Ex .

NO

Frequency Modulation & Demodulation

Aim : To construct frequency modulator and frequency demodulator circuit and to trace message, carrier, modulated and demodulated signal.
DEVICES, COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Sl.No 1 2

Name of the Component/Equipment XR 2206 IC,NE 565

Specifications/Range

Quantity 1 Each

0.001F, 1 F Capacitors 10 F 100 F, 470 F 47K

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Resistors Pot CRO Function generator Regulated Power Supply Connection wires Bread Board

10 K , 560 4.7K 1 K 30MHz 3MHz 0-30V, 1A Single stand -

2 Each 2 1 Each 3 2 Each 1 1 1 1 2 Few in Nos 1

Theory:
Frequency Modulation is defined as a process in which the frequency of the carrier wave c(t) is varied linearly with the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal m(t).

A Linear IC Frequency Modulator The XR2206 is a Linear IC modulator that can generate a high quality output waveform that is stable, accurate, and either amplitude or frequency modulated by an external modulating signal. It can produce sine, square, triangle, ramp, and pulse waveforms over a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to more than 1.0MHz. In this experiment we will use a pre-built circuit than employs an XR2206 as an FM modulator. The XR2206 contains a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) whose rest frequency is set by external RC timing components. The input modulating signal deviates the VCO output from its rest frequency to produce a frequency modulated waveform.

Using the pre-built modulator, we will observe how the carrier is modulated and determine the deviation sensitivity of the modulator, measure the frequency deviation that results from varying the amplitude of the modulating signal, and determine and verify the modulation index using a CRO (optional is to use Spectrum Analyzer to view the sidebands).

Deviation Sensitivity The Deviation Sensitivity is the amount of frequency deviation of the carrier for every volt of amplitude change in the modulating signal. In the case of the circuit above, the XR2206 is configured to vary the carrier frequency away from the rest frequency inversely to the applied voltage. Follow the steps below to determine the Deviation Sensitivity in Hz per Volt. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Frequency Modulation
0.001 F

47k

4.7k

Modulated Output

10 F

47k

47k

1 2 3 4
C1=0.001 F

16 15 14 XR-2206 13 Modulator 12 11 10 9

R3 1k

12 VDC 1F Modulating Signal

5 6 7 8

R1 10k

1 f

R2 10k

Procedure:
1. Connect a 12 V power supply to the Modulator board and apply power. Check with the
Connections and unsure about the connection points on the board.

2. Connect a Function Generator between the Modulating Signal input pin and ground. 3. Connect the Oscilloscope to the modulated output pin and adjust R3 until a sine wave with
minimum distortion is seen.

4. The signal you are seeing at this point is the unmodulated Rest Frequency of the carrier.
Record its amplitude and frequency below:

Rest frequency:____________________

Amplitude:___________________ Vpp

5. Calculate the rest frequency from the timing components on the modulator Circuit.
fc 1 RC

Where C = C1 and R = R1 || R2 Calculated Rest Frequency(carrier frequency under no input signal condition): __________ Check whether the measured and calculated values the same?

6. Modulate the carrier by varying input signal (Function Generator ) and measure the resulting
frequency of the Modulated waveform on the scope. Fill in the table below then graph the result.

7. From the graph find f which is the frequency deviation .

Frequency Demodulation

Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram shown above 2. Check the functioning of PLL (IC 565) by giving square wave to input and observing the Output 3.. Now fm modulated signal is fed as input and observe the demodulated signal (output) on CRO. 4. Draw the demodulated wave form. 5. Trace both the modulated and demodulated waveforms.

Signal Carrier Message Fm modulated De modulated

Time

Frequency

Amplitude

Result: 1. The impact of varying the message signal amplitude is realized by studying carrier drift f in FM Modulation. 2. FM Modulated signal is demodulated and the message signal is recovered back.