit l l3. ha t'r c"a sRt l |||.
ic
Y.1_ Hng dGn8
Hi c1ng thJc oit lN L
u
y
f a mol. Qa cN amL l 9gyn f b.:g.
L
u
y
l y0u

:
t
L l y0u
h
mmolnN a a ay
0u
h
l 0amuHn
h

0a0u
3
l H
h
u
mmolnN ay ay
Qa cN ay f :.:I. QK ?y suy 'aN La f h.ib.
hL l hnH0l
hL0l
n
l nH
h
mmolnN a :.cna
Qa cN :.cna f :.:chc hay na f :.9:c.
d8, ta lN hp
na
La
n
L
. {8y L f hpn.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
o 9 h 3
d8, ta lN
b
3
ay
a
y

3
u
b
.
Y.1` Hng dGn8
9. Hi ha t'r kim lo&i l n v s_ mol l a mol. Qa cN La f I.
hL l hnH0l
hL0l
n
l nH
h
mmolnN a a :.cna
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng tCng g.Ic gam nFnN
I P :.cnah f g.Ic hay na f :.hc.
d8, ta lN hp
na
La
n
L
. {8y L f hpn.
Qa l8, 3Tng sauN
ig
o 9 h 3
h. Hi s_ molN WG f 3 v WG
u
y
f c mol. Qa c cg3 l mcg l 9gync f g.hp.
WG l bHou
3

WGmou
3
n
3
l ou
l hH
h
u
mmolnN 3 b3 3
3WG
u
y
l m9h P hynHou
3

3WGmou
3
n
3
l m3 P hynou
l mg P ynH
h
u
mmolnN c
3
hync m9h

3
hync m3

Qa cN b3 l
3
hync m9h
f :.3b v 3 l
3
hync m3
f :.:cc.
QK ?y tnh (+cN 3 f :.:c mol c f :.:bc mol v yc f :.:g mol.
d8, ta lN
b
3
yc
c
y

3
u
b
.
@_ oi ha c"a sRt t'ong oit l l
3
p
. ha t'r c"a sRt l || v ||| mWGu.WG
h
u
3
n.
Y.'0 Hng dGn8
Hi a l )i mMi c&nh c"a h=nh l8, ,h(<ng v ' l 3!n knh c"a nguyFn tA
kim lo&i.
P e ]c kht c"a m&ng tinh th5 l8, ,h(<ng t?m kh_i.
Q'ong m&ng th5 l8, ,h(<ng t?m kh_i. mMi 4uT cYu Zu * t?m c"a mt h=nh l8,
,h(<ng v ti, -c t'c ti, v%i p 4uT cYu * p anh. z/t h=nh ch[ nh8t O70U.
QhGo 3iN O7 f a nFn ta tnh (+cN 70 f a
h
O0 f a
3
f b'.
iI

2
3 a
a
a
24'
O
7
0
U
O
7
0
U
@_ 4uT cYu t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN 9 l p
p
9
f h.
QXng th5 tch c!c 4uT cYu t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN { f h
3
b
'
3
.
Qh5 tch c"a mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN { f a
3
f
3 3
gb'
3
.
{8yN
.
{
{
.9::s f
.9::s
p
3
f gps.
P e ]c kht c"a m&ng tinh th5 l8, ,h(<ng t?m )in. z/t h=nh ch[ nh8t O70U.
QhGo 3iN O7 f 70 f a nFn ta tnh (+cN O0 f a
h
f b'.
@_ 4uT cYu t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN g
h
9
l p
p
9
f b.
QXng th5 tch c!c 4uT cYu t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN { f b
3
b
'
3
.
Qh5 tch c"a mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN { f a
3
f
h h
gb'
3
.
{8yN
.
{
{
.9::s f
.9::s
g
h
f Ibs.
Y.'1 Hng dGn8
Hi 3!n knh nguyFn tA 0a. 0u lYn l(+t l '
9
. '
h
.
z/t kh_i tinh th5 kim lo&i c th5 tch { f 9cm
3
. khi th5 tch chim 3*i c!c
4uT cYu kim lo&i l :.Ib cm
3
.
ip
a
a
a
h
f b.'
O
7
0
U
O
7 0
U
U
0
Hi s_ nguyFn tA 0a. 0u c t'ong 9 cm
3
tinh th5 kim lo&i l lYn l(+t l o
9
. o
h
N
Qa cN
9 hb
9. cc
o f
b:. :p 9. gI.9:
o
h
f
hb
9: . gI . 9 cc . g3
i: . p
Qh5 tch chim 3*i o

9
mt 4uT cYu kim lo&i 0a l :.Ib cm
3
nFnN
o
9
.
3
b
.
.
3
9
' f :.Ib cm
3

hb
9: . gI . 9 :p . b:
cc . 9
.
3
b
.
.
3
9
' f :.Ib cm
3
'
9
f 9.iI.9:
Pp
cm f 9.iI.
Qh5 tch chim 3*i o
h
mt 4uT cYu kim lo&i 0u l :.Ib cm
3
nFnN
o
h
.
3
b
.
.
3
h
' f :.Ib cm
3

hb
9: . gI . 9 cc . g3
i: . p
.
3
b
.
.
3
h
' f :.Ib cm
3
'
h
f 9.hp.9:
Pp
cm f 9.hp
Y.'' Hng dGn8
9. Q'ong tinh th5 kim lo&i. ion )(<ng kim lo&i v nguyFn tA kim lo&i * c!c n-t
c"a m&ng tinh th5. 0!c GlGct'on ha t'r liFn kt yu v%i h&t nh?n nFn ) t!ch khi
nguyFn tA v chuy5n ng t )o t'ong m&ng tinh th5. lc h-t gi[a c!c GlGct'on ny v
c!c ion )(<ng t&o nFn liFn kt kim lo&i.
oh( v8y. liFn kt kim lo&i l liFn kt (+c h=nh thnh gi[a c!c nguyFn tA v
ion kim lo&i t'ong m&ng tinh th5 )o s tham gia c"a c!c GlGct'on c th?n.
diFn kt kim lo&i v liFn kt cng ha t'r gi_ng nhau l c nh[ng GlGct'on
chung c"a c!c nguyFn tA. nh(ng GlGct'on chung t'ong liFn kt kim lo&i l c"a t`t cT
nh[ng nguyFn tA kim lo&i c m]t t'ong <n ch`t.
diFn kt kim lo&i v liFn kt ion Zu (+c h=nh thnh )o lc h-t t\nh in gi[a
c!c ,hYn tA tch in t'!i )ù. nh(ng c!c ,hYn tA tch in t'!i )ù t'ong liFn kt kim
lo&i l ion )(<ng kim lo&i v c!c GlGct'on t )o.
h. Qnh c !nh kimN Q'ong tinh th5 kim lo&i c c!c GlGct'on t )o c khT nCng
,hTn & hYu ht c!c tia s!ng t'ong v2ng nh=n th`y nFn kim lo&i tinh khit th($ng c
ii
!nh kim.
Qnh )oN jhi t!c )Bng lc lFn tinh th5 kim lo&i. c!c nguyFn tA kim lo&i cha 3r
F )rch vr t' t'ong m&ng tinh th5. liFn kt kim lo&i vSn (+c )uy t'= nFn tinh th5 kim
lo&i cha 3r 3in )&ng m kh1ng 3r ,h! v.
Qnh )Sn inN jhi n_i hai Yu )?y )Sn kim lo&i v%i mt hiu in th. )(%i t!c
)Bng c"a tK t'($ng. c!c GlGct'on t )o chuy5n ng c h(%ng g?y 'a )ng in.
Qnh )Sn nhitN jhi _t nng mt Yu )?y )Sn kim lo&i. c!c GlGct'on * sy
chuy5n ng nhit m&nh v )i chuy5n n c!c v2ng c nhit th`, h<n. t'Fn ($ng
i ch-ng va ch&m v%i c!c n-t m&ng v c!c GlGct'on kh!c. 3in mt ,hYn ng nCng
thnh nhit nCng v lm cho c!c v2ng nng )Yn lFn. g?y 'a tnh )Sn nhit c"a kim
lo&i.
Y.'Y Hng dGn8
9. Hi 3!n knh nguyFn tA c"a oa l '.
QhGo 3i 9c. t'ong m&ng tinh th5 l8, ,h(<ng t?m kh_i ta cN a
3
f b'.
Uo N ' f
b
3 a
f :.9pg mnmn.
h. @_ nguyFn tA oa t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ng lN 9 l p
p
9
f h.
jh_i l(+ng h nguyFn tA oa t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN
L f h h3u f bgu f bg.9.gI.9:
Phb
g f I.gp.9:
Ph3
g
Qh5 tch c"a mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN
{ f a
3
f m:.bhi.9:
Pi
mn
3
f m:.bhi.9:
PI
cmn
3
f I.pi.9:
Ph3
cm
3
.
{8yN
{
L
) f
3 h3 P
Ph3
cm I.pi.9:
g I.gp.9:
f :.iI gcm
3
. mHi! t'r thc t l :.iIgcm
3
n.
oh( v8y kh_i l(+ng 'iFng c"a oa nh h<n kh_i l(+ng 'iFng c"a n(%c m9gcm
3
n
nFn oa nXi t'Fn n(%c.
Y.'Z Hng dGn8
9::
9. Hi 3!n knh nguyFn tA c"a oa l '.
QhGo 3i 9c. t'ong m&ng tinh th5 l8, ,h(<ng t?m )in ta cN a
h
f b'.
Uo N a f
h
b'
f 3.c9.9:
Pp
mcmn.
h. @_ 4uT cYu t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN g
h
9
l p
p
9
f b.
jh_i l(+ng b nguyFn tA oi t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN
L f b
u I . cp
f b
I . cp
9.gI.9:
Phb
g f 3ih.9h.9:
Phb
g
Qh5 tch c"a mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN
{ f a
3
f m3.c9.9:
Pp
cmn
3
f b3.hb.9:
Phb
cm
3
.
{8yN
{
L
) f
3 hb P
Phb
cm b3.hb.9:
g 3ih.9h.9:
f i.:g gcm
3
. mHi! t'r thc t l p.i:gcm
3
n.
Y.'\ Hng dGn8
9. Qnh s_ l(+ng mMi lo&i ion t'ong mt h=nh l8, ,h(<ngN
@_ ion oa
l
f 9 mt?mn 9 l 9h mc&nhn
b
9
f b
@_ ion 0l
P
f g mm]tn
h
9
l p mgcn
p
9
f b
h. QK h=nh vy ta th`yN a f hm +
+
0l oa
' '
n nFn +
+
0l oa
' '
f :.hIg nm.
jt h+, v%i ta l 3!n knh
:.chc
'
'
0l
oa
+
ta t=m (+cN
+
oa
'
f :.:ic nm v
0l
'
f :.9p9 nm.
r. THtNG TIN Bu SUNG
[ $ao cSt $=t 6'zd'li T .n QS :;n v9ng $au hn ^W th? 3s{
jhi n e cn l thuc ra c"a Onh. c mt ngu$i Onh ) rnh ?y )ng mt nh
m!y )t t&i n e. ng ta ]t mua m!y mc * Onh. sau hai th!ng lFnh Fnh t'Fn
3i5n. chuyn tu ch* m!y mc. thit 3r cho
nh m!y )t t(<ng lai ^ c8, cTng an ton.
9:9
Quy nhiFn. khi ki5m t'a l&i. 1ng ta '`t sAng s_t v th`t vng khi th`y ton 3 c!c
thit 3r. )o kh1ng (+c 3To 4uTn t_t t'ong 4u! t'=nh v8n chuy5n ^ thnh ,h liu.
han ga. Lay mRn cho nh c1ng nghi, l 1ng ^ mua 3To hi5m cho nh m!y c"a
m=nh. Q'ong th$i gian ch$ +i nh8n (+c tiZn 3#i th($ng tK h^ng 3To hi5m. 1ng
^ thCm oG)Gli. eiZu lm 1ng ng&c nhiFn nh`t l ct sRt * oG)Gli ^ t#n t&i
9c:: nCm m vSn 3Zn v[ng. kh1ng c )ù hiu 3r han ga. {= sao ct sRt oG)Gli
3Zn v[ng * ngoi t'$i. t'ong khi c!c thit 3r m!y mc ^ 3r ,h! h"y sau hai th!ng}
khTi chCng c mt 3 m8t no vZ luyn kim. vZ liFn kt ha hc ]c 3it c"a sRt
* ct ny} ng ta '`t t m mu_n 3it iZu 3 >n. thYn k= c"a ct sRt v ^ 3 m8t
!nh cR, mt m>u sRt nh tK ct sRt nXi ting ny. ng chia mSu sRt lm nCm
,hYn. sau gAi i ,h?n tch * c!c ,hng th nghim hng Yu th gi%i l-c 3`y
gi$. jt 4uT lm 1ng kinh ng&c. sRt 5 ch t&o ct l sRt nguyFn ch`t. ii.iis. @Rt
nguyFn ch`t hYu nh( C/d2, JG v2 j}2 ha hc. t'ong khi th/,. mt h+, kim
c"a sRt v%i 0. Ln. @i l&i 3r ,h! h"y ) )ng. Hin t(+ng t'Fn (+c gi l s Cn
mn in ha hc. Hin t(+ng Cn mn in ha hc g?y 'a nh[ng t!c h&i '`t l%n.
,h! h"y hng t'iu t`n kim lo&i mMi nCm. thit h&i kinh t lFn n hng ta @U.
og($i ta ^ nghiFn cJu nhiZu c!ch 5 3To v kim lo&i. Q'ong !ng ch- l c!c
,h(<ng ,h!, 3To v 3Z m]t nh( s<n. m&. lau )Yu. m.... v ,h(<ng ,h!, in ha.
nh 3Fn l ct sRt oG)Gli * n e.
9:h
C/012, Z
PHN NG HA HC
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
I. P/E2 TUD- 8/.2 2, /xR /*
0!c ,hTn Jng ha hc t'ong t nhiFn (+c chia thnh hai lo&i. lo&i c s
thay Xi s_ oi ha v lo&i kh1ng thay Xi s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_. do&i ,hTn
Jng ha hc thJ nh`t cn gi l ,hTn Jng oi ha khA.
khTn Jng oi ha khA l ,hTn Jng ha hc t'ong c s chuy5n GlGct'on
gi[a c!c ch`t ,hTn Jng hay ,hTn Jng oi haPkhA l ,hTn Jng ha hc t'ong
c s thay Xi s_ oi ha c"a mt s_ nguyFn t_. 0h`t c s_ oi ha tCng sau ,hTn
Jng l ch`t khA. ch`t c s_ oi ha giTm l ch`t oi ha.
Qh )BN hoa l 0l
h
hoa0l l mt ,hTn Jng oi ha khA. @_ oi ha
c"a oa tCng tK : lFn l9. cn s_ oi ha c"a 0l giTm tK : u_ng P9.
khTn Jng oi haPkhA c th5 chia thnh 3a lo&i lN ,hTn Jng oi haPkhA
th1ng th($ng. ,hTn Jng oi ha PkhA ni ,h?n tA v ,hTn Jng t oi ha. t khA.
Qh )BN hjLnu
b

:
t
j
h
Lnu
b
l Lnu
h
l u
h
l ,hTn Jng oi haPkhA
ni ,h?n tA. t'ong ch`t khA v ch`t oi ha thuc c2ng mt ch`t.
0l
h
l hoauH oa0l l oa0lu l H
h
u l ,hTn Jng t oi
ha. t khA. t'ong ch`t khA v ch`t oi ha thuc c2ng mt nguyFn t_ v c2ng
s_ oi ha 3an Yu.
II. SB Uk- /xR @7 *)*/ k)* OG2/ AB Uk- /xR
/% oAi h5a c-a mSt ngu()n t% trong hn t* l in t1ch c-a ngu()n t* c-a
ngu()n t% 5, n?u giD 0nh r|ng li)n 3?t gi9a c>c ngu()n t* trong hn t* ;u l
li)n 3?t ion_
- ,'c nh - o.i h/a t0 cng th1c 2h3n t$4
e5 !c rnh s_ oi ha tK c1ng thJc ,h?n tA ng($i ta )a vo c!c 4uy tRc sauN
":; +q* 1 @_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong <n ch`t 3xng :.
9:3
Qh )BN @_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ oa. WG. H. u. 0l t'ong <n ch`t t(<ng
Jng oa. WG. H
h
. u
h
. 0l
h
Zu 3xng :.
":; +q* ' Q'ong hYu ht c!c h+, ch`t.
@_ oi ha c"a H l l9 mt'K c!c h+, ch`t c"a H v%i kim lo&i nh( oaH. 0aH
h
.
th= H c s_ oi ha P9n.
@_ oi ha c"a u l Ph mt'K mt s_ t'($ng h+, nh( H
h
u
h
. W
h
u. u c s_ oi
ha lYn l(+t l P9. l9n.
":; +q* Y Q'ong mt ,h?n tA. tXng &i s_ s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ 3xng :.
QhGo 4uy tRc ny c th5 t=m s_ oi ha c"a mt nguyFn t_ no t'ong ,h?n tA
nu 3it s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ cn l&i.
Qh )BN Q=m s_ oi ha c"a @ t'ong ,h?n tA H
h
@u
b
}
Hi s_ oi ha c"a @ t'ong H
h
@u
b
l . ta cN
h.ml9n l 9. l b.mPhn f : f lg
{8y s_ oi ha c"a @ l lg.
":; +q* Z Q'ong ion <n nguyFn tA. s_ oi ha c"a nguyFn tA 3xng in tch c"a
ion . Q'ong ion a nguyFn tA. tXng &i s_ s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn tA t'ong ion
3xng in tch c"a n.
Qh )B 9N s_ oi ha c"a oa. qn. @ v 0l t'ong c!c ion oa
l
. qn
hl
. @
hP
. 0l
P
lYn
l(+t l l9. lh. Ph. P9.
QXng &i s_ s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ t'ong c!c ion @u
b
hP
. Lnu
b
P
. oH
b
l
lYn
l(+t l Ph. P9. l9.
Qh )B hN Q=m s_ oi ha c"a o t'ong ion ou
3
P
}
Hi s_ oi ha c"a o l . ta cN
9. l 3.mPhn f P9 f lc
{8y s_ oi ha c"a o l lc.
!h5 64 e5 3i5u )in s_ oi ha th= vit )ù t'(%c. s_ sau. cn 5 3i5u )in in
tch c"a ion th= vit s_ t'(%c. )ù sau.
9:b
ou in tch l 9l mho]c 9Pn c th5 vit <n giTn l l mho]c Pn. nh(ng _i v%i
s_ oi ha ,hTi vit Yy " cT )ù v ch[ ml9 ho]c P9n.
- ,'c nh - o.i h/a t0 cng th1c c"u t#o
Q'ong mt s_ ,h?n tA hay ion a nguyFn tA c cù t&o ,hJc t&,. s_ oi ha
c"a c!c nguyFn tA c"a c2ng mt nguyFn t_ c th5 kh!c nhau. {ic !c rnh s_ oi
ha thGo c1ng thJc ,h?n tA cha cho ta s_ oi ha t'ung 3=nh. cn 5 !c rnh
chnh !c s_ oi ha c"a tKng nguyFn tA t'ong ,h?n tA ,hTi )a vo c1ng thJc cù
t&o. eiZu ny ]c 3it gi-, ch-ng ta c th5 thit l8, c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi
ha P khA c"a h+, ch`t h[u c< khi cha c mt ,hYn ,h?n tA tham gia ,hTn Jng oi
ha P khA mt c!ch <n giTn v ) )ng h<n.
oguyFn tRcN coi c!c c], GlGct'on Zu lch hon ton vZ ,ha nguyFn tA c"a
nguyFn t_ c ?m in l%n h<n. khi thGo s_ GlGct'on m 9 nguyFn tA nh($ng
hay nh8n 5 !c rnh s_ oi ha c"a n.
Qh )BN
H O
3
3 O H
O
44
(
-1 -2
CH
3
CH CH
2
-3
CH
3
CH
OH
CH
3
( -3 -3
Ca
O
Cl
Cl
-1
41
II. C)* C/)- 2->j *92 2qj @o2, @7 [X: /->: 2/2 J-|+
9. @ oi ha mhay 4u! t'=nh oi han l s nh($ng GlGct'on.
h. @ khA mhay 4u! t'=nh khAn l s nh8n GlGct'on.
3. 0h`t oi ha l ch`t nh8n GlGct'on. 0h`t oi ha cn gi l ch`t 3r khA.
b. 0h`t khA l ch`t nh($ng GlGct'on. 0h`t khA cn gi l ch`t 3r oi ha .
C>ch nh8 e_i v%i ch`t oi ha v ch`t khAN kh$ cho o nh7n mo l ch`t oi
han. e_i v%i 4u! t'=nh oi ha. khAN ch`t oi ha tham gia 4u! t'=nh khA. ch`t khA
tham gia 4u! t'=nh oi ha .
9:c
c. khTn Jng oi ha P khA l ,hTn Jng ha hc Ty 'a t'ong c s chuy5n
GlGct'on gi[a c!c ch`t ,hTn Jng.
0h- N Uo GlGct'on kh1ng t#n t&i * t'&ng th!i t )o nFn hai 4u! t'=nh oi ha
v khA lu1n Ty 'a #ng th$i mtJc l c 4u! t'=nh oi ha th= ,hTi c 4u! t'=nh khA
v ng(+c l&in. QXng s_ GlGct'on )o ch`t khA nh($ng 3xng tXng s_ GlGct'on )o ch`t
oi ha nh8n.
8"u hi9u nh7n bi:t
9. @ oi haN l s tCng s_ oi ha
h. @ khAN l s giTm s_ oi ha
3. 0h`t oi ha l ch`t c s_ oi ha giTm.
b. 0h`t khA l ch`t c s_ oi ha tCng.
c. khTn Jng oi ha P khA l ,hTn Jng ha hc t'ong c s thay Xi s_ oi
ha c"a mt ho]c nhiZu nguyFn t_.
IL. cM OU)2 +?2/ */X+ Uk- /xR-C/= *QR jP+ /w8 */X+ [MR @7U AB Uk- /xR
Lt nguyFn t_ c th5 t#n t&i * nhiZu t'&ng th!i oi ha ms_ oi han kh!c nhau.
Qh )BN
o c th5 c c!c s_ oi ha N P3. :. l9. lh. l3. lb. lc.
@ c th5 c c!c s_ oi ha N Ph. :. lb. lg
;h7n .<t4
P ou mt nguyFn t_ t#n t&i * t'&ng th!i oi ha cao nh`t th= cha c th5 giTm s_ oi
ha nFn cha c th5 ng vai t' l ch`t oi ha .
P ou mt nguyFn t_ t#n t&i * t'&ng th!i oi ha th`, nh`t th= cha c th5 tCng s_ oi
ha nFn cha c th5 ng vai t' l ch`t khA.
P ou mt nguyFn t_ t#n t&i * t'&ng th!i oi ha t'ung gian th= c th5 tCng s_ oi
ha ho]c c th5 giTm s_ oi ha nFn c th5 ng vai t' l ch`t oi ha ho]c ch`t
khA.
0Cn cJ vo t'&ng th!i oi ha c th5 ) o!n tnh ch`t oi ha. khA c"a c!c
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3
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)Yn c"a 3!n knh nguyFn tA.
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thnh Hou
3
. Qnh th5 tch oi mktcn ^ tham gia vo 4u! t'=nh t'Fn.
Z.^ 0ho ag hMn h+, O g#m WGu. 0uu. WG
3
u
b
mc s_ mol 3xng nhaun t!c )Bng vKa
" v%i hc:ml )ung )rch Hou
3
thu (+c )ung )rch 7 v 3.93g lit hMn h+, ou
h
v
ou c ta kh_i so v%i hi'o l h:.9b3. Qnh a v 0
L
c"a Hou
3
.
Z._ e5 m g ,hoi 3o sRt mOn ngoi kh1ng kh sau mt th$i gian 3in thnh hMn h+, m7n
c kh_i l(+ng 3:g g#m WG v c!c oit WGu. WG
3
u
b
. WG
h
u
3
. 0ho 7 t!c )Bng hon ton
v%i ait nit'ic th`y giTi ,hng 'a c.g lit kh ou )uy nh`t mktcn. Qnh m}
Z.` Ha tan ht b.b39g hMn h+, Ol v Lg t'ong Hou
3
lo^ng thu (+c )ung )rch
O v 9.cgplit mktcn hMn h+, hai kh mZu kh1ng mun c kh_i l(+ng h.cig. t'ong
mt kh 3r ha n?u t'ong kh1ng kh.
9.Qnh thnh ,hYn s vZ th5 tch mMi kh t'ong hMn h+,.
h. Qnh s_ mol Hou
3
^ tham gia ,hTn Jng.
3. 01 c&n )ung )rch O thu (+c 3ao nhiFu gam mu_i khan}
Z.10 ein ,h?n )ung )rch chJa :.:h mol WG@u
b
v :.:gmol H0l v%i )ng in
9.3b O t'ong h gi$min cc t'<. c mng ngCnn. Qnh kh_i l(+ng kim lo&i tho!t 'a
* katot v th5 tch kh tho!t 'a * anot mktcn. 7 4ua s ha tan c"a clo t'ong n(%c
v hiu su`t in ,h?n l 9::s.
Z.11 ein ,h?n h::ml )ung )rch hMn h+, 0umou
3
n
h
v Ogou
3
t'ong b gi$ v%i
)ng in :.b:hO th= kim lo&i t'ong )ung )rch tho!t 'a ht mkh1ng c kh hi'o 3ay
'an. z!c inh 0
L
c"a mMi mu_i. 3it kh_i l(+ng kim lo&i thu (+c l 3.bbg.
99g
Z.1' Uung )rch z chJa H0l. 0u@u
b
. WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
. d`y b::ml )ung )rch z Gm in
,h?n 3xng in cc t'<. c($ng )ng in I.IhO. n khi * katot thu (+c c.9hg
0u th= )Kng l&i. jhi * anot c h.hb lit mt ch`t kh 3ay 'a mktcn. Uung )rch sau
in ,h?n t!c )Bng vKa " v%i 9.hc lit )ung )rch 7amuHn
h
:.hL v un nng )ung
)rch t'ong kh1ng kh cho c!c ,hTn Jng Ty 'a hon ton th= thu (+c cg.Igg kt
t"a.
9. Qnh th$i gian in ,h?n.
h. Qnh 0
L
c"a c!c ch`t t'ong )ung )rch 3an Yu.
C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
Z.1Y z!c rnh s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ o. @. qn. 0'. oa. WG t'ong c!c ch`t
v ion sauN
an oH
b
l
. di
3
o. Hou
h
. Hou
3
. ou
3
P
. jou
3
3n oa
h
@. H
h
@. @. @u
h
. H
h
@u
3
. @u
3
. H
h
@u
b
. @u
b
hP
cn qn. qn0l
h
. qnu. qn
hl
. qnu
h
hP
)n 0'. 0'0l
h
. 0'
h
u
3
. 0'
h
@u
b
. 0'u
3
. j
h
0'
h
u
I
Gn oa. oaH. oaou
3
. oa
h
u. oa7'
vn WG. WGmuHn
h
. WGmuHn
3
. WG0l
3
. WG@. WGu. WG
h
u
3
0 nh8n /t g= vZ s_ oi ha c"a c!c kim lo&i}
Z.1Z z!c rnh s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn t_ Ln. 0'. 0l. k t'ong c!c h+, ch`t
sauN oa
h
Lnu
b
. moH
b
n
h
0'
h
u
b
. j0lu
3
. 0au0l
h
. oa0lu. H
3
ku
b
. H
b
k
h
u
I
Z.1\ z!c rnh s_ oi ha c"a c!c nguyFn tA 0 t'ong c!c ch`t sauN
an 0H
3
P0H
h
P0H
3
3n 0H
3
P0H
h
P0Hf0H
h
cn 0
g
H
c
P0H
3
)n 0H
3
P0H
h
P0Hfu
Gn 0H
3
P0uuP0H
h
P0H
3
vn H0uuH
Z.1( z!c rnh vai t' c"a c!c ch`t t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng sauN
9n WG l H
h
@u
b
WG@u
b
l H
h
hn @u
h
l hoauH

:
t
oa
h
@u
3
l H
h
u
99I
3n jou
3

:
t
jou
h
l 9hu
h
bn 7a0l
h
l oa
h
@u
b
7a@u
b
l hoa0l
cn @ l u
h

:
t
@u
h
gn 3Ol l 30l
h
hOl 0l
3
Z.1^ khTn Jng no sau ?y l ,hTn Jng oi ha khA} ou l ,hTn Jng oi ha P
khA h^y cha ' ch`t oi ha. ch`t khA. s oi ha v s khA}
9n 0au l H
h
u 0amuHn
h

hn 0uu l H
h

:
t
0u l H
h
u
3n WG
3l
l 3uH
P
WGmuHn
3
bn WG l ou
3
P
l bH
l
WG
3l
l ou l hH
h
u
cn 0l
h
h
u
gn Og
l
l 0l
P
Og0l
Z.1_ Q'ong c!c 4u! t'=nh sau ?y. 4u! t'=nh no l 4u! t'=nh oi ha } Eu! t'=nh
khA } 0T 4u! t'=nh oi ha v 4u! t'=nh khA} jh1ng ,hTi 4u! t'=nh oi ha lSn 4u!
t'=nh khA}
9n oa oa
l
l G
hn 0l
h
l hG h0l
P
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P
l H
l
H
h
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l
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b
l
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h

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3
u
b
gn WG
hl
WG
3l
l G
In Lgu l hH0l Lg0l
h
l H
h
u
Z.1` 0!c lo&i ,hTn Jng sauN ,hTn Jng ha h+,. ,hTn Jng ,h?n tch. ,hTn Jng th
c ,hTi l ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA kh1ng} 0ho th )B minh ho&}
99p
Z.'0 Qhit l8, c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!,
thCng 3xng GlGct'onN
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h
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7'
h
l @u
h
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h
u
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h
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h
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h
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h
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b
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h
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h
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h
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h
u
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3
l u
h

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o
t 7t
o
h
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h
u
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h
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h
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h
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l H
h
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h
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l H0l
9:n H
h
u
h
l k3@ k3m@u
b
n

l H
h
u
99n Lg l H0l Lg0l
h
l H
h
Z.'1 Qhit l8, c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!,
khTn Jng oi ha P khA lo&i c m1i t'($ng
9n qn l Hou
3

m'`t lo^ngn
qnmou
3
n
h
l oH
b
ou
3
l H
h
u
hn qn l Hou
3

mlo^ngn
qnmou
3
n
h
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h
u
3n qn l Hou
3

m]cn
qnmou
3
n
h
l ou
h
l H
h
u
99i
bn Ol l H
h
@u
b m]cn

:
t
Ol
h
m@u
b
n
3
l @u
h
l H
h
u
cn Ol l oauH l H
h
u oaOlu
h
l H
h
gn qn l oauH l H
h
u oa
h
qnu
h
l H
h
In oa7' l H
h
@u
b
l jLnu
b
7'
h
l Ln@u
b
l j
h
@u
b
l H
h
u
pn j
h
0'
h
u
I
l WG@u
b
l H
h
@u
b
0'
h
m@u
b
n
3
l WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l j
h
@u
b
l H
h
u
in H
h
u
h
l jLnu
b
l H
h
@u
b
u
h
l Ln@u
h
l j
h
@u
b
l H
h
u
9:n 0u l jou
3
l H
h
@u
b
0um@u
b
n
h
l ou l j
h
@u
b
l H
h
u
99n k3u
h
l H0l

:
t
k30l
h
l 0l
h
l H
h
u
Z.'' Qhit l8, c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!,
9n j0lu
3

:
t
j0l l u
h
hn jLnu
b

:
t
j
h
Lnu
b
l Lnu
h
l u
h
3n Hou
3
ou
h
l u
h
l H
h
u
bn jou
3

:
t
jou
h
l u
h
c n Hgu

:
t
Hg l u
h
Z.'Y {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!, thCng
3xng GlGct'onN
9h:
9n oH
b
ou
h

:
t
o
h

l H
h
u
hn oH
b
ou
3

:
t
o
h
u

l H
h
u
3n ou
h
l oauH oaou
3
l oaou
h
l H
h
u
bn 0l
h
l oauH oa0lu l oa0l l H
h
u
cn 0l
h
l juH

:
t
j0lu
3
l j0l l H
h
u
gn 0l
h
l 0amuHn
h
0au0l
h
l 0a0l
h
l H
h
u
In j
h
Lnu
b
l H
h
u jLnu
b
l Lnu
h
l juH
Z.'Z Hon thnh c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!,
9n WG@
h
l u
h
WG
h
u
3
l @u
h
mWG N lh t'ong WG@
h
n
hn Os
h
@
3
l Hou
3
l H
h
u H
h
@u
b
l H
3
Osu
b
l ou
h
l H
h
u
3n WG0u
h
@
h
l u
h
WG
h
u
3
l 0uu l @u
h

mWG N lh 0u N l9 t'ong WG0u
h
@
h
n
bn WG@ l H
h
@u
b ]c. nng
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l @u
h
l H
h
u
cn WG@
h
l Hou
3
H
h
@u
b
l WGmou
3
n
3
l ou l H
h
u
gn WG|
h
l H
h
@u
b ]c. nng
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l |
h
l @u
h
l H
h
u
In WG
u
y
l H
h
@u
b ]c. nng
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l @u
h
l H
h
u
pn WG l Hou
3
WGmou
3
n
3
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m
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h
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3
WGmou
3
n
3
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m
u
n
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h
u
9:nL
h
m0u
3
n
n
l Hou
3 ]c. nng
Lmou
3
n
m
l ou
h
l 0u
h

l H
h
u
9h9
Z.'\ {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!, thCng
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h
H
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h

:
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h
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h
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3
P0H
h
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b
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h
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b
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3
P0uuH l Ln@u
b
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h
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b
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h
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h
f0H
h
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h
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h
l juH
bn 0H
3
P00H l jLnu
b
l H
h
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3
P0uP0H
3
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h
l juH
cn 0
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H
c
P0H
3
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b
l H
h
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:
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H
c
P0uuj l Lnu
h
l juH
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3
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3
l oH
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:
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3
P0uuH l Og l oH
b
ou
3
Z.'^ {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng oi ha P khA sau thGo ,h(<ng ,h!, thCng
3xng GlGct'onN
9n Ol l Hou
3
Olmou
3
n
3
l ou l o
h
u l

H
h
u
{%i ta l th5 tch
h
ou o u
{ N {
f 3 N 9
hn WGu l Hou
3
WGmou
3
n
3
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h
l H
h
u
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3n WG
3
u
b
l Hou
3
WGmou
3
n
3
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h
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h
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3
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b
c th5 vit )(%i )&ng WGu.WG
h
u
3
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3xng GlGct'onN
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h
@ l @u
h
... l H
h
u
hn Ol l Hou
3

mlo^ngn
... l ou l H
h
u
3n @u
h
l H
h
u l 7'
h
H
h
@u
b
l ...
9hh
bn WG@u
b
l Hou
3
... l ou
h
l ...
cn @ l H
h
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b
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h
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b
l j
h
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3
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h
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b
l ... l...
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h
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h
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I
l H0l
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3
l ... l ... l ...
pn k l Hou
3 m]cn

o
t
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h
l ... l ...
in Lg l Hou
3
... l oH
b
ou
3
l ...
Z.'` Ha tan hon ton hMn h+, WG@
h
. WG
3
u
b
. WG0u
3
3xng )ung )rch Hou
3
]c
nng thu (+c )ung )rch O v hMn h+, kh 7 g#m ou
h
. 0u
h
. 0ho )ung )rch O t!c
)Bng v%i 7a0l
h
th`y u`t hin kt t"a t'Rng. H`, thB ton 3 hMn h+, kh 7 v
)ung )rch oauH )(. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc Ty 'a.
Z.Y0 USn lu#ng kh H
h
)( 4ua 3=nh ng hMn h+, WG
3
u
b
v 0uu. thu (+c ch`t
'Rn z. Ha tan hon ton z 3xng )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
]c nng (+c )ung )rch v
kh q )uy nh`t. jh q c khT nCng lm m`t mu )ung )rch 7'
h
. {it c!c ,h(<ng
t'=nh ha hc Ty 'a.
Z.Y1 0ho tK tK kh 0u 4ua _ng sJ ng 0uu nung nng. jh 'a khi _ng (+c
h`, thB hon ton vo n(%c v1i t'ong )( thu (+c kt t"a 7. ch`t 'Rn cn l&i t'ong
_ng vo )ung )rch Hou
3
lo^ng )( thu oc kh ou v )ung )rch 0. 0ho )ung
)rch oauH )( v )ung )rch 0 thu (+c kt t"a U. oung U t%i kh_i l(+ng kh1ng
Xi thu (+c ch`t 'Rn V. z!c rnh c!c ch`t v vit ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc Ty 'a.
Z.Y' H^y giTi thch v= saoN
an Hou
3
cha c tnh oi ha }
3n qn cha c tnh khA}
cn @u
h
vKa c tnh oi ha. vKa c tnh khA}
0ho th )B minh ho&.
Z.YY U o!n tnh ch`t oi ha P khA c"a c!c ch`t sauN
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h
@. H
h
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b
. H7'. u
h
. WG
3l
. WG
hl
. @u
h
. oH
3
. Ol. WGu. 0l
P
. {it ,h(<ng
t'=nh ha hc minh ho&}
9h3
Z.YZ H^y k5 tFn c!c ch`t chJa 0l c tnh ch`tN
an jhA
3n ui ha
cn {Ka c tnh oi ha vKa c tnh khA}
Z.Y\ Lt ch`t oi ha g], mt ch`t khA c nh`t thit Ty 'a ,hTn Jng oi ha P
khA hay kh1ng} 0ho th )B minh ho&}
Z.Y( 0ho c!c c], oi ha khA sauN WG
hl
WG 0u
hl
0u |
h
h|
P
WG
3l
WG
hl
Og
l
Og
7'
h
h7'
P
. QhGo chiZu tK t'!i 4ua ,hTi tnh oi ha c"a c!c ion kim lo&i. ,hi kim
tCng )Yn tnh khA c"a kim lo&i v ion ,hi kim giTm )Yn. H^y hon thnh c!c ,hTn
Jng sau mnu cnN
9n WG l 7'
h
hn WG l Ogou
3
3n 0u l WG0l
3
bn Og l 0u@u
b
cn j| l WG0l
3
gn WGmou
3
n
h
l Ogou
3
Z.Y^ an {= sao kim lo&i Jng t'(%c H t'ong )^y ho&t ng ha hc c"a c!c kim
lo&i c th5 >y H
h
'a khi )ung )rch c!c ait.
3n {= sao c!c kim lo&i Jng t'(%c >y (+c c!c kim lo&i Jng sau 'a khi
mu_i c"a n} 7it 'xng t'ong )^y ho&t ng ha hc c"a c!c kim lo&i. tnh khA c"a
c!c kim lo&i giTm )Yn tK t'!i sang ,hTi.
Z.Y_ H^y sR, , c!c kim lo&i sau thGo thJ t giTm )Yn tnh khAN qn. Og. WG. 0u.
7itN qn v WG c th5 >y H
h
'a khi )ung )rch ait cn 0u v Og th= kh1ng. qn
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(+c Og 'a khi mu_i c"a n.
Z.Y` Qnh nhit c"a ,hTn Jng 0umoH
h
n
h
m'n l H
h
u mln 0u
h
mkn l hoH
3
mkn. 3itN
nhit c"a c!c 4u! t'=nh sauN
0u mkn l H
h
umhn 0u
h
mkn l H
h
mkn H
9
f P b9.3 k
0u mkn l 0l
h
mkn 0u0l
h
mkn H
h
f P 99h.c k
0u0l
h
mkn l hoH
3
mkn 0umoH
h
n
h
m'n l hH0l mkn H
3
f P h:9.: k
9hb
iZu kin ny. nhit t&o thnh c"a H0lmkn l H
b
f P ih.3 kmol v nhit ha
h<i c"a H
h
u l H
c
f bb.:9 kmol.
x,i ~8 e_i v%i lo&i to!n ny ta nFn t=m c!ch tX h+, tK c!c 4u! t'=nh ^ cho 5 lo&i
i c!c ch`t t'ung gian v (+c ,h(<ng t'=nh cYn tnh nhit ,hTn Jng.
QK c!c )[ kin c"a 3i to!n ta cN
0umoH
h
n
h
m'n l hH0l mkn 0u0l
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O
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!'ch gii ?N @h=&ng 2h'2 bo ton (
93c
7Ty ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng t'Fn (+c 3i5u )in 3xng c!c 4u! t'=nh oi ha khA sauN
o
3
WG 3G WG
+

o
h
u hG u
+
o
lc
l 3G o
lh
Uo s_ mol ou f :.hc mthGo giT thitn. s_ mol WG l v s_ mol nguyFn tA oi l y.
thGo 4uy tRc 3To ton G ta cN 3 f hy l :.Ic m|n
L]t kh!c 7 cha g#m WG v u nFn ta cn c cg l 9gy f 3: m||n giTi h ta (+c
f :.bc v m f :.bc cg f hc.h mgn.
Z.` Hng dGn8
9. %nh B CD th tch c"a hMn h+, kh thGo ,h(<ng ,h!, ($ng ch/oN
Hai kh Zu kh1ng mu l c!c oit c"a nit<. t'ong kh 3r ha n?u t'ong kh1ng
kh chnh l ou mLf3:n . L
t'ung 3=nh c"a hMn h+, kh
l h.ci N :.:If 3I {8y kh thJ hai c
L 3I l o
h
u c L f bb.
93g
Qa thit l8, ($ng ch/o o
h
u L f bb I

ou L f 3: I
h
o u
{
N {
ou
f 9N9 so
h
u f c:s s ou f c:s
h. %nh - mo) E;F
3
^ ,hTn Jng thGo 2h=&ng 2h'2 bo ton (4
0!c 4u! t'=nh oi ha khAN
Lg P hG Lg
lh
Ol P 3G Ol
l3
ho
lc
l pG ho
l9
o
lc
l 3G o
lh
QhGo rnh lu8t 3To ton G ta c s_ mol G nh($ng f s_ mol G nh8n. ou gi n
9
. n
h
l
s_ mol Lg v Ol ta c h n
9
l 3 n
h
f mp :.:3c n l m3 :.:3cn f 99 :.:3c
3i5u thJc h n
9
l 3 n
h
cng chnh l s_ mol Hou
3
t&o thnh mu_i. ngoi 'a. s_ mol
Hou
3
chuy5n thnh o
h
u v ou l 3 :.:3c.
{8y tXng s_ mol Hou
3
l N 9b :.:3c f :.bi mmoln
3. Qnh kh_i l(+ng mu_i thGo ,h(<ng ,h!, 3To ton kh_i l(+ng
m
mu_i
f m
kim lo&i
l
3
ou
m

f b.b39 l m99 :.:3c ghn fhp.3:9 mgn
Z.10 Hng dGn8
!'ch gii AN @h=&ng 2h'2 thng th=Gng
0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng in ,h?nN hH0l H
h
l 0l
h
m9n
WG@u
b
l H
h
u WG l 9hu
h
l H
h
@u
b
mhn
h
H
m
f :.:gg f
9
9.3bt
hg.p
t
9
f 9.h gi$ t
h
f h.: P 9.h f :.p gi$
m
WG
f mcg N hnm9.3b :.pn N hg.p f 9.9hg
93I
L
f3I
h
0l
n
f :.:3mmoln.

h
u
n
f 9h n
WG
f :.:9mmoln
{
kh * anot
f :.:b hh.b f :.pig lit.
!'ch gii ?N @h=&ng 2h'2 bo ton ()(ctron
P ein l(+ng E f |t f 9.3b h f h.gpO.h
P n
G
f |tW f h.gp N hg.p f :.9 mol
P QhJ t in ,h?n * katot
H
l
l 9G 9h H
h
mmoln :.:g :.:g
WG
lh
l hG WG
mmoln :.:h m
WG
f :.:h cg f 9.9hg
P QhJ t in ,h?n * anot
0l
P
P 9G 9h 0l
h
mmoln :.:g :.:g :.:3
H
h
u P hG 9hu
h
l hH
l
mmoln :.:9 n
hMn h+, kh
f :.:3 l:.:9 f :.:b
{
kh
f :.:b hh.b f :.pig mlitn.
Z.11 Hng dGn8
!'ch gii AN @h=&ng 2h'2 thng th=Gng
0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh in ,h?nN
h0umou
3
n
h
l hH
h
u u
h
l h0u l bHou
3
m9n
hOgou
3
l H
h
u 9hu
h
l hOg l hHou
3
mhn
e]t . y lYn l(+t l s_ mol c"a 0u v Og. ta c gb l 9:py f 3.bb m|n
L]t kh!c thGo ,h(<ng t'=nh Wa'a)ay ta c gb f
9
O|t
nW
f
9
gb|t
h hg. p
m||n
93p
9:py f
9
9:p|mb P t n
hg.p
m|||n
HiTi 'a ta (+c f :.:h y f:.:h
3 h
L 0umou n
0
f :.9 L

3
L Ogmou n
0

f :.9 L
!'ch gii ?N @h=&ng 2h'2 bo ton ()(ctron
P ein l(+ng E f |t f :.b:h b f 9.g:p mO.hn
P @_ mol G nh8n l h l y f 9.g:pN hg.p f :.:g m|n
L]t kh!c. kh_i l(+ng hai kim lo&i gb l 9:py f 3.bb m||n
HiTi 'a ta (+c f :.:h y f :.:h
3 h
L 0umou n
0
f :.9 L

3
L Ogmou n
0

f :.9 L
Z.1' Hng dGn8
P Eu! t'=nh in lyN WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
hWG
3l
l 3@u
b
hP
mmoln h 3
0u@u
b
0u
hl
l @u
b
hP
mmoln y y y
H0l H
l
l 0l
P
mmoln w w w
P Eu! t'=nh in ,h?nN
jatot Onot
hWG
3l
l hG hWG
hl
h0l
P
P hG 0l
h
0u
hl
l hG 0u
0u tho!t 'a * katot. chJng t WG
3l
^

3r in ,h?n ht. n
0u
f c.9h N gb f :.:p mmoln
h
0l
n
f h.hbN hh.b f :.9mmoln.
h
7amuHn
n
f :.h 9.hc f :.hc.
P @au khi in ,h?n Ty 'a c!c ,hTn JngN
P 7amuHn
h
l @u
b
hP
7a@u
b
l huH
P
m9n
93i
mmoln m3 lyn m3 lyn
P 7amuHn
h
l hH0l 7a0l
h
l H
h
u mhn
mmoln m:.hcP 3P yn hm:.hcP 3P yn
P WG
hl
l huH
P
WGmuHn
h
m3n
mmoln h hh
P 0u
hl
l huH
P
0umuHn
h
mbn
mmoln my P :.:pn my P:.:pn
bWGmuHn
h
l u
h
l hH
h
u bWGmuHn
3
mcn
mmoln h h
9. Qnh th$i gian in ,h?n thGo c1ng thJc m f
O.|.t
n.W
mm f I.9g. n f hn
t f
m.n.W
O.|
f
I.9.h .igc::
I9.I.Ih
f hc::msn
h. Qnh 0
L
c"a c!c ch`t t'ong )ung )rch Yu. !, )Bng 2h=&ng 2h'2 bo ton (N
P @_ mol G thu * katot f @_ mol G nh($ng * anot
l :.:p f :.9 mmoln m|n
QhGo c!c ,hTn Jng m9.3. b. cnN m
kt t"a
f
b
7a@u
m

l
h
0umuHn
m
l
3
WGmuHn
m
f cg.Ig mgn
h33m3 l yn l ipmy P :.:pn l 9:I .h f cg.Ig m||n
HiTi 'a ta (+c f :.:h. y f :.9b n
H0l
f :.9.h l hm:.hc P 3 Pyn f :.3 mmoln
0
L

H0l
f :.3 N :.b f :.Ic L.
b
L 0u@u
0
f :.9b N :.b f :.3c L
A.L.LALVAcIf. T/:;|+ Uk- /xR @7 AM *.- + /xR /*
y_P_Pavoadi' (yntoin' Paur'nt Pavoi$i'r), ^VdWX^Vd, l nh h5a hac n#i
ti?ng c-a 7h> T th? 3s ^Y_ wng hac tH nhi;u 3hoa hac tF nhi)n, rc :it l vHt l1
v trong nghi)n cBu 3hoa hac i $u vo h5a hac, thR hin nhi;u ti nCng nga(
3hi cn tr, nCm k^ tu#i ,c thTng hu( chng vng c-a [in Hn Pm 3hoa
9b:
hac 7ari trong mSt cuSc thi vi ; ti "m hng h> t%t nh.t R th= $>ng
jng h% c-a mSt thnh h% ln_ Pavoadi' l mSt -( vi)n trong :an thhu thu?
c-a nh vua, 5 l mSt t# chBc thu thu? gi>n ti?_ wng r.t giu, A( dFng mSt
hng th1 nghim ri)ng ,c trang :0 r.t h( -_ wng c5 3? hoch thji gian
nghi)m ngrt tong ng( dnh cho 3hoa hac_ wng t# chBc chu >o c>c th1 nghim,
cn o ch1nh A>c , ghi $% liu nghi)m chsnh, c5 : Pavoadi' lm cSng t>c vi)n v
th 31 ri)ng ghi chI h( - (: 3h4ng c5 con)_ [o cu%i nCm ^VVd v hu nCm
^VVW $au nhi;u th1 nghim v; %t ch>( c>c ch.t nung 3im loi, v; h4 h., 4ng lm
th1 nghim t>ch th-( ngn oAit thnh th-( ngn v mSt 3h1 mi r]i th* c>c t1nh
ch.t h5a hac rc trng c-a n5_
"h>ng d^VVW, 4ng ac :>o c>o trc [in Hn Pm 3hoa hac 7ari PuHn vCn
v; :Dn ch.t c-a ch.t 3?t h, vi 3im loi 3hi nung n5ng v lm tCng 3h%i l,ng c-a
ch}ng_ "rc ( Pavoadi' cgng tin thu(?t nhi)n t%, r]i tF t>ch dhn ra_ wng 3hng
0nh r|ng $F tCng 3h%i l,ng c-a 3im loi ,c nung :|ng 3h%i l,ng c-a 3h4ng
3h1 giDm i, nh vH( 3h4ng hDi l ch.t l*a tha( mSt ch.t :)n ngoi no 3hi 3?t h,
vi 3im loi m ch1nh l 3h4ng 3h1_ +h4ng 3h1 3h4ng hDi l mSt vHt thR n giDn
m l mSt hmn h, mSt $% 3h1 c5 t1nh ch.t 3h>c nhau_
6Cm ^VVV, 4ng c%ng :% 3?t NuD hn t1ch 3h4ng 3h1 :|ng th-( ngn nung
n5ng, 3?t luHn r|ng 3h4ng 3h1 g]m hai 3h1, mSt 3h1 thT ,c $au ,c gai l oAi
v mSt 3h1 3h4ng thT ,c X $au ,c gai l aot (to ch9 Patinh c5 nghua l 3h4ng
du( tr $F $%ng)_ Pavoadi) rt t)n oAi vi ~ nghua l ngu()n t% $inh ra oAit v 4ng
c5 Nuan nim $ai lhm l cB c5 oAi trong Nu> trnh ch>( m vHt thR no cgng to
thnh oAit_ 6Cm ^VYq, Pavoadi) A>c 0nh ,c thnh hhn c-a nc l hiro v
oAi_
6Cm ^VYW, Pavoadi) ac mSt :>o c>o c4ng 3hai c4ng 31ch 30ch lit thu(?t
nhi)n t%8 C>c nh h5a hac E $* d@ng nhi)n t% nh mSt ngu()n t% m h]___,
3h4ng ,c 0nh nghua mSt c>ch ch1nh A>c, do 5 c5 thR $* d@ng tn( tin cho mai
c>ch giDi th1ch m ha mu%n, ___ <uD thFc, 5 ch1nh l thhn 7r4t)ut lu4n lu4n tha(
#i v mrt c-a mnh_
9b9
f]i 4ng h>t triRn thu(?t oAi h5a c-a mnh l thu(?t v; vai tr c-a oAi trong
c>c Nu> trnh oAi h5a_ CCn cB vo vai tr c-a ngu()n t% oAi trong $F nung 3im
loi horc nung Nurng 3im loi, th $F t>ch vi nhi)n t% trT thnh $F 3?t h, vi
oAi v $F 3?t h, nhi)n t% trT thnh $F t>ch oAi C>c :iRu thBc (k) v (q) :( gij
,c hiRu }ng nh $au8
/=t oAi
nung
$=t oAit
/=t oAit cac:on
nung
$=t cac:on oAit

C>c 3im loi_ lu hunh, hotho v nh9ng n ch.t 3h>c E :0 thu(?t nhi)n
t% A'm l h, ch.t :.( gij, thHt ra l nh9ng n ch.t, cn c>c oAit 3im loi, 3h1
$unur /L
k
, aAit $unuric H
k
/L
d
3h4ng cn l n ch.t m l nh9ng h, ch.t_
6Cm ^VYV, Pavoadi) cho in $>ch 7hng h> v; danh h> h5a hac c5 $F
cSng t>c c-a :a nh h5a hac 7h> c5 t)n tu#i l x_Joov4, C_P_e'ctol),
y_K_ Ku4ccroa_
"rong danh h> h5a hac nh5m m.( nh h5a hac trnh :( mSt h th%ng
thuHt ng9 h5a hac hu ti)n h, l1 v 3hoa hac_ "rc 5 mmi nh h5a hac
thjng dnng h th%ng ri)ng c-a mnh, :( gij th c5 mSt h th%ng mi, chung,
dFa tr)n nh9ng ngu()n t=c logic_ "h1 d@, th'o t)n gai c-a h, ch.t c5 thR A>c 0nh
c>c ngu()n t% E h5a h, vi nhau8 canAi oAit ,c c.u to to Ca v L, natri
clorua to 6a v Cl_ JSt h th%ng ti;n t% v hHu t% ,c a ra R :iRu diin ts l
c>c ngu()n t% trong thnh hhn c-a ch.t8 cac:on ioAit giu oAi hn cac:on
monooAit, 3aliclorat c5 nhi;u oAi hn 3aliclorit, 3ali'clorat c5 nhi;u oAi hn cD
cn 3aliclorua th 3h4ng c5 oAi_
6Cm ^VY, Pavoadi) cho in $>ch +h>i luHn v; h5a hac ,c trnh :( th'o
mSt trHt tF mi dFa vo nh9ng h>t minh hin i_ "rong c4ng trnh n( 4ng h
th%ng h5a nh9ng 3i?n thBc t1ch lg( ,c thji :.( gij v; h5a hac, trnh :( :|ng
mSt ng4n ng9 giDn d0, di hiRu, minh haa :|ng nhi;u hnh vl , ch1nh A>c do :
Pavoadi) vl_
"rong :Dng hn loi c>c ch.t, Pavoadi) chia ch}ng lm hai loi ch.t n
giDn v hBc t, :Dng c>c ch.t n giDn ,c chia lm :%n nh5m8 c>c 3h1 n
9bh
giDn, c>c hi 3im, c>c 3im loi, c>c .t_ wng E $ai lhm coi >nh $>ng v nhit l
hai ngu()n t%, l hai thFc thR vHt ch.t_
"hu(?t oAi h5a v $>ch 3h>i luHn v; h5a hac dhn dhn c5 ti?ng vang ln T
7h> r]i lan tru(;n $ang c>c nc ngoi nh QBc, H Pan, ttalia, "h@( QiRn, "(
ean 6ha, ea Pan,___r]i $ang ?n nc 6ga_
e0 ch}8 7rili, cu%i ji mnh, di c $ang Jp $%ng v ti? t@c nghi)n cBu 3hoa
hac, c5 l)n ti?ng hDn %i Pavoadi) 3h4ng trung thFc, 3hng 0nh ngji h>t minh ra
oAi l mnh, nCm ^VVd_ wng E nh=c li r|ng th>ng ^c 4ng E 3R cho Pavoadi) ngh'
l 4ng E t>ch ,c th-( ngn oAit thnh 3h1 mi v th-( ngn,
"rong $>ch c-a mnh nCm ^VY, Pavoadi) c5 vi?t l l*ng v; 3h1 oAi oAi l
3h1 m ch}ng t4i, 4ng 7riti, 4ng /il v t4i E cnng h>t hin ra ghn nh ]ng
thji_ Ch}ng ta ng( na( c5 thR >nh gi> nh th? n({ Pavoadi) 3h4ng hDi l
ngji h>t hin ra oAi hu ti)n, nhng l ngji c5 c4ng ln trong vic 3hng 0nh
,c :Dn ch.t v ~ nghua to ln c-a oAi_
9b3
C/012, \
NH& HALVGfN
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
I. CX: +DU 2,:;<2 +=H +?2/ */X+ *QR O12 */X+ /RTU,S2
1. 0ù h=nh GlGct'on nguyFn tA
Wlo. clo. 3'om v iot c cù h=nh GlGct'on nh( sauN
WNHGhs
h
h,
c
0lNoG3s
h
3,
c
7' NO'bs
h
b,
c
|Nj'cs
h
c,
c
Hing nhauN d%, GlGct'on ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA c!c halogGn c I GlGct'on
v c cù h=nh ns
h
n,
c
mn l s_ thJ t c"a chu k=n.
Ih'c nhauN QK vlo 4ua clo n 3'om v iot. 3!n knh nguyFn tA tCng )Yn l%,
GlGct'on ngoi c2ng cng a h&t nh?n h<n. lc h-t c"a h&t nh?n _i v%i l%,
GlGct'on ngoi c2ng cng yu h<n.
JK2 ()(ctron ngoi cLng N * vlo ,h?n l%, 3) c nCng l(+ng 4u! a c!c mJc nCng
l(+ng hs v s, cho nFn kh1ng th5 32 R, (+c 3xng c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc. )o
vlo cha c mJc oi ha l9 . * c!c halogGn kh!c c ,h?n l%, ) cn t'_ng. nh( clo c
c!c s_ oi ha l9. l3. l c. lI.
2. 0!c halogGn c ?m in l%n
0!c gi! t'r ?m in thGo thang kaulinhN
WN 3.ip 0lN 3.9g 7'N h.ig |N h.gg
Q'ong nhm halogGn . ?m in giTm )Yn tK vlo n iot
3. Qnh ch`t ha hc
a. HalogGn l nh[ng ,hi kim c tnh oi ha m&nh N halogGn oi ha hYu
ht c!c kim lo&i. nhiZu ,hi kim v nhiZu h+, ch`t. jhi nguyFn tA
halogGn 3in thnh ion halogGnua v%i s_ oi ha P9. Qh )B v%i cloN
H
h
l 0l
h
hH0l
hWG l 30l
h
hWG0l
3
0u l 0l
h
0u0l
h
9bb
hoauH l 0l
h
oa0l l oau0l l H
h
u o(%c Hia vGn.
3. Qnh oi ha c"a halogGn giTm )Yn tK vlo n iot.
c. Wlo kh1ng th5 hin tnh khA. c!c halogGn kh!c th5 hin tnh khA v tnh
khA tCng )Yn tK clo n iot.
II. Hw8 */X+ *QR /RTU,S2
9. Hi'o halogGnua v ait halogGn hi'ic
HW. H0l. H7'. H|
Hi'o halogGnua l c!c h+, ch`t kh ) tan t'ong n(%c t&o 'a c!c )ung )rch ait
halogGn hi'ic. QK HW n H| tnh ch`t ait tCng )Yn. HW l mt ait yu.
QK HW n H| tnh ch`t khA tCng )Yn. cha c th5 oi ha W
P
3xng )ng in.
t'ong khi c!c ion ?m kh!c nh( 0l
P
. 7'
P
. |
P
Zu 3r oi ha khi t!c )Bng v%i ch`t
oi ha m&nh
h. H+, ch`t c oi c"a halogGn
Q'ong c!c h+, ch`t c oi. clo. 3'om. iot th5 hin s_ oi ha )(<ng cn vlo th5
hin s_ oi ha ?m. Uo kh1ng ,hTn Jng t'c ti, v%i oi. c!c h+, ch`t c oi c"a
halogGn (+c iZu ch gi!n ti,.
0!c h+, ch`t c oi 4uan t'ng c"a clo nh(N
o(%c giavGnN oa0l. oa0lu. H
h
u )2ng lm ch`t khA t'2ng n(%c. ch`t t>y t'Rng
t'ong c1ng nghi, )t. gi`y... oh(+c i5m 4uan t'ng nh`t c"a n(%c giavGn l
kh1ng 3Zn. kh1ng v8n chuy5n i a (+c.
eiZu ch n(%c giavGnN min ,h?n )ung )rch mu_i Cn 3ô ha kh1ng c mng ngCnn
hoa0l l hH
h
u
d
hoauH l 0l
h
l H
h
0l
h
h
u n(%c giavGn.
0lo'ua v1iN 0au0lh c c1ng )Bng t(<ng t n(%c giavGn. Quy nhiFn. clo'ua v1i c gi!
thnh ' h<n v c th5 v8n chuy5n i a. )o (+c sA )Bng 'ng 'î h<n.
eiZu ch clo'ua v1iN
0amuHn
h
l 0l
h
0au0l
h
l H
h
u
9bc
Lu_i 7GctolGN j0lu
3
c tFn 4u_c t l kali clo'at. 0h`t ny (+c )2ng lm )iFm.
iZu ch oi t'ong ,hng th nghim.
eiZu ch kali clo'atN
gjuH l 30l
h

:
I: 9:: C
j0lu
3
l cj0l l 3H
h
u
0!c ait c oi c"a cloN
H0lu H0lu
h
H0lu
3
H0lu
b
0hiZu tCng tnh ait v 3Zn. chiZu giTm c"a tnh oi ha.
B. BI TP C LI GII
\.1 oguyFn t_ clo c h #ng vr 3Zn 0l
3c
9I
v 0l
3I
9I
. oguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh
c"a clo t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon l 3c.bc. H^y tnh s c!c #ng vr t'Fn.
\.' {it cù h=nh GlGct'on nguyFn tA c"a c!c nguyFn t_ vlo. clo. 3'om. iot. Ua
vo cù h=nh GlGct'on h^y giTi thch t&i sao vlo lu1n c s_ oi ha ?m cn c!c
nguyFn t_ halogGn kh!c ngoi s_ oi ha ?m cn c th5 c s_ oi ha )(<ng ml9.
l3. lc. lIn}
\.Y 0ù h=nh ngoi c2ng c"a nguyFn tA c"a mt nguyFn t_ z l c,
c
. Qa s_ n<t'on
v s_ in tch h&t nh?n 3xng 9.3igh . @_ n<t'on c"a z 3xng 3.I lYn s_ n<t'on c"a
nguyFn tA nguyFn t_ . jhi cho b.hi gam t!c )Bng v%i l(+ng )( z th= thu
(+c 9p.hg gam sTn ,h>m c c1ng thJc l z.
H^y !c rnh in tch h&t nh?n q c"a z v vit cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a z v .
\.Z U2ng thu_c thA thch h+, 5 nh8n 3it c!c )ung )rch sau ?yN
an 7a0l
h
. j7'. H0l. j|. juH
3n j|. H0l. oa0l. H
h
@u
b
cn H0l. H7'. oa0l. oauH
)n oaW. 0a0l
h
. j7'. Lgl
h
.
\.\ 0 3_n ch`t 3t mu t'Rng t(<ng Jng nhau l N oa0l. Ol0l
3
. Lg0u
3
.
7a0u
3
. 0ha (+c )2ng n(%c c2ng c!c thit 3r cYn thit ml nung. 3=nh in ,h?n
v.v...n H^y t'=nh 3y c!ch nh8n 3it tKng ch`t t'Fn.
9bg
\.( jh1ng )2ng ha ch`t no kh!c h^y ,h?n 3it b )ung )rch chJa c!c ha
ch`t sauN oa0l. oauH. H0l. ,hGnoltalGin.
\.^ Lt lo&i mu_i Cn c lSn t&, ch`t 0a0l
h
. Lg0l
h
. oa
h
@u
b
. Lg@u
b
. 0a@u
b
.
H^y t'=nh 3y c!ch lo&i c!c t&, ch`t 5 thu (+c mu_i Cn tinh khit.
\._ oguyFn t_ ~ l ,hi kim thuc ,h?n nhm chnh t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon. Qa
l gi[a ,hYn t'Cm nguyFn t_ ~ t'ong oit cao nh`t v ,hYn t'Cm ~ t'ong h+, ch`t
kh v%i hi'o 3xng :.cicc. 0ho b.:c gam mt kim lo&i L ch(a ' ha t'r t!c )Bng
ht v%i <n ch`t ~ th= thu (+c b:.:c gam mu_i. z!c rnh c1ng thJc c"a mu_i L.
\.` ein ,h?n nng chTy a gam mt mu_i O t&o 3*i kim lo&i v ,hi kim ha
t'r | mzn thu (+c :.pig lit kh nguyFn ch`t m* ktcn. Ha tan a gam mu_i O vo
9::ml )ung )rch H0l 9L cho t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch Ogou
3
)( thu (+c hc.p3
gam kt t"a. Uung )rch Ogou
3
)( cho t!c )Bng v%i 9:: ml )ung )rch H0l 9L.
z!c rnh tFn ,hi kim c1ng thJc tXng 4u!t c"a mu_i O.
\.10 0ho 39.pb gam hMn h+, oaz. oa mz. l hai halogGn * h chu k liFn
ti,n vo )ung )rch Ogou
3
)(. thu (+c cI.3b gam kt t"a.
an Q=m c1ng thJc c"a oaz. oa.
3n Qnh kh_i l(+ng mMi mu_i.
\.11 Lt mu_i (+c t&o 3*i kim lo&i L ha t'r || v ,hi kim ha t'r |. Ha tan
m gam mu_i ny vo n(%c v chia )ung )rch lm hai ,hYn 3xng nhauN
P khYn |N 0ho t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch Ogou
3
c )( th= (+c c.Ib gam kt t"a
t'Rng.
P khYn || N oh-ng mt thanh sRt vo )ung )rch mu_i. sau mt th$i gian ,hTn Jng
kt th-c kh_i l(+ng thanh sRt tCng lFn :.9g gam.
an Q=m c1ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a mu_i.
3n z!c rnh t'r s_ c"a m.
\.1' z. l hai nguyFn t_ halogGn thuc hai chu k= liFn ti, t'ong h th_ng
tuYn hon. HMn h+, O c chJa h mu_i c"a z. v%i nat'i.
9bI
an e5 kt t"a hon ton h.h gam hMn h+, O. ,hTi )2ng 9c: ml )ung )rch Ogou
3
:.hL. Qnh kh_i l(+ng kt t"a thu (+c}
3n z!c rnh hai nguyFn t_ z. .
\.1Y Ha tan mt mu_i kim lo&i halogGnua ch(a 3it ha t'r vo n(%c 5 (+c
)ung )rch z. ou l`y hc: ml )ung )rch z mchJa hI gam mu_in cho vo Ogou
3
)( th= thu (+c cI.b gam kt t"a. L]t kh!c in ,h?n 9hc ml )ung )rch z t'Fn th=
c g.b gam kim lo&i 3!m * catot. z!c rnh c1ng thJc mu_i.
\.1Z Lt hMn h+, 3a mu_i oaW. oa0l. oa7' n]ng b.ph gam ha tan hon ton
t'ong n(%c (+c )ung )rch O. @Bc kh clo )( vo )ung )ich O '#i c1 c&n hon
ton )ung )rch sau ,hTn Jng thu (+c 3.i3 gam mu_i khan. d`y mt nAa l(+ng
mu_i khan ny ha tan vo n(%c '#i cho ,hTn Jng v%i )ung )rch Ogou
3
)( th= thu
(+c b.3:c gam kt t"a. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh Ty 'a v tnh thnh ,hYn ,hYn
t'Cm kh_i l(+ng mMi mu_i t'ong hMn h+, 3an Yu.
\.1\ HMn h+, O g#m 3 mu_i oa0l. oa7' v oa|N
c.Ig gam O t!c )Bng v%i l(+ng )( )ung )rch 3'om. c1 c&n thu (+c c.hi gam
mu_i khan.
Ha tan c.Ig gam O vo n(%c '#i cho mt l(+ng kh clo sBc 4ua )ung )rch. @au
mt th$i gian. c1 c&n th= thu (+c 3.icc gam mu_i khan. t'ong c :.:c mol ion
clo'ua.
an {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng.
3n Qnh thnh ,hYm ,hYn t'Cm kh_i l(+ng mMi mu_i t'ong O.
\.1( 0 hMn h+, g#m hai mu_i oa0l v oa7'. jhi cho )ung )rch Ogou
3
vKa "
vo hMn h+, t'Fn ng($i ta thu (+c l(+ng kt t"a 3xng kh_i l(+ng Ogou
3
tham gia
,hTn Jng. Q=m s kh_i l(+ng mMi mu_i t'ong hMn h+, 3an Yu.
\.1^ Hai 3=nh cYu chJa amoniac v hi'oclo'ua kh1. 0ho tK tK n(%c vo Yy
mMi 3=nh kh. th= th`y kh chJa t'ong hai 3=nh tan ht. @au t'n )ung )rch t'ong
hai 3=nh l&i v%i nhau. H^y !c rnh n#ng moll c"a c!c ch`t t'ong )ung )rch
sau khi t'n lSn. 3it 'xng 3=nh chJa hi'oclo'ua c th5 tch g`, 3 lYn th5 tch chJa
amoniac. c!c kh o * ktc.
9bp
\.1_ HMn h+, O g#m j0lu
3
. 0am0lu
3
n
h
. 0am0lun
h
. 0a0l
h
v j0l n]ng p3.gp
gam. ohit ,h?n hon ton O ta thu (+c ch`t 'Rn 7 g#m 0a0l
h
. j0l v 9I.bIhlit
u
h
. 0ho ch`t 'Rn 7 t!c )Bng v%i 3g:ml )ung )rch j
h
0u
3
:.cL mvKa "n thu (+c
kt t"a 0 v )ung )rch U. d(+ng j0l t'ong )ung )rch U nhiZu g`,
3
22
lYn l(+ng
j0l c t'ong O.
an Qnh kh_i l(+ng kt t"a O.
3n Qnh s kh_i l(+ng c"a j0lu
3
t'ong O.
\.1` QK mt t`n mu_i Cn c chJa 9:.cs t&, ch`t. ng($i ta iZu ch (+c 9hc:
lit )ung )rch H0l 3Is mU f 9.9i gmln 3xng c!ch cho l(+ng mu_i Cn t'Fn t!c )Bng
v%i ait sunvu'ic 8m ]c v un nng. Qnh hiu su`t c"a 4u! t'=nh iZu ch t'Fn.
\.'0 jhi un nng mu_i kali clo'at. kh1ng c -c t!c. th= mu_i ny 3r ,h?n h"y
#ng th$i thGo hai ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc sauN
an hj0|u
3
hj0l l 3u
h
3n bj0lu
3
3j0lu
b
l j0l
Qnh N P 7ao nhiFu s kh_i l(+ng 3r ,h?n h"y thGo man
P 7ao nhiFu s kh_i l(+ng 3r ,h?n h"y thGo m3n
7it 'xng khi ,h?n h"y hon ton I3.c gam kaliclo'at th= thu (+c 33.c gam
kaliclo'ua.
\.'1 Ha tan 9.Ib gam Lnu
h
t'ong h::ml ait clohi'ic hL. Qnh n#ng mmolln
c"a H0l v Ln0l
h
t'ong )ung )rch sau khi ,hTn Jng kt th-c. HiT thit kh clo tho!t
hon ton khi )ung )rch v th5 tch c"a )ung )rch kh1ng 3in Xi.
\.'' eiZu ch mt )ung )rch ait clohi'ic 3xng c!ch ha tan h mol hi'oclo'ua
vo n(%c. @au un ait thu (+c v%i mangan ioit c )(. jh clo thu (+c
3xng ,hTn Jng c " 5 t!c )Bng v%i hp gam sRt hay kh1ng}
\.'Y Ha tan I.p gam hMn h+, 3t Ol v Lg t'ong )ung )rch H0l )(. @au ,hTn
Jng kh_i l(+ng )ung )rch tCng thFm I.: gam. jh_i l(+ng nh1m v magiG t'ong
hMn h+, Yu l 3ao nhiFu gam}
9bi
\.'Z oung m
O
gam hMn h+, O g#m jLnu
b
v j0lu
3
ta thu (+c ch`t 'Rn O
9
v kh u
h
. 7it j0lu
3
3r ,h?n h"y hon ton thGo ,hTn Jng N
hj0lu
3

(
)
hj0l l 3u
h
cn jLnu
b
3r ,h?n h"y mt ,hYn thGo ,hTn Jng N
hjLnu
b

(
)
j
h
Lnu
b
l Lnu
h
l u
h
Q'ong O
9
c :.pib gam j0l chim p.93hs kh_i l(+ng. Q'n l(+ng u
h
thu (+c *
t'Fn v%i kh1ng kh thGo ta l th5 tch
3 < 1 = < =
KK O
2

t'ong mt 3=nh kn ta (+c
hMn h+, kh O
h
.
0ho vo 3=nh :.chp gam cac3on '#i _t ch!y ht cac3on thu (+c hMn h+, kh O
3
g#m 3 kh. t'ong 0u
h
chim hh.ihs th5 tch.
an Qnh kh_i l(+ng m
O
.
3n Qnh s kh_i l(+ng c"a c!c ch`t t'ong hMn h+, O.
0ho 3itN jh1ng kh chJa p:s o
h
v h:s u
h
vZ th5 tch.
\.'\ 0ho l(+ng ait clohi'ic. thu (+c khi ch ha h:: gam mu_i Cn c1ng
nghi, mcn chJa mt l(+ng !ng k5 t&, ch`tn. t!c )Bng v%i Lnu
h
)( 5 c mt
l(+ng kh clo " ,hTn Jng v%i hh.b gam sRt kim lo&i. z!c rnh hm l(+ng s c"a
oa0l t'ong mu_i Cn c1ng nghi,.
C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
\.'( oFu hin t(+ng v vit ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng nu c khi cho H0l ]c t!c
)Bng v%i c!c ch`t sauN jLnu
b
. j0lu
3
.
\.'^ oFu c!ch tinh ch N
an Lu_i Cn c lSn Lg0l
h
v oa7'
3n Oit clohi'ic c lSn ait H
h
@u
b
.
\.'_ 0Yn 3ao nhiFu gam jLnu
b
v 3ao nhiFu ml )ung )rch ait clohi'ic 9L
5 c " kh clo t!c )Bng v%i sRt t&o nFn 9g.hc gam WG0l
3

}
Q> $%8
9l 480 = 1 9,48" 9
HCl K!*O
4

9c:
\.'` Ha tan 9.Ib gam Lnu
h
t'ong h:: ml ait clohi'ic hL. Qnh n#ng mmolln
c"a H0l v Ln0l
h
t'ong )ung )rch sau khi ,hTn Jng kt th-c. HiT thit kh clo tho!t
hon ton khi )ung )rch v th5 tch c"a )ung )rch kh1ng 3in Xi.
Q> $%8
h
L H0l L Ln0l
0 9.g L 0 :.9 L

\.Y0 Hon thnh s< # 3in ha sau N
F A KClO L C >? ! L O H @
C @ A
F A # C 3O H !*O A
B A KClO
3
)
2
,*7 C
4 2 2
)
3
0
0
+ + + + +
+
+ + + + +
+
\.Y1 ein ,h?n nng chTy mt mu_i clo'ua kim lo&i ha t'r | thu (+c * catot
g.hb gam kim lo&i v * anot 9.Iih lit kh mktcn.
an z!c rnh c1ng thJc ,h?n tA mu_i.
3n 0ho ch`t kh sinh 'a t!c )Bng v%i H
h
t'ong iZu kin !nh s!ng (+c sTn ,h>m z.
Ha tan z vo n(%c 5 c )ung )rch 9. e_t ch!y kim lo&i t'Fn. cho sTn ,h>m sinh
'a ha tan vo n(%c 5 c )ung )rch h. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng. 0ho 9
mSu 4u tm vo )ung )rch 9. k thFm vo tK tK )ung )rch h. Euan s!t hin
t(+ng v giTi thch.
Q> $%8 01ng thJc mu_i l j0l.
\.Y' Ha tan c.3I gam hMn h+, g#m :.:h mol Ol0l
3
v mt mu_i halogGnua
c"a kim lo&i L ha t'r || vo n(%c. thu (+c )ung )rch O. 0ho )ung )rch O t!c
)Bng vKa " v%i h:: ml )ung )rch Ogou
3
. thu (+c 9b.3c gam kt t"a. dc l`y
)ung )rch cho t!c )Bng v%i oauH )(. thu (+c kt t"a 7. oung 7 n kh_i l(+ng
kh1ng Xi (+c 9.g gam ch`t 'Rn.
z!c rnh c1ng thJc ,h?n tA mu_i halogGnua kim lo&i L.
Q> $%8 01ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a mu_i l 0u0l
h
.
\.YY 0 hMn h+, oa| v oa7'. Ha tan hMn h+, t'ong n(%c. 0ho 3'om )( vo
)ung )rch. @au khi ,hTn Jng thc hin ong. lm 3ay hm th= th`y kh_i l(+ng sTn ,h>m nh h<n kh_i l(+ng hMn h+, h mu_i 3an Yu
l m gam.
9c9
Ha tan sTn ,h>m t'ong n(%c v cho kh clo i 4ua cho n )(. dm 3ay h $%8 s oa7' f 3.Is soa| f ig.3s
\.YZ eGm in ,h?n h:: ml )ung )rch oa0l hL m) f 9.9gmln v%i in cc
3xng than c mng ngCn _, v )ung )rch lu1n lu1n (+c khu`y Zu. @au mt
th$i gian * catot tho!t 'a hh.b lit kh o * iZu kin h:
:
0. 9atm. H+, ch`t chJa
t'ong )ung )rch sau khi kt th-c in ,h?n l ch`t g=} z!c rnh 0s c"a n.
Q> $%8 0s
oauH
f p.3hs
\.Y\ ein ,h?n nng chTy a gam mu_i O t&o 3*i kim lo&i L v halogGn z ta
thu (+c :.ig gam kim lo&i L * cat_t v :.pig lit kh m* ktcn * an1t. L]t kh!c
ha tan a gam mu_i O vo n(%c. sau cho t!c )Bng v%i Ogou
3
)( th= thu (+c
99.bp gam kt t"a.
Hi z l halogGn no }
Q> $%8 z l clo
\.Y( ein ,h?n h:: ml )ung )rch j0l 9L m)f9.9cgmln t'ong 3=nh in ,h?n
c mng ngCn _, v%i c($ng )ng in |fh:O. sau th$i gian t kh tho!t 'a *
cat_t l 9.9h lit. Qnh n#ng s c"a c!c ch`t t'ong )ung )rch sau in ,h?n.
m0oi th5 tch )ung )rch kh1ng thay Xi v n(%c ch(a 3r in ,h?nn
Q> $%8 0
juH
f h.bIbs . 0
j0l
f 3.his .
\.Y^ HMn h+, O g#mN oauH. oa
h
0u
3
v oa
h
@u
b
. d`y 9 gam O ha tan vo
n(%c '#i thFm )ung )rch 7a0l
h
cho n )(. thu (+c kt t"a 7 v )ung )rch 0.
QhFm tK tK )ung )rch H0l vo )ung )rch 0 cho n khi (+c )ung )rch t'ung tnh.
cYn )2ng hb ml )ung )rch H0l :.hcL. L]t kh!c. h gam O t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch
H0l )(. sinh 'a (+c :.hhb lit kh mktcn.
an z!c rnh thnh ,hYn ,hYn t'Cm tKng ch`t t'ong hMn h+, O.
3n Qnh th5 tch )un )rch H0l :.cL ,hTn Jng vKa " v%i :.c gam O.
9ch
cn Qnh th5 tch )ung )rch H0l :.cL t!c )Bng v%i kt t"a 7.
Q> $%8 an Qhnh ,hYn c"a ON c3s oa
h
0u
3
hbs oauH h3s oa
h
@u
b
.
3n 9gml )ung )rch H0l.
cn h:ml )ung )rch H0l :.cL.
\.Y_ Uung )rch z (+c t&o thnh 3xng c!ch ha tan 3 mu_i j0l. WG0l
3
. 7a0l
h
.
ou cho h:: ml )ung )rch z ,hTn Jng vKa " v%i 9:: ml )ung )rch oa
h
@u
b
9L .
ho]c v%i 9c: ml )ung )rch oauH hL ho]c v%i 3:: ml )ung )rch Ogou
3
hL .
Q'ong mMi t'($ng h+, Zu thu (+c kt t"a l%n nh`t.
an Qnh n#ng c"a mMi mu_i t'ong )ung )rch z.
3n Qnh kh_i l(+ng mu_i khan thu (+c khi c1 c&n h:: ml )ung )rch z.
Q> $%8 7a0l
h
fj0lfWG0l
3
f:.cL mfbb.cg.
\.Y` Ha tan m gam hMn h+, g#m oa7' v oa| vo n(%c (+c )ung )rch O.
0ho O ,hTn Jng v%i 3'om )( sau c1 c&n )ung )rch thu (+c )uy nh`t mt
mu_i khan 7 c kh_i l(+ng mm P bIn gam. Ha tan 7 vo n(%c v cho t!c )Bng v%i
clo )( sau c1 c&n )ung )rch thu (+c )uy nh`t mt mu_i khan 0 c kh_i l(+ng
mmPpin gam. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng ha hc v tnh s kh_i l(+ng c"a
mMi mu_i t'ong hMn h+, 3an Yu.
Q> $%8 b:.I9s oa7' v ci.hisoa|
\.Z0 Lt kho!ng v8t c c1ng thJc tXng 4u!t lN aj0l.3Lg0l
h
.cH
h
u. oung
hI.Ic gam kho!ng v8t t'Fn n kh_i l(+ng kh1ng Xi th`y kh_i l(+ng ch`t 'Rn
giTm 9:.p gam. Ha tan ch`t 'Rn vo t'ong n(%c '#i cho t!c )Bng v%i Ogou
3
)( th= thu (+c b3.:c gam kt t"a. d8, c1ng thJc c"a kho!ng v8t t'Fn.
Q> $%8 j0l.Lg0l
h
.gH
h
u.
\.Z1 Lt )ung )rch l hMn h+, c!c mu_i oa0l. oa7'. oa|. @au khi lm kh1
h:ml )ung )rch ny thu (+c 9.I3h gam ch`t 'Rn. d`y h:ml )ung )rch mu_i ,hTn
Jng v%i 3'om '#i lm 3ay h<i thu (+c 9.gpc gam ch`t 'Rn kh1. @au cho clo t!c
)Bng v%i 9h:ml )ung )rch t'Fn. sau khi 3ay h $%8 oa0l 9L oa7' :.hL oa| :.:cL.

6,35:" 9 16:"1 9
2 2
; B'

\.Z' 0hia p.pb gam hMn h+, L0l v 7a0l
h
thnh hai ,hYn 3xng nhau. Ha tan
,hYn 9 vo n(%c '#i cho ,hTn Jng v%i Ogou
3
)( thu (+c p.g9 gam kt t"a. eGm
in ,h?n nng chTy ,hYn h n hon ton thu (+c { ml kh z * hI.3
o
0 v :.pp
atm. ou s_ mol L0l chim p:s s_ mol t'ong hMn h+,. !c rnh kim lo&i L v
tnh thnh ,hYn s kh_i l(+ng hMn h+, Yu. Qnh {.
Q> $%8 jim lo&i l oa
I.:gs b sm
ch.ibs sm
h
7a0l
oa0l
{ f :.pblit
\.ZY QK mt t`n mu_i Cn c chJa cs t&, ch`t. ng($i ta iZu ch (+c 9hc: lit
)ung )rch H0l 3Is m) f 9.9i gmln 3xng c!ch cho l(+ng mu_i Cn t'Fn t!c )Bng
v%i ait sunvu'ic 8m ]c v un nng. Qnh hiu su`t c"a 4u! t'=nh iZu ch t'Fn.
Q> $%8 Hs f ih.pcs
\.ZZ
khTn Jng no sau ?y (+c )2ng 5 iZu ch clo t'ong ,hng th nghim }
O. hoa0l
5,*7
hoa l 0l
h
7. hoa0l l hH
h
u
5,--
9.*
H
h
l hoauH l 0l
h
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h
l bH0l
]c

(
)
Ln0l
h
l 0l
h
l hH
h
u
U. W
h
l hoa0l hoaW l 0l
h
\.Z\
0lo'ua v1i l mu_i c"a kim lo&i cani v%i h lo&i g_c ait l clo'ua 0l
P
v
hi,oclo'it 0lu
P
. {8y clo'ua v1i gi l mu_i g=}
O. Lu_i t'ung ho 7. Lu_i k/,
0. Lu_i c"a h ait U. Lu_i hMn t&,
9cb
\.Z(
jh 0l
h
iZu ch 3xng c!ch cho Lnu
h
t!c )Bng v%i )) H0l ]c th($ng 3r lSn
t&, ch`t l kh H0l. 0 th5 )2ng )) no sau ?y 5 lo&i t&, ch`t l t_t nh`t}
O. U) oauH 7. U) Ogou
3
0. U) oa0l U. U) jLnu
b
\.Z^
U2ng lo&i 3=nh no sau ?y 5 ng )ung )rch HW}
O. 7=nh thu tinh mu anh 7. 7=nh thu tinh mYu n?u
0. 7=nh thu tinh kh1ng mu U. 7=nh nha tGvlon mch`t )on
\.Z_
0h`t no sau ?y cha c tnh oi ho!. khng c tnh khA}
O. W
h
7. 0l
h
0. 7'
h
U. |
h
\.Z`
0 b ch`t 3t mu t'Rng l v1i 3t. 3t g&o. 3t th&ch cao m0a@u
b
.hH
h
un 3t
! v1i m0a0u
3
n. 0ha )2ng ch`t no )(%i ?y l nh8n 3it ngay (+c 3t g&o}
O. Uung )rch H0l 7. Uung )rch H
h
@u
b
lo^ng
0. Uung )rch 7'
h
U. Uung )rch |
h
\.\0
eX )ung )rch chJa 9g H7' vo )) chJa 9g oauH. Uung )rch thu (+c lm
cho 4u tm chuy5n sang mu no sau ?y}
O. Lu 7. Lu anh
0. jh1ng Xi mu U. jh1ng !c rnh (+c
\.\1
khTn Jng no sau ?y (+c )2ng 5 iZu ch kh hi'o clo'ua t'ong ,hng th
nghim}
O. H
h
l 0l
h

(
)
hH0l
7. 0l
h
l H
h
u H0l l H0lu
0. 0l
h
l @u
h
l hH
h
u hH0l l H
h
@u
b
U.
(
)
2 4
%'D*&
%567&
NaOH H 3O +
oaH@u
b
l H0l
\.\'
Q'ong c!c ,hTn Jng ho! hc. 5 chuy5n thnh anion. nguyFn tA c"a c!c
nguyFn t_ halogGn ^ nh8n hay nh($ng 3ao nhiFu GlGct'on}
O. oh8n thFm 9 GlGct'on 7. oh8n thFm h GlGct'on
0. oh($ng i 9 GlGct'on U. oh($ng i I GlGct'on
9cc
\.\Y
0lo C/d2, ,hTn Jng v%i ch`t no sau ?y}
O. oauH 7. oa0l 0. 0amuHn
h
U. oa7'
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oh8n rnh no sau ?y -ai khi ni vZ vlo}
O. d ,hi kim lo&i ho&t ng m&nh nh`t
7. 0 nhiZu #ng vr 3Zn t'ong t nhiFn
0. d ch`t oi ho! '`t m&nh
U. 0 ?m in l%n nh`t
\.\\
oh[ng hi'o halogGnua c th5 thu (+c khi cho H
h
@u
b
]c lYn l(+t t!c )Bng
v%i c!c mu_i oaW. oa0l. oa7'. oa| l
O. HW. H0l. H7'. H| 7. HW. H0l. H7' v mt ,hYn H|
0. HW. H0l. H7' U. HW. H0l .
\.\(
e_t nng mt s+i )?y #ng '#i (a vo 3=nh kh 0l
h
th= Ty 'a hin t(+ng
no sau ?y}
O. U?y #ng kh1ng ch!y
7. U?y #ng ch!y yu '#i tRt ngay
0. U?y #ng ch!y m&nh. c khi mu n?u v mu t'Rng.
U. U?y #ng ch!y ?m a '`t l?u
\.\^
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O. H
h
v u
h
7. o
h
v u
h
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h
v u
h
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h
v u
h
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U^y no sau ?y sR, , -ng thGo thJ t giTm )Yn tnh ait c"a c!c )ung
)rch hi'o halogGnua}
O. H| H7' H0l HW 7. HW H0l H7' H|
0. H0l H7' H| HW U. H0l H7' HW H|
c.bb. 0 c.bc. U c.bg. 0 c.bI. U c.bp. O
c.bi. U c.c:. 7 c.c9. U c.ch. O c.c3. 7
c.cb. 7 c.cc. U c.cg. 0 c.cI. 0 c.cp. O
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9cg
, )Bng c1ng thJcN
9::
37 aO
O
+
Q'ong
O
l nguyFn tA kh_i t'ung 3=nh
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O. 7 l nguyFn tA kh_i c"a #ng vr
QhGo Yu 3i ta c h ,h(<ng t'=nh sauN
'
+
+
3 a 9::
9::
3.3I a.3c
bc . 3c
HiTi h ,h(<ng t'=nh ta c N
a f II.cs
3 f hh.cs
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W hs
h
h,
c
0l 3s
h
3,
c
7' bs
h
b,
c
| cs
h
c,
c
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c o3itan ). cn mJc h, v mJc 3s chFnh lch nCng l(+ng 4u! cao nFn vlo kh1ng
c t'&ng th!i kch thch 5 h=nh thnh s_ oi ha )(<ng. L]t kh!c vlo c ?m
in l%n nh`t nFn ngay cT s_ oi ha l9 cng kh1ng u`t hin.
0!c nguyFn t_ halogGn kh!c ngoi s_ oi ha ?m cn c th5 c s_ oi ha
)(<ngml9. l3. lc. lIn 3*i v=N c!c GlGct'on nA v n, c khT nCng 3r kch thch
chuy5n sang n).
l9
9cI
s , )
l3

s , )
lc

s , )
lI

s , )

\.Y Hng dGn8 0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn t_ z lN
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
h
3)
9:
b,
g
cs
h
b)
9:
c,
c
QK '-t 'a q
z
f c3 f ,
z
ms_ ,'otonn
QhGo Yu 3i ta cN
Ib n 9.3igh
,
n
z
z
z

ms_ n<t'onn
O
z
f ,
z
l n
z
f c3 l Ib f 9hI
m]t kh!c N
h: n 3.I
n
n
z

,hTn Jng c"a z v N
l z z
b.hi 9p.hg
O
L
z
3i O
9p.hg
b.hi

9hI O
O

9p.hg
b.hi

L
O

+

q 9i , h: , 3i n , O

+ +
9cp
{8y cù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn t_ lN
9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
g
bs
9
{8y z l iot v l kali.
\.Z Hng dGn8
Rm U2ng 4u tm nh8n 3it H0l. juH.
U2ng )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
nh8n 3it 7a0l
h
cn l&i j|. j7'.
U2ng kh 0l
h
,h?n 3it c!c )ung )rch j| v j7'.
Jm U2ng 4u tm nh8n 3it H0l. H
h
@u
b
.
U2ng )ung )rch 7a0l
h
,h?n 3it H0l v H
h
@u
b
.
U2ng )ung )rch Ogou
3
5 ,h?n 3it )ung )rch j| v oa0l mOg| mu vng t(<i
Og0l mu t'Rngn.
Ho]c _t N j| ngn lAa mu tm oa0l ngn lAa mu vng.
*m U2ng 4u tm nh8n 3it )ung )rch c!c )ung )rch oauH. H0l. H7'.
U2ng 0l
h
,h?n 3it H0l v H7' ho]c )2ng Ogou
3
cng ,h?n 3it (+c Og7'
mmu vngn v Og0l mmu t'Rngn.
[m 0ho 3_n mSu thA t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch oa
h
0u
3
c hai mSu thA c
,hTn Jng t&o kt t"a l 0a0l
h
v Lg|
h
.
kh?n 3it hai mSu thA 0a0l
h
v Lg|
h
3xng 0l
h
.
0n l&i ,h?n 3it oaW v j7' cng 3xng 0l
h
.
\.\ Hng dGn8
d`y tKng l(+ng mu_i nh 5 lm th nghimN
P Ha tan vo H
h
u. t&o thnh h nhmN
l ohm | N Qan t'ong H
h
u l oa0l v Ol0l
3
l ohm || N jh1ng tan l Lg0u
3
v 7a0u
3
P ein ,h?n )ung )rch c!c mu_i nhm | mc mng ngCnn N
hoa0l l hH
h
u
*"E* 9?*" 7/ P C
hoauH l 0l
h
l H
h

9ci
hOl0l
3
lgH
h
u
*"E* 9?*" 7/ P C
hOlmuHn
3
l 30l
h
l 3H
h
jhi kt th-c in ,h?n. * v2ng catot c"a 3=nh in ,h?n no c kt t"a kGo u`t
hin. l 3=nh chJa mu_i Ol0l
3
. 3=nh kia l oa0l.
P Qhu kh H
h
v 0l
h
thc hin ,hTn Jng N
H
h
l 0l
h
hH0l
Ha tan mu_i nhm || vo )ung )rch H0l N
Lg0u
3
l hH0l Lg0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
7a0u
3
l hH0l 7a0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
ein ,h?n )ung )rch oa0l mc mng ngCnn 5 thu )ung )rch oauH.
U2ng )ung )rch oauH 5 ,h?n 3it mu_i Lg0l
h
v 7a0l
h
. QK t=m (+c
Lg0u
3
v 7a0u
3
N
Lg0l
h
l hoauH LgmuHn
h
l hoa0l
7a0l
h
l hoauH 7amuHn
h
l hoa0l
\.( Hng dGn8
P Qa nh lYn l(+t mt mSu thA vo 3a mSu thA cn l&i n khi no th`y h
mSu thA nh vo nhau 3in thnh mu h#ng th= c], l )ung )rch oauH v
,hGnol,htalGin. 0n l&i l )ung )rch oa0l v )ung )rch H0l. 0hia _ng nghim c
mu h#ng thnh hai ,hYn. d`y hai mSu thA ng )ung )rch oa0l v )ung )rch
H0l. mMi mSu thA X vo mt _ng nghim mu h#ng. mSu no lm mu h#ng m`t
i l )ung )rch H0l mv= ait t'ung ha ht oauH. nFn m1i t'($ng t'ung tnh.
,hGnol,htalGin kh1ng Xi mun. Qa ,h?n 3it (+c )ung )rch H0l v )ung )rch
oa0l.
P ng nghim tK mu h#ng chuy5n sang kh1ng mu. l-c ny cha chJa
oa0l v ,hGnol,htalGin. Qa )2ng n 5 nh8n 3it )ung )rch oauH 3xng c!ch nh
vo mt t'ong hai _ng nghim ch(a 3it. _ng nghim no 3in thnh mu h#ng
l oauH. _ng cn l&i l ,hGnol,htalGin.
\.^ Hng dGn8
9g:
P Ha tan mu_i Cn vo n(%c c`t.
P QhFm 7a0l
h
)( 5 lo&i ion @u
b
hP
* )&ng 7a@u
b
kt t"a t'Rng.
kh(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
7a0l
h
l oa
h
@u
b
7a@u
b
l hoa0l
7a0l
h
l Lg@u
b
7a@u
b
l Lg0l
h
7a0l
h
l 0a@u
b
7a@u
b
l 0a0l
h
P dc 3 kt t"a 7a@u
b
.
P QhFm oa
h
0u
3
)( 5 lo&i ion Lg
hl
. 0a
hl
. 7a
hl
)(
Lg0l
h
l oa
h
0u
3
hoa0l l Lg0u
3
0a0l
h
l oa
h
0u
3
hoa0l l 0a0u
3
7a0l
h
l oa
h
0u
3
hoa0l l 7a0u
3
P dc 3 kt t"a Lg0u
3
. 0a0u
3
. 7a0u
3
.
P QhFm )ung )rch H0l 5 lo&i 3 oa
h
0u
3
)(
oa
h
0u
3
l hH0l hoa0l l 0u
h
l H
h
u
P 01 c&n )ung )rch ta thu (+c mu_i Cn tinh khit.
\._ Hng dGn8
e]t ha t'r c"a ~ l v nguyFn tA l(+ng l ~
H+, ch`t v%i oi c c1ng thJc ~
h
u
H+, ch`t v%i hi'o c c1ng thJc ~H

pP
QhGo Yu 3i N 0,5955
$ 8 F
F
16$ 2F
2F
+
+
( )
0,5955
16$ 2F
$ 8 F .
+
+ h

p:i :
chp 99
,
16 - $ . ,
F
9g9
z 9 h 3 b c g I
~ Pc.c3 p.Ih hh.iI 3I.hh c9.bI gc.Ih Ii.iI
nghim lo&i lo&i lo&i lo&i lo&i lo&i nh8n
{8y ~ l 3'om. vit ,h(<ng t'=nh L t!c )Bng v%i 7'
h
. l8, ,h(<ng t'=nh t=m c1ng
thJc mu_i
L l
h
y
7'
h
L7'
y
thGo ,t,(N L gam mL l y.p:n gam
thGo Yu 3iN b.:c gam b:.:c gam
b:.:c.L f b.:c.mL l y.p:n
L f iy
9 h 3
L i 9p hI
nghim lo&i lo&i nh8n
{8y L l nh1m
01ng thJc c"a mu_i l Ol7'
3
Hng dGn8
j hiu L. z lYn l(+t l kh_i l(+ng nguyFn tA c"a kim lo&i L v ,hi kim z. n
l ha t'r c"a kim lo&i.
n h
ko0
n
Lz L z
h
+ m9n
mmoln
n
h
Lz
n
l nOgou
3
Lmou
3
n
n
l nOgz mhn
mmoln mol n mol
H0l l Ogou
3
Og0l l Hou
3
mmoln :.99 f :.9 :.9
9gh
jh_i l(+ng kt t"a Ogz l N hc.p3 P m:.9 9b3.cn f 99.bp mgn
2
X
*
c t'ong mu_i O N
04 , 0
4 , 22
896 , 0
mmoln
n
Ogz
thu (+c m,h(<ng t'=nh hn f :.:p mmoln
143,5
0,08
11,48
!
A"X

z f 9b3.c P 9:p f 3c.c z l 0l
{8y mu_i O c c1ng thJc tXng 4u!t L0l.
\.10 Hng dGn8
Rm kh(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng c"a oaz v oa v%i Ogou
3
.
oaz l Ogou
3
Ogz l oaou
3
a a
oa l Ogou
3
Og l oaou
3
3 3
P d8, h ,h(<ng t'=nh mgi s_ mol oazN amol s_ mol oaN 3moln
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
57,34 X 108 . b a
31,84 X 23 . b a

57,34 G&b %108 X&a %108
31,84 G&b %23 X&a %23
83,13 X
{= G 83,13 X G X X < < < <
z f p: p:.93 nFn z l 3'om v f 9hI p3.93 nFn l iot.
01ng thJc c"a h mu_i lN oa7' v oa|.
Jm m
oa7'
f :.hp 9:3 f hp.pb mgn
m
oa|
f :.:h 9c: f 3 mgn
\.11 Hng dGn8
9g3
Rm Hi c1ng thJc ,h?n tA mu_i c"a kim lo&i L ha t'r || v ,hi kim z ha t'r | l
Lz
h
.
Lz
h
l hOgou
3
hOgz l Lmou
3
n
h

Lz
h
l WG L l WGz
h
Ua vo ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng '-t 'aN
pI . h
9Ip :.9g.L
L
z
L
+
{= z l ,hi kim ha t'r | v mu_i Ogz l kt t"a t'Rng z l nguyFn t_ halogGn

t'K W.
oguyFn t_ halogGnN
0l 7' |
L
z
N 3c.c p: 9hI
L
L
N gb gg.c gi.9
0hn lo&i lo&i
0hn L
z
f 3c.c z l 0l v L
L
f gb L l 0u
01ng thJc ,h?n tA mu_i l 0u0l
h
.
Jm @_ mol c"a 9h l(+ng mu_i 3an Yu lN
:.9g
a :.:h mmoln
gb P cg

ma l s_ mol Lgz
h
t'ong 9h l(+ng mu_i 3an Yun
jh_i l(+ng mu_i 0u0l
h
3an YuN
m f h m:.:h 93cn f c.b mgn
\.1' Hng dGn8
Rm
0,03 0,2.0,15 *
3
A"NO

0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
oaz l Ogou
3
oaou
3
l Ogz
9gb
oa l Ogou
3
oaou
3
l Og
, )Bng rnh lu8t 3To ton kh_i l(+ng ta cN
m
O
l
3
A"NO
9
f
3
NaNO
9
l m
kt t"a
h.h l :.:3.9I: f :.:3.pc l m
kt t"a
m
kt t"a
f b.Ic mgn
Jm e]t z
!

oa
!
l nOgou
3
oaou
3
l Og
!
0,03 * *
! A"
A"NO
3

158,3
0,03
4,75
!
! A"

!
f 9cp.3 P9:p f c:.3
z v l c!c halogGn liFn ti,. v8y ,hTi l 3'om mL f p:n v clo mL f 3c.cn
\.1Y Hng dGn8
e]t k hiu kim lo&i l 7.
e]t k hiu halogGn l z.
01ng thJc c"a mu_i sy l 7z
n
7z
n
l Ogou
3
nOgz l 7mou
3
n
n
hIg cI.bg
93.cg hp.I
7z
n

ddd
7 l nz
93.cg g.bg I.9g
Q'ong 93.c mgn 7z
n
c I.9 mgn z. v8y t'ong hp.I mgn Ogz cng cha c I.9 mgn z
m
Og
f hp.I P I.9 f h9.g mgn n
Og
f :.h mmoln.
Q'ong Ogz ta l kt h+, thGo s_ mol n
Og
N n
z
f 9 N 9 n
z
f :.h mmoln.
9gc
35,5
0,2
7,1
!
X

@uy 'a z l clo
70l
n
l nOgou
3
nOg0l l 7mou
3
n
n
mmoln
*
2 , 0
:.h
67,5*
*
0,2
13,5
!
*
BCl

L
7
l 3c.cn f gI.cn L
7
f 3hn
ou n f 9 L
7
f 3h mlo&in
ou n f h L
7
f gb 7 l 0u.
\.1Z Hng dGn8
jhi sBc kh 0l
h
vo )ung )rch chJa hMn h+, * mu_i oaW. oa0l. oa7' cha c oa7'
t!c )Bng.
e]t s_ mol hMn h+, 3an YuN oaW N a mmoln oa0lN 3 mmoln oa7'N c mmoln.
{it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng v l8, h ,h(<ng t'=nh.
'

+
+ +
+ +
0,03
143,5
4,305
2
7 b
3,93 58,57 58,5b 42a
4,82 1037 58,5b 42a
HiTi h ,h(<ng t'=nh ta cN
0,087
4,82
42 0,01
H9 0,01 a
NaF

hay p.Is
0,485
4,82
58,5 0,04
H9 0,04 b
NaCl

hay bp.cs
0,427
4,82
103 0,02
H9 0,02 7
NaB'

hay bh.ps
9gg
\.1\ Hng dGn8
e]t s_ mol oa0lN a mmoln oa7'N 3 mmoln oa|N c mmoln
Rm 0!c ,hTn Jng v%i 3'om )(N
hoa| l 7'
h
hoa7' l |
h
c mol c mol
HMn h+, ON cp.ca l 9:33 l 9c:c f c.Ig
sau ,hTn Jng v%i 3'omN cp.ca l 9:3 m3 l cn f c.hi
bIc f :.bI
0!c ,hTn Jng v%i 0l
h

hoa7' l 0l
h
hoa0l l 7'
h
hoa| l 0l
h
hoa0l l |
h
mmoln :.:9 :.:9
ou 0l
h
cha ,hTn Jng v%i oa| th= kh_i l(+ng hMn h+, mu_i sau ,hTn Jng v%i
0l
h
l
c.Ig P 9.c l :.cpc f b.pbcg.
QhGo Z 3i hMn h+, sau ,hTn Jng cha c 3.icc mgn. {8y 0l
h
^ ,hTn Jng v%i cT
oa7'.
m
hMn h+,
f 3.icc mgn. t'ong c :.:c mmoln oa0l v cn l&i l oa7'.
n
oa7'
cn l&i f 0,01
103
58,5 0,05 3,955

mmoln
Qnh s_ mol oa7' tham gia ,hTn Jng.
9 mol oa7' thay th 3xng 9 mol oa0l kh_i l(+ng giTm bb.c g.
mol oa7' thay th 3xng mol oa0l kh_i l(+ng giTm b.pbc P 3.icc f :.pi mgn
:.:h
bb.c
:.pi

@_ mol oa7' c t'ong c.Igg f :.:h l :.:9 f :.:3
9gI
0,02
58,5
1,17
58,5
1,5 3,09 5,76
*
NaCl

s thGo kh_i l(+ng

oa0lN h:.3s oa7'N c3.ggs oa|N hg.:bs
MNAON Hng dGn8
oa0l l Ogou
3
Og0l l oaou
3
mmoln a a a
oa7' l Ogou
3
Og7' l oaou
3
mmoln 3 3 3
9I:a P 9b3.ca f 9pp3 P 9I:3
hg.ca f 9p3
26,5
18
b
a
2729,5
1053
103 26,5
58,5 18
9
9
NaB'
NaCl
soa0l f
27,84H 100H
3782,5
1053

soa7' f 9:: P hI.pb f Ih.9gs
\.1^ Hng dGn8 e]t th5 tch c"a amoniac l {
7=nh cYu chJa hi'oclo'ua l 3{
=
sau khi t'n
f b{
oH
3
l H0l oH
b
0l
,hTn Jng thGo ta l 9N9 vZ s_ mol thGo ta l 9N9 vZ th5 tch
@au ,hTn Jng l(+ng H0l cn )(
22,4
2=
mol
9gp
[ ] 0,0223!
4= . 22,4
2=
HCl
[ ] 0,01116!
4= . 22,4
=
Cl NH
4

\.1_ Hng dGn8 0!c ,hTn Jng khi nhit ,h?nN
m3n u 0a0l 0am0lun
mhn 3u 0a0l n 0am0lu
m9n 3u hj0l hj0lu
h h h
h h h 3
h 3
+
+
+
& CaCl %CaCl
2
)
2
0

KCl& %KCl
0
)

%4& 2KCl CaCO CO K CaCl
3 3 2 2
+ +
QnhN
h
h h 3 3
u
0a0l j 0u 0a0u
9I.bIh
n :.Ip mmoln
hh.b
n n n :.3g . :.c :.9p mmoln

Rm jh_i l(+ng kt t"a 0 f :.9p . 9:: f 9p mgn
Jm Hi v y l s_ mol j0lu
3
v j0l t'ong O.
QhGo rnh lu8t 3To ton kh_i l(+ng
tXng s_ mol j0l t'ong 7 f l y
0,52
74,5
111 . 0,18 32 . 0,78 83,68
mt'ong 3h v 999 l jdkQ c"a u

h
v c"a 0a0l
h
n.
L]t kh!c N
I
3
22
2 . 0,18 I $ + +
HiTi h ,h(<ng t'=nh. ta cN f :.b
58,55H
83,68
100 . 122,5 . 0,4
KClO H =JI
3

\.1` Hng dGn8 d(+ng oa0l nguyFn ch`tN
9gi
9:::kg pi.cs f pickg
d(+ng H0l thu (+c thGo l thuyt N
hoa0l l H
h
@u
b
oa
h
@u
b
l hH0l
cp.c g 3g.cg
pickg f ccp.bhkg
d(+ng H0l thu (+c thGo thc tN
9hc: lit 9.9ikglit 3Is f cc:.3Ic kg
Hiu su`t c"a 4u! t'=nh iZu chN
Hs f
H 55 , 98 H 100
42 , 558
375 , 550

\.'0 Hng dGn8
hj0lu
3

(
)
hj0l l 3u
h
man
mmoln a a
bj0lu
3

(
)
3j0lu
b
l j0l m3n
mmoln 3
4
b

'
+
+
45 , 0
5 , 74
5 , 33
4
6 , 0
5 , 122
5 , 73
b
a
b a
2 , 0 15 , 0
4
3
b
b
v a f :.b
sm ,h?n h"y thGo man N
H 67 , 66
5 , 73
4 , 0 5 , 122
sm ,h?n h"y thGo m3n N 33.33s

\.'1
9I:
9(l 0,02 9(l 0,08 9(l 0,02
9(l 1 9(l 4 9(l 1
O 2H Cl !*Cl 4HCl !*O
2 2 2 2
+ + +
@_ mol Lnu
h
^ (+c ha tan t'ong ait clohi'ic l N
%9(l& 0,02
87
1,74
0,4%9(l&
1000
200 2
< l? -K7h -*" )'(*" 7/ HCl 9(l 3L
oh=n vo ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng. ta th`y 9mol Lnu

h
t!c )Bng v%i b mol H0l t&o
nFn 9mol Ln0l
h
. {8y :.:hmol Lnu
h
^ t!c )Bng v%i :.:pmol H0l t&o nFn
:.:hmol Ln0l
h
.
@_ mol H0l cn l&i t'ong )ung )rch l N :.b P :.:p f :.3h mmoln
o#ng c"a H0l cn l&i t'ong )ung )rch l N
0
L H0l
f 1,6%9(l8l&
200
1000 0,32
o#ng c"a Ln0l

h
t'ong )ung )rch l N
h
Ln0l
0
f %9(l8l& 1 , 0
200
1000 02 , 0
\.'' Hng dGn8

mhn hWG0l hWG 30l
m9n u hH 0l Ln0l Lnu bH0l
3 h
h h h h
+
+ + +
QhGo m9n
9(l 0,5
56
28
* < C/
9(l 0,5 2 .
4
1
*
4
1
*
Fe
HCl Cl
2

QhGo mhn N ou WG ,hTn Jng ht th= cYn N
9(l 0,75 0,5 .
2
3
*
2
3
*
Fe Cl
2

9(l 0,75 9(l 0,5 %1& Cl !?
2
<
9I9
d(+ng 0l
h
thu (+c sau ,hTn Jng m9n kh1ng " ha tan hp mgn WG.
MN?P Hng dGn8
0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc
hOl l gH0l hOl0l
3
l 3H
h
m9n
mmoln 9.c
Lg l hH0l Lg0l
h
l H
h
mhn
mmoln y y
e]t . y lYn l(+t l s_ mol c"a Ol v Lg t'ong hMn h+,. thGo 3i 'a ta cN
hI l hby f I.p m|n
m9.c l ynh f :.p m||n giTi 'a ta (+c f :.h. y f :.9
{8y
Ol
m f :.h hI f c.b mgn v
Lg
m
f :.9hb f h.b mgn.
\.'Z Hng dGn8
Rm 0!c ,hTn Jng nhit ,h?n
hj0lu
3

(
)
hj0l l 3u
h
m9n
hjmnu
b

(
)
j
h
Lnu
b
l Lnu
h
l u
h
mhn
Hi n l tXng s_ mol u
h

tho!t 'a tK m9n v mhn. @au khi t'n n mol u
h
v%i 3n mol
kh1ng kh mt'ong c & N 9(l 2,4* .3*
5
4
>? O 9(l 0,6*
5
3*
2 2
ta th`y tXng s_
mol u
h
3xng m9 l :.gn n f 9.gn. {= s_ mol cac3on 0,044,
12
0,528
v thGo iZu kin
3i to!n. sau khi _t ch!y thu (+c hMn h+, 3 kh. nFn ta c h t'($ng h+,N
"rjng h, ^8 ou oi )(. tJc 9.gn :.:bb. th= cac3on cha ch!y thGo ,hTn Jng
0 l u
h
0u
h
m3n
0,192
22,92
100 . 0,044
bM*" N*" * ,hO +a :hP 9(l +L )Q*" *?I lR7
0!c kh g#mN oi )(. nit<. 0u
h
9Ih
m9.g n P :.:bbn l h.bn l :.:bb f :.9ih
:.9ih
n :.:bp mmoln
b

jh_i l(+ng m
O
f kh_i l(+ng ch`t 'Rn cn l&i l kh_i l(+ng oi tho!t 'a.
%"& 12,53 0,048 . 32
8,132
100 . 0,894
9
A
+
"rjng h, k8 ou oi thiu. tJc 9.gn :.:bb. th= cac3on ch!y thGo h ,hTn JngN
0 l u
h
0u
h
m3n
h0 l u
h
h0u mbn
0!c kh t'ong hMn h+, c o
h
mh.bnn. 0u
h
mnn v 0u m:.:bb P nn.
oh( v8y tXng s_ mol kh f h.bn l :.:bb. QhGo c!c ,hTn Jng m3n. mbn th=
h
u
n
f
2
& *S %0,044
*S 1,6*

+
0,044& %2,4*
100
22,92
0,044 3,2* *S +
HiTi 'a c n f :.:h:b
11,647%"& 32 . 0,0204
8,132
100 . 0,894
9S =JI
A
+
Jm Qnh s kh_i l(+ng c!c ch`t t'ong O.
QhGo ,hTn Jng m9nN
3
j0lu
n
f 9hh.c . :.:9h f 9.bI mgn
e_i v%i t'($ng h+, 9N
88,3H 11,7 100 HK!*O
11,7H
12,53
1,47.100
HKClO
4
3

e_i v%i t'($ng h+, hN
87,4H 12,6 100 HK!*O
12,6H
11,647
1,47.100
HKClO
4

\.'\ Hng dGn8 0!c ,hTn Jng ha hcN
9I3
9(l 0,4 9(l 0,6
9(l 2 9(l 3
2FeCl 2Fe 3Cl
9(l 0,6 9(l 2,4
9(l 1 9(l 4
Cl O 2H !*Cl !*O 4HCl
9(l 2,4 9(l 2,4 $
9(l 1 9(l 1
HCl NaH3O 3O H NaCl
3 2
2 2 2 2
4 4 2
+
+ + +
+ +

@_ mol WG cYn t!c )Bng v%i clo lN 9(l 0,4
56
4 , 22
QhGo 3a ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng t'Fn ta th`y h mol WG ,hTn Jng v%i 3 mol 0l
h

9
mol 0l
h
(+c t&o nFn tK b mol H0l v 9 mol H0l (+c t&o nFn tK 9 mol oa0l. {8y
:.b mol WG ,hTn Jng v%i :.g mol 0l
h
:.g mol 0l
h
(+c t&o nFn tK h.b mol H0l v
h.b mol H0l (+c t&o nFn tK h.b mol oa0l.
jh_i l(+ng oa0l c t'ong mu_i Cn c1ng nghi, l N
cp.c . h.b f 9b:.b mgn
Hm l(+ng ,hYn t'Cm c"a oa0l t'ong mu_i Cn c1ng nghi, l N
70,2H
200
100 140,4

!JF
Lu_i Cn. oa0l. l h+, ch`t c chJa clo ^ (+c loi ng($i 3it n tK thAa a
(a. Qh$i t'ung cX. c!c nh giT kim thu8t ^ 3it iZu ch c!c ait clohi)'ic 3xng
c!ch cho ait sunvu'ic t!c )Bng lFn mu_i Cn
0h-ng ta 3i5u )in 3xng ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc tXng 4u!t sauN
H
h
@u
b
l hoa0l oa
h
@u
b l
hH0l
{o th ka 9g. nh ha hc eJc Hlau3G' ^ nh8n /t l khi )2ng n(%c c($ng
toan 5 ha tan kim lo&i hay kho!ng v8t th= th`y c khi mu lBc tho!t 'a. ogy
nay ch-ng ta hi5u thc ch`t n(%c c($ng toan nh( sau
9Ib
Hou
3
l 3H0l h0l l ou0l l hH
h
u
h0l 0l
h
Q`t cT nh[ng iZu ni t'Fn m%i cha l tia s!ng 5 con ng($i lYn 3(%c i t=m
clo. oCm 9IIb. nh ha hc ti nCng QhBy ei5n @ilG lYn Yu tiFn t=m 'a (+c
nguyFn t_ clo. ng ^ )2ng ait clohi)'ic t!c )Bng lFn kho!ng v8t ,i'oluwit
mLnu
h
n
bH0l l Lnu
h
Ln0l
h
l hH
h
u l 0l
h
ng m1 tT ch`t kh tho!t 'a c mu vng lBc. v c m2i nh( m2i n(%c c($ng
toan un nng. ~`t c th5 t'ong s_ nh[ng c giT ham mu_n hi5u 3it ha hc. c
ng($i sy hi @ilG lm sao m c (+c kho!ng v8t t'Fn. 0?u hi nh( v8y l '`t cYn
thit _i v%i nh[ng ng($i nghiFn cJu khoa hc. oh 3!c hc tFn tuXi kh!,.
kastGu'. ng($i ^ t=m 'a vacin ch_ng 3nh ch )&i. ^ ni 'xng 3it ng&c nhiFn
-ng l-c t'Fn 3(%c ($ng nghiFn cJu l 3Rt Yu c"a s ,h!t minh.
Hi[a th ka 9p. QhBy ei5n l mt n(%c nXi ting c"a 0h?u u t'ong vic cung
c`, kim lo&i Gn hTo h&ng. duyn kim v nghZ m '`t thrnh v(+ng * QhBy ei5n.
0ho nFn '`t ) hi5u 'xng. c!c nh ha hc lu1n lu1n i t=m 4u]ng m%i.d&i c mt
Gm hc sinh no thRc mRcN @ilG c 3it 'xng m=nh ^ t=m 'a nguyFn t_ ha hc
m%i kh1ng}
Lt c?u hi th8t l th1ng minh. kh1ng ) g= t'T l$i ngRn gn (+c. ui l
nguyFn t_ ha hc c2ng ngy sinh v%i clo. t!c giT t=m 'a oi cng cha 3it m1 tT
iZu mRt th`y. chJ kh1ng 3it 'xng m=nh t=m 'a nguyFn t_ m%i. @_ ,h8n 0lo cng
nh( v8y.
Q=m 'a oi t'ong lrch sA ha hc. l m* mang cho s thRng l+i c"a thuyt oi
vZ s ch!y v s sB, X c"a thyt nhiFn t_ mhay thuyt khlogitt1nn
Q=m 'a clo. t'ong lrch sA ha hc m* mn cho mt 4uan nim -ng Rn v
Yy " h<n vZ ait mdavo)iF nhYm 'xng h ait l Zu chJa oin
ec giT c th5 t=m hi5u k\ v`n Z ny t'ong lrch sA ha hc. 0h-ng t1i cha ni
thFm 'xngN oh ha hc kh!, davoa)iF cho 'xng tnh ch`t c"a ait l )o oi sinh
'a. {`n Z nFu 'a kh1ng g], ng($i t'anh cî. 3*i v= ,hYn l%n ait mH
h
@u
b.
Hou
3
.
H
3
ku
b
Zu c chJa oi. nh(ng khi 3Rt Yu t=m 'a clo v t(<ng Jng v%i n l ait
clo hi'ic. th= ng($i ta vSn 4uyt o!n l t'ong ait ,hTi c oimhai nh ha hc
9Ic
kiFn t'= nh`t 4uyt kin ny l davoa)iF v 7GcwGniutn. Qh l 3ao nhiFu nh 3!c
hc 3 c1ng t=m kim oi t'ong ait ny. nh(ng t`t thTy Zu v1 hiu. khTi ch$ cho
n khi t=m 'a hai nguyFn t_ i5n h=nh n[a t'ong nhm HalogGn l 3'om v iot
mnAa Yu th ka 9in. Jng v%i ch-ng l ait H7'. H| th= thuyt oi sinh ait m%i chru
thua hon ton m9pI:n.
{`n Z l th- k/o thGo sau vic t=m 'a clo lN Q'ong ,hTn Jng iZu ch kh clo
tK kho!ng v8t Lnu
h
. khi c1 mu_i cn l&i. ng($i ta th`y cn l&i nh[ng tinh th5 mu
h#ng. Lu sRc l& l2ng ny. g?y s ch- c"a c!c nh khoa hc. @ t=m 'a clo ^
)Sn n s t=m 'a nguyFn t_ m%i Langan. U2ng 4u]ng Lnu
h
5 iZu ch clo l
mt ,hTn Jng Rt tiZn cha (+c )2ng t'ong c!c ,hng th nghim hin nay. kh1ng
th5 )2ng cho c1ng nghi, (+c.
0lo c nhu cYu l%n t'ong vic t>y t'Rng vTi s+i. cho nFn c!c nh ha hc t=m
c!ch iZu ch clo c1ng nghi, cho ' h<n.
og($i ta t=m c!ch thay ki'oluwit 3xng v1i t1i. cn oi th= l`y * kh1ng kh. tJc
l lYy c"a c1ng
kh(<ng ,h!, iZu ch Yu tiFn l c"a {Gl)on. ,h(<ng t'=nh c )&ng tXng 4u!t
9hH0l l b0amuHn
h
l u
h
b0a0l
h
l h0l
h
l 9:H
h
u
kh(<ng ,h!, thJ hai l ,h(<ng ,h!, Uicon. c ,hYn (u i5m h<n
bH0l l u
h
h0l
h
l hH
h
u. ch`t -c t!c t'ung gian l mu_i #ng
clo'ua. {%i s ,h!t t'i5n c"a c1ng nghi, in ha. ngy nay ng($i ta sTn u`t
oauH tK mu_i Cn v thu (+c sTn ,h>m ,hB l kh clo. n(%c ta. nh m!y ha
ch`t {it Q'= thc hin ,hTn Jng ny 3xng ,h(<ng ,h!, in ,h?n
hoa0l l hH
h
u hoa0l l H
h
l 0l
h
@Tn ,h>m ,hB * hai in cc l kh clo v kh hi'o. ch-ng ta vSn nghG ni
ait clohi)'ic c"a nh m!y. 0hnh v= h ^ t8n )Bng sTn ,h>m ,hB 5 thc hin
,hTn Jng tXng h+, sau ?yN
H
h
l 0l
h
hH0l
eYu chin t'anh th gi%i lYn thJ nh`t. kh clo ^ 3r gi%i 4u?n s eJc sA )Bng
lm ch`t c ha hc. Hng ngh=n 3inh lnh kh!, ^ cht v= ht ,hTi kh clo.
QFn gi clo l l l`y tK ting Hi d&, 0lo'os c ngh\a l vng lBc.
9Ig
oCm 9p99. nh ha hc eJc |. @hGigG' Z nghr gi l HalogGn. thGo ting
Hi d&, c ngh\a t&o mu_i. Qh8t v8y. clo mcng nh( nh[ng nguyFn t_ c2ng nhmn
'`t ) )ng ha h+, v%i kim lo&i 5 t&o thnh mu_i.
0lo * )&ng lng (+c nh v8t l kiFm ha hc Onh Wa'a)ay t=m 'a nCm 9ph3
9II
C/012, (
NH& VXI - LU HUNH
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
|. Qnh ch`t c"a oi v l(u hunh
0ù h=nh GlGct'on
oguyFn tA oi c cù h=nh GlGct'on 9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
. c h GlGct'on c th?n.
oguyFn tA @ c cù h=nh GlGct'onN 9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
b
. c hai GlGct'on c th?n.
oguyFn tA @ c ,h?n l%, 3) t'_ng. khi 3r kch thch c th5 9 GlGct'on tK ,h?n l%,
3, sang 3) khi c b GlGct'on c th?nN

9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
h
3,
3
3)
9
Ho]c thFm 9 GlGct'on n[a tK ,h?n l%, 3s sang 3). l-c ny @
c g GlGct'on c th?n.

9s
h
hs
h
h,
g
3s
9
3,
3
3)
h
h.Qnh ch`t v8t l
ui l mt ch`t kh kh1ng mu. kh1ng m2i. h<i n]ng h<n kh1ng kh. ui t
tan t'ong n(%c. oi ha lng khi 3r n/n * !, su`t cao v nhit th`,. ui lng l
mt ch`t lng mu anh nh&t. s1i * P9p3
o
0.
ui c )&ng th2 h=nh l owon mu
3
n. QYng kh owon l t`m !o gi!, chG ch*
Q'!i `t khi c!c tia cc tm. 3To v s s_ng t'Fn hnh tinh anh.
d(u hunh l ch`t 'Rn mu vng. nhit nng chTy t(<ng _i th`,
m993
o
0n. d(u hunh kh1ng tan t'ong n(%c. nh(ng tan (+c t'ong c!c )ung m1i
h[u c<. jhi 3r un nng l(u hunh thnh )o. mu h<i n?u. sau nu ti, tBc
un nng m&nh sy t&o 'a h<i l(u hunh c mu n?u sSm.
3. Qnh ch`t ha hc
9Ip
ui v l(u hunh l c!c ,hi kim c tnh oi ha m&nh. oguyFn t_ oi c
?m in l%n thJ hai. cha sau vlo. ui c th5 oi ha hYu ht c!c kim lo&i mt'K
vng v 3&ch kimn v mt s_ ,hi kim. t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng s_ oi ha c"a oi
giTm tK : u_ng Ph.d(u hunh t!c )Bng v%i nhiZu kim lo&i v mt s_ ,hi kim.
Q'ong c!c ,hTn Jng s_ oi ha c"a l(u hunh 3in Xi tK : u_ng Ph mh+, ch`t v%i
kim lo&i v hi'on v tK : lFn lb hay lg mh+, ch`t v%i oi. ait. mu_in.
||. Qnh ch`t c!c h+, ch`t c"a oi. l(u hunh
o(%c mH
h
un l h+, ch`t 4uan t'ng nh`t c"a oi. c vai t' v1 c2ng 4uan
t'ng _i v%i ton 3 s s_ng t'Fn Q'!i `t. kh?n tA n(%c c liFn kt cng ha t'r
,h?n cc. l )ung m1i t_t cho nhiZu ch`t. Hi[a c!c ,h?n tA n(%c c c!c liFn kt
hi'o. v%i nCng l(+ng liFn kt nh h<n nhiZu so v%i liFn kt cng ha t'r nh(ng c
Tnh h(*ng 4uan t'ng n c!c tnh ch`t v8t l c"a n(%c nh( nhit nng chTy.
nhit s1i cao. doi ng($i ang Jng t'(%c nguy c< c&n kit ngu#n n(%c s&ch.
)o c!c ho&t ng sTn u`t thTi c!c ch`t c h&i lm 1 nhim ngu#n n(%c s1ng
ngi. ao h# v &i )(<ng.
Hi'o ,Goit mn(%c oi gi. H
h
u
h
n vKa c tnh ch`t oi ha vKa c tnh khA.
0h`t ny c nhiZu Jng )Bng t'ong c1ng nghi,. lm ch`t t>y t'Rng. 3To v
m1i t'($ng. khA t'2ng t'ong y t...
3. H+, ch`t 4uan t'ng nh`t c"a @ l ait sunvu'ic H
h
@u
b
t'ong l(u hunh c s_
oi ha lg. Oit sunvu'ic H
h
@u
b
l mt t'ong nh[ng ha ch`t c< 3Tn. Jng )Bng
'ng 'î t'ong sTn u`t ,h?n 3n ha hc. ch`t t>y 'Aa. s<n. ch`t )o. luyn kim.
,h>m nhum. )(+c ,h>m. ha )Yu...
Qnh ch`t ait
H
h
@u
b
l hoauH oa
h
@u
b
l hH
h
u
H
h
@u
b
l 0uu 0u@u
b
l H
h
u
H
h
@u
b lo^ng
l WG WG@u
b
l H
h
H
h
@u
b
l oa
h
0u
3
oa
h
@u
b
l H
h
u l 0u
h
Qnh ch`t oi ha m&nh c"a H

h
@u
b
]c. nng.
9Ii
hH
h
@u
b ]c
l 0u 0u@u
b
l @u
h
l hH
h
u
bH
h
@u
b ]c
l 3Lg 3Lg@u
b
l @ l bH
h
u
H
h
@u
b ]c
l mt ch`t '`t h!o n(%c. c th5 lm kh1 (+c nhiZu ch`t kh >m.
ulGum l )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
h`, thB @u
3
. c c1ng thJc H
h
@u
b
.n@u
3
mn c th5 nh8n
gi! t'r nguyFn ho]c th8, ,h?nn.
b. d(u hunh cn c c!c h+, ch`t nh( H
h
@ mc t'ong thnh ,hYn mt s_ su_i n(%c
kho!ng nng nh( Lt d?m P QuyFn Euangn. @u
h
v ait H
h
@u
3
. c!c mu_i sunvua.
sunvit. sunvat.
Uung )rch H
h
@ t'ong n(%c gi l ait sunvuhi'ic. e?y l mt ait yu. hai n`c.
B. BI TP C LI GII
(.1 Q'ong t nhiFn oi c 3 #ng vr 3Zn u
9g
p
u
9I
p
v u
9p
p
. oguyFn tA
kh_i c"a oi t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon l 9c.iii. Q&i sao c s m?u thuSn ny.
(.' 0 c l ng kh 'iFng 3it c!c kh sauN u
h
. 0l
h
. H0l. u
3
. @u
h
. dm th no
5 nh8n 'a tKng kh}.
(.Y Lt h+, ch`t (+c t&o thnh tK c!c ion L
l
v z
h
hP
. Q'ong ,h?n tA c"a
L
h
z
h
c tXng s_ h&t ,'oton. n<t'on v GlGct'on l 9gb. Q'ong s_ h&t mang in
nhiZu h<n h&t kh1ng mang in l ch. @_ kh_i c"a L l%n h<n s_ kh_i c"a z l h3
<n vr.
QXng s_ h&t GlGct'on t'ong L
l
nhiZu h<n t'ong z
h
hP
l I h&t.
P z!c rnh c!c nguyFn t_ L. z v vit c1ng thJc c"a ,h?n tA L
h
z.
P {it cù h=nh GlGct'on m)&ng ch[ v )&ng o3itann c"a nguyFn t_ z
(.Z 0ho 9:: lit hMn h+, O g#m H
h
. u
h
. o
h
. eGm _t hMn h+, '#i (a vZ nhit
v !, su`t 3an Yu. sau khi cho H
h
u ng(ng tB thu (+c hMn h+, 7 c th5 tch
gb lit. Q'n vo 7 9:: lit kh1ng kh mh:s th5 tch u
h
n '#i _t v tin hnh t(<ng t
t'Fn th= thu (+c hMn h+, 0 c th5 tch 9hp lt. H^y !c rnh th5 tch c!c ch`t t'ong
hMn h+, O. 7. 0. 7it c!c th5 tch o c2ng iZu kin.
9p:
t
o
t
o
(.\ 0 b l m`t nh^n ng b )ung )rch N H0l. H
h
@u
b
. 7a0l
h
. oa
h
0u
3
. h^y
nh8n 3it l no ng )ung )rch g= m kh1ng (+c )2ng 3`t cJ thu_c thA no.
(.( Lt lo&i mu_i Cn c lSn t&, ch`t 0a0l
h
. Lg0l
h
. oa
h
@u
b
. Lg@u
b
. 0a@u
b
.
H^y t'=nh 3y c!ch lo&i c!c t&, ch`t 5 thu (+c mu_i Cn tinh khit.
(.^ 0ha )2ng 4u tm lm th no 5 ,h?n 3it (+c )ung )rch c!c ch`t sau
?yN oa
h
@u
b
. oa
h
0u
3
. oH
b
0l.
(._ 0 g l kh1ng nh^n ng 'iFng 3it tKng )ung )rch sauN j
h
0u
3
.
moH
b
n
h
@u
b
. Lg@u
b
. Ol
h
m@u
b
n
3
. WG@u
b
v WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
. U2ng )ung )rch -t h^y nh8n
3it )ung )rch t'ong mMi l}
(.` Uung )rch O chJa c!c ion N @u
b
hP
. @u
3
hP
. 0u
3
hP
. 7xng nh[ng ,hTn Jng ha
hc no c th5 nh8n 3it tKng lo&i anion c t'ong )ung )rch.
(.10 0ho mt l(+ng 0u
h
@ t!c )Bng hon ton v%i )ung )rch Hou
3
un nng.
khTn Jng t&o thnh )ung )rch O
9
v lm giTi ,hng 'a kh O
h
kh1ng mu. 3r ha
n?u t'ong kh1ng kh. 0hia O
9
thnh h ,hYn. QhFm )ung )rch 7a0l
h
vo ,hYn 9.
th`y t&o thnh kt t"a t'Rng O
3
kh1ng tan t'ong ait )(. QhFm l(+ng )( )ung )rch
oH
3
vo ,hYn h. #ng th$i khu`y Zu hMn h+,. thu (+c )ung )rch O
b
c mu
anh lam 8m.
an H^y cha 'a O
9
. O
h
. O
3
. O
b
l g=}
3n {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng t'ong c!c 4u! t'=nh ha hc vKa nFu t'Fn.
(.11 0ho 3it tXng s_ GlGct'on t'ong anion O7
3
hP
l bh. Q'ong c!c h&t nh?n O
cng nh( 7 s_ ,'oton 3xng s_ n<t'on.
an Qnh s_ kh_i c"a O. 7
3n {it cù h=nh v s ,h?n 3_ GlGct'on t'ong c!c o3itan c"a c!c nguyFn tA
O. 7.
(.1' Hai nguyFn t_ O. 7 c c!c oit * th5 kh t(<ng Jng l Ou
n
. Ou
m
. 7
m
v
7u
i
. HMn h+, m|n g#m ,h?n tA gam Ou
n
v y ,h?n tA gam Ou
m
c kh_i l(+ng
,h?n tA t'ung 3=nh l 3I.g. HMn h+, m||n g#m y ,h?n tA gam Ou
n
v ,h?n tA gam
Ou
m
c kh_i l(+ng ,h?n tA t'ung 3=nh l 3b.b. 7it ta kh_i h<i c"a 7
m
so v%i 7u
i
l :.p v y.
9p9
an z!c rnh c!c cha s_ n. m. i v ta s_ y.
3n z!c rnh c!c nguyFn t_ O. 7 v c!c oit c"a ch-ng.
cn 0ho 3it tnh tan c"a c!c ch`t t'Fn t'ong n(%c v tnh ch`t ha hc c< 3Tn
c"a c!c )ung )rch c"a ch-ng.
(.1Y e_t ch!y ch`t z 3xng u
h
vKa " ta thu (+c hMn h+, kh )uy nh`t l 0u
h
v @u
h
c ta kh_i so v%i hi'o 3xng hp.ggI v ta kh_i h<i c"a z so v%i kh1ng kh
nh h<n 3. z!c rnh c1ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a z.
(.1Z 0ho mt l(+ng ch`t O t!c )Bng ht v%i mt l(+ng )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
vKa ".
t&o 'a ch`t 7. 0 v I.bcp lit kh U * 3:
:
0. 9 atm. c2ng nhit . !, su`t. ta kh_i
h<i c"a U so v%i hi'o 3xng h.hpg lYn ta kh_i h<i c"a nit< so v%i hi'o.
an O. 7. 0 l ch`t no} {it ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng cB th5 cho 4u! t'=nh t'Fn.
7it 'xng t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng c!c ch`t Zu c h s_ nh( nhau t'ong c!c ,h(<ng
t'=nh O c th5 l mt t'ong c!c ch`t j
h
0u
3
. j
h
@u
3
. jH0u
3
. jH@u
3
.
3n Qnh kh_i l(+ng c!c ch`tN O. 7. 0 v H
h
@u
b
nguyFn ch`t.
(.1\ Q'ong mt 3=nh kn )ung tch kh1ng Xi chJa a mol @u
h
. a mol u
h
v mt
t 3t -c t!c {
h
u
c
!, su`t v nhit t'ong 3=nh l k atm v t
:
0. oung nng 3=nh
mt th$i gian. sau (a nhit 3=nh vZ t
:
0. !, su`t t'ong 3=nh l-c ny l k.
d8, 3i5u thJc k thGo k v h mhiu su`t ,hTn Jngn. Hi k c gi! t'r t'ong khoTng
no. 3it 'xng * t
:
0 c!c ch`t Zu * th5 kh.
(.1( 0ho m gam hMn h+, 3t WG v @ v%i ta l s_ mol sRt 3xng h lYn s_ mol l(u
hunh. '#i Gm nung mkh1ng c oin. thu (+c hMn h+, O. Ha tan O 3xng )ung
)rch H0l )( thu (+c :.b gam ch`t 'Rn 7. )ung )rch 0 v kh U. @Bc kh U tK tK
4ua )ung )rch 0u0l
h
)( th`y t&o 'a b.p gam kt t"a Gn.
an Qnh hiu su`t ,hTn Jng t&o thnh hMn h+, O mthGo @n. Qnh m.
3n 0ho )ung )rch 0 t!c )Bng v%i H
h
@u
b
]c. nng )(. Qnh th5 tch kh tho!t
'a * iZu kin tiFu chu>n.
(.1^ 0ho a gam hMn h+, g#m WG@
h
v WG0u
3
v%i s_ mol 3xng nhau vo mt
3=nh kn chJa l(+ng )( oi. , su`t t'ong 3=nh l ,
9
atm. eun nng 3=nh 5 ,hTn
Jng Ty 'a hon ton '#i (a 3=nh vZ nhit 3an Yu. !, su`t kh t'ong 3=nh l-c
9ph
ny l ,
h
atm. kh_i l(+ng ch`t 'Rn thu (+c l 3 gam. 7it 'xng th5 tch ch`t 'Rn
t'ong 3=nh t'(%c v sau ,hTn Jng l kh1ng !ng k5. H^y !c rnh c!c ta s_ ,
9
,
h
v
a3.
(.1_ HMn h+, 3an Yu @u
h
v u
h
c ta kh_i h<i _i v%i H
h
3xng hb. 0Yn thFm
3ao nhiFu lit u
h
vo h: lit hMn h+, 3an Yu 5 hMn h+, m%i c ta kh_i hn. hiu su`t ,hTn Jng 9::sn.
(.1` QK p:: t`n 4u]ng ,i'it sRt mWG@
h
n chJa hcs t&, ch`t kh1ng ch!y. c th5
sTn u`t (+c 3ao nhiFu m
3
)ung )rch H
h
@u
b
i3s mU f 9.p3 gmln } HiT thit ta l
hao hBt l cs.
(.'0 Ha tan :.b gam @u
3
vo a gam )ung )rch H
h
@u
b
9:s thu (+c )ung )rch
H
h
@u
b
9h.hcs.
an Qnh a.
3n QhFm 9: ml )ung )rch 7amuHn
h
:.c L vo )ung )rch thu (+c * t'Fn lc kt
t"a thFm ti, c: ml )ung )rch oauH :.p L vo n(%c lc '#i cho 3ay h<i thu (+c
g.bb gam ch`t 'Rn z. z!c rnh c1ng thJc c"a z.
cn d`y bp.3 gam z ha tan t'ong { ml H
h
u thu (+c )ung )rch ps. Qnh {. m
h
H u
U
f 9gmln.
C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
(.'1 z. l hai nguyFn t_ liFn ti, nhau t'ong mt nhm O. 0ù h=nh G ngoi
c2ng c"a z l h,
b
.
an {it cù h=nh G v !c rnh vr t' z. t'ong 3Tng tuYn hon.
3n {it c1ng thJc G v c1ng thJc cù t&o c"a ,h?n tA t&o nFn tK z v
(.'' Uung )rch hi'o,Goit c n#ng 3:s v kh_i l(+ng 'iFng 9.c9gcm
3
.
Uung )rch hi'o,Goit 3r ,h?n h"y thGo ,hTn Jng sauN
+
2 2
$)
2 2
O O 2H O 2H
Qnh th5 tch kh oi thu (+c mktcn khi cho 9::ml hi'o,Goit t'Fn ,h?n h"y.
9p3
Q> $%8 9b.ih lt oi
(.'Y HMn h+, kh owon v oi c ta kh_i h $%8
12,7"a9 9
50H1 = 50H1 =
2
3 2
;
O O

(.'Z og($i ta c th5 iZu ch oi tK c!c ch`t sauN jLnu
b
. j0lu
3
. H
h
u
h
. H
h
u.
H^y vit c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng minh ha v so s!nh th5 tch kh oi thu (+c
mt'ong c2ng iZu kinn khi ,h?n h"y c2ng mt kh_i l(+ng ch`t 3an Yu.
(.'\ oFu hin t(+ng v vit ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng nu c khi cho H
h
@u
b
]c
t!c )Bng v%i c!c ch`t sauN jLnu
b
. j0lu
3
. H
h
u
h
. H
h
u..
(.'( LMi _ng nghim chJa mt t'ong c!c )ung )rch sauN j|. 7a0l
h
. oa
h
0u
3
.
oa
h
@u
b
. oauH. moH
b
n
h
@u
b
. n(%c clo. jh1ng )2ng thFm ch`t kh!c. h^y t'=nh 3y
c!ch nh8n 3it mMi ch`t t'Fn.
(.'^ 0ho hMn h+, g#m WG@ v 0u@ v%i ta l mol 9 N 9 t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch
Hou
3
thu (+c )ung )rch O v khi 7. O t&o thnh kt t"a t'Rng v%i 7a0l
h
5
t'ong kh1ng kh 7 chuy5n thnh mu n?u 7
9
. 0ho )ung )rch O t!c )Bng v%i )ung
)rch amoniac t&o 'a )ung )rch O
9
v kt t"a O
h
. oung O
h
* nhit cao (+c ch`t
'Rn O
3
. {it c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng )&ng ,h?n tA.
(.'_ Qnh l(+ng WG@
h
cYn )2ng 5 iZu ch mt l(+ng @u
3
" 5 tan vo 9::
gam H
h
@u
b
i9s thnh olGum chJa 9h.cs @u
3
. HiT thit c!c ,hTn Jng (+c thc
hin hon ton.
Q> $%8 m
WG@h
f bcgam
(.'` Q'n b::ml H0l v%i 9::ml H
h
@u
b
(+c )ung )rch O. e5 t'ung ha 9:ml
)ung )rch O cYn b:ml )ung )rch oauH :.bL. 01 c&n )ung )rch sau khi t'ung ha
(+c 9.:3g gam mu_i khan.
Qnh n#ng moll c"a )ung )rch H0l. H
h
@u
b
v c"a c!c mu_i t'ong )ung
)rch sau t'ung ha.
9pb
Q> $%8 H0l f :.pIcL H
h
@u
b
f h.hcL
oa0l f :.9bL oa
h
@u
b
f :.:iL
(.Y0 HMn h+, O g#m WG0u
3
v WG@
h
. O t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch ait Hou
3
g3s
mkh_i l(+ng 'iFng 9.bb gmln thGo c!c ,hTn Jng sauN

%2& O H NO 3O H X 9Li HNO Fe3
%1& O H NO CO X 9Li HNO FeCO
2 2 4 2 3 2
2 2 2 3 3
+ + + +
+ + + +
(+c hMn h+, kh 7 v )ung )rch 0. Qa kh_i c"a 7 _i v%i oi 3xng 9.bhc. e5
,hTn Jng vKa ht v%i c!c ch`t t'ong )ung )rch 0 cYn )2ng cb: ml )ung )rch
7amuHn
h
:.hL. dc l`y kt t"a. Gm nung n kh_i l(+ng kh1ng Xi. (+c I.cgp
gam ch`t 'Rn m7a@u
b
coi nh( kh1ng 3r nhit ,h?nn. 0!c ,hTn Jng Ty 'a hon
ton.
an z l mu_i g= } Hon thnh c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng m9n v mhn.
3n Qnh kh_i l(+ng tKng ch`t t'ong hMn h+, O.
cn z!c rnh th5 tch )ung )rch Hou
3
^ )2ng mgiT thit Hou
3
kh1ng 3r
3ay h $%8
%9l& 23,89 =
%"& 0,96 9
%"& 4,64 9
3
2
3
HNO
Fe3
FeCO
(.Y1 eun nng hMn h+, g#m c.g gam 3t sRt v 3.h gam 3t l(u hunh sau
,hTn Jng thu (+c hMn h+, O. 0ho O t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch H0l )( thu (+c
h.hb lit hMn h+, kh 7 v m gam ch`t 'Rn 0. 0ho 3it ta kh_i h $%8
0,8"a9 9 75H1 H
25H1 = 75H1 =
C
H H
2 2

S
9pc
(.Y' QK 9:: t`n 4u]ng ,i'it sRt mWG@
h
n chJa 9cs t&, ch`t kh1ng ch!y. c th5
sTn u`t (+c 3ao nhiFu m
3
)ung )rch H
h
@u
b
ips m) f 9.pbn } HiT thit ta l hao
hBt l 9:s.
Q> $%8
h b
3
H @u ips
{ gi.3m
(.YY 0ho i.ch gam hMn h+, oa
h
@u
b
. oa
h
@u
3
v oaH@u
3
t!c )Bng v%i )ung
)rch H
h
@u
b
lo^ng )(. thu (+c 9.::p lit kh O mktcn. L]t kh!c i.ch gam hMn h+,
t'Fn ,hTn Jng vKa " v%i Ih ml )ung )rch oauH :.cL.
9P Qnh kh_i l(+ng mMi ch`t t'ong i.ch gam hMn h+, t'Fn.
hP jh O lm m`t mu vKa " h:: ml )ung )rch n(%c 3'om. Qnh n#ng
moll c"a )ung )rch n(%c 7'
h
^ )2ng}
Q> $%8
h b h 3
b h
oa u oa u
oaH u L 7'
m b.gbhg m 9.93bg
m 3.Ibbg 0 :.hhcL.
/ /
/

(.YZ
. jhi cho h: lt kh oi i 4ua m!y t&o owon. c is th5 tch oi chuy5n
thnh owon. Hi th5 tch kh 3r giTm 3ao nhiFu lt} mc!c iZu kin kh!c kh1ng thay
Xin
O. h lt 7. :.i lt 0. :.9p lt U. :.g lt
(.Y\
. Q'ong ,hTn Jng
2 2 2 2
2H O 2H O O +
kh!t 3i5u no sau ?y -ng khi ni vZ ,h?n tA H
h
u
h
}
O. d ch`t oi ho!
7. d ch`t khA
0. {Ka l ch`t oi ho!. vKa l ch`t khA.
U. jh1ng l ch`t oi ho!. kh1ng l ch`t khA
(.Y(
. ,hTn Jng no sau ?y H
h
u
h
vKa ng vai t' ch`t oi ho!. vKa ng vai
t' ch`t khA}
O. H
h
u
h
l hj| |
h
l hjuH
9pg
7. Og
h
u l H
h
u
h
hOg l H
h
u l u
h
0. hH
h
u
h
hH
h
u l u
h
U. H
h
u
h
l jou
h
H
h
u l jou
3
(.Y^
. 0ho nX hMn h+, g#m hml hi'o v gml oi t'ong 3=nh kn. Hi sau khi nX.
(a 3=nh vZ nhit ,hng. nu gi[ nguyFn !, su`t 3an Yu. t'ong 3=nh cn kh
no v%i th5 tch 3xng 3ao nhiFu}
O. bml u
h
7. hml u
h
0. 9ml H
h
U. cml u
h
(.Y_
. ou 9gam oi c th5 tch 9 lt * !, su`t 9atm th= nhit 3xng 3ao nhiFu}
O. 3c
o
0 7. bp
o
0
0. 99I
o
0 U. 9h:
o
0
(.Y`
. 0], ch`t no sau ?y c ,hYn t'Cm kh_i l(+ng #ng nh( nhau}
O. 0u
h
@ v 0u
h
u 7. 0u@ v 0uu
0. 0u
h
@ v 0uu U. jh1ng c c], no.
(.Z0
. U2ng 3:: t`n 4u]ng ,i'it mWG@
h
n c lSn h:s t&, ch`t 5 sTn u`t ait H
h
@u
b

c n#ng ips. 7it 'xng hiu su`t ,hTn Jng l i:s. jh_i l(+ng ait H
h
@u
b

ips thu (+c l
O. 3h: t`n 7. 33c t`n 0. 3c: t`n U. 3g: t`n
(.Z1
. e_t ch!y hon ton p.ig lt H
h
@ mktcn t'ong oi )(. '#i )Sn t`t cT sTn ,h>m
vo c: ml )ung )rch oauH hcs mUf 9.hpn. o#ng s mu_i t'ong )ung )rch l
O. bI. ihs 7. bh. igs 0. bh.gis U. hb.iIs
(.Z'
. 0ho s< # c"a ,hTn Jng
H
h
@ l jLnu
b
l H
h
@u
b
H
h
u l @ l Ln@u
b
l j
h
@u
b
H s_ c"a c!c ch`t tham gia ,hTn Jng l )^y s_ no t'ong c!c )^y sau}
O. 3. h. c 7. c. h. 3 0. h. h. c U. c. h. b
(.ZY
. 0ho c!c ch`t v ion sau 0l
. oa
h
@. ou
h
. WG
hl
. @u
h
. WG
3l
.
3
NO
.
2
4
3O

.
2
3
3O

.
oa. 0u. U^y ch`t v ion no sau ?y vKa c tnh khA. vKa c tnh oi ho!}
O. 0l
. oa
h
@. ou
h
. WG
hl
7. ou
h
. WG
hl
. @u
h
. WG
3l
.
2
3
3O

9pI
0. oa
h
@. oa
h
@.
3
NO
. ou
h
U. 0l
. oa
h
@. oa. 0u
(.ZZ
. U^y ch`t v ion no sau ?y cha th5 hin tnh khA t'ong c!c ,hTn Jng ha
hc}
O. H
h
@ v 0l
P
7. oH
3
v |
P
0. oa v @
hP
U. WG
hl
v 0l
P
(.Z\
. Qnh ch`t ]c 3it c"a )) H
h
@u
b
]c. nng l t!c )Bng (+c v%i c!c ch`t
t'ong )^y no sau ?y m )) H
h
@u
b
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O. 7a0l
h
. oauH. qn 7. oH
3
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h
0. WG. Ol. oi U. 0u. @. 0
9h
H
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u
99
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h
@u
b
:.cmold.
,hTn Jng vKa ". s kh_i l(+ng c"a qn c t'ong hMn h+, 3an Yu l
O. cIs 7. ghs 0. gis U. I3s
(.Z^
. Hai 3=nh cYu c th5 tch 3xng nhau. o&, oi vo 3=nh thJ nh`t. o&, oi ^
(+c owon ha vo 3=nh thJ hai. ohit v !, su`t * hai 3=nh nh( nhau. e]t hai
3=nh t'Fn hai \a c?n th`y kh_i l(+ng c"a hai 3=nh kh!c nhau :.h9 gam. @_ gam
owon c t'ong 3=nh oi ^ (+c owon ha l
O. :.g3 7. :.gc 0. :.gI U. :.gi
(.Z_
e5 t'K n`m thc v8t. ng($i ta )2ng )ung )rch 0u@u
b
:.ps. d(+ng )ung )rch
0u@u
b
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b
.cH
h
u lN
O. bp:: gam 7. bI:: gam 0. bg:: gam U. bc:: gam
I.3b. U I.3c. 0 I.3g. 0 I.3I. U I.3p. 0
I.3i. 0 I.b:. U I.b9. 7 I.bh. 7 I.b3. 7
I.bb. 0 I.bc. U I.bg. U I.bI. O I.bp. O
(.1 Hng dGn8
Q'ong t nhiFn oi c 3 #ng vr 3Zn u
9g
p
. u
9I
p
v u
9p
p
. oguyFn tA kh_i c"a
oi t'ong 3Tng h th_ng tuYn hon l 9c.iii. eiZu m?u thuSn ny Ty 'a )o s hBt
9pp
kh_i. jhi h=nh thnh h&t nh?n nguyFn tA. mt ,hYn kh_i l(+ng c"a c!c h&t ,'oton
v n<t'on ^ chuy5n thnh nCng l(+ng. QhGo c1ng thJc c"a OnhtanhN
V f mc
h
. t'ong V l nCng l(+ng. m l kh_i l(+ng v c l t_c c"a !nh s!ng.
(.' Hng dGn8
jh 0l
h
c mu vng lBc nh&t.
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3
N
u
3
l hj| l H
h
u u
h
l |
h
l hjuH
|
h
lm h# tinh 3t chuy5n mu anh.
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h
. 0n l&i l kh u
h
.
P kh?n 3it l kh H0l v @u
h
3xng )ung )rch n(%c 3'om. @u
h
lm m`t mu )ung
)rch 3'om.
@u
h
l 7'
h
l hH
h
u hH7' l H
h
@u
b

(.Y Hng dGn8
Hi ,. w. n l s_ ,'oton. s_ GlGct'on v s_ n<t'on t'ong mt nguyFn tA L.
,. w. n l s_ ,'oton. s_ GlGct'on v s_ n<t'on t'ong mt nguyFn tA z.
QhGo iZu kin 3i to!n ta c ,h(<ng t'=nhN
hmhw l nn l hmhw l nn f 9gb m9n
mbw l bwn P hmn l nn f ch mhn
mw l nn P mw l nn f h3 m3n
mhw l n P 9n P hmhw l nn l h f I mbn
HiTi h m9n. mhn. m3n. mbn ta (+c w f 9i L l kaliN w f p z l oi.
01ng thJc ,h?n tA c"a h+, ch`t l j
h
u
h
0ù h=nh GlGct'on c"a nguyFn t_ z
u

9s
h
hs
h
h,
b
(.Z Hng dGn8
9pi
khTn Jng N hH
h
l u
h
hH
h
u
lng
m9n
@au lYn ,hTn Jng m|n hMn h+, c th5 tch giTm N 9:: P gb f 3g mlitn
@uy 'a
h
H
{
m^ ,hTn Jngn l h
h
u
{
m^ ,hTn Jngn f 3g mlitn
Q'ong
h
H
{
m^ ,hTn Jngn f h
h
u
{
f hb mlitn
@au lYn ,hTn Jng m||n hMn h+, c th5 tch ti, tBc giTmN
9:: l gb P 9hp f 3g mlitn
0hJng t t'ong 7 cn H
h
)(. suy 'a u
h
t'ong hMn h+, O c 9h mlitn v ^ ,hTn
Jng ht.
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h
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mcng ,hTn Jngn f hbmlitn
h
u
{
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L
h
u
{
t'ong 9:: mlitn kh1ng kh f 20
5
100
mlitn 9h mlitn u
h
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chJng t sau ,hTn Jng m||n H
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^ ht. v= u
h
)(.
h
u
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)( f pmlitn
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N hb l hb f bp mlitn
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h
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h
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)( 9h: mlitn o
h
(.\ Hng dGn8
dYn l(+t cho mSu thA t!c )Bng v%i 3a mSu thA cn l&i ta c kt 4uT N
H0l H
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9 H0l
0u
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h H
h
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7a@u
b
0u
h
3 7a0l
h
7a@u
b
7a0u
3
9i:
b oa
h
0u
3
0u
h
0u
h
7a0u
3
Ua vo 3Tng t'Fn ta th`y khi cho mt mSu thA nh vo 3 mSu thA kia sy Ty 'a
mt t'ong 3_n t'($ng h+,. Q'ong c!c t'($ng h+, t'Fn. )uy nh`t cha c oa
h
0u
3
hai
lYn thA c kh v mt lYn c kt t"a. 7a0l
h
c hai lYn thA c kt t"a. H
h
@u
b
vo 3
mSu thA cn l&i. mt lYn c kt t"a v mt lYn c kh 3ay 'a. H0l vo 3 mSu thA
cn l&i. cha c mt lYn c kh 3ay 'a.
H
h
@u
b
l H0l )ung )rch t'ong su_t.
H
h
@u
b
l 7a0l
h
7a@u
b
l hH0l
H
h
@u
b
l oa
h
0u
3
oa
h
@u
b
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
(.( Hng dGn8
P Ha tan mu_i Cn vo n(%c c`t.
P QhFm 7a0l
h
)( 5 lo&i ion @u
b
hP
* )&ng 7a@u
b
kt t"a t'Rng.
7a0l
h
l oa
h
@u
b
7a@u
b
l hoa0l
7a0l
h
l Lg@u
b
7a@u
b
l Lg0l
h
7a0l
h
l 0a@u
b
7a@u
b
l 0a0l
h
P dc 3 kt t"a 7a@u
b
.
P QhFm oa
h
0u
3
)( 5 lo&i ion Lg
hl
. 0a
hl
Lg0l
h
l oa
h
0u
3
hoa0l l Lg0u
3
0a0l
h
l oa
h
0u
3
hoa0l l 0a0u
3
P dc 3 kt t"a Lg0u
3
. 0a0u
3
.
P QhFm )ung )rch H0l 5 lo&i 3 oa
h
0u
3
)(
oa
h
0u
3
l hH0l hoa0l l 0u
h
l H
h
u
P 01 c&n )ung )rch ta thu (+c mu_i Cn tinh khit.
(.^ Hng dGn8
9i9
0ho mt mSu 4u tm vo c!c mSu thA. mSu thA no lm 4u tm ha anh
l )ung )rch oa
h
0u
3
. 4u tm ha l )ung )rch oH
b
0l. 4u tm kh1ng Xi mu
l oa
h
@u
b
v=N
oa
h
0u
3
l mu_i c"a 3aw< m&nh moauHn ait yu nFn th"y ,h?n t&o 'a )ung
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oa
h
0u
3
l H
h
u

T oaH0u
3
l oauH
oH
b
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)rch c tnh ait.
oH
b
0l l H
h
u T oH
3
l H
h
u l H0l
oa
h
@u
b
l mu_i c"a ait m&nh mH
h
@u
b
n v 3aw< m&nh moauHn nFn kh1ng 3r
th"y ,h?n.
(._ Hng dGn8
d`y tK mMi )ung )rch mt t 5 lm th nghim.
P oh )ung )rch oauH vo tKng )ung )rchN
l Uung )rch no kh1ng c hin t(+ng g= l j
h
0u
3
.
l Uung )rch no th`y ,hTn Jng Ty 'a c kh m2i khai 3ay 'a. e l
moH
b
n
h
@u
b

moH
b
n
h
@u
b
l hoauH hoH
3
l oa
h
@u
b
l hH
h
u
l Uung )rch no th`y c kt t"a u`t hin. 5 l?u ngoi kh1ng kh kt t"a
kh1ng Xi mu. e l Lg@u
b
N
Lg@u
b
l hoauH LgmuHn
h
l oa
h
@u
b
l Uung )rch no th`y c kt t"a kGo t'Rng u`t hin. nh ti, oauH n )(.
kt t"a tan . e l Ol
h
m@u
b
n
3
.
Ol
h
m@u
b
n
3
l goauH hOlmuHn
3
l 3oa
h
@u
b

OlmuHn
3
l oauH
)(
oaOlu
h
l hH
h
u
l Uung )rch no th`y u`t hin kt t"a t'Rng v kt t"a )Yn )Yn chuy5n sang
mu n?u khi 5 ngoi kh1ng kh. e l WG@u
b
.
9ih
WG@u
b
l hoauH WGmuHn
h
l oa
h
@u
b

bWGmuHn
h
l u
h
l hH
h
u bWGmuHn
3
mmu n?u n
l Uung )rch no th`y u`t hin kt t"a mu n?u. e l WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
.
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l goauH hWGmuHn
3
mmu n?u n
l 3oa
h
@u
b

(.` oh8n 3it tKng lo&i anion t'ong )ung )rch ON Qa c th5 tin hnh thGo
nhiZu c!ch kh!c nhau. @au ?y gi%i thiu h c!ch.
C>ch ^ N
P 0ho )ung )rch O t!c )Bng v%i )ung )rch ait H0lN
Uung )rch O l H0l hMn h+, kh l )ung )rch 7
@u
3
hP
l hH
l
@u
h
l H
h
u
0u
3
hP
l hH
l
0u
h
l H
h
u
P 0ho hMn h+, kh lYn l(+t 4ua )ung )rch jLnu
b
v sau l )ung )rch
0amuHn
h
. Qa th`yN
l Uung )rch jLnu
b
3r nh&t mu )o ,hTn JngN
c@u
h
l hjLnu
b
lhH
h
u

j
h
@u
b
l hLn@u
b
l hH
h
@u
b
0hJng t t'ong hMn h+, kh c @u
h
. suy 'a )ung )rch O c @u
3
hP
.
l Uung )rch 0amuHn
h
3r v>n Bc ho]c v>n Bc '#i t'* nFn t'ong su_t )o c!c
,hTn JngN
0u
h
l 0amuHn
h
0a0u
3
l H
h
u
0u
h
l 0a0u
3
l H
h
u

0amH0u
3
n
h
0hJng t t'ong hMn h+, c kh 0u
h
. suy 'a t'ong )ung )rch O c 0u
3
hP
.
P Uung )rch 7 t!c )Bng v%i 7a0l
h
th`y c kt t"aN
@u
b
hP
l 7a0l
h
7a@u
b
l h0l
P

0hJng t t'ong )ung )rch O c ion @u
b
hP
.
C>ch k8
9i3
P Uung )rch O l 7a0l
h
hMn h+, kt t"a 0N
@u
b
h
l 7a
hl
7a@u
b
@u
3
hP
l 7a
hl
7a@u
3
0u
3
hP
l 7a
hl
7a0u
3
P 0ho kt t"a 0 t!c )Bng v%i ait H0lN

l 0h`t kh1ng tan l 7a@u
b
. suy 'a )ung )rch O c ion @u
b
hP
.
l 0h`t tan l 7a@u
3
v 7a0u
3
N
7a@u
3
l hH0l 7a0l
h
l @u
h
l H
h
u
7a0u
3
l hH0l 7a0l
h
l 0u
h
l H
h
u
oh8n 3it kh @u
h
. 0u
h
5 suy 'a c ion @u
3
hP
v 0u
3
hP
nh( c!ch 9.
(. 10 Hng dGn 8
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O
9
l )ung )rch g#m 0umou
3
n
h
. H
h
@u
b
v Hou
3
)(.
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h
l kh ou
O
3
l kt t"a 7a@u
b
O
b
l )ung )rch chJa ion ,hJc 0umoH
3
n
b
hl
Jm 0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn JngN
30u
h
@ l hhHou
3
g0umou
3
n
h
l 3H
h
@u
b
l 9:ou l pH
h
u
hou l u
h
hou
h
H
h
@u
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l 7a0l
h
7a@u
b
l hH0l
oH
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l H
l
oH
b
l
0u
hl
l boH
3
0umoH
3
n
b
n
hl

(.11 Hng dGn 8
Rm Hi . yN s_ ,'oton t'ong c!c h&t nh?n c"a O. 7 ta cN
l 3y f bh P h f b:
9ib
Uo y 33 , 13
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40
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nFn 7 cha c th5 l W. u ho]c o.
l ou l WN my f in th= f b: P m3 in f 93 Ol mlo&in
l ou l uNmy f pn th= f b: P m3 pn f 9g l @ m-ngn
l ou l oN my f In th= f b: P m3 In f 9i Jng v%i j mlo&in
{8yN O l @ c s_ kh_iN 9g l 9g f 3h
7 l u c s_ kh_i N p l p f 9g
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@

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h
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e]t kh_i l(+ng mol nguyFn tA c"a h nguyFn t_ O. 7 lYn l(+t l O. 7.
HMn h+, N mol Ou
n
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m
c kh_i l(+ng mol ,h?n tA t'ung 3=nh
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(.1Y Hng dGn8

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hMn h+, kh 0u
h
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h
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h
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j
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@u
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h
@u
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h
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9ip
47,4 158 0,3 & %9 9
3 2
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3O H

gam
5,4 18 0,3 & %9 9
O H C
2

gam
O l jH@u
3
jH@u
3
l H
h
@u
b
jH@u
b
l H
h
u l @u
h
:.3 mol :.3 mol :.3 mol :.3 mol :.3 mol
36 120 0,3 & %9 9
3
KH3O A

mgn
40,8 136 0,3 & %9 9
4
KH3O B

mgn
5,4 18 0,3 & %9 9
O H C
2

mgn
29,4 98 0,3 9
4 2
3O H

mgn
(.1\ Hng dGn8
7i5u thJc tnh k thGo k v h mhiu su`t ,hTn Jngn
h@u
h
l u
h
T h@u
3
7an Yu N a mol a mol :
khTn Jng v%iN ah mol ahh mol ah mol
Hiu su`t hs
0?n 3xng ma P ahn mol
,
_
2
ah
a mol ah mol
P QXng s_ mol 3an Yu n
t
f a l a f ha mmoln
P QXng s_ mol sau ,hTn JngN n
s
f a P ah l a P ah
2
ah
+

@
ah amb hn
n ha
h h

Qa c N
9ii
4
h 4
2a 2
h& a%4
P
PS
*
*
P
P
)
+
)
+

P
4
h 4
PS

ou h f : mkh1ng ,hTn JngnN k f k
ou h f 9 mhiu su`t 9::snN
4
3P
P
4
1 4
PS
{8y k ,hTi c gi! t'r t'ong khoTngN

P PS
4
3P
< <
(.1( Hng dGn 8
Rm Hi l s_ mol @ c t'ong m gam hMn h+,. @uy 'a s_ mol WG sy l h.
Hi
9
l s_ mol @ tham gia ,hTn Jng khi nungN
Qa c N
WG l @
(
)
WG@ m9n
mmoln
9

9

9

@au khi nung. t'ong hMn h+, O c N
m P
9
n mol @
mh P
9
n mol WG
v
9
mol WG@
P Ha tan O t'ong ait H0l )(N
WG l hH0l WG0l
h
l H
h
mhn
WG@ l hH0l WG0l
h
l H
h
@ m3n
0n l&i :.b gam ch`t 'Rn 7 l l(u hunh )(
n
@
f P
9
f 0125 , 0
32
4 , 0
mmoln m|n
Uung )rch 0 g#m H0l )( v WG0l
h
v%i s_ mol l h. jh U g#m H
h
v H
h
@
@Bc kh U tK tK vo )ung )rch 0u0l
h
)(. cha c H
h
@ ,hTn JngN
h::
0u0l
h
l H
h
@ 0u@ l hH0l mbn
jt t"a Gn t&o thnh l 0u@.
QhGo m9n. mhn. mbnN
n
0u@
f
9
f 05 , 0
96
8 , 4
mol m||n
jt h+, m|n v m||n ta c N P
9
f :.:9hc
f :.:9hc l :.:c f :.:ghc
P Hiu su`t ,hTn Jng t&o thnh hMn h+, ON
QhGo @ N hs f
H 80 H 100
0625 , 0
05 , 0

Jm Uung )rch 0 g#m H0l )( v WG0l
h
v%i s_ mol l :.9hc . 0ho )ung )rch 0 t!c
)Bng v%i H
h
@u
b
]c. nng )( cha c WG0l
h
,hTn Jng.
hWG0l
h
l bH
h
@u
b
WG
h
m@u
b
n
3
l @u
h
l bH0l l hH
h
u
hmol 9mol
:.9hc 0,0625
2
0,125.1
$

l 1,4 22,4 0,0625. =
2
3O

(.1^ Q'ong a gam hMn h+, g#m mol WG0u
3
v mol WG@
h

0!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng _t ch!yN
bWG0u
3
l u
h

(
)
hWG
h
u
3
l b0u
h
m9n
$
4
1
$
2
1

bWG@
h
l 99u
h

(
)
hWG
h
u
3
l p@u
h
mhn
$
4
11
$
2
1
h
h:9
oh( v8y sau ,hTn Jng m9n. mhn ^ )2ng ht 3$ $
4
11
$
4
1
+ mol u
h
.
nh(ng l&i t&o 'a 3 mol kh 0u
h
v @u
h
. Uo . s_ mol kh t'ong 3=nh t'(%c v sau
,hTn Jng kh1ng thay Xi. oh( v8y. t&i c2ng mt nhit th= ,
9
f ,
h
hay
1
,
,
2
1
.
QhGo m9n. mhn N a f 99g l 9h: f h3g mgn
3 f :.c 9g: l :.c . 9g: f 9g: mgn
1,475
160$
236$
b
a

(.1_ Hng dGn 8
Q'ong hMn h+, @u
h
. u
h
c
1 !
f hb h f bp
gi
2
3O
*
l v
2
O
*
l y
1
1
I
$
48
I $
32I 64$

+
+
2
3O
*
chim c:s hMn h+,.
2
O
*
chim c:s hMn h+,
Q'ong h: lt hMn h+,
10 = =
2 2
O 3O

lt hay
22,4
10
* *
2 2
O 3O

mol.
Hi th5 tch u
h
thFm vo l a
hMn h+, sau khi thFm u
h
c
22,4 -
2
H

2 !
f hh.b h f bb.p
44,8 !
22,4
a
22,4
10
22,4
10
& 32 .
22,4
a
% & 32 .
22,4
10
% & 64 .
22,4
10
%
2

+ +
+ +
a f c lit
h:h
3
O =
2 2
23O O 23O
5 2
+
mmoln
22,4
10

22,4
5

22,4
10
thGo t'Fn ta c oi )(
sau ,hTn Jng hMn h+, c kh @u
3
. u
h
.
s_ mol kh 3r giTm
22,4
5
mol th5 tch 3r giTm c lit.
Qh5 tch hMn h+, sau ,hTn Jng h: l c P c f h: mlitn
(.1` Hng dGn8khTn Jng _t ch!y ,i'it sRtN
bWG@
h
l 99u
h

(
)
hWG
h
u
3
l p@u
h
b mol p mol
0!c ,hTn Jng chuy5n @u
h
thnh H
h
@u
b
b h h 3
3
u {
h h
@u H u H @u
h@u u h@u
c h
+
+
d(+ng WG@
h
c t'ong p:: t`n 4u]ngN p:: P mp::. :.hcn f g:: t`n f g::::::::g
@_ mol WG@
h
f 9(l 5000000
120
600000000

@_ mol WG@
h
thc t chuy5n thnh @u
h
N
c:::::: P mc:::::: . :.:cn f bIc:::: mol
thGo c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng ta c s_ mol @u
h
3xng s_ mol H
h
@u
b
v 3xng h lYn
s_ mol WG@
h
^ ,hTn JngN bIc:::: . h f ic::::: mol
d(+ng H
h
@u
b
(+c t&o thnh N ip . ic::::: f i39::::::g f i39::: kg
3
4 2
9 547
0,93 1,83
931000
< 93H 3O H -K7h -*" 7Ua )P7h ThV
(.'0 Hng dGn 8

R. jhi ha tan @u
3
vo )ung )rch Ty 'a ,hTn JngN
@u
3
l H
h
u H
h
@u
b

h:3
jh_i l(+ng c"a H
h
@u
b
N
+ + +
9W i 7X
0,4.98 a.10H
9 9 9 0,49 0,1a %"&
80 100H
jh_i l(+ng )ung )rchN m
))
f :.b l a. Qa cN
9h.hcs .9::s
a :.b
:.9a :.bi
0s
+
+
a f 9i.g gam
J. @_ mol H
h
@u
b
l
mol :.:hc
9::s.ip
9i.g.9:s
p:
:.b
y +
@_ mol 7amuHn
h
l f :.:9.:.c f :.::c mol @_ mol oauH l w f :.:c.:.p f :.:b
mol.
jhi thFm c!c )ung )rch t'Fn ta c ,hTn JngN
7amuHn
h
l H
h
@u
b
7a@u
b
l hH
h
u m9n
hoauH l H
h
@u
b
oa
h
@u
b
l hH
h
u mhn
QhGo ,h(<ng t'=nh ,hTn Jng m9n v mhn l wh f :.:hc f y )o H
h
@u
b
,hTn Jng
hon ton. lc 3 kt t"a 7a@u
b
th= t'ong )ung )rch cha cn oa
h
@u
b
v%i s_ mol lN
:.:h mol. jhi cho 3ay h<i )ung )rch thu (+c oa
h
@u
b
.nH
h
u mzn. {8y L
z
f
g.bb:.:h f 3hh mgn.
L
z
f mh.h3 l ig l 9pnn f 3hh r n f 9:
{8y z l oa
h
@u
b
.9:H
h
u
*. jhi ha tan bp.3 gam z moa
h
@u
b
.9:H
h
un n
z
f bp.33hh f :.9c mol
r m
ct
f :.9c.9bh f h9.3 gam.
Qa cN
gam hgg.hc
ps
h9.3.9::s
0s
.9::s m
m
ct
))

{8y kh_i l(+ng c"a n(%c cYn l`y lN m f hgg.hc P bp.3 f h9I.ic mgn
{ f mU f h9I.ic ml.
h:b
oguyFn t_ l(u hunh
P ngu()n t% hi 3im thB hai ,c :i?t ?n to thji r.t Aa Aa_ "rong thi)n
nhi)n, nhi;u ni E c5 m! lu hunh_ Q5 cgng l l1 do R con ngji $m :i?t lu
hunh
[o thji H4m' (+hoDng th? 3s ^kX, "C6), nh9ng ngji c# Hi P E :i?t
%t lu hunh R t( u? nh c*a, dnng 3h1 tho>t ra (/L
k
) R t( tr=ng $,i vDi_
6gji Aa tin r|ng, c>i mni v mu Aanh c-a ngan l*a lu hunh c5 thR Aua u#i
,c ma Nu`_____
Pu hunh tF $inh ,c th.( T nh9ng ni ghn c>c n}i l*a haat Sng_ C>c 3h1
tho>t ra to ming n}i l*a thjng l h, ch.t c-a lu hunh, n)n c5 giD thu(?t cho
r|ng lu hunh tF $inh l 3?t NuD c-a hDn Bng c-a c>c ch.t 3h1 5
kH
k
/ /L
k
q/ kH
k
L
6goi ra $F hot Sng lu :;n c-a c>c vi $inh vHt trong .t cgng l ngu()n
nhn to thnh lu hunh tF $inh_ 6h9ng m! lu hunh n( thjng T Aa n}i l*a
v 3h4ng c5 chBa t ch.t a$'n_ P1 do >ng tin cH( T chm, trong Nu> trnh hot
Sng R chu(Rn c>c h, ch.t $unua thnh lu hunh, c>c vi $inh vHt E tr>nh
3h4ng @ng ?n a$'n, mSt ch.t Sc vi ch}ng_
[o thji Hom' (3hoDng th? 3s ^kX , "C6), nh9ng ngji c# Hi P E :i?t
%t lu hunh R t( u? nh c*a, dnng 3h1 tho>t ra (/L
k
) R t( tr=ng $,i vDi_
6gji Aa tin r|ng, c>i mni v mu Aanh c-a ngan l*u lu hunh c5 thR Aua u#i
,c ma Nu`
"hji trung c# E :i)t dnng lu hunh v h, ch.t c-a lu hunh R i;u ch?
mu hm v ch9a :nh ngoi da_ "hu%c $}ng c5 t)n Hi P m ngji Hi P
nCm bVc E dnng R %t ch>( chi?n thu(;n c-a yi cH, c5 thnh hhn (Pu hunh,
than, di)m ti)u) v ts l ghn nh thu4c $}ng ng( na(
"1nh ch.t ch>( ,c v 3hD nCng h5a h, di dng vi nhi;u 3im loi cho lu
hunh c5 v0 tr1 u Ei %i vi c>c nh giD 3im thut thji trung c#_
"hji trung c# c>c nh giD 3im thuHt tin tTng mn Nu>ng r|ng8 C>c 3im loi
,c c.u to to $F 3?t h, c-a "h-( 6gn v Pu hunh_ /F 3?t h, th'o nh9ng ts
h:c
l 3h>c nhau th to thnh c>c 3im loi 3h>c nhau v rc :it l R to thnh 3im
loi vng th hDi ha trSn th-( ngn v lu hunh th'o mSt ts l hon hDo nh.t_
Hn ^ccc nCm, c>c nh giD 3im thuHt E tm 3i?m trong v4 vang c>c ts l hon
hDo 5 nh|m i;u ch? ,c [ng_
h:g
C/012, ^
T#C s PHN NG L CN BNG HA HC
A. T& T5T L% THUY6T
I. TB* OP 8/.2 2, /xR /*
9. jh!i nim vZ t_c ,hTn Jng ha hc
P Q_c ,hTn Jng l 3in thiFn n#ng c"a mt t'ong c!c ch`t ,hTn Jng ho]c
sTn ,h>m t'ong mt <n vr th$i gian.
Qh )BN o#ng 3an Yu c"a o
h
u
c
l h.33L. sau 9pb gi?y n#ng l h.:pL.
Q_c t'ung 3=nh c"a ,hTn Jng t'ong khoTng th$i gian 9pb gi?y tnh thGo o
h
u
c
lN
o
h
u
c

o
h
u
b
l
h
9
h
L

3
h. 33 h. :p
9. 3g.9: .
9pb
[ mol l $

l 01ng thJc tXng 4u!t tnh t_c ,hTn Jng N
h 9
h 9
C C
[
t t
hay
C
[
t

[
N t_c t'ung 3=nh
Q'ong N 0N 3in thiFn n#ng
tN 3in thiFn th$i gian
P QXng 4u!tN
l ouN O l 7
0 l U { f j. [O]. [7]
l ou N nO l m7
,0 l 4U { f j. [O]
n
. [7]
m
mt'ong j l hxng s_ t_c ,hTn Jngn
P QhGo 4ui (%cN n#ng tnh 3xng moll. th$i gian c th5 l gi?y. ,h-t. gi$.
P Q_c ,hTn Jng (+c tnh 3xng thc nghim.
h. 0!c yu t_ Tnh h(*ng n t_c ,hTn Jng
h:I
a. nh h(*ng c"a n#ng
+hi tCng n]ng S ch.t hDn Bng, t%c S hDn Bng tCng.
3. nh h(*ng c"a !, su`t
Q%i vi hDn Bng c5 ch.t 3h1 tham gia. khi tCng > $u.t, t%c S hDn Bng tCng_
c. nh h(*ng c"a nhit
+hi tCng nhit S, t%c S hDn Bng tCng_
). nh h(*ng c"a )in tch 3Z m]t
Q%i vi hDn Bng c5 ch.t r=n tham gia, 3hi tCng din t1ch :; mrt, t%c S hDn
Bng tCng_
'_ nh h(*ng c"a ch`t -c t!c
Ch.t A}c t>c l ch.t lm tCng t%c S hDn Bng, nhng 3h4ng :0 ti)u hao trong
hDn Bng_
3. ngh\a thc tin c"a t_c ,hTn JngN
0!c yu t_ Tnh h(*ng n t_c ,hTn Jng (+c v8n )Bng nhiZu t'ong $i s_ng
sTn u`t nh(N
l ohit ngn lAa aGtilGn ch!y t'ong oi cao h<n '`t nhiZu so v%i ch!y
t'ong kh1ng kh. nFn t&o nhit hn cao h<n.
l où thc ,h>m t'ong n#i !, su`t nhanh chn h<n so v%i nù * !, su`t th($ng.
l Qhan. c"i c kch th(%c nh sy ch!y nhanh h<n than. c"i c kch th(%c l%n.
l U2ng ch`t -c t!c. chn nhit thch h+,. tCng !, su`t chung c"a h khi
tXng h+, oH
3
tK o
h
v H
h
.
II. CE2 J2, /xR /*
9. khTn Jng mt chiZu. ,hTn Jng thu8n nghrch v c?n 3xng ha hc
a. khTn Jng mt chiZu
P Qh )BN kh?n h"y j0lu
3
c -c t!c Lnu
h
. ,hTn Jng Ty 'a nh( sauN
hj0lu
3

h
:
JnL
t
hj0l l 3u
h
h:p
khTn Jng ny cha Ty 'a thGo mt chiZu tK t'!i sang ,hTi. 7hDn Bng nh th?
,c gai l hDn Bng mSt chi;u. U2ng mi tFn cha chiZu ,hTn Jng.
3. khTn Jng thu8n nghrch
X "rong cnng i;u 3in hDn Bng AD( ra th'o hai chi;u tr>i ng,c nhau gai l
hDn Bng thuHn ngh0ch.
Qh )BN 0l
h
l H
h
u H0l l H0lu
P oh8n /tN 0l
h
,hTn Jng v%i H
h
u t&o H0l va H0lu. #ng th$i H0l v H0lu sinh
'a cng t!c )Bng l&i v%i nhau t&o l&i 0l
h
v H
h
u.
c. 0?n 3xng ha hc
P Cn :|ng h5a hac l trng th>i c-a hDn Bng thuHn ngh0ch 3hi t%c S hDn Bng
thuHn :|ng t%c S hDn Bng ngh0ch m{
thu8n
f{
nghrch
n.
Qh )BN H
h
mkn l |
h
mkn

hH|mkn
). Hxng s_ c?n 3xng mtnh thGo n#ng n c"a ,hTn Jng thu8n nghrchN
ou N O l 7 0 l U
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
.
.
C O
+
y e
QXng 4u!tN nO l m7 ,0 l 4U

[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
N
n m
C O
+
y e
h. @ chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng ha hc

X /F chu(Rn d0ch cn :|ng h5a hac l $F di chu(Rn to trng th>i cn :|ng n( $ang
trng th>i cn :|ng 3h>c do t>c Sng c-a c>c (?u t% to :)n ngoi l)n cn :|ng_
hou
h
mkh mu n?u n o
h
u
b
mkh kh1ng mun
3. 0!c yu t_ Tnh h(*ng n c?n 3xng ha hc
a. nh h(*ng c"a n#ng
h:i
khTn Jng thu8n
khTn Jng nghrch
P jhi tCng ho]c giTm n#ng mt ch`t t'ong c?n 3xng. th= c?n 3xng 3ao gi$ cng
)rch chuy5n thGo chiZu lm giTm t!c )Bng c"a vic tCng ho]c giTm n#ng ch`t
.
3. nh h(*ng c"a !, su`t
P jhi tCng ho]c giTm !, su`t chung c"a h c?n 3xng. th= c?n 3xng 3ao gi$ cng
)rch chuy5n thGo chiZu lm giTm t!c )Bng c"a vic tCng ho]c giTm !, su`t .
c. nh h(*ng c"a nhit
P khTn Jng ta nhit m H : nN l ,hTn Jng Ty 'a c ta nCng l(+ng )(%i )&ng
!nh s!ng ho]c sJc nng.
P khTn Jng thu nhit m H : nN l ,hTn Jng Ty 'a c h`, thB nCng l(+ng.
P kh(<ng t'=nh nhit ha hcN l ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc c ghi cT hiu Jng nhit.
P jhi tCng nhit . c?n 3xng chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu ,hTn Jng thu nhit. ngh\a l
chiZu lm giTm t!c )Bng c"a vic tCng nhit v khi giTm nhit . c?n 3xng
chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu ,hTn Jng ta nhit. chiZu lm giTm t!c )Bng c"a vic giTm
nhit .
jt lu8n mnguyFn l d<P@aPt<PliFnN
JSt hDn Bng thuHn ngh0ch ang T trng th>i cn :|ng 3hi ch0u mSt t>c Sng
to :)n ngoi nh :i?n #i n]ng S, > $u.t, nhit S, $l chu(Rn d0ch cn :|ng
th'o chi;u lm giDm t>c Sng :)n ngoi 5_
). {ai t' c"a ch`t -c t!c
P 0h`t -c t!c lm tCng t_c ,hTn Jng thu8n v nghrch v%i s_ lYn nh( nhau. cho
nFn kh1ng lm Tnh h(*ng n c?n 3xng ha hc.
b. ngh\a c"a t_c ,hTn Jng v c?n 3xng ha hc t'ong sTn u`t ha hc.
P Eu! t'=nh sTn u`t ait H
h
@u
b
. )2ng l(+ng )( kh1ng kh mtCng n#ng oin 5
,hTn JngN h@u
h
l u
h
h@u
3
. H : chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu thu8n.
P QXng h+, oH
3
t'ong c1ng nghi, thGo ,hTn JngN
o
h
mkn l3H
h
mkn hoH
3
mkn. H :
h9:
og($i ta ,hTi thc hin ,hTn Jng ny * nhit thch h+,. !, su`t cao v )2ng
ch`t -c t!c.
B. BI TP C LI GII
^.1 Q'ong 4u! t'=nh _t ch!y c!c nhiFn liu nh( than !. )Yu m v kh thiFn
nhiFn. lm th no 5 n?ng cao hiu su`t cung c`, nhit }
^.' 0!c yu t_ nh( nhit . !, su`t ch`t kh. ch`t -c t!c v )in tch 3Z m]t ch`t
'Rn c Tnh h(*ng l%n n t_c ,hTn Jng ha hc. Q2y thGo ,hTn Jng ha hc cB
th5 m v8n )Bng mt. mt s_ hay t`t cT c!c yu t_ t'Fn 5 tCng hay giTm t_c
,hTn Jng. Q'ong nh[ng t'($ng h+, )(%i ?y. yu t_ no t'ong s_ c!c yu t_ t'Fn
Tnh h(*ng n t_c ,hTn Jng}
a. @ ch!y )in 'a nhanh v m&nh h<n khi c!c viFn than tX ong (+c /,
v%i c!c hng lM 'Mng .
3. jhi cYn " 3, than. ng($i ta 8y nR, 3, l lm cho ,hTn Jng ch!y c"a
than ch8m l&i.
c. khTn Jng oi ha l(u hunh ioit t&o thnh l(u hunh t'ioit )in 'a
nhanh h<n khi c m]t vanai m{n oit m{
h
u
c
n.
). e! v1i (+c 8, nh. chn nhanh v Zu h<n khi nung ! v1i * )&ng cBc
l%n.
G. QhJc Cn sy nhanh chn h<n nu (+c nù t'ong n#i !, su`t.
^.Y oghiFn cJu s ,hB thuc c"a t_c ,hTn Jng tXng h+, hi'o iotua vo nhit
. t'ong mt khoTng nhit !c rnh. ng($i ta 3it 'xng khi nhit tCng
lFn hc
:
0 th= t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc ny tCng lFn 3 lYn. HiN
a. Q_c ,hTn Jng ha hc t'Fn tCng lFn 3ao nhiFu lYn khi nhit tCng tK
hc
:
0 lFn Ic
:
0 }
3. Q_c ,hTn Jng ha hc t'Fn giTm 3ao nhiFu lYn khi nhit giTm tK
9I:
:
0 u_ng ic
:
0 }
h99
^.Z 7Tng s_ liu sau ?y cho 3it th5 tch kh hi'o thu (+c thGo th$i gian ,hTn
Jng gi[a kym )( v%i ait clohi'ic. H^y vy # thr 3i5u )in s ,hB thuc th5 tch
kh hi'o thGo th$i gian.
a. QK # thr h^y cho 3it khoTng th$i gian no ,hTn Jng Ty 'a nhanh nh`t}
th$i i5m ,hTn Jng kt th-c. h=nh )&ng # thr nh( th no}
Qh$i gian msn : h: b: g: p: 9:: 9h: 9b:
Qh5 tch H
h
mmln : h: 3: 3c 3p b: b: b:
3. ou !c rnh (+c n#ng c"a ait clohi'ic thGo th$i gian ,hTn Jng. th=
# thr 3i5u )in s ,hB thuc c )&ng nh( th no}
^.\ jhi 3Rt Yu ,hTn Jng. n#ng c"a mt ch`t l :.:hb moll. @au h: gi?y ,hTn
Jng. n#ng c"a ch`t l :.:h: moll. H^y tnh t_c t'ung 3=nh c"a ,hTn Jng
ny t'ong th$i gian ^ cho.
^.( 0ho ,hTn Jng ha hcN
H
h
mkn l |
h
mkn Y hH|mkn
01ng thJc tnh t_c c"a ,hTn Jng t'Fn l v f k H
h
|
h
. Q_c c"a ,hTn Jng
ha hc t'Fn sy tCng 3ao nhiFu lYn khi tCng !, su`t chung c"a h lFn 3 lYn}
^.^ H^y cho 3it ng($i ta ^ sA )Bng 3in ,h!, no 5 tCng t_c ,hTn Jng ha
hc t'ong c!c t'($ng h+, sau ?yN
a. ~Rc mGn vo tinh 3t ^ (+c nù chn mc<m. ng1. khoai. sRn...n 5 " '(+u.
3. U2ng 4u&t th1ng gi t'ong 3 l 'n.
c. o/n hMn h+, kh nit< v hi'o * !, su`t cao 5 tXng h+, amoniac.
). oung hMn h+, 3t ! v1i. `t s/t v th&ch cao * nhit cao 5 sTn u`t
clinkG. t'ong c1ng nghi, sTn u`t i mCng.
G. U2ng ,h(<ng ,h!, ng(+c )ng. t'ong sTn u`t ait sunvu'ic. H<i @u
3
i
tK )(%i lFn. )ung )rch ait H
h
@u
b
]c i tK t'Fn anh th!, h`, thB u_ng.
^._ Q'ong mMi c], ,hTn Jng sau. ,hTn Jng no c t_c l%n h<n}
a. WG l ))H0l :.9L v WG l ))H0l hL * c2ng mt nhit .
h9h
3. Ol l ))oauH hL * hc
:
0 v Ol l ))oauH hL * c:
:
0.
c. qn mh&tn l ))H0l 9L * hc
:
0 v qn m3tn l H0l9L * hc
:
0.
). ohit ,h?n j0lu
3
v nhit ,h?n hMn h+, j0lu
3
v%i Lnu
h
.
^.` 0ho ,hTn Jng ha hcN
O
h
l h7 hO7
Q_c c"a ,hTn Jng t'Fn (+c !c rnh 3*i 3i5u thJcN v f k . O
h
.7
h
.
Hi t_c ,hTn Jng t'Fn sy thay Xi nh( th no khiN
a. tCng !, su`t chung c"a h lFn 9: lYn.
3. tCng n#ng c"a 7 lFn 3 lYn.
c. giTm n#ng O
h
u_ng b lYn.
7.10 0ho ,hTn Jng ha hc ang * t'&ng th!i c?n 3xngN
o
h
mkn l u
h
mkn
)ia lZ[a Uie\*

houmkn H :
H^y cho 3it s chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng ha hc t'Fn khi tCng nhit }
7.11 QK th k z|z. ng($i ta ^ nh8n 'a 'xng t'ong thnh ,hYn kh l cao ml
luyn gangn vSn cn kh cac3on monoit m0un. og($i ta ^ t=m " mi
c!ch 5 ,hTn Jng ha hc Ty 'a hon ton. tuy nhiFn kh l cao vSn cn
0u. H^y cho 3it nguyFn nh?n c"a hin t(+ng t'Fn}
O. d ?y ch(a " cao.
7. ohit c"a l cn th`,.
0. khTn Jng luyn 4u]ng thnh gang kh1ng hon ton.
U. Lt nguyFn nh?n kh!c.
7.12 0ho ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc
h@u
h
mkn l u
h
mkn
{
h
u
c
.t
o
h@u
3
mkn H f P9ihk
0?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n )rch vZ ,ha no khiN
a. QCng nhit c"a 3=nh ,hTn Jng}
3. QCng !, su`t chung c"a hMn h+,}
h93
c. QCng n#ng kh oi }
). HiTm n#ng kh sunvu'< }
7.13 @Tn u`t amoniac t'ong c1ng nghi, )a t'Fn ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc sau N
ho
h
mkn l 3H
h
mkn
,. t
hoH
3
mkn H f Pihk
0?n 3xng ha hc sy chuy5n )rch vZ ,ha t&o 'a amoniac nhiZu h<n khi thc hin
nh[ng 3in ,h!, k\ thu8t no} HiTi thch.
7.14 khTn Jng ha hc sau ^ &t t'&ng th!i c?n 3xngN
hou
h
o
h
u
b
H f Pcp.:bk.
0?n 3xng ha hc sy chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu no khiN
O. QCng nhit }
7. QCng !, su`t chung }
0. QhFm kh t'< agon v gi[ !, su`t kh1ng Xi }
U. QhFm ch`t -c t!c}
H^y giTi thch s la chn .
^.1\ @ tCng !, su`t Tnh h(*ng nh( th no n t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng c"a c!c ,hTn
Jng ha hc sauN
an 3u
h
mkn
hu
3
mkn
3n H
h
mkn l 7'
h
mkn hH7'mkn
cn o
h
u
b
mkn hou
h
mkn
^.1( khTn Jng ha hc sau. )in 'a t'ong t nhiFn ang * t'&ng th!i c?n 3xngN
0u
h
l H
h
u l 0a0u
3
0amH0u
3
n
h
jhi tCng l(+ng 0u
h
c?n 3xng ha hc sy chuy5n )rch sang chiZu no}
^.1^ Q'ong c1ng nghi,. 5 iZu ch kh than (%t. ng($i ta thXi h<i n(%c 4ua
than ! ang nng . khTn Jng ha hc Ty 'a nh( sau N
0 m'n l H
h
u mkn 0umkn l H
h
mkn H f 939k
h9b
eiZu khDng rnh no sau ?y l -ng}
O. QCng !, su`t chung c"a h lm c?n 3xng kh1ng thay i.
7. QCng nhit c"a h lm c?n 3xng chuy5n sang chiZu thu8n.
0. U2ng ch`t -c t!c lm c?n 3xng chuy5n sang chiZu thu8n.
U. QCng n#ng hi'o lm c?n 3xng chuy5n sang chiZu thu8n.
^.1_ 0lo t!c )Bng v%i n(%c mt ,hYn nh thGo ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc sauN
0l
h
mkn l H
h
umln H0lu l H0l
Hai sTn ,h>m t&o 'a Zu tan t_t t'ong n(%c t&o thnh )ung )rch. ogoi 'a
mt ,hYn l%n kh clo tan t'ong n(%c t&o thnh )ung )rch c mu vng lBc nh&t gi
l n(%c clo. o(%c clo. ng t'ong 3=nh kn. )Yn )Yn 3r m`t mu thGo th$i gian.
kh1ng 3To 4uTn (+c l?u. v8n )Bng nh[ng hi5u 3it vZ chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng ha
hc h^y giTi thch hin t(+ng t'Fn.
^.1` @Tn u`t v1i t'ong c1ng nghi, v th" c1ng nghi, Zu )a t'Fn ,hTn Jng
ha hcN 0a0u
3
m'n
t
o
0aum'n l 0u
h
mkn. H f 9Ipk
a. H^y ,h?n tch c!c ]c i5m c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc nung v1i.
3. QK nh[ng ]c i5m . h^y cho 3it nh[ng 3in ,h!, k\ thu8t no
(+c sA )Bng 5 n?ng cao hiu su`t c"a 4u! t'=nh nung v1i.
^.'0 Lt ,hTn Jng ha hc c )&ngN
Omkn l 7mkn h0mkn H :
H^y cho 3it c!c 3in ,h!, cYn tin hnh 5 chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng ha hc sang
chiZu thu8n}
^.'1 0ho c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc
0m'n l H
h
u mkn 0umkn l H
h
mkn H f 939k m9n
h@u
h
mkn l u
h
mkn
{
h
u
c
h@u
3
mkn H f P9ihk mhn
a. H^y so s!nh c!c ]c i5m c"a hai ,hTn Jng ha hc t'Fn.
3. oFu c!c 3in ,h!, k\ thu8t 5 lm tCng hiu su`t sTn u`t.
h9c
^.'' 0ho ,hTn Jng ha hcN
houmkn l u
h
mkn hou
h
mkn
Q_c ,hTn Jng ha hc t'Fn (+c tnh thGo c1ng thJc v f k ou
h
u
h
. Hi *
nhit kh1ng Xi. !, su`t chung c"a h ^ tCng 3ao nhiFu lYn khi t_c c"a ,hTn
Jng tCng gb lYn}
^.'Y og($i ta ^ sA )Bng nhit c"a ,hTn Jng _t ch!y than ! 5 nung v1iN
0m'n l u
h
mkn 0u
h
mkn H f P 3i3.ck m9n
0a0u
3
m'n
t
o
0aum'n l 0u
h
mkn H f 9Ipk mhn
7in ,h!, k\ thu8t no sau ?y khng (+c sA )Bng 5 tCng t_c ,hTn Jng nung
v1i}
O. e8, nh ! v1i v%i kch th(%c thch h+,.
7. Uuy t'= nhit ,hTn Jng thch h+,.
0. QCng nhit ,hTn Jng cng cao cng t_t.
U. QhXi kh1ng kh n/n vo l nung v1i.
^.'Z e# thr no sau ?y 3i5u )in s 3i5n Xi t_c ,hTn Jng thu8n thGo th$i
gian} @ 3i5n Xi t_c ,hTn Jng nghrch thGo th$i gian} Q'&ng th!i c?n 3xng ha
hc}

v v
a. 3.
t mth$i giann t mth$i giann

v

c.
h9g
t mth$i giann

^.'\ Q'ong n(%c ngYm th($ng c ion WG
hl
)(%i )&ng mu_i sRt || hi'ocac3onat v
sRt || hi'oit. o(%c sinh ho&t c chJa WG
hl
Tnh h(*ng ù n sJc kho c"a con
ng($i. e5 lo&i 3 WG
hl
. t'ong mt ,h(<ng ,h!, <n giTn. ' tiZn. ngu$i ta )2ng oi
kh1ng kh oi ha WG
hl
thnh h+, ch`t WG
3l
mc tan t'ong n(%c nhn '#i lc 5
thu n(%c s&ch. e5 tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng oi ha WG
hl
ng($i ta sA )Bng 3in
,h!, k\ thu8t no} HiTi thch.
^.'( HYn ?y. khi th!m hi5m oam cc. c!c nh khoa hc ^ t=m th`y nh[ng #
h, )o c!c on th!m hi5m t'(%c 5 l&i. L]c )2 ^ 4ua hng t'Cm nCm. nh(ng c!c
thJc Cn t'ong nh[ng # h, vSn t'ong t=nh t'&ng t_t. c th5 Cn (+c. H^y giTi
thch v liFn h v%i vic 3To 4uTn thc ,h>m 3xng c!ch (%, ! hay )2ng t" l&nh.
^.'^ Q'ong ,hng th nghim. 5 tCng t_c c"a mt s_ ,hTn Jng ha hc. ngoi
c!c 3in ,h!, nh( tCng n#ng . nhit . ng($i ta cn )2ng m!y khu`y. Q!c )Bng
c"a m!y khu`y l g=}
^.'_ H^y t'=nh 3y th nghim _t ch!y )?y sRt mTnh t'ong 3=nh kh oi. {8n )Bng
l thuyt ,hTn Jng ha hc 5 giTi thch c!ch tin hnh th nghim t'Fn.
^.'` dm th no 5 iZu khi5n c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc thGo h(%ng c l+i nh`t cho
con ng($i}
^.Y0 Q_c c"a ,hTn Jng tCng 3ao nhiFu lYn nu tCng nhit tK h::
:
0 n
hb:
:
0. 3it 'xng khi tCng 9:
:
0 th= t_c ,hTn Jng t'Fn tCng hai lYn.
C. BI TP Ta LUYbN
^.Y1 H^y chn tK ho]c cBm tK cho s-n t'ong 3Tng )(%i ?y vo chM t'_ng t'ong
c?u sau N
Q_c ,hTn Jng l 3in thiFn ...m9n... c"a mt t'ong...mhn... ho]c sTn ,h>m ,hTn
Jng t'ong ...m3n... th$i gian.
O. 7. 0. U.
m9n kh_i l(+ng n#ng th5 tch ,h?n tA kh_i
h9I
mhn c!c ch`t ,hTn Jng c!c ch`t t&o
thnh
c!c ch`t 3ay
h<i
c!c ch`t kt
t"a
m3n mt khoTng mt <n vr mt mi khoTng
^.Y' 0hn c!c tK. cBm tK cho )(%i ?y iZn vo chM t'_ng m9n. mhn.... cho thch h+,.
Q_c ,hTn Jng l ...m9n...c"a mt ...mhn....,hTn Jng ho]c ...m3n... t'ong mt
...mbn.... th$i gian. Q_c ,hTn Jng ha hc ,hB thuc vo nhit . n#ng v !,
su`t _i v%i ...mcn...
O. 7. 0. U.
m9n s thay Xi 3in thiFn tCng giTm
mhn t'ong c!c ch`t giai o&n s_ ch`t lo&i h+, ch`t
m3n ch`t -c t!c ch`t t'ung gian ch`t 3an Yu sTn ,h>m ,hTn Jng
mbn chu k= khoTng <n vr 3in thiFn
mcn ch`t lng ch`t 'Rn ch`t kh ch`t tan
QhJ t iZn tKN 9... h.... 3... b..... c.....
^.YY 0hn c!c tK. cBm tK cho )(%i ?y iZn vo chM t'_ng m9n. mhn.... cho thch h+,.
jhi tCng n#ng ch`t ,hTn Jng. t_c ,hTn Jng ...m9n... e_i v%i ,hTn
Jng c ch`t kh tham gia. khi tCng !, su`t. ...mhn... ,hTn Jng tCng. e_i v%i ,hTn
Jng c ch`t 'Rn tham gia. khi tCng ....m3n... 3Z m]t. t_c ,hTn Jng ...mbn.... d(u
_i v%i ,hTn Jng ha hc c ch`t ...mcn....tham gia. n#ng c"a ch-ng kh1ng Tnh
h(*ng Fn t_c c"a ,hTn Jng.
O 7. 0. U.
m9n giTm kh1ng Xi 3in Xi tCng
mhn kh_i l(+ng t_c hiu su`t th5 tch
m3n )in tch kch th(%c h=nh )&ng )y
mbn 3in Xi tCng giTm kh1ng Xi
mcn dng kh ~Rn tan
h9p
QhJ t gh/, n_iN 9... h.... 3... b..... c......
^.YZ H^y gh/, mnh Z * ct O v%i ct 7 sao cho ,h2 h+,.
0t 9 0t h
9 e_i v%i ,hTn Jng c ch`t kh tham
gia. khi tCng !, su`t
a t_c ,hTn Jng giTm.
h e_i v%i ,hTn Jng c ch`t kh tham
gia. khi giTm !, su`t
3 c?n 3xng ha hc chuy5n
)rch thGo chiZu thu8n.
3 e_i v%i ,hTn Jng ta nhit. khi tCng
nhit
c t_c ,hTn Jng tCng.
b e_i v%i ,hTn Jng ta nhit. khi giTm
nhit
) c?n 3xng ha hc chuy5n
)rch thGo chiZu nghrch.

G c?n 3xng ha hc kh1ng 3r
chuy5n )rch.
QhJ t gh/, n_iN 9. .............. h. .............. 3. .............. b. ...............
^.Y\ jhi _t 9i.b gam mu_i sunvua c"a mt kim lo&i ha t'r || th= cYn vKa " g.Ih
lt kh oi mktcn th= thu (+c kh O. jh O sinh 'a (+c oi ha ti, 3xng kh oi
c -c t!c {
h
u
c
t&o thnh ch`t lng 7 * iZu kin th($ng. Ha tan 7 vo n(%c thu
(+c )ung )rch lm gi`y 4u tm.
a. z!c rnh kim lo&i t'ong mu_i sunvua.
3. Qnh s_ ml )ung )rch juH 33.gs m) f 9.33gmln cYn )2ng 5 t'ung ha
l(+ng ait thu (+c * t'Fn.
c. 0ho 3it c!c 3in ,h!, k\ thu8t cYn thit 5 tCng hiu 4uT 4u! t'=nh oi
kh O t'ong c1ng nghi,}
)8 AB a. jim lo&i ha t'r || l qn
3. c:.9h immln.
c. U2ng -c t!c. tCng n#ng oi. )uy t'= nhit thch h+,.
h9i
^.Y( o/n h.: mol o
h
v p.: mol H
h
vo mt 3=nh kn c th5 tch h.: lt mcha chJa
s-n ch`t -c t!c v%i th5 tch kh1ng !ng k5n ^ (+c gi[ * nhit kh1ng Xi. jhi
,hTn Jng &t t%i c?n 3xng. !, su`t c!c kh t'ong 3=nh 3xng :.p lYn !, su`t 3an Yu
mkhi m%i cho c!c ch`t vo 3=nh ch(a Ty 'a ,hTn Jngn. Qnh n#ng c!c ch`t *
t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng.
)8 AB [ ]
h
9
h
6 mmolln [ ]
h
c
h
H mmolln [ ]
3
9 6H mmolln.
^.Y^ Hi t_c mt ,hTn Jng ha hc tCng 3ao nhiFu lYn khi nhit tCng tK
hc
:
0 n pc
:
0. 7it khi tCng nhit lFn 9:
:
0. t_c c"a ,hTn Jng t'Fn tCng lFn
3 lYn. og($i ta ni 'xng h s_ nhit c"a ,hTn Jng ^ cho 3xng 3.
)8 AB Q_c ,hTn Jng tCng 3
g
lYn f Ihi lYn.
^.Y_ Q'ong c!c c?n 3xng sau. c?n 3xng no sy chuy5n )rch v chuy5n )rch thGo
chiZu no khi giTm )ung tch c"a 3=nh ,hTn Jng u_ng * nhit kh1ng Xi.
an 0H
b
mkn l H
h
umkn

0umkn l 3H
h
mkn
3n 0u
h
mkn l H
h
mkn

0umkn l H
h
umkn
cn @u
h
mkn l u
h
mkn

h@u
3
mkn
)n o
h
u
b
mkn hou
h
mkn
^.Y` H^y cho 3it ng($i ta l+i )Bng yu t_ no 5 tCng t_c ,hTn Jng t'ong c!c
t'($ng h+, sauN
an U2ng kh1ng kh n/n. nng thXi vo l cao 5 _t ch!y than c_c msTn u`t
gangn.
3n oung ! v1i * nhit cao 5 sTn u`t v1i s_ng.
cn oghiZn nguyFn liu t'(%c khi (a vo l nung 5 sTn u`t clanhkG msTn
u`t i mCngn
^.Z0 o#ng 3an Yu c"a @u
h
v u
h
t'ong hN h@u
h
l u
h
h@u
3
t(<ng Jng
l b moll v h moll. * nhit kh1ng Xi. nu tCng !, su`t hMn h+, ,hTn Jng lFn
hai lYn th= c?n 3xng chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu no} mt'T l$i thGo kt 4uT tnh to!nn.
hh:
^.Z1 jh ou
h
nhr h+, thGo ,hTn Jng thu8n nghrchN hou
h
o
h
u
b
. Q'ong N
ou
h
l kh mu n?u o
h
u
b
l kh kh1ng mu.
an jhi giTm !, su`t c"a h ,hTn Jng. c?n 3xng chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu no}
HiTi thch.
3n jhi ng?m 3=nh chJa ou
h
vo n(%c !. th`y mYu n?u c"a 3=nh nh&t )Yn.
H^y cho 3it ,hTn Jng ta nhit hay thu nhit} HiTi thch.
^.Z' 0ho 9c gam ait 0H
3
0uuH t!c )Bng v%i i.g gam '(+u 0H
3
uH c -c t!c l
H
h
@u
b
]c. 0hia hMn h+, sau ,hTn Jng thnh hai ,hYn 3xng nhauN
khYn 9N 0ho t!c )Bng v%i l(+ng )( 7a0l
h
thu (+c h3.3 gam kt t"a.
khYn hN 0ho t!c )Bng v%i jH0u
3
thu (+c c.g lt kh 0u
h
m* ktcn.
Qnh hxng s_ c?n 3xng c"a ,hTn Jng.
^.ZY 0ho kh H| vo mt 3=nh kn c )ung tch l c lt. '#i un nng n nhit
!c rnh th= Ty 'a ,hTn JngN hH|
mkhn
H
h mkhn
l |
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H fP chk. ou n#ng
3an Yu c"a H| l :.c mol. khi * t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng n#ng moll c"a c!c ch`t
t'ong ,hTn Jng [H|]. [H
h
] v [|
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] lYn l(+t l 3ao nhiFu}
^.ZZ 0ho nCng l(+ng liFn kt c"a H
h
u l iI9 kmol c"a H
h
l b3c.i k mol. c"a u
h
l
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h
u
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3
n th= t&o thnh i,hot,ho,Gntoit mk
h
u
c
n.
n(%c v giTi ,hng hbb: k. H^y tnh nhit t&o thnh kH
3
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h
u
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l
9cbp kmol v nhit t&o thnh H
h
u l hpg kmol.
^.Z( Q'ong mt 3=nh kn chJa kh ,'o,an (+c ng kn 3xng ,ittong. e_t nng 3=nh
lFn t%i chI
:
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U. ohit c"a h.
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c"a ,hTn JngN
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O. 0?n 3xng chuy5n )rch sang chiZu thu8n.
7. 0?n 3xng )rch chuy5n thGo chiZu nghrch.
0. 0?n 3xng kh1ng thay Xi.
U. khTn Jng t'* thnh mt chiZu.
^.Z` 0ho ,hTn Jng N z
Q&i th$i i5m t
9
n#ng c"a ch`t z 3xng 0
9
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h
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c"a ch`t z 3xng 0
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mt th5 tch )ung )rch oa
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v%i n#ng kh!c nhau. * c_c ng )ung )rch
oa
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c n#ng l%n h<n th`y kt t"a u`t hin t'(%c.
eiZu chJng t * c2ng iZu kin vZ nhit . t_c ,hTn JngN
O. jh1ng ,hB thuc vo n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
hhh
WG. k
7. Qa l thu8n v%i n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
0. Qa l nghrch v%i n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
U. jh1ng thay Xi khi thay Xi n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
H^y chn !, !n -ng.
^.\1 e_i v%i c!c ,hTn Jng c ch`t kh tham gia. khi tCng !, su`t. t_c ,hTn
Jng tCng l )o
O. o#ng c"a c!c ch`t kh tCng lFn.
7. o#ng c"a c!c ch`t kh giTm u_ng.
0. 0huy5n ng c"a c!c ch`t kh tCng lFn.
U. o#ng c"a c!c ch`t kh kh1ng thay Xi.
H^y chn !, !n -ng.
^.\' e# thr )(%i ?y 3i5u )in s ,hB thuc c"a t_c ,hTn Jng vo nhit .
TL7 5]
,hO* N*"
Nhi^) 5]

QK # thr t'Fn. ta th`y t_c ,hTn JngN
O. HiTm khi nhit c"a ,hTn Jng tCng.
7. jh1ng ,hB thuc vo nhit c"a ,hTn Jng.
0. Qa l thu8n v%i nhit c"a ,hTn Jng.
U. Qa l nghrch v%i nhit c"a ,hTn Jng.
^.\Y e# thr )(%i ?y 3i5u )in s ,hB thuc c"a t_c ,hTn Jng vo n#ng
ch`t ,hTn Jng.
hh3
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,hO* N*"
N_*" 5]
7h`) ,hO* N*"
QK # thr t'Fn. ta th`y t_c ,hTn Jng
O. HiTm khi n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng tCng.
7. jh1ng ,hB thuc vo n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
0. Qa l thu8n v%i n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
U. Qa l nghrch v%i n#ng c"a ch`t ,hTn Jng.
0ho c!c ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc sA )ung cho c!c 3i t8, ^.\ZH ^.\\H ^.\( sau N
an h@u
h
mkn l u
h
mkn h@u
h
mkn
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O. a. v. 0. a. c. ). G. v. g.
7. a. g. U. a. 3. g.
^.\\. 0!c ,hTn Jng c t_c ,hTn Jng giTm khi tCng !, su`t c"a h l
O. a. 3. G. v. h. 0. 3. G. h.
7. a. 3. c. ). G. U. c. ).
^.\(. 0!c ,hTn Jng c t_c ,hTn Jng kh1ng thay Xi khi tCng !, su`t c"a h l
hhb
O. a. 3. G. v. 0. 3. G. g. h.
7. a. 3. c. ). G. U. ). G. v. g.
H^y chn !, !n -ng.
^.\^ ernh ngh\a no sau ?y l -ng }
O. 0h`t -c t!c l ch`t lm thay Xi t_c ,hTn Jng. nh(ng kh1ng 3r tiFu
hao t'ong ,hTn Jng.
7. 0h`t -c t!c l ch`t lm tCng t_c ,hTn Jng. nh(ng kh1ng 3r tiFu hao
t'ong ,hTn Jng.
0. 0h`t -c t!c l ch`t lm tCng t_c ,hTn Jng. nh(ng kh1ng 3r thay Xi
t'ong ,hTn Jng.
U. 0h`t -c t!c l ch`t lm thay Xi t_c ,hTn Jng. nh(ng 3r tiFu hao
kh1ng nhiZu t'ong ,hTn Jng.
^.\_ jhi cho c2ng mt l(+ng nh1m vo c_c ng )ung )rch ait H0l :.9L. t_c
,hTn Jng sy l%n nh`t khi )2ng nh1m * )&ng no sau ?y}
O. U&ng viFn nh.
7. U&ng 3t mrn. khu`y Zu.
0. U&ng t`m mng.
U. U&ng nh1m )?y.
H^y chn !, !n -ng.
^.\` jhi cho ait clohi'ic t!c )Bng v%i kali ,Gmanganat m'Rnn 5 iZu ch clo. kh
clo sy tho!t 'a nhanh h<n khiN
O. U2ng ait clohi'ic ]c v un nh hMn h+,.
7. U2ng ait clohi'ic ]c v lm l&nh hMn h+,.
0. U2ng ait clohi'ic lo^ng v un nh hMn h+,.
U. U2ng ait clohi'ic lo^ng v lm l&nh hMn h+,.
^.(0
Q'ong mt 3=nh kn chJa 9: lt nit< v 9: lt hi'o * nhit :
:
0 v 9: atm.
@au ,hTn Jng tXng h+, oH
3
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:
0. 7it 'xng c g:s hi'o tham gia
,hTn Jng. !, su`t t'ong 3=nh sau ,hTn Jng lN
hhc
O. 9: atm 7. p atm 0. i atm U. p.c atm
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o
0 n
9::
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O. hcg lYn 7. hgc lYn 0. hIc lYn U. hcI lYn
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c
c"a ,hTn Jng cha ,hB thuc vo yu t_ no sau ?y}
O. o#ng 7. , su`t 0. ohit U. 0h`t -c t!c.
^.(Y
7it nhit t&o thnh c"a 0amuHn
h
. H
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u.

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P g3c.3g mkn. ohit ,hTn Jng toT 'a khi t1i cg gam v1i l
O.P bg.hp k 7.Pgb.phk 0.P gb.hp k U.P bg.ph k
^.(Z
Lt ,hTn Jng thu8n nghrch &t n t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng khi no}
O. khTn Jng thu8n ^ kt th-c
7. khTn Jng nghrch ^ kt th-c
0. Q#c c"a ,hTn Jng thu8n v nghrch 3xng nhau.
U. o#ng c"a c!c ch`t tham gia ,hTn Jng v c"a c!c ch`t sTn ,h>m
,hTn Jng 3xng nhau
^.(\ z/t ,hTn Jng thu8n nghrch sauN
H
h mkn
l |
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hH|
mkn

e# thr 3i5u )in s 3in thiFn t_c ,hTn Jng thu8n v ,hTn Jng nghrch thGo
th$i gianN

th biu din s ph thuc vn tc vo thi gian
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
thi gian (s)
v
n

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Q&i th$i i5m no ,hTn Jng &t t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng}
O. : gi?y 7. c gi?y 0. 9: gi?y U. 9c gi?y
^.(( 0ho h=nh vy vZ c!ch thu kh t'ong ,hng th nghim 3xng c!ch )$i n(%c.
H=nh vy 3Fn c th5 !, )Bng 5 thu (+c nh[ng kh no t'ong c!c kh sau ?y}
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7. khTn Jng mt chiZu kh1ng c hxng s_ c?n 3xng j
0
.
0. Hxng s_ c?n 3xng j
0
cng l%n. hiu su`t ,hTn Jng cng nh.
U. jhi mt ,hTn Jng thu8n nghrch * t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng c chuy5n sang mt
t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng m%i * nhit kh1ng Xi. hxng s_ c?n 3xng j
0
3in Xi.
^.(_ 0ho ,hTn Jng nung v1i 0a0u
3
0au l 0u
h

e5 tCng hiu su`t c"a ,hTn Jng th= 3in ,h!, no sau ?y khng ,h2 h+,}
O. QCng nhit t'ong l 7. QCng !, su`t t'ong l
0. e8, nh ! v1i U. HiTm !, su`t t'ong l
^.(`
0ho ,hTn Jng h@u
h
l u
h
h@u
3
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h
v u
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t(<ng Jng l b mold v h mold. jhi c?n 3xng.
c p:s @u
h
^ ,hTn Jng. hxng s_ c?n 3xng c"a ,hTn Jng l
O. b: 7. 3: 0. h: U. 9:
^.^0
khTn Jng gi[a hai ch`t O v 7 (+c 3i5u thr 3xng ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc sau
O l 7 h0
Q_c ,hTn Jng ny l { f j.[O].[7]. Qhc hin ,hTn Jng ny v%i s kh!c nhau
vZ n#ng 3an Yu c"a c!c ch`tN
Q'($ng h+, 9 o#ng c"a mMi ch`t l :.:9 moll.
hhI
Q'($ng h+, h o#ng c"a mMi ch`t l :.:b moll
Q'($ng h+, 3 o#ng c"a ch`t O l :.:b moll. c"a ch`t 7 l :.:9 moll.
Q_c ,hTn Jng * t'($ng h+, h v 3 l%n h<n so v%i t'($ng 9 s_ lYn l
O. 9h v p 7. 93 v I 0. 9g v b U 9c v c
^.^1
7it nhit t&o thnh 0H
b
l PIck mol c"a 0u
h
l P3i3 kmol v c"a H
h
u l
Phpg k mol. ohit c"a ,hTn Jng 0H
b
l u
h
0u
h
l hH
h
u l
O. Pi:: k 7. Ppi: k. 0. Ppp: k U. PpI: k
^.^'
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o
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l u
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tia lua in
houmkn H :
H^y cho 3it c], yu t_ no sau ?y Zu Tnh h(*ng n s chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng
ho! hc t'Fn}
O. ohit v n#ng 7. , su`t v n#ng
0. o#ng v ch`t -c t!c U. 0h`t -c t!c v nhit
^.^Y 0ho h=nh vy m1 tT s iZu ch clo t'ong ,hng th nghim nh( sauN
{ai t' c"a )ung )rch oa0l lN
O.Ha tan kh clo. 7.Hi[ l&i kh hi'oclo'ua.
0.Hi[ l&i h<i n(%c U.0T 3 !, !n t'Fn Zu -ng.
^.^Z jh hi'oclo'ua l ch`t kh tan '`t nhiZu t'ong n(%c t&o thnh )ung )rch ait
cloh)'ic.Q'ong th nghim thA tnh tan c"a kh hi)'oclo'ua t'ong n(%c. c hin
t(+ng n(%c ,hun m&nh vo 3=nh chJa kh nh( h=nh vy m1 tT )(%i ?y.
oguyFn nh?n g?y nFn hin t(+ng l )oN
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7. H0l tan m&nh lm giTm !, su`t t'ong 3=nh.
0. t'ong 3=nh chJa kh H0l 3an Yu kh1ng c n(%c.
U.Q`t cT c!c nguyFn nh?n t'Fn Zu -ng
^.^\ 0ho )ung )rch H0l ]c vo _ng nghim ng Lnu
h
. UBng cB th nghim
(+c lR, nh( h=nh vy 3Fn.
Hin t(+ng Ty 'a t'ong th nghim 3Fn lN
O.0 kh mu vng sinh 'a. #ng th$i c kt t"a
7.0ha c kh mu vng tho!t 'a
0.0h`t 'Rn Lnu
h
tan )Yn
U.0T 7 v 0
^.^( 0ho th nghim (+c lR, nh( nh( h=nh vy sauN
ng nghim 9 ng H0l v qn. _ng nghim nxm ngang chJa 3t @. _ng nghim h
chJa )ung )rch k3mou
3
n
h
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_ng nghim nxm ngang lN
O.qn l hH0l qn0l
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l H
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3
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3
I.bI. 0 I.bp. 0 I.bi. 0 I.c:. 7 I.c9. O
I.ch. 0 I.c3. 0 I.cb. O I.cc. U I.cg. 0
I.cI. 7 I.cp. 7 I.ci. O I.g:. 7 I.g9. O
I.gh. 0 I.g3. 0 I.gb. 0 I.gc. 0 I.gg. 7
I.gI. O I.gp. 7 I.gi. O I.I:. 0 I.I9. 7
hhi
Ln
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^.1 e5 n?ng cao hiu su`t cung c`, nCng l(+ng cYn _t c!c nhiFn liu v%i c!c
3in ,h!, k\ thu8t sauN
P U2ng )( kh1ng kh 5 cung c`, oi cho ,hTn Jng ch!y hon ton.
P e8, nh than ! n kch thJc thch h+, 5 tCng )in tch ti, -c gi[a
than v kh oi.
P @A )Bng c!c ng c< iG)Gn v c!c ng c< _t t'ong 5 n?ng cao hiu
su`t sA )Bng )Yu m v kh thiFn nhiFn.
^.' 0!c yu t_ Tnh h(*ng n t_c ,hTn Jng t'ong mMi t'($ng h+, ^ cho lN
a. QCng )in tch 3Z m]t c"a ch`t 'Rn tham gia ,hTn Jng mthan !n lm tCng
t_c ,hTn Jng.
3. HiTm n#ng ch`t tham gia ,hTn Jng mkh oin lm giTm t_c ,hTn Jng.
c. {
h
u
c
l ch`t -c t!c. lm tCng t_c ,hTn Jng.
). HiTm kch th(%c h&t 5 tCng t_c ,hTn Jng.
G. QhJc Cn sy nhanh chn h<n nu (+c nù t'ong n#i !, su`t. ng($i ta ^
sA )Bng yu t_ nhit v !, su`t cao 5 tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ha
hc.
^.Y a. QK hc
:
0 lFn Ic
:
0. nhit c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc ^ tCng thFm lN
Ic
:
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:
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:
0. Uo . t_c ,hTn Jng tCng thFm f 3
h
f i mlYnn.
3. QK 9I:
:
0 u_ng ic
:
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9I:
:
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3
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0
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Jng cao nh`t.
eo&n # thr nxm ngang. khi th5 tch hi'o &t cc &i mb:mln l khi ,hTn
Jng ha hc kt th-c. ait clohi'ic ^ ,hTn Jng ht.
3. 0
L
H0l
:
th$i gian t msn
U&ng # thr 3i5u )in s ,hB thuc c"a n#ng ait H0l thGo th$i gian.
^.\ Q_c ,hTn Jng t'ung 3=nhN
v
f
9 h
0 P 0 :. :hb :. :h:
t h:
f :.:::h mmold.sn
^.( xiDi8 v f k 3H
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^.^ a. LGn '(+u l mt lo&i -c t!c sinh hc. 0h`t -c t!c ^ (+c sA )Bng 5
tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc.
3. 7 l 'n c mBc ch tCng n#ng c"a oi kh1ng kh. )o lm tCng
t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ch!y c"a than !.
h39
Qh$i gian t msn
c. o/n hMn h+, kh nit< v hi'o * !, su`t cao 5 tCng n#ng c"a hai
ch`t kh. lm tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc.
). U2ng 3in ,h!, tCng nhit 5 tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc.
G. U2ng ,h(<ng ,h!, ng(+c )ng. anhi'it sunvu'ic i tK )(%i lFn. ait
sunvu'ic ips i tK t'Fn anh th!, h`, thB u_ng 5 tCng )in tch ti, -c gi[a c!c
ch`t. )o . lm tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc.
^._ a. c2ng mt nhit . c], ch`t WG l ))H0l :.9L c t_c ,hTn Jng Ty
'a ch8m h<n so v%i c], ch`t WG l ))H0l hL. )o n#ng H0l nh h<n..
3. Hai c], ch`t Ol l ))oauH hL * hc
:
0 v Ol l ))oauH hL * c:
:
0 cha
kh!c nhau vZ nhit . 0], ch`t thJ hai c nhit cao h<n nFn c t_c ,hTn
Jng cao h<n.
c. Hai c], ch`t qn mh&tn l ))H0l 9L * hc
:
0 v qn m3tn l H0l9L * hc
:
0
cha kh!c nhau vZ kch th(%c h&t. 0], ch`t thJ hai c kch th(%c h&t nh h<n. )o
c t_c ,hTn Jng cao h<n.
). ohit ,h?n j0lu
3
v nhit ,h?n hMn h+, j0lu
3
v%i Lnu
h
. Q'($ng h+,
thJ hai c -c t!c nFn c t_c ,hTn Jng cao h<n.
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9: lYn. )o v
h
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h
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3
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o
h
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h
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hou mkn H :
h3h
e]c i5m c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc t'Fn l thu8n nghrch. ,hTn Jng thu8n thu
nhit v t`t cT c!c ch`t tham gia v t&o thnh Zu l ch`t kh. Quy nhiFn. tXng s_
mol kh t'(%c v sau ,hTn Jng kh1ng thay Xi. )o !, su`t kh1ng Tnh h(*ng g=
n s chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng.
jhi tCng nhit ,hTn Jng ^ cho chuy5n sang chiZu nghrch.
^.11 e!, !n 0.
khTn Jng ha hc khA sRt oit 3xng cac3on monoit l kh1ng hon ton. Uo .
)2 c tCng chiZu cao c"a l n 3ao nhiFu i n[a th= cha g?y l^ng ,h. t'ong thnh
,hYn c"a kh l cao vSn c kh 0u.
^.1' z/t ,h(<ng t'=nh ha hc
h@u
h
mkn l u
h
mkn
h@u
3
mkn H f P9ihk
a. jhi tCng nhit c"a 3=nh ,hTn Jng c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n
)rch vZ ,ha nghrch. v= ,hTn Jng thu8n ta nhit.
3. jhi tCng !, su`t chung c"a hMn h+, c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n
)rch vZ chiZu thu8n v= sau ,hTn Jng c s giTm th5 tch.
c. jhi tCng n#ng kh oi c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n )rch vZ
,ha thu8n.
). jhi giTm n#ng kh sunvu'< c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy
chuy5n )rch vZ chiZu nghrch.
^.1Y e5 thu (+c nhiZu amoniac. hiu 4uT kinh t cao c th5 )2ng c!c 3in ,h!,
k\ thu8t sau ?yN
P QCng n#ng o
h
v H
h
.
P QCng !, su`t chung c"a h lFn khoTng 9:: atm. v= ,hTn Jng thu8n c
s giTm th5 tch kh.
P U2ng nhit ,hTn Jng thch h+, khoTng b:: Pbc:
:
0 v ch`t -c t!c
5 tCng t_c ,hTn Jng t&o thnh oH
3
. 0h- 'xng ch`t -c t!c kh1ng
lm chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng.
P Q8n )Bng nhit c"a ,hTn Jng sinh 'a Z s`y nng hMn h+, o
h
v H
h
h33
P Q!ch oH
3
'a khi hMn h+, c?n 3xng v sA )Bng l&i o
h
v H
h
cn )(.
^.1Z a. jhi tCng nhit c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n sang chiZu
nghrch. 7*i v= ,hTn Jng thu8n ta nhit.
3. jhi tCng !, su`t chung c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n sang
chiZu thu8n. 7*i v= sau ,hTn Jng thu8n c s giTm th5 tch kh.
c. jhi thFm kh t'< agon v gi[ !, su?t kh1ng Xi th= n#ng c"a hai kh
Zu giTm. tuy nhiFn t_c ,hTn Jng thu8n sy giTm nhanh h<n v )o c?n 3xng
ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng sy chuy5n sang chiZu nghrch.
). jhi thFm ch`t -c t!c kh1ng lm chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng ha hc.
^.1\ e5 !nh gi! t!c ng c"a !, su`t cYn so s!nh s 3in Xi c"a th5 tch kh
t'(%c v sau ,hTn Jng. ou sau ,hTn Jng c s giTm th5 tch th= !, su`t tCng lm
c?n 3xng chuy5n )rch thGo chiZu thu8n v ng(+c l&i. !, su`t kh1ng c Tnh h(<ng
t%i c?n 3xng c"a c!c ,hTn Jng kh1ng thay Xi th5 tch kh.
an 3u
h
mkn u
3
mkn
khTn Jng man c s giTm th5 tch. c?n 3xng chuy5n thGo chiZu thu8n khi !, su`t tCng.
3n H
h
mkn l 7'
h
mkn hH7'mkn
khTn Jng m3n kh1ng c s thay Xi th5 tch. c?n 3xng kh1ng ,hB thuc vo !, su`t.
cn o
h
u
b
mkn hou
h
mkn
khTn Jng mcn c s tCng th5 tch. c?n 3xng chuy5n thGo chiZu nghrch khi !, su`t tCng.
^.1( 0!c ho&t ng c"a con ng($i ang lm tCng hm l(+ng 0u
h
t'ong kh
4uy5n. oh$ c?n 3xng ny t'ong t nhiFn iZu tit. chuy5n sang chiZu thu8n cho
nFn ^ lm ch8m 4u! t'=nh nng lFn ton cYu.
^.1^ e!, !n 7.
QCng nhit c"a h lm c?n 3xng chuy5n sang chiZu thu8n.
^.1_ o(%c clo )Yn )Yn 3r m`t mu thGo th$i gian. kh1ng 3To 4uTn (+c l?u l )o
4u! t'=nh ,h?n h"y H0lu
0l
h
mkn l H
h
umln
Hu0l l H0l m9n

h3b
hH0lu
hH0l l u
h
mhn
khTn Jng mhn lm cho H0lu giTm. c?n 3xng ha hc c"a ,hTn Jng m9n chuy5n
)rch thGo chiZu thu8n. clo sy ,hTn Jng v%i n(%c cho n ht. )o n(%c clo
kh1ng 3Zn.
^.1` @Tn u`t v1i t'ong c1ng nghi, v th" c1ng Zu )a t'Fn ,hTn Jng ha hcN
0a0u
3
m'n
0aum'n l 0u
h
mkn. H f 9Ipk
a. 0!c ]c i5m c"a ,hTn Jng ha hc nung v1iN
- khTn Jng thu8n nghrch.
- khTn Jng thu8n thu nhit.
- khTn Jng thu8n c"a ch`t 'Rn c t&o 'a mt ch`t kh.
3. oh[ng 3in ,h!, k\ thu8t 5 n?ng cao hiu su`t nung v1iN
- 0hn nhit thch h+,.
- QCng )in tch ti, -c c"a ch`t 'Rn m0a0u
3
n 3xng c!ch 8, nh !
v1i n kch th(%c thch h+,.
- QhXi kh1ng kh n/n mt'ong c1ng nghi,n hay chn h(%ng gi thch
h+, 5 tCng n#ng kh oi cung c`, cho ,hTn Jng _t ch!y than.
#ng th$i lm giTm n#ng kh cac3on ioit.
^.'0 Omn l 7mn h0mn H :
- khTn Jng t'Fn kh1ng c s thay Xi vZ s_ mol kh t'(%c v sau ,hTn
Jng. )o !, su`t kh1ng c Tnh h(*ng n s chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng.
- khTn Jng thu8n thu nhit. )o tCng nhit lm c?n 3xng chuy5n
sang chiZu thu8n.
- QCng n#ng c!c ch`t O v 7 hay giTm n#ng 0 cng lm chuy5n
)rch c?n 3xng sang chiZu thu8n.
^.'1
a. @o s!nh c!c ]c i5m c"a hai ,hTn Jng ha hcN
h3c
@h=&ng tr>nh h/a hQc Hing nhau Ih'c nhau
0m'nlH
h
u mkn 0umknl H
h
mkn
H f 939k m9n
khTn Jng thu8n
nghrch
P khTn Jng thu8n thu
nhit.
P @au ,hTn Jng thu8n
tCng th5 tch kh.
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h
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{
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u
c
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H f P9ihkmhn
khTn Jng thu8n
nghrch
P khTn Jng thu8n ta
nhit.
P @au ,hTn Jng thu8n
giTm th5 tch.
P 0Yn ch`t -c t!c.
3. 0!c 3in ,h!, k\ thu8t 5 lm tCng hiu su`t sTn u`t.
P e_i v%i ,hTn Jng m9n N QCng nhit . tCng n#ng c"a h<i n(%c.
P e_i v%i ,hTn Jngmhn N ou giTm nhit c?n 3xng chuy5n sang chiZu
thu8n. tuy nhiFn * nhit th`, t_c c"a ,hTn Jng th`, lm cho 4u!
t'=nh sTn u`t kh1ng kinh t. og($i ta chn nhit thch h+,. )2ng ch`t
-c t!c {
h
u
c
v tCng !, su`t chung c"a ,hTn Jng.
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h
9
v
v
f gb f
3
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^.'Y 0hn !, !n 0.
^.'Z e# thr a 3i5u )in s 3i5n Xi t_c ,hTn Jng thu8n thGo th$i gian.
e# thr 3 3i5u )in s 3i5n Xi t_c ,hTn Jng nghrch thGo th$i gian.
v v
a. 3.
tmth$i giann tmth$i giann
e# thr c 3i5u )in t'&ng th!i c?n 3xng ha hc.
h3g
v

c.
tmth$i giann
^.'\ e5 lo&i 3 WG
hl
. t'ong mt ,h(<ng ,h!, <n giTn. ' tiZn. ngu$i ta )2ng oi
kh1ng kh oi ha WG
hl
thnh h+, ch`t WG
3l
mc tan t'ong n(%c nhn '#i lc 5
thu n(%c s&ch. e5 tCng t_c c"a ,hTn Jng oi ha WG
hl
ng($i ta sA )Bng gin
m(a. o(%c ngYm sau khi h-t lFn 35 chJa (+c 4ua gin m(a v%i mBc ch tCng
)in tch ti, -c c"a n(%c v%i oi kh1ng kh.
^.'( oam cc l n<i l&nh nh`t Q'!i `t. ohit * v2ng ny c th5 u_ng hng
chBc )(%i kh1ng. nhit . c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc ,h?n h"y thJc Cn hYu
nh( kh1ng Ty 'a. eiZu ny giTi thch v= sao ^ 4ua hng t'Cm nCm. nh(ng c!c
thJc Cn t'ong nh[ng # h, vSn t'ong t=nh t'&ng t_t. c th5 Cn (+c. e5 giTm
t_c ,hTn Jng ,h?n h"y thJc Cn. ng($i ta 3To 4uTn thc ,h>m 3xng c!ch (%, !
hay )2ng t" l&nh.
^.'^ Q'ong ,hng th nghim. 5 tCng t_c c"a mt s_ ,hTn Jng ha hc. ngoi
c!c 3in ,h!, nh( tCng n#ng . nhit . sA )Bng ch`t -c t!c.... ng($i ta cn
)2ng m!y khu`y. L!y khu`y l mt thit 3r cho ,h/, tCng t_c khuch t!n c"a
c!c ch`t tham gia ,hTn Jng. )o tCng khT nCng ti, -c c"a c!c ch`t v tCng t_c
,hTn Jng ha hc. og($i ta th($ng )2ng m!y khu`y t'ong t'($ng h+, c!c ch`t
,hTn Jng cYn (+c t'n l c!c ch`t lng kh!c nhau. hay ch`t lng v ch`t 'Rn.
^.'_ U?y th/, (+c 4u`n thnh h=nh l o 5 tCng 3Z m]t ti, -c c"a )?y th/,
v%i oi. LSu than nng c t!c )Bng kh<i mo ,hTn Jng. Qhan ch!y cung c`,
nhit. n?ng nhit c"a )?y th/, n nhit ch!y. U?y th/, ch!y t'ong oi km
thGo hin t(+ng ta nhit m&nh. c!c h&t sRt tK oit mWG
3
u
b
n nng 3Rn tung tG.
h3I
Uo . !y 3=nh cYn c mt l%, n(%c mng nhxm 3To v 3=nh th"y tinh t'!nh 3r
nJt. v.
^.'` e5 iZu khi5n c!c ,hTn Jng ha hc thGo h(%ng c l+i nh`t cho con ng($i.
t'(%c ht cYn 3it ' ]c i5m c"a ,hTn Jng ha hcN
khTn Jng mt chiZu hay thu8n nghrch}
khTn Jng thu hay ta nhit}
khTn Jng c s tCng hay giTm th5 tch kh}
khTn Jng cYn ch`t -c t!c}
khTn Jng #ng th5 mc2ng t'&ng th!i 'Rn. lng. khn hay )r th5}
0Cn cJ vo ]c i5m c"a ,hTn Jng 5 t!c ng thGo h(%ng tCng t_c ,hTn
Jng. chuy5n )rch c?n 3xng thGo chiZu c l+i nh`t.
^.Y0 xiDi
Hi {
h::
l t_c ,hTn Jng * h::
:
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Hng ng(, ngji, vHt, c( c!___ ;u h}t vo mSt l,ng oAi v thDi CL
k
_
HE( cB l.( mSt ngji trTng thnh lm th1 d@, mmi ng( anh ta thT ra tr)n di
dcc l1t CL
k
_ Piu lu di, c5 l}c no 5 l,ng oAi trong 3h4ng 3h1 dnng h?t v th?
gii chs cn li CL
k
ha( 3h4ng{
[o nCm ^YY, nh vHt l~ hac ngji ynh l +'nvin E t! ra lo l=ng8 Oo $F
h>t triRn c-a c4ng nghi v dn $% gia tCng, Wcc nCm $au, l,ng oAi tr)n mrt .t $l
:0 $* d@ng h?t v loi ngji $l dit vong{_ P}c 5, +'nvin E chs A'm AIt v.n ; to
h3p
mSt h1a8 ti)u hao oAi v $Dn $inh CL
k
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k
v $inh
ra L
k
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6h 3hoa hac "h@( /p Ch'ni:a E lm th1 nghim $au8 Cho l> c( Aanh
vo nc r]i R di >nh mrt trji_ +h4ng lu $au, to c>c l> c( tho>t ra nhi;u
:5ng 3h1 nh!_ +hi Ch'ni:a dnng %ng nghim nh! thu 3h1 tho>t ra r]i cho mSt Nu'
di)m E t=t vo, Nu' di)m :nng ch>( mEnh lit_ CCn cB vo 5 4ng cho r|ng 5
ch1nh l oAi v chs c5 oAi mi du( tr $F ch>(_
/au 5 Ch'ni:a li;n th#i 3h1 CL
k
vo nc_ wng nhHn th.(, 3hi l,ng CL
k
th#i Nua cng nhi;u th c>c :5ng 3h1 to l> c( Aanh tho>t ra cng mnh_ "o 5,
Ch'ni:a 3?t luHn8 Oi t>c d@ng c-a >nh $>ng mrt trji, l> c( Aanh h. th@ CL
k
v thDi ra 3h1 oAi_
6h vH(, ]ng c!, rong :iRn m)nh m4ng c5 n d.u mSt :1 mHt $au (8
Oi t>c d@ng c-a >nh $>ng mrt trji, ch.t di l@c c-a c( c! h. th@ CL
k
trong
3h4ng 3hi, CL
k
$l cnng vi nc do ri c( h}t l)n h5a h, thnh tinh :St, jng,
]ng thji R tho>t ra L
k
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to>n, cB q c( ln mmi ng( h. th@ voa h?t 3h1 CL
k
do ngji ln thT ra_ Jmi
nCm, c>c loi c( Aanh tr)n ton th? gii h. th@ ?n hng vn t.n CL
k
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Cn c5 mSt t>c nhn 3h>c 3h5 th.( hn, 5 l .t >_ Ch} ~ ?n cn :|ng h5a
hac8
CaCL
q
H
k
L CL
k
Ca(HCL
q
)
k
C>c loi .t > :0 gi5 ma mi mn, lu ng( :0 hong h5a nh ngji ta
thjng n5i8 6c chD( > mn_ 6h CaCL
q
trong > v4i di t>c d@ng c-a CL
k
v nc $l ha tan CaCL
q
, $au 5 ,c nc ma cu%n i vo $4ng r]i ra :iRn_
Oi t>c d@ng c-a nhit li to thnh CaCL
q
v l=ng Au%ng >( :iRn to thnh
l nham thch mi_ Hng nCm do $F hong h5a c5 thR ti)u t%n to dc ?n Vc triu
t.n CL
k
_ 6gji ta E t1nh to>n v th.( r|ng 3hD nCng i;u chsnh l,ng CL
k
trong
3h1 Nu(Rn c-a :iRn v c>c i dng l r.t ln, c5 thR l)n ?n hng trCm triu t.n
CL
k
trong mSt nCm_
h3i
6h vH(, th? gii nh.t 0nh $l 3h4ng :i?n thnh mSt th? gii h( CL
k
_
"h'o 3?t NuD o c c-a m.( trCm nCm trT li (, hm l,ng CL
k
trong :hu 3h1
Nu(Rn c5 tCng l)n, nhng tCng chHm_ [ic tCng hm l,ng CL
k
l mSt ngu( c
lm cho "r>i .t n5ng l)n, g( ra nh9ng :i?n #i :.t thjng v; 3h1 hHu_ C>c 3?t
NuD Nuan $>t cho :i?t trong ^cc nCm voa Nua, nhit S trung :nh c-a "r>i Q.t E
tCng c,b
c
C_ /= ti l}c c>c c dn e=c CFc hDi $* d@ng t- lnh v i;u ha nhit
S, n?u nh tnh hnh 3h4ng ,c cDi thin_
[ vH( n?u ta 3h4ng ch} ~ coi trang vic :Do v m4i trjng, hm l,ng CL
k
trong 3h1 Nu(Rn cao v,t Nu> gii hn nh.t 0nh, i;u 5 $l t#n hi ln cho con
ngji_ 6h9ng trHn :Eo ln ghn ( nh +atrina T Jp, :Eo /ao Jai T "rung <u4c
l mSt $F cDnh :>o nghi)m 3h=c c-a thi)n nhi)n %i vi $F h> h-( m4i trjng c-a
con ngji_ C4ng c +(oto Nu( 0nh du( tr mBc thDi CL
k
ngang vi nCm ^V_
"u( nhi)n R thFc hin ,c i;u 5 3h4ng hDi di dng, nguji ta c t1nh chi h1
cho nc Jp du( tr l,ng CL
k
thDi ra 3h1 Nu(Rn nh ^V l :|ng 3hoDng kZ
xO7 nCm, tBc l tr)n kcc t` M/O, i;u n( ]ng nghua vi vic hDi 5ng c*a
nhi;u nh m>( g( 4 nhiim, hng lot c4ng nhn th.t nghi, l,i nhuHn c-a nh
hu t $@t giDm___ _ Q5 ch1nh l l1 do ln nh.t m nc Jp, cho ?n thji iRm hin
ti (kccb) vGn cha h) chun c4ng c +(oto_
k_ Ch.t A}c t>c l g {
9. z-c t!c
Ch.t A}c t>c l nh9ng ch.t lm tCng t%c S hDn Bng h5a hac, nhng 3h4ng :0
ti)u hao $au hDn Bng_
0 nhiZu c!ch ,h?n lo&i -c t!c. )a t'Fn c!c tiFu ch kh!c nhau.
ou )a vo chJc nCng -c t!c. c th5 chia -c t!c thnh nh[ng lo&i sauN
P z-c t!c ait P 3aw<.
P z-c t!c oi ha P khA
P z-c t!c l(ng chJc...
0n nu )a vo t'&ng th!i ,h?n t!n c"a -c t!c. c th5 chia -c t!c thnh
P z-c t!c #ng th5 mch`t ,hTn Jng v ch`t -c t!c c2ng ,han
hb:
P z-c t!c )r th5 mch`t ,hTn Jng v ch`t -c t!c kh!c ,han
0!c ch`t -c t!c t'Fn th gi%i c gi! t'r th(<ng m&i khoTng c t @UnCm m9iiIn.
t&o 'a mt l(+ng hng ha khoTng c::: t @U. tJc l 3xng khoTng 9h tXng thu
nh8, 4u_c )?n c"a n(%c giu nh`t th gi%i l Hoa j.
h. z-c t!c P t'ong c1ng nghi, ha hc v1 c<
"rong c4ng nghi H5a hac v4 c c5 :a Nu( trnh A}c t>c ,c > d@ng T
Nu( m4 ln, 5 l8
- "#ng h, amoniac (6H
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(H6L
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3
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Bai Tap Chon Loc Hoa 10 Nang Cao

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PGS.TS NGUYN XUN TRNG - TS.

TRN TRUNG NINH

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oh( v8y t_c ,hTn Jng tCng i lYn.

Hu0l l H0l m9n

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