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TNG CC DY NGH
D n gio dc k thut v dy ngh (VTEP)
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Sch hng dn gio vin
Mn hc: HA PHN TCH

M s: HPT
Ngh: PHN TCH DU TH, KH V CC SN
PHM LC DU
Trnh (lnh ngh)
H Ni - 2004
Tuyn b bn quyn:
Ti liu ny thuc loi sch gio trnh.
Cho nn cc ngun thng tin c th
c
php dng nguyn bn hoc trch
dng cho cc mc ch v o to v
tham kho.
Mi mc ch khc c lch lc
hoc s dng vi mc ch kinh
doanh thiu lnh mnh s b nghim
cm.
Tng cc dy ngh s lm mi cch
bo v bn quyn ca mnh.
Tng cc dy Ngh cm n v hoan
nghnh cc thng tin gip cho chng
tI sa cha,hiu nh v hon thin
tt hn tI liu ny.
a ch lin h:
D n gio dc k thut v ngh
nghip
Tiu ban Pht trin Chng trnh Hc
liu................
M ti liu:.................
M quc t ISBN:......
Li ta
(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu)
Ti liu ny l mt trong cc kt qu ca D n GDKT-DN ..
(Tm tt ni dung ca D n)
(Vi nt gii thiu qu trnh hnh thnh ti liu v cc thnh phn tham gia)
(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia )
(Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng)
Sch hng dn gio vin l tI liu hng dn ging dy cho tng

mn hc/mn hc trong h thng mn hc v mn hc o to cho
ngh cp ..
Cc thng tin trong ti liu c gi tr hng dn gio vin thit k v t
chc cc bi dy cho mn hc/mn hc mt cch hp l. Gio vin vn c th
thay i hoc iu chnh cho ph hp vi iu kin v bi cnh thc t trong
qu trnh o to.
y l ti liu th nghim s c hon chnh tr thnh Sch hng
dn gio vin chnh thc trong h thng dy ngh.
H ni, ngy . thng. nm.

Gim c D n quc gia
MC LC
MC LC ...................................................................................................... 4
GII THIU V MN HC ........................................................................... 5
V tr, ngha, vai tr mn hc: ...................................................................... 5
Mc tiu ca mn hc: ................................................................................... 5
Mc tiu thc hin ca mn hc:................................................................... 5
Ni dung chnh ca mn hc: ........................................................................ 6
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH MN HC ................................... 7
LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT CHO MN HC .......................... 8
GI T CHC THC HIN BI DY .................................................... 10
Bi 1 : Cc khi nim c bn....................................................................... 10
BI 2: Phn tch h thng cation nhm 1 ................................................... .12
BI 3: Phn tch h thng cation nhm 2 .................................................. .20
BI 4 : Phn tch h thng cation nhm 3 .................................................. .26
BI 5 : Phn tch khi lng ....................................................................... .32
BI 6 : Phng php chun th tch ..................................................... .37
BI 7 : Phng php chun acid baz................................................. .40
BI 8 : Phng php chun oxy ha kh ............................................. .58
BI 9 : Phng php chun to phc. ................................................... 69
BI 10: Phng php chun to ta ...................................................... 80
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI ....................................................... 86
GII THIU V MN HC
V tr, ngha, vai tr mn hc
Mn hc Ho hc phn tch l mt trong nhng kin thc c bn ban u
trong cc mn hc lin quan n vic phn tch cc sn phm du kh.
Mn hc ny s cung cp cho cc hc vin cc kin thc c bn ca
Ngnh phn tch ha hc, t hc vin s t hnh thnh cc k nng s
dng cc dng c trong phng th nghim phn tch c th phn tch c
cc ch tiu trong sn phm ca du kh phn c s, cng nh vn dng
sng to cc kin thc c hc hiu v tm ti khc phc trong cc th
nghim tng t ca thc t.
Ngoi ra, mn hc cng rn luyn cho hc vin nhng thc v thi
quen qua cc bi thc hnh, luyn tp trong tng giai an.
Mc tiu ca mn hc
Hc xong mn hc, hc vin c kh nng:
-
M t cc khi nim c bn v phn tch nh tnh v nh lng.

Phn tch cc ion theo:
+
Phng php hn tch nh tnh.
Phng php phn tch nh lng.
Phn tch mt s cc loi cht khc nhau.

Thc hin mt s th nghim lm trong phng th nghim ha phn
tch
Tnh ton c cc sai s trong qu trnh thc nghim: sai s ch
th, sai s h thng, sai s chun
Thit lp c cc qu trnh nh phn, t xc nh c hm

lng ca cc cht cn phn tch
Mc tiu thc hin ca mn hc
-
Khi hon thnh mn hc ny, hc vin cn phi::

-
Gii thch c cc khi nim c bn v phn tch nh tnh v nh

lng.
Phn tch cc ion theo:
+
Phng php hn tch nh tnh.
+
Phng php phn tch nh lng.
Xc nh c cc phng php thch hp cho mu cht phn tch.
Tnh c cc loi sai s.
5
Thit lp c cc qu trnh nh phn, t xc nh c hm

lng ca cc cht cn phn tch
Ni dung chnh ca mn hc
-
Bi 1: Khi nim c bn.(h thng phn tch nh tnh)

Bi 2: Phn tch nh tnh Cation nhm 1
Bi 5: Phn tch khi lng. (phn tch nh lng khi lng)
Bi 6: Phn tch th tch
Bi 7: Phn tch nh lng acid baz
Bi 8: Phn tch nh lng oxy ho kh
Bi 9: Phn tch nh lng to phc.
Bi 10: Phn tch nh lng to ta
Danh mc cc bi hc
Tit dy
LT
TH
Bi 1: Khi nim c bn.(h thng phn tch nh tnh)

Bi 5: Phn tch khi lng.
25
3
3
3
5
5
5
Bi 6: Phn tch th tch

Bi 7: Phn tch chun acid baz
Bi 8: Phn tch chun oxy ho kh
Bi 9: Phn tch chun to phc
10
6
10
10
10
Bi 10: Phn tch chun to ta
10
10
30
5
TNG CNG
90
120
30
30
CC HNH THC DY HC
Hc trn lp v:
Cc cn bng trong dung dch
-
Phn tch nh tnh cc cation cc nhm 1,2,3

Phn tch nh lng theo phng php khi lng
Phn tch nh lng theo cc phng php th tch

Cc phng php tnh sai s ca php chun
T nghin cu ti liu lin quan n Phn tch c s.
Theo di vic hng dn gii cc bi tp

Lm cc bi tp v cc cn bng trong cc h dung dch, cc bi tp
v xc nh hm lng cc mu cht
Tnh ton cc bi ton sai s trong cc bo co v hm lng
c tnh ton
Tho lun v xy dng cc cng thc tnh ton, cc h thng phn
tch nh tnh
Tham gia cc bi kim tra nh gi cht lng hc tp.

Tham gia cc bi thc hnh ti phng th nghim
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH MN HC
V kin thc
-
Vn dng c cc kin thc c hc xc nh c cc

phng php phn tch cho ph hp vi mt s mu thc.
Xy dng c ng nh phn v th ca chng
Xc nh c cc ch th tng ng cho php chun
Vn dng c cc l thuyt v cn bng trong dung dch xc

nh c cc yu t nh hng n dung dch
Vn dng tt cc cng thc phn tch tnh ton c hm lng
cc cht phn tch
V k nng
-
Thnh tho cc thao tc s dng cc thit b, dng c phn tch

trong phng th nghim
Tnh ton c sai s trong qu trnh phn tch
Tnh ton thun thc cc bi ton v xc nh hm lng cc dung
dch phn tch.

H thng ho c cc cch nh tnh cc ion trong dung dch
Thc hin tt cc bi th nghim ca mn hc
Xc nh c hm lng cc mu cht ban u

V thi
-
Nghim tc trong thc tp khi thc hin cc bi th nghim phn tch

trong phng th nghim
Lun ch ng trong vic xc nh p dng cc phng php phn

tch
ng vin, nhc nh cc ng nghip thc hin ng thao tc k
thut c hc.
LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT CHO MN HC

1. Dng c thu tinh
-
ng nghim trung
Kp ng nghim
n cn
Pipet cc loi
Buret cc loi
Cn phn tch
ng nh git
2. Ha cht
-
HNO3 6N 1:1
HCl 0,1N - 6N 2N 1:4 - 1:1
NH4OH 2N - 6N 1:10 CH3COOH 2N
H2SO4 4N 2N 1N
H2C2O4 0,05N
H3PO4
KSCN 10%
NaOH 2N 5N 0,1N
NH3 1: 10
EDTA 0,02N
CaSO4 bo ha
BaCl2 0,02N
FeCl3
AgNO3 0.05N
KMnO4 0,05N
8
K2CrO4 5%
KCN 0,1N
KI 0,1N 0,05N 5%
KBr 0,1N
K4[Fe(CN)6] 0,1N
KSCN 0,1N
KNO3 0,03N
K2Cr2O7 0,05N (Z = 6)
Na2S2O3 0,1N
NaHPO4 0,1N
Na2HPO4 0,1N
Na2SO4 0,1N
CH3COONa 2N
Ch th: ETOO; MO 0,1 %,MR Bromcresol lc, axit sunfosalicilic,
Phenolphtalein, h tinh bt1%
L Cu
Dung dch ru Etylic
dung dch Mg2+ 0,02N
Dung dch Aluminon 0,1%
Dung dch H2O2 5%
Dung dch AgNO3 0,1N 0,05N
Dung dch ru Amylic
Hn hp bo v zymmerman
(NH4)6Mo7O240,05N
(NH4)2MoO4 0,1N
(NH4)2C2O4 0,1N
(NH4)2CO3 0,1N
NH4Cl bo ha
NH4NO3 0,05N(NH4)2HPO4 0,1N.
Dung dch m:pH=9 pH = 5,5 pH = 10
GI T CHC THC HIN BI DY

Bi 1. CC KHI NIM C BN
M bi: HPT 1
Cng vic chun b
-
Trang thit b dng dy hc: dng overhead hay slide
Ni dung cn cho hc vin c:

1.
S in ly trong dung dch.
2.
Tch s ion ca nc - pH ca dung dch.
3.
pH trong cc h acid - baz.
4.
Khi nim v ho tan, tch s tan.
5.
Khi nim c bn v phc cht.
6.
Phn ng thy phn
Chun b ti liu pht tay: bng tra cu v cc i lng ha hc
nh: hng s cn bng, th in cc ca cc cp oxy ho kh

T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
Ging v cc khi nim trong ho phn tch: s in ly, cht in ly,

hng s phn ly trong dung dch, hng s bn v khng bn, in
ly - Mi quan h gia , K v C, phn ng trao i - phn ng thu
phn
Trnh by cc v d minh ha, hng dn hc vin lm bi tp.

Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng. Yu cu c bng vit v gh
ngi cho hc vin v c my n chiu (overhead hay slide)
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca dung dch, bit cch
tnh hng s cn bng, hng s bn ca cc dung dch tng ng.
Phi cho hc vin nm c thnh phn chnh trong dung dch v
cch xc nh c nng ca chng
Cho hc vin hiu c cc cu t in ly trong dung dch phn tch
Gii bi tp mu, phn tch ngha ca mi php tnh trong bi.
T chc cho hc vin t gii quyt cc bi tp t thp n nng cao
T chc nhm hay c nhn thit k cc cng thc tnh ton nng
dung dch
T chc nhm hay c nhn lp c mi quan h gia cc i
lng K, C, , , E
10
Hc vin lm v d, lm bi tp c giao.
Bi tho lun nhm
Hnh thc nh gi
-
nh gi s hiu bit ca hc vin bng cc v d c th nh:

-
Cho hc vin lm bi kim tra vit t lun hay trc nghim

Giao ti tho lun nhm cho hc vin, hc vin thuyt trnh
bng OVERHEAD hay SLIDE.
Bi tp:
1. Tnh hng s cn bng ca dung dch sau:
1.1.
1.2.
Dung dch NH3 0,1M c = 1,35%

Dung dch CCl3COOH 10 3 M c = 54%
2. Tnh nng [H+] ca cc dung dch sau:

2.1. Dung dch HCl 5.10 4 M
2.2. Dung dch CH3COONa 10 2 M (c pKa= 4,75)
3. Tnh nng [H+] khi pha trn cc dung dch sau:
3.1. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M + dung dch CH3COONa 0,2M
3.2. 100mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M + 50mL dung dch
CH3COONa 0,2M
3.3. Dung dch NH3 0,1M + dung dch NH4Cl 0,2M
3.4. 50mL dung dch NH3 0,1M + 100mLdung dch NH4Cl 0,2M
11
BI 2. PHN TCH H THNG CATION NHM 1

M bi: HPT 2.
Cng vic chun b
-

1. Cc h thng phn tch.
2.
Phn tch nh tnh nhm 1.
Chun b ti liu pht tay: s phn tch h thng cation nhm 1
-
Ging v cc h thng phn tch c trong ho phn tch: h thng

phn tch cc anion v h thng phn tch cc cation (gm 3 h
thng chnh hin nay).

Ging v cation nhm 1: Ag+, Pb2+ Hg22+.
Trnh by cc v d minh ha.
Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng hoc phng th nghim. Yu

cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho hc vin.
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca vic phn tch cc ion

trong dung dch theo cc h thng hin nay
Phi cho hc vin nm c cc thuc th chung ca nhm v c

ca tng ion
Cho hc vin hiu c cch thit lp h thng phn tch dng
nhnh cy
Gii bi tp mu v nhn bit cation nhm 1

T chc nhm hay c nhn thit k cch phn tch cation nhm 1
theo dng nhnh cy hoc dng bng
ngi cho hc vin.
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca dng h thng phn
tch
Hc vin s tnh ton thit k c cc dng phn tch
To iu kin cho hc vin theo di cc v d ca ging vin trong
qu trnh thc hin Hnh thc 1
Cho hc vin t lm cc bi tp c trong gio trnh dnh cho hc
12
vin.
Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi
cho hc vin, phng thc hnh p ng y cc yu cu phn

tch
Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc nh tnh
Hc vin s thc hnh tm cc ion trong dung dch
Trong qu trnh th nghim ca hc vin, gao vin tin hnh vic n
bi l thuyt hc v ng thi hng dn thao tc ng trong

thc hnh i vi hc vin
Lm thao tc th nghim mu cho hc vin theo di
T chc kim tra cho gia cc nhm hc vin thc hnh
GV hng dn tr li phn thc hnh trong gio trnh SV theo gi

sau:
Ni dung
1. nh tnh Ag+
a. Th nghim 1
1/ Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra?
2/ C th dung dch HCl bng dung dch NaCl c c khng? Gii thch
Gii thch
1/ Phng trnh phn ng:
-
AgCl (mu trng)
Khi nh NH4OH th kt ta tan ra do to phc

AgCl
Ag+ + Cl-
+ 2NH4OH
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl +2H2O
Nu cho tip dung dch HNO3 th dung dch xut hin kt ta tr

li:
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl
AgCl
+ NH4NO3
2/ Nu thay HCl bng mui NaCl th cng cho kt qu tng t

b. Th nghim 2
1/ Ti sao phi chnh pH ca dung dch mu pH = 7?
2/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.
Gii thch
1/ Phn ng xy ra mi trng trung tnh, nn phi chuyn dung dch
v pH = 7
2/ Cc phn ng xy ra: Ag+ + CrO42-
Ag2CrO4
(mu gch). Kt
ta ny khng tan trong NaOH
13
c. Th nhim 3
1/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc th nghim ?
2/ Gii thch s thay i lng ta c trong hai ng nghim ng vi tng
dung dch lm thuc th.
3/ So snh kh nng tan ca c 2 kt ta trong NH 4OH v trong
Na2S2O3
Gii thch
1/ Cc phng trnh phn ng: Ag+ + IAg+ + Br-
AgI
AgBr
(mu vng)
(mu vng nht)
2/ AgBr tan c trong dung dch KCN, Na2S2O4, NH4OH

Cn AgI tan c trong dung dch KCN, Na2S2O4, nhng khng tan
trong NH4OH
3/ Trong Na2S2O3 s tan gn nh bng nhau. Cn trong NH4OH th AgI
yu hn nhiu
d. Th nghim 4
1/
2/
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra?

Sn phm ca dung dch Ag+ vi NaOH va tan c trong dung
dch NH3, va tan trong dung dch HNO3 nn chng c phi l hp
cht lng tnh khng ?
Gii thch
1/ Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:

AgNO3 + NaOH
AgOH
Ag2O
-
AgOH (mu trng) + NaNO3
Ag2O (mu en) + H2O

+ 4NH4OH
2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O
Khi thay NH4OH bng HNO3 th cng cho kt qu tng t
Ag2O + 2 HNO3
2AgNO3 + H2O
+
2/ Sn phm ca Ag vi NaOH l Ag2O khng phi l hp cht lng
tnh. y chng khng th hin tnh cht acid v baz, v c ch tan
trong phn ng vi HNO3 l c ch trung ho nhng trong dung dch
NH3 tan theo c ch to phc
e. Th nghim 5
1/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
2/ Nu thay dung dch NH4OH bng dung dch NaOH 2N th c thay i
hin tng khng ? Gii thch
Gii thch
14
1/ Cc phng trnh phn ng:

3Ag+ + HPO42-
Ag3PO4
+ H+ (mu vng)
Kt ta ny tan trong NH4OH do to thnh phc amoniacat

Ag3PO4
+ 6NH4OH
[Ag(NH3)2]3PO4 + 6H2O
2/ C thay i hin tng: ta Ag 3PO4 khng tan trong dung dch NaOH
m chuyn thnh ta en:
2Ag3PO4 + 6 OHf. Th nghim 6
3 Ag2O + 2 PO43- + 3 H2O
1/
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
2/
Nu thay dung dch NH4OH bng dung dch NaOH 2N th c thay i

hin tng khng ? Gii thch
1/
Gii thch
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
-
4Ag+ + [Fe(CN)6]4Ag4[Fe(CN)6] (mu trng)

Kt ta ny b ph hy khi un si vi NH4OH mu sc b thay
i thnh mu nu en ca Fe(OH) 3:
Ag4[Fe(CN)6]
2/
+3 NH4OH
3AgCN +3NH4CN + Ag +
+ Fe(OH)3.
C thay i hin tng: ta trng chuyn thnh ta en nu
Ag4[Fe(CN)6] + 3 OHg. Th nghim 7
3AgCN +3CN- + Ag + Fe(OH)3.
1/
2/

D on kh nng to ta ca Ag + vi dung dch CN- v SCNGii thch
1/
Cc phng trnh phn ng:

-
Ag+ + SCNAgSCN (mu trng)

Khi cho d thuc th kt ta s b tan ra do to phc:
AgSCN + SCN-
[Ag(SCN)2]- .
Ta AgCN s sinh ra trc ta AgSCN do pT(AgSCN) = 11,97 <

pT(AgCN) = 15,84
2. nh tnh Pb2+
a. Th nghim 1
2/
1/
2/

Nu thay NaOH bng dung dch NH 4OH th c thay i hin tng
khng?
15
Gii thch
1/
Pb2+ + 2OH-
Pb(OH)2 (mu trng)
Kt ta ny tan trong dung dch NaOH d
Pb(OH)2 + 2OHPbO22- + 2H2O

2/ C thay i: khng lm tan ta trng
b. Th nghim 2
1/
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra?
2/
Nu tc dng ca CH3COOH trong phn ng?

Gii thch
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
1/
Pb2+ + CrO42-
PbCrO4 (mu vng)
Kt ta ny tan trong NaOH khi un nng

+ 4OH-
PbCrO4
PbO22- + CrO42- + 2H2O
2/ Phn ng xy ra trong mi trng acid yu CH 3COOH (pH=4 5)

c. Th nghim 3
1/
2/
3/
1/

C th dung dch HCl bng dung dch g m khng lm thay i ta
trng to ra?
Dng HCl m c th c thay i hin tng khng? Gii thch.
Gii thch
Cc phng trnh phn ng
Pb2+ + Cl-
PbCl2 ( mu trng)
2/
Kt ta ny tan khi un si vi H2O

C th thay HCl bng mui c cha ion Cl - nh NaCl, KCl
3/
Khi dng HCl v th ta chuyn thnh phc:
PbCl2
d. Th nghim 4
+ HCl
H2[PbCl4]
1/ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra? Gii thch

2/ C ch ca 2 hin tng 2 ng ny nh th no ?
Gii thch
1/
Ta vng ng nh l: Pb2+ + IPbI2 (mu vng)

Kt ta ny tan khi cho d thuc th KI:
PbI2
-
+ KI
K2[PbI4]
V khi un si th ta tan, nhng khi ngui th ta vng xut

hin tr li
16
2/
TN dng KI: phn ng lm tan ta xy ra theo c ch phc cht.

TN dng nhit : phn ng lm tan ta xy ra theo c ch
tan: tan ca PbI2 bin thin theo nhit ng vi = 10 n v
e. Th nghim 5
1/
2/
Vit phng trnh phn ng?

Nu thay H2SO4 bng dung dch NaOH th c thay i hin tng
khng ? Gii thch?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:Pb2+ + SO42PbSO4
+ H2SO4
PbSO4 (trng)
Pb(HSO4)2
Ta ny tan trong H2SO4 hoc NaOH un nng, hoc

CH3COOH
2/ C thay i v pT( PbSO4 ) = 7,8 < pT( Pb(OH)2 ) = 19,96
f. Th nghim 6
Vit phng trnh phn ng v gii thch hin tng?
Gii thch
Pb2+ + (NH4)2MoO4
3. nh tnh Hg22+
a. Th nghim 1
PbMoO4
+ 2NH4+ (trng)
1/
2/
3/
Hin tng g xy ra khi cho NH 3 2N vo kt ta? Gii thch?

Hin tng g xy ra khi cho HNO 3 2N vo kt ta? Gii thch?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng

Hg2(NO3)2 + 2HCl
-
Hg2Cl2
+ 2HNO3
Kt ta ny khng tan trong dung dch thuc th d nhng tan

c trong dung dch HNO3.
3Hg2Cl2 +8HNO3
3HgCl2 + 3Hg(NO3)2 + +2NO + 4H2O
Hg2Cl2 bi mt phn hy mt phn theo

Hg2Cl2
HgCl2 + Hg
V HNO3 ha tan c Hg kim loi nn lm cn bng ca phn
ng (1) chuyn dch hon ton sang phi, do ha tan c kt
-
2/
3/
ta Hg2Cl2
Khi cho NH3 tc dng vi kt ta Hg2Cl2 ta s c NH2HgCl mu
trng v Hg kim loi mu en tch ra di dng bt nh
17
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH3
-
NH2HgCl + Hg
+ NH4Cl
Kt ta ny tan c trong HNO3 nng v trong c nc

cng thy.
3NH2HgCl + 3Hg
b. Th nghim 2
1/
2/
+ 14HNO3
6Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO + 3NH4Cl + 4H2O
Vit phng trnh phn ng? Mu sc?

Khi tip tc thm dung dch KI ti d th hin tng thay i nh th
no? Gii thch?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:

Hg22+ + 2I-
2/
Hg2I2
(mu vng la)
Nu d nhiu thuc th th Hg2I2 b phn hy

Hg2I2
-
+ 2I-
[HgI42-] + Hg
(mu xm en)
Hg2Cl2 b mt phn hy mt phn theo:

Hg2Cl2
HgCl2 + Hg
c. Th nghim 3
1/
2/
Vit phng trnh phn ng? Mu sc?

Khi thm dung dch HNO 3 th hin tng thay i nh th no?
Gii thch?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng
2/
Hg22+ + 2OHHg2O + H2O (mu en)

Kt ta tan trong dung dch HNO3 to thnh mui tng ng
Hg2O
+ 2HNO3
Hg2(NO3)2 + H2O
d. Th nghim 4
Vit phng trnh phn ng? Gii thch hin tng?
Gii thch
Phng trnh phn ng
2HgNO3 + 4NH3 + H2O
e. Th nghim 5
[Hg2ONH2]NO3 +3NH4NO3 + 2Hg (en)

Gii thch
Phng trnh phn ng
Hg22+ + CrO42-
Hg2CrO4
(mu )
f. Th nghim 6
18

Gii thch
Phng trnh:
Hg2(NO3)2 + Cu
2Hg
+ Cu(NO3)2 (mu en)
Hnh thc nh gi
-
Cho hc vin lm bi tp v cho im.
Cho tng nhm ln trnh by vn va tho lun, cc nhm khc

hi li v cho im., Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho
tng c nhn.
nh ga c th thao tc th nghim v ly vic tm c ion trong
dung dch ca hc vin nh ga
BI TP:
1. Tnh th tch nc ct cn pha vo:
1.1. 100mL dung dch HCl 20% (d= 1,1g/mL) thu c dung
dch c nng 5%
1.2. 100g dung dch H2SO4 20% (d= 1,12g/mL) thu c
dung dch c nng 5%
1.3. 100g dung dch NH3 2M (c d = 1,14g/mL) thu c
dung dch c nng 1,5M
2. pha c dung dch m loi:
2.1 m acid th phi pha theo t l nh th no v th tch
gia V1(mL) dung dch CH3COOH C1M vi V2 (mL) ddch
CH3COONa C2M ?
2.2. m baz th phi pha theo t l nh th no v th tch
gia V1(mL) dung dch NH3 C1M vi V2 (mL) dung dch
NH4Cl C2M ?
19

M bi: HPT 3
Cng vic chun b
-

1.
Tnh cht chung ca nhm 2.
2.
Thuc th ca cc ion trong nhm 2.
3.
4.
Ha cht phn tch ion nhm 2.

Phn tch cc ion trong nhm 2.
5.
Xc nh cc cht sau phn tch.
Chun b ti liu pht tay: s phn tch h thng cation nhm 2
-
Ging v nh tnh cation kim loi nhm 2

Hnh thnh phn tch h thng nhm 2 theo dng bng hoc nhnh
cy

ngi cho hc vin.

ca tng ion
nhnh cy

ngi cho hc vin.
tch
20

vin.

tch.

thc hnh i vi hc vin

sau:
Ni dung
1. nh tnh Ca2+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
Vit phng trnh phn ng gii thch hin tng? Nu vai tr ca

CH3COOH v vic phi un nng trong phn ng?
Nu thay CH3COOH bng dung dch NH3 0,05N th c thay i g
khng?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
Ca2+ + C2O42+
CaC2O4 ( mu trng)
Phn ng ny xy ra pH = 4 5 v un nng th tc phn ng
tng ng thi kt ta d vn li.
Khi thay bng dung dch NH3 0,05N th pH

ta trng
b. Th nghim 2
2/
4 - 5 vn xut hin
Vit phng trnh phn ng v gii thch vai tr ca C 2H5OH trong phn
ng?
Gii thch
Phn ng:
Ba2+ + SO42+
BaSO4
(mu trng)
21
Khi cho cn vo kt ta s tch ra d dng hn.

c. Th nhim 3
1/
2/
C th thay HCl bng H2SO4 c c khng?
1/
Gii thch
Amoni cacbonat tc dng vi ion Ca2+ to kt ta mu trng, kt ta
ny tan trong cc axt v c
Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3
CaCO3 + 2H+
2/ Cng xy ra s ho tan ta ny
d. Th nhim 4
CaCO3
+ 2NH4+
Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O
1/
Vit phng trnh phn ng.
2/
3/
Ti sao li s dng dung dch m pH = 9?

Thuc th K4Fe(CN)6 c c dng nhn bit Ca2+ trong hn
hp dung dch cation nhm 2 khng ?
1/
2/
Gii thch
Khi cho K4[Fe(CN)6] tc dng vi Ca2+ c ln NH4Cl ta thu c kt
ta trng ca mui kp:
Ca2+ + 2NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]
V phc ta trng ny ch tn ti pH = 9.
Khng th c v Sr 2+ khng cn tr phn ng trn nhng Ba 2+ v

Mg2+ cng to kt ta.
e. Th nhim 5
3/
1/
2/
Nu vai tr ca NaOH trong phn ng?

Gii thch
Ion Ca2+ to phc vi thuc th Murexit trong mi trng baz cho
phc mu tm hoa c. Dung dch NaOH c dng to mi
1/
2/
trng Baz
Dung dch NaOH to mi trng, v nu mi trng acid th phc s
b dch chuyn nghch trong phn ng:
H4Ind- + H2O
H3O+ + H3Ind2 tm
tm
H3Ind2- + H2O
H3O+ + H2Ind3Tm
xanh tm
Ca2+ + H2Ind3CaH2Ind-
22
2. nh tnh Ba2+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
C th thay dung dch H2SO4 bng cht khc c khng? Cho v

d.
Gii thch
Ba2+ + SO42-
1/
Phn ng:
2/
Kt ta ny khng tan trong nc cng thy.

Phn ng to ta BaSO4 c th dng cc dung dch Ba 2+ pha trn
BaSO4
(trng)
vi cc dung dch SO42 nng khng long qu.

b. Th nghim 2
1/
2/
Vit phng trnh phn ng? V nu vai tr ca CH 3COOH trong

phn ng?
Ion Sr2+, Ca2+ c gy cn tr cho phn ng ny khng?
Gii thch
1/
Phn ng xy ra trong mi trng CH3COOH:

Ba2+ + CrO42-
BaCrO4
2+
Trong mi trng ny ion Sr , Ca

xc nh ion Ba2+
c. Th nghim 3
2/
2+
(mu vng)
khng gy nh hng cho vic
1/
2/

Nu thay dung dch HCl bng cch sc kh CO2 vo dung dch th c
lm thay i hin tng khng?
Gii thch
1/
Ban u xut hin ta trng sau tan ra:

Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3
2/
BaCO3
+ 2NH4+
BaCO3 + 2H+
Ba2+ + CO2 + H2O
Cc mui cacbonat u c kh nng to kt ta vi ion Ba 2+ to
thnh kt ta mu trng c kh nng tan trong cc axit v c.

d. Th nghim 4
Vit phng trnh phn ng gii thch ?
Gii thch
Ba2+ + C2O42-
BaC2O4
(mu trng)
Kt ta ny tan trong cc axit v c

BaC2O4
+ HCl
BaCl2 + H2C2O4
23
e. Th nghim 5
1/
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ?
2/
Cc ion Sr2+, Ca2+ c gy nh hng cho phn ng ny hay khng?

Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng

Ba2+ + HPO42-
BaHPO4
(mu vng)
Kt ta ny tan trong dung dch axit v c v axit hu c:

BaHPO4 + H+
Ba2+ + H2PO42-
Cc ion Sr2+, Ca2+ u c kh nng cn tr phn ng v chng u

c tch s tan gn nhau
3. nh tnh Sr2+
2/
a. Th nghim 1
1/
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra.

Gii thch
Sr2+ + SO42-
SrSO4 (mu trng)
Kt ta trng tch ra hi chm, kt ta khng tan trong axit

mnh v kim.
b. Th nghim 2
-
1/
2/

Trong th nghim ny, kt lun g v s khc bit gia Sr2+, Ba2+.
Gii thch
1/
2/
Phng trnh
Sr2+ + CrO42SrCrO4 (mu vng)
Kt ta SrCrO4 tan trong CH3COOH, nhng BaCrO4 khng tan trong
dung mi ny. y l s khc bit gia SrCrO4 v BaCrO4

c. Th nghim 3
1/

Gii thch
Sr2+ + (NH4)2CO3
2NH4+ + SrCO3 (mu trng)
Kt ta ny tan trong dung dch axit v c v dung dch
CH3COOH
SrCO3 + H+
Sr2+ + CO2 + H2O
d. Th nghim 4
1/

Gii thch
24
Dung dch CaSO4 bo ha tc dng vi dung dch Sr 2+ cho ta kt ta

c tinh th trng khi yn. Thng ngi ta thm mt th tch
nc thch cao ri yn. Sau mt thi gian kt ta SrSO 4 kh tch
ra v c Ba2+ kt ta xut hin ngay, do TBaSO4 = 1.10-10; TSrSO4 = 3.107
; TCaSO4 = 6.10-5.
CaSO4 + Sr2+
SrSO4 + Ca2+
Hnh thc nh gi
-

hi li v cho im. Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho
tng c nhn.
dung dch ca hc vin nh ga.
BI TP:
1.
2.
Khi trn 100mL dung dch Pb(NO3)2 104M vi 400mL dung dch
Na2SO4104M th c kt ta to thnh khng ? Bit tch s tan
(T) ca PbSO4=10 7,8.
Bin lun cc gi tr a v b khi pha V 1mL dung dch BaCl2
nng 2a(M) vi V2 mL dung dch H2SO4 nng 2b(M) th:
2.1. Dung dch thu c khng c ta BaSO 4 hnh thnh.
2.2. Dung dch thu c c ta BaSO4 to ra.
25

M bi: HPT 4
Cng vic chun b
-

Ni dung cn cho hc vin c
1.
2.
Tnh cht ca nhm 3.

Thuc th chung ca cc ion trong nhm.
3. Ha cht phn tch ion nhm.

4. Cch phn tch nh tnh
Chun b ti liu pht tay
-
Ging v nh tnh cation kim loi nhm 3

Hnh thnh phn tch h thng nhm 3 theo dng bng hoc nhnh
cy

ngi cho hc vin.

ca tng ion
nhnh cy
ngi cho hc vin.
tch
26

vin.

tch

thc hnh i vi hc vin


sau:
Ni dung
1. nh tnh Al3+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim ?

Ti sao phi un si dung dch lc cho NH 4Cl ? Gii thch?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh
Al3+ + 3NH4OH
Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ (kt ta mu trng)
Kt ta ny tan trong dung dch NaOH
2/
Al(OH)3 + NaOH d
NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Khi cho NH4Cl a v mi trng axit th kt ta li xut hin
NaAlO2 + NH4+ + H2O
Al(OH)3 + NH3 + Na+
un si lm thc y s thot NH3, th cn bng chuyn nhanh sang
phi lm qu trnh to ta tng nhanh

b. Th nghim 2
1/

Gii thch
Alizarin to vi Al(OH)3 mt mui ni phc khng tan (nhiu c s
xc nh cho rng kt ta c to thnh do Al(OH)3 hp ph
alizarin), phc c mu da cam gi l sn nhm - alizarin. Kt ta
ny khng tan trong CH3COOH cho nn khi lm lnh dung dch di
27
vi nc ta thm vi git CH3COOH th kt ta s nhum mu c rt.

Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
c. Th nghim 3
1/
2/
Vit cc ph trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim ?

Nhng yu t no c th nh hng n phn ng ny ?
Gii thch
1/
Al3+ to vi thuc th aluminon (cn gi l acid Aurintricacboxylic, c

cng thc phn t ) (C22H11O9(NH4)3)) trong trong mi trng
CH3COOH hoc dung dch m acetat: to kt ta l mt phc ni
mu hng m. Tu theo hm lng ca ion Al 3+ trong dung dch s
c mu hoc dung dch mu . Phn ng ny rt nhy, dng
trong nh tnh pht hin ion Al 3+ v trong phn tch o mu
nh lng nhm.
-
Ty vo nng ca AlCl 3 m dung dch c kt ta hay dung

dch c mu nu
2/
iu kin tin hnh phn ng:

Cc cht oxy ha mnh CrO42- phi c loi b v n ph hy
sn to thnh pH= 4-5.
Cc ion c mu ring Co2+,Cu2+ VO2+ cn tr phn ng phi loi
b.
Khi c cc ion cn tr c th tch Al 3+ di dng AlO2- bng

NaOH.
2. nh tnh Cr3+
a. Th nghim 1
-
1/
2/
1/

Gii thch s c mu lp ru ?
Gii thch
Khi cho H2O2 vo th Cr(OH)3 s b oxy ha ln CrO 42-, dung dch
chuyn t mu xanh en qua mu vng
2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2O2 + 4NaOH
2Na2CrO4 + 8H2O
-
Khi cho ru amilic vo va thm va lc lp ru s c mu

xanh thm. Do
2CrO42- + 2H+
Cr2O72- + H2O
Cr2O72- + 7H2O2 + 2H+

2H3CrO8 + 5H2O
2/ H3CrO8 c mu xanh bn trong ru amylic
b. Th nghim 2
28
1/
2/
Vit cc ph trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim?

Phn ng ny c iu kin g khng?
3/
Nu thay CH3COOH bng dung dch NaOH th c thay i hin

tng khng?
1/
Cr
3+
Gii thch
kt hp vi NaHPO4 to kt ta Cr(HPO4)3 mu hi tm
Cr2+
2/
HPO4-
Cr(HPO4)3 (hi tm)
Ta ny li khng bn trong acid CH3COOH 2N

-
Cc cht kt ta vi HPO4- phi c loi b trc

Thao tc lm phi nhanh
.
Ta ch tan trong mi trng acid nn vic thay NaOH khng nh

hng n ta ny
c. Th nghim 3
3/
1/
Vit cc ph trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim?
2/
Nhng yu t no s nh hng n phn ng?

Gii thch
Cr3+ b oxy ha bi H2O2 trong mi trng NaOH s cho ra CrO 42- c
mu vng chanh c trng
1/
2Cr3+ +
-
3H2O2 +
10 OH-
2CrO42-
8H2O
vng
CrO4 kt ta c vi Ag trong mi trng trung tnh hay
acid yu
2-
CrO42-
2Ag+
Ag2CrO4
nu (trng nu)
2/

Cc cht kh phi c loi b trc
Phn ng oxy ha c tin hnh khi un nng
Cht oxy ha H2O cho trc khi cho NaOH

3. nh tnh Zn2+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim?
2/
Cho bit cc yu t nh hng tc ng n phn ng?

Gii thch
Phng trnh phn ng:
1/
1.3Zn3+ + 2Fe(CN)64- + 2K+
K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 (trng)
29
2/
iu kin tin hnh phn ng

Phn ng phi thc hin trong mi trng pH < 7 v pH cao
hn th kt ta tan
-
Trnh dng thuc th d v s to mui Zn2[Fe(CN)6] c tan
cao hn.
Cc ion cn tr phn ng nh: Cu2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Cd2+...
b. Th nghim 2
Gii thch
Ion Hg(SCN)42- to vi ion Zn2+ mt kt ta trng Zn[Hg(SCN)4]. Thuc
th cng phn ng vi Cu2+ cho kt ta xanh lc, vi ion Co2+ cho kt
ta xanh m. Nu trong dung dch c ng thi hai ion Zn2+ v Cu2+ cho
kt ta tinh th hn hp mu tm.
Zn2+ + Co2+ + 2(Hg(SCN)4)2
Zn[Hg(SCN)4].Co[Hg(SCN)4]
Hnh thc nh gi
-

tng c nhn.

dung dch ca hc vin nh ga
BI TP:
1. Khi cho dung dch Cu2+ 10 -2 M vo dung dch EDTA 10 -2 M, th
nng Cu2+ ti cn bng l bao nhiu ? Bit rng ion Cu 2+ c

kh nng kt hp vi EDTA to phc bn (hng s bn = 10
18,8
), v phc ny khng b nh hng bi cc ion H+ hoc OH. Ngoi ra Cu2+ cn c kh nng to phc vi OH- theo 4
phng trnh kt hp, cn EDTA l mt dung dch acid a chc
phn ly 4 nc. Dung dch to thnh sau khi pha trn c pH = 6,
v cc gi tr hng s cho trc l:
+
Hng s bn 4 nc to phc Cu2+ vi OH- ln lt l 10 7 ;

10 6,68 ; 10 3,32 ; 10 1,5
Hng s bn 4 nc to EDTA t Y4- ln lt l 9,1.10 10 ;

1,85.10 6; 4,76.10 2 ; 103
30
2.
Pha trn cng mt th tch dung dch Hg2+ 10 4 M vi dung

dch EDTA 10 4M, th c th to c phc Hg-EDTA khng ?
Tnh nng Hg2+ ti thi im cn bng sau pha trn.
Bit rng dung dch to thnh sau khi pha trn c pH = 10, v
ion Hg2+ c kh nng kt hp vi EDTA to phc bn (hng s
bn
= 1021,8), v phc ny khng b nh hng bi cc ion H+
hoc OH-. Ngoi ra Hg2+ cn c kh nng to phc vi OHtheo 3 phng trnh kt hp, cn EDTA l mt dung dch acid
a chc phn ly 4 nc. Cc gi tr hng s cho trc l:
+
Hng s bn tng cng 6 nc to phc Hg2+ vi OH- ln

lt l: 10 10,3 ; 1021,7 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 10 21,2.
Hng s bn 4 nc to EDTA t Y4- ln lt l 9,1.10 10 ;

1,85.10 6; 4,76.102 ; 103.
31
BI 5. PHN TCH KHI LNG

M bi: HPT 5
Cng vic chun b
-

1.
C s v nguyn tc tin hnh ca phng php khi lng.
2.
Cc bc tin hnh phn tch.
3.
4.
K thut thc hin trong phn tch khi lng.

nh lng mt s mu th
-
Ging v cc khi nim trong php phn tch khi lng: c s v

nguyn tc ca phng php, cc bc tin hnh, s phn tch
khi lng, cng thc tnh ton, h s chuyn i, h s pha long
Thit k mt s bi tp tm hm lng, tm sai s thng k. Hng

dn cho sinh vin nm c cch lp cng thc tnh


Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca dung dch, bit cch
tnhsai s thng k, tnh ton c hm lng cc mu cht phn
tch
Phi cho hc vin nm c yu cu trong mt php phn tch khi
lng
Cho hc vin hiu c quy trnh phn tch mu theo phng php
khi lng
T chc nhm hay c nhn thit k cc cng thc tnh ton khi
lng ca mu
T chc nhm hay c nhn lp c sai s thng k trong cc th
nghim.
ngi cho hc vin.
32
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca cc khi nim

Hc vin s tnh ton c cc i lng v chuyn ho c
chng

vin.
Tin hnh thc hnh ti phng th nghim cc bi sau:

+
nh lng Fe3+ bng phng php khi lng
+
nh lng Mg2+ bng phng php khi lng
-
tch.
Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc nh lng theo phng php
khi lng
Hc vin s thc hnh tm hm lng cc ion Mg2+v Fe2+ trong
dung dch
thc hnh i vi hc vin

sau:
Ni dung
1. Th nghim v Fe3+
1/
Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng trong bi thc tp ?
2/
3/
Gii thch vai tr ca tng ha cht s dng trong bi thc tp?

a ra v chng minh cc cng thc tnh? Gii thch ngha ca
cc cng on trong qui trnh xc nh?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:

FeCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O
2Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
33
Nu nung ta mnh v lu qu th:

3Fe2O3
2/
2Fe3O4 + O2
Vai tr ho cht:
-
Cho HCl vo FeCl3 tm mu khi ho tan bng nc ct th

khng lm thay i tnh cht ca mui
HNO3 to mi trng axit v Fe3+ trong mi trng axit pH = 4
s b kt ta bi NH3
3/
Cho vo NH3 to ta
Thm nc ct nng lm gim hp ph
Ra bng NH4NO3 v: l mt cht in ly mnh s lm ng

t ta Fe(OH)3 l mt kt ta v nh hnh in hnh
ngha cc cng on trong qu trnh xc nh:

Cho HCl vo FeCl3 tm mu lm cho mu khng thay i
tnh cht khi ho tan bng nc ct + HNO3 to mi trng
axit mu d dng to ta v trng c hnh thnh ta c
st, trnh dnh vo cc v trnh c thu phn.Sau un
nh v Fe(OH)3 l mt kt ta v nh hnh in hnh, d to
thnh dung dch keo nn khi lm ta n cn phi un nng
+NH3 to ta + nc ct nng lm gim hp ph. Sau
lc ngay v lu kim ho tan c thu tinh gy sai s. Lc
bng giy lc bng vng v kt ta l v nh hnh nn d lm
bt giy lc kh lc ta. Ra ta bng NH 4NO3 l mt cht in
ly mnh lm ng t ta, kh b thu phn. Ra ta cho ht Clv Cl- trong dung dch s kh ln n +7 v n s oxi ho Fe
gy sai s cho mu
2. Th nghim v Mg2+
1/
2/
Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng trong bi thc tp ?

a ra v chng minh cc cng thc tnh? Gii thch ngha ca

cc cng on trong qui trnh xc nh?
Gii thch
1/ PTP
MgSO4 + (NH4)2HPO4 +NH4OH MgNH4PO4 +(NH4)2SO4 + H2O
3/
2MgNH4PO4 Mg2 P2O7 +2NH3 +H2O

2/
Vai tr:
HCl: tm mu khng lm thay i tnh cht mu khi tin
34
3/
hnh ho tan
MR: d dng nhn bit mi trng
(NH4)2HPO4 l cht s to ta vi Mg
NH3 to mi trng kim ta hnh thnh
NH3 1:10 dng ra ta hn ch thu phn v gim

tan, phi ra ta khng phi bng nc nguyn cht m bng
NH3 long
NH4NO3 l mt cht in ly mnh trnh thy phn ta

Gii thch:
Sau khi cho mu vo cc + HCl 1:1 axit ho mu + H2O ho

tan mu +MR d dng nhn bit mi trng +(NH4)2HPO4 to ta
vi Mg.un nh dung dch 40
45oC kch thch to ta +NH3 to
mi trng kim cho phn ng xy ra.Tuy nhin khng nn cho qu
nhiu NH3 nu khng s to ra ta Mg(OH)2 tch ra lm cho kt qu phn
tch mt chnh xc, ngui, thm NH3 ngn thu phn v lm gim
tan ca MgNH4PO4 + un cch thu thc y qu trnh to ta +
lc ra bng NH3 1:10 tan ta, ra cho ht Cl- v Cl- l cht kh
ln n+7 do n s oxi ho cc ion c trong ta.
Hnh thc nh gi
-

tng c nhn.
BI TP:
1.
2.
Cho 2 cp oxy ho kh [MnO 4- / Mn2+ ] v [ClO3- (H+)/ Cl- ] c E0

ln lt l 1,51(v) v 1,45(v). Xc nh chiu phn ng xy ra
v hng s cn bng ca phn ng pH = 0.
Cho ming ng kim loi vo dung dch AgNO3 0,01M. Tnh KCB
v nng cc ion kim loi trong dung dch to thnh. Bit
0
E Cu
2
Cu
0
= 0,34(v) v E Ag
=0,8(v)
Ag
35
HOT NG KIM TRA THNG XUYN

CH V PHNG PHP KHI LNG
Tn hc vin:..............................
Nhm:...........
Ngh: phn tch du

Tn Gio vin:...........................
Cu 1:
Kho:........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Cho mt dung dch nc cha r cha loi ion no. Hy trnh by cch
nhn bit cc ion Al3+, Zn2+, Pb 2+, Ba2+ c trong dung dch :
a)
Lp s h thng phn tch cc ion ny.
b)
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha cc phn ng c hin

tng xy ra trong qu trnh nhn bit trn.
Cu 2:
Khi phn tch hm lng Na 2SO4 c trong 0,3579(g) mui rn NaCl, th
em nh mc mui ny thnh 250mL dung dch, sau ht ra 50mL dung
dch em phn tch bng phng php khi lng th thu c 0,0041(g)
BaSO4 khan.
a) Tnh hm lng % Na2SO4 c trong mui rn NaCl ban u
b) Tnh nng dung dch NaCl trong 250mL bnh nh mc, bit rng
khi lng ring ca dung dch ny l 1.12g/mL v mui NaCl ch
ln Na2SO4 m thi
36
BI 6. PHNG PHP CHUN TH TCH

M bi: HPT 6
Cng vic chun b
-

1. C s ca phng php phn tch th tch.
2.
Cch thc hin phn tch.
3.
4.
Nng , cch biu din chuyn i.

Pha ch v thit lp nng .
-
Ging v cc khi nim trong php chun th tch: c s v

nguyn tc ca phng php chun th tch, cch biu din cc
loi nng trong dung dch, pha ch cc dung dch theo nng
nh trc

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng nguyn tc tin hnh phng php

chun . Phn bit c cc loi nng v cch chuyn ha
gia cc loi nng
Phi cho hc vin nm c cch pha ch dung dch t mu rn v
t mu dung dch c nng ln hn
Cho hc vin hiu c s khc bit gia cc phng php chun

trong phng php th tch
T chc nhm hay c nhn thit k cc cng thc tnh ton nng
dung dch, tnh ton c hm lng cc cht phn tch theo
phng php chun
T chc nhm hay c nhn lp c mi quan h gia cc i
lng V, %m, Cppm, Cppb.
ngi cho hc vin.
37
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca cc khi nim.

chng.
qu trnh thc hin Hnh thc 1.

vin.

tng c nhn.

tch.
Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc pha ch ho cht.
Hc vin s thc hnh tm nng cc ion trong dung dch t cc
khi lng, th tch mu rn hay dung dch ban u.
thc hnh i vi hc vin.
Lm thao tc th nghim mu cho hc vin theo di.

T chc kim tra cho gia cc nhm hc vin thc hnh.
Hnh thc nh gi
-

tng c nhn.
nh ga c th thao tc th nghim v ly vic tnh c hm
lng ion trong dung dch ca hc vin nh ga

BI TP
1
Tnh hm lng % P v P2O5 trong mt 5(g) mu phn, khi
em kt ta P di dng MgNH4PO4, ri nung nhit 650
0
C, thu c 1,235(g) Mg2P2O7.
2.
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe 3+.
Hi cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99
g/ml) kt ta hon ton lng Fe 3+. Bit trong qung c
38
3.
cha n 10% Fe
Lng K trong mt loi phn c chuyn t dng K 2O thnh
KClO4. Hi khi lng phn l bao nhiu % K2O thu c
gp 100 ln khi lng dng cn KClO4
39
BI 7. PHNG PHP CHUN ACID BAZ

M bi: HPT 7
Cng vic chun b
-

1. C s ca phng php chun acid-baz.
2.
ng cong chun pH - V.
3.
4.
Dung dch m.
ng cong chun a acid.
5.
Pha ch thit lp nng acid - baz.

Gio vin son mt s ch t nghin cu cho hc vin:
1. Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun acid mnh
(HCl) bng baz mnh (NaOH). T v th ng chun
2.
3.
tng ng v ch r cht ch th cn c s dng

Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun acid mnh
(HCl) bng baz yu (NH3). T v th ng chun
tng ng v ch r cht ch th cn c s dng
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun acid yu
(CH3COOHl) bng baz mnh (NaOH). T v th ng
chun tng ng v ch r cht ch th cn c s dng.
-
Thuyt trnh v phng trnh nh phn acid-baz, th ng nh

phn, cng thc tnh sai s chun acid-baz, cch chn ch th
thch hp
Ging gii v cc bc hnh thnh phng trnh, cch tnh sai s
chun
Hng dn hc vin thc tp gii bi ton v pH trong cc dung

dch: c tin hnh trong cc lp hc thng nht, c th dng
phng tin trc quan nh n chiu, my slide... thuyt trnh,
din ging bihc
Phi lm cho cc hc vin nm vng ni dung ca phng php

phn tch acid-baz
Trong tho lun hng cho hc vin phi gii c cc bi tp v
40
lp phng trnh ng nh phn, cch tm pH trong dung dch,

cch la chn c cht ch th thch hp
-
Gio vin chun b cc th biu din ng nh phn acid-baz

cc loi acid mnh-baz mnh, acid mnh-baz yu, acid yu -baz
mnh, acid yu-baz yu.

S dng bng khong i mu ca cc ch th
Gii thiu cc ti liu lin quan v hng s t nghin cu ca hc vin
chng phng php chun acid-baz trong cc ti liu:
Ti liu C s ho phn tch ca Nguyn Thc Ct, T Vng Nghi,
-
o Hu Vinh - Xut bn ln 2. H Ni 1985.

Ti liu Herbert A.Laitinen - Chemical analysis - LonDon, 1960
Ti liu C s l thuyt ha hc phn tch ca Lm Ngc Th - Hu
2003.
Ti liu L thuyt c s (Phn I), Nguyn Tinh Dung - Nh Xut bn
Gio Dc. 1991.
Ti liu Ha hc phn tch ca N. IA. Loghinop, A. G. Voskrexenski
y l Hnh thc t hc ca hc vin c s gi ca gio vin nn hc

vin c th tu chn ti lp, ti th vin hay ti nh
Ch nn gii hn ni dung c xc nh trong cng chng
trnh ng vi h c o to
Trong phn ny c gng gii thiu cch t nghin cu n kt qa cc
loi bi tp tnh tan, xc nh c cht ch th, v pH ca dung dch phn
tch
Gio vin chun b cc ti liu nu trn, k c ti liu gio trnh
-
ca mn hc
Lp mt s tnh hung hc vin t tr li, c th bng hnh thc
ti liu pht tay.
Thc hnh th nghim cc bi:
+
nh lng acid mnh baz mnh
nh lng acid yu baz mnh
nh lng acid mnh baz yu
nh lng acid a chc
nh lng hn hp acid
nh lng baz a chc
nh lng hn hp baz
41
+
nh lng mui
c tin hnh trong phng th nghim
+
Phi lm cho cc hc vin vn dng c phng php phn

tch acid-baz
Hc vin gii thch c cc hin tng, cch s dng ho

cht, cch s dng ch th trong bi th nghim
Hc vin phi tnh c sai s chun , sai s ch th. Gii

thch c cc sai s ny v cch khc phc sai s ny (nu
c)
Gio vin chun b y cc ho cht, thit b, dng c
+
S dng bng khong i mu ca cc ch th, giy i mu Ph
sau:
Ni dung
1. Th nghim nh lng acid mnh baz mnh
1.1. nh lng NaOH
Nguyn tc
Da trn c s ca phn ng trung ha axit oxalic bit chnh xc
nng vi dung dch NaOH, vi ch th phenolphtalein. S chuyn mu ti
im tng ng ng vi sai s ca ch th pH = 8,2
hng
Phn ng trung ho: NaOH + H+
10 l khng mu sang
Na+ + H2O
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
Ti sao phi thm 10 - 20ml nc ct vo dung dch acid khi tin

hnh chun H2C2O4 0,1 N bng NaOH ?
Khi thm nc ct vo dung dch acid th nng ca acid v th
1/
tch NaOH chun c thay i g khng ?

Hy tnh khong nng dung dch NaOH trong 3 th nghim trn
vi tin cy 95%
Gii thch
Khi tin hnh chun H 2C2O4 0,1N phi thm 30 ml nc ct vo
2/
th tch mu c trong erlen nhiu hn,khi dung dch t n im

tng ng ta d nhn bit mu
Khi thm nc ct vo dung dch acid n s lm cho dung dch acid
3/
42
long ra dn n nng ca acid gim nhng th tch NaOH vn

khng thay i.V ta ang s dng nng chun l nng
ng lng nn phn ng xy ra da trn ng lng tnh
b. Th nghim 2
1/
2/
Gii thch s khc bit v gi tr ca nng dung dch NaOH trong

2 th nghim trn
Khi thm nc ct vo dung dch NaOH th kt qu chun c
thay i g khng
Gii thch
1/
Nng ca dung dch NaOH th nghim 1 s cho ta kt qu

chnh xc hn th nghim 2 v H2C2O4 l mt acid bn t b thay i
nng theo thi gian,cn HCl l mt acid mnh c kh nng bay
hi nn lm nng ca HCl thay i lm nng ca NaOH
khng chnh xc. ng thi da vo ng chun khi chun
ngc li tc l chun NaOH bng HCl th dung dch chuyn t
hng sang khng mu (t mi trng baz ch th PP c khong
chuyn mu l 10,6 so vi im tng ng l 3,6 n v) gy
sai s ln .Cn khi chun HCl bng dung dch NaOH th dung
dch chuyn t khng mu sang hng (t mi trng acid ch th PP
c khong chuyn mu l 8,2 so vi im tng ng l 1,2 n
v ) gy sai s b hn.
2/ Khi thm nc ct vo dung dch NaOH th kt qu chun vn
khng thay i.Do s dng nng ng lng nn ta da trn
ng lng tnh.
1.2. nh lng dung dch HCl
Nguyn tc:
Da trn c s ca phn ng trung ha ca NaOH bit chnh xc
nng vi dung dch HCl, vi ch th phenolphtalein, ti im tng ng,
dung dch t khng mu chuyn qua mu hng nht bn 10 giy.
1/ Hy tnh khong nng dung dch HCl trong 4 th nghim trn vi
tin cy 95%
2/ V sao th nghim 4 khng th thay i v tr: trn Buret cha dung
dch Na2B4O7 v erlen cha HCl ?
2/
Gii thch
Khi chun HCl bng Na2B4O7 th dung dch HCl phi trn buret
l v:
43
Na2B4O7 l mui c to thnh bi cc cation ca baz mnh

v anion ca axit yu nn trong qu trnh chun dng ch th
MR c khong chuyn mu pH t 4,2 n 6,2.
Do khi chun dung dch HCl trn buret chun

Na2B4O7 s cho khang pH
6,2 l gn vi im tng ng
hn, nn gy sai s b hn. Cn nu hon i v tr i, th s

chun dung dch vi pH
4,4. R rng khong lch
pH kh
ln so vi im tng ng s gy sai s ln hn
2. Th nghim nh lng acid yu baz mnh
Nguyn tc
Da trn phn ng trung ha gia baz mnh NaOH vi axit CH3COOH
vi ch th phenolphtalein.
Phn ng chun :
CH3COOH + NaOH
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
1/
CH3COONa + H2O
Khi pha thm nc ct vo erlen trong bc 2 TN 1, c lm thay

i s ng lng ca dung dch CH3COOH khng ? Cho bit cc
tnh nng ng lng TN ny
Bc nhy chun ca vic chun dung dch CH 3COOH bng
dung dch NaOH c g khc vi bc nhy trong vic chun dung
dch HCl bng dung dch NaOH ? Gii thch
Khi tin hnh chun axit yu bng baz mnh nu thay ch th PP
bng MR hoc MO c c khng ? Gia MR v MO c gy nh
hng g khc nhau khng ? ( chng minh, HS - SV cn thc
nghim ngay bng cch thay phenolphtalein bng MO v MR)
Gii thch
Khi pha thm nc ct vo erlen s lm cho nng dung dch
CH3COOH gim xung v khi c nc ct vo dung dch acid
CH3COOH s long ra dn n nng CH3COOH gim.Cch tnh
nng CH3COOH C1 khi b long:
V. C = ( V + V H2O ). Cl
Cl =
V d .C d
Vd V H 2O
Nhng v s ng lng ca chng khng i: s D (Trc pha)

= s D(sau pha)
(V.C)Tpha = (V.C)Spha
2/ S khc bit gia bc nhy chun CH3COOH bng dung dch
NaOH vi bc nhy chun HCl bng NaOH:
44
Bc nhy chun CH3COOH bng NaOH

+
im tng ng khi chun axt yu bng baz mnh

khng trng vi im trung ha, m nm min kim (
pH= 8,87)
ng trung ho ca axt yu bng baz mnh khng i

xng so vi im tng ng.
Bc nhy chun axt yu bng baz mnh nh hn

nhiu so vi bc nhy khi chun axt mnh bng
baz mnh
im bt u v im cui ca qu trnh chun acid

yu trc im tng ng nm trong min axt km
hn khi chun axt mnh

Nh vy di bc nhy ph thuc vo hng s phn ly ca
axt tham gia phn ng nh phn. Hng s k cng nh th
bc nhy cng ngn ( v ngc li). i vi nhng axt c K
< 10-7 th ng nh phn khng c bc nhy lc khng
nh phn c vi chnh xc
0,1%. V vy phng
php phn tch nh lng khng p dng phn tch cc
mu c nng < 10 - 4 M
3/
Khi tin hnh chun axt yu bng baz mnh nu thay ch th PP

= MR hoc MO u c v MR c khong chuyn mu 4,2 6,2,
cn MO c khong chuyn mu 3,1 4,4. Gia MR v MO th c hai
u gy sai s trong qu trnh chun do c bc nhy pH (MR)
8,8 - 5,2 3,6 cn pH (MO) 8,8 - 3,8 5 nn MR gy sai s b
hn MO do MR c khong chuyn mu gn im tng ng hn
MO. Cch tt nht l s dng cc ch th c pT

3. Th nghim nh lng acid mnh baz yu
9.
Nguyn tc
Da trn phn ng trung ha gia axit mnh vi baz yu NH 3 vi ch th
metyl .
Phn ng chun :
NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl
Cu hi:
1/
2/
Trong th nghim 1, khi thay phenolphtalein bng MO v MR th cc

gi tr V (NH3) thu c no c sai s b nht ? Gii thch.
V sao trong 2 th nghim bi cng dung dch HCl v NH 3, cng ch
45
3/
th MR, nhng li c s chuyn mu ngc nhau ?

Vi 2 cch chun khc nhau 2 th nghim, cho bit th nghim
no cho php xc nh nng NH3 chnh xc hn ? Gii thch
Gii thch
1/
Khi tin hnh chun NH 3 bng dung dch HCl vi ch th pp, khi
thay PP = MO hoc MR th vi cc gi tr th tch NH 3 thu c ta
thy i vi MR l gy sai s b nht. V qua kho st ng cong
chun baz yu bng axit mnh c im tng ng l 5,13;
ri vo khong chuyn mu ca ch th MR (pH= 4,2 6,2) th php
2/
3/
chun cng chnh xc.

V th nghim 1 ta dng HCl chun NH3 cn th nghim 2
ta dng NH3 chun HCl cho nn c s chuyn mu ngc li
gia hai th nghim.
Vi 2 cch chun khc nhau gia hai th nghim th nn dng
php chun HCl = NH3 xc nh nng ca NH3 c chnh
xc hn v NH3 l mt baz yu, d bay hi khi ngoi khng kh
cho nn nu dng NH3 lm mu th 1 phn NH 3 bay ra trong qu

trnh chun s lm nng NH 3 gim xung nh hng n kt
qu chun lm cho vic tnh ton nng NH 3 khng c chnh
xc.
4. Th nghim nh lng acid a chc
Nguyn tc
Da trn c s ca phn ng trung ha gia mt baz mnh NaOH vi
axit photphoric. Trong , axit photphoric c xem nh mt hn hp hai n
axit c cng nng nhng c hng s axit khc nhau. Bng cch s dng
ng thi 2 ch th MO v phenolphtalein ng vi hai khong i mu c pT
gn vi pH tng ng ca hai axit (ng vi hai nc u ca axit
photphoric), t c th xc nh c im tng ng tng nc ca axit
photphoric. Da vo y tnh c nng ca chng.
Phn ng chun :
Nc I
: H3PO4 + OH
Nc II : H2PO4 + OH
2-
Nc III: HPO4
+ OH
Nn nc 1: pH =
= H2PO4 + H2O Ka1 = 10

= HPO42 + H2O Ka2 = 10
= PO43 + H2O
2.12
7.21
Ka3 = 10
12.38
1
(p Ka1 + p Ka2 ) = 4,6
2
46
V nc 2: pH =
1
(p Ka2 + p Ka3 ) = 9,8
2
Cu hi:
1/
2/
nh gi kt qa tm c 2 TN ny. Gii thch

Nu thay MO bng Bromcrezol lc 0,1% / Etanol 20% (BCL) th kt
qa c thay i khng? Gi thch
Gii thch
1/
TN1 cho kt qa sai lch thc t ln hn TN2. l do dung

dch chun NaOH c nng ln gp 10 ln th th tch chun trn
buret s gim i 10 ln (chng hn nu chun c 10mL th ch
cn 1mL) lm ny sinh sai s th bo ca ngi phn tch
2/
Khi thay MO bng BCL th:

-
Mu im tng ng nc 1 chuyn t mu vng sang lc,
ng vi pH = 3,8 5,4 ca ch th BCL

Mu im tng ng nc 2 chuyn t xanh sang tm xanh
ng vi pH = 8,2
10 ca ch th PP (mu ny l do s hn
mu ca PP hng tm vi BCL xanh lc)

Kt qa vn khng thay i do khong i mu ca ch th BCL
rt gn vi im tng ng nc 1 (pH = 4,6)
Ch : Nng dung dch H3PO4 c tnh theo:
-
Chc 1: ( nc 1 xem H3PO4 l acid mnh n chc)

[H3PO4 ] =
(V .C ) MO
0,1.V
NaOH
=
= V(MO). 10 - 2.
10
VH 3PO4
C hai chc (b nc 3, xem H3PO4 l acid mnh 2 chc)

[H3PO4 ] =
0,1.(VMO VPP )
(V .C ) NaOH
=
= V(Buret). 10 - 2.
10
VH 3 PO4
5. Th nghim nh lng hn hp acid

Nguyn tc
Khi cho dung dch chun NaOH phn ng vi hn hai axit, th axit HCl v
nc th nht ca axit H3PO4 c chun , ng vi s i mu ca ch th
MO t mu da cam sang mu vng, nc th hai ca H 3PO4 s c chun
tip tc bng dung dch NaOH ng vi s i mu ca ch th phenolphtalein,
ti im tng ng dung dch c mu hng nht bn 10 giy.
Cu hi:
1/ Gii thch cc bc tin hnh trong k thut. T thit lp cng
thc tnh nng tng acid c trong hn hp
47
2/ Tnh sai s chun nc I v nc II ca axit photphoric cho pK 1=2.12,

pK2=7.21, pK3=12.38.
Gii thch
1/
Khi tin hnh chun hn hp HCl + H3PO4 bng dung dch NaOH
vi ch th MO th do trong hn hp c HCl v H 3PO4 m HCl l axt
mnh nn n s phn ng vi NaOH trc v dung dch chuyn t
sang cam. Ri sau khi chun tip tc bng NaOH vi ch
th PP th lc H3PO4 s phn ng dung dch chuyn t cam sang
cam.
Cng thc tnh nng tng axt trong hn hp:
CN (HCl) =
CN (H3PO4 ) =
(C.V MO ) NaOH
Vhut
(V PP
V MO )C NaOH
V hut
2/ Tnh sai s tng nc ca axt H 3PO4:

Sai s chun nc 1 c xc nh l:
S=(
C Cb
h.K1 .K 2 2K1 .K 2 .K 3 h 3
10 14
- h ). a
+ 3
C a .C b
h
h K1 .h 2 K1 .K 2 .h K1 .K 2 .K 3
Sai s chun nc 2 c xc nh l:
S=(
2C a C b
K1 .K 2 .K 3 K1 .h 2 2h 3
10 14
- h ).
+
2C a .C b
h
2(h 3 K1 .h 2 K1 .K 2 .h K1 .K 2 .K 3 )
6. Th nghim nh lng baz a chc

Nguyn tc
Dung dch Na2CO3 c xem nh mt baz hai nc, nc I c trung ha
bng dung dch chun axit HCl, ng vi s chuyn mu ca ch th
phenolphtalein t mu hng sang mu ca bnh i chng (l bnh ng dung
dch NaHCO3 vi ch th phenolphtalein). Nc th II c trung ha tip bng
dung dch chun HCl, im tng ng nc II ng vi s chuyn mu t
mu ca bnh i chng sang mu da cam (y l ni dung ca phng php
song song ch th).
Phn ng chun :
CO32
+ H = HCO3
Ka1 = 10
HCO3
+ H = H2CO3
Ka2 = 10
6.35
H2O + CO2
10.32
48
Nn nc 1: pH =
V nc 2: pH =
1
(p Ka1 + p Ka2 ) = 8,2 (so vi pTPP = 9,1)
2
1
(p Ka2 - lg Ca )
2
4 (tu thuc vo nng ca [HCO-
3],
v so vi pTMO = 3,8)
Cu hI:
1/
V sao vic chun dung dch Na 2CO3 li dng dung dch NaHCO 3
lm chng so snh mu ti im tng ng.
2/
Thit lp cng thc tnh nng Na2CO3. Gii thch v sao phi
dng n hai ch th ?
Gii thch
1/
Khi chun dung dch Na 2CO3 li dng NaHCO3 lm bnh chng

so snh mu ti im tng ng v Na2CO3 l a baz m khi
chun bng HCl vi ch th PP th nc I ca Na2CO3 s c
trung ha tc l: CO32- + H+ HCO3V vy phi dng NaHCO 3 lm bnh chng so snh mu ca
2/
Na2CO3 nc I
Cng thc tnh nng Na2CO3:
-
Nc 1:
CN (Na2CO3 ) =
Nc 2:
CN (Na2CO3 ) =
(V PP C ) HCl
V hut
(VMOC ) HCl
Vhut
Ta phi dng 2 ch th khi chun Na 2CO3 v n l mt a baz c 2

nc. V vy mi nc s ng vi mt im tng ng nn dng tng ch
th m c khong chuyn mu gn vi im tng ng ca nc nhn
bit.
nc 1: dung dch c mi trng baz (pH = 8,2), nn dng ch thi l PP,
s chuyn mu t vng mu baz sang mu vng acid, tc l mu hng tm
sang khng mu.
Nhng im cui chun cha th mt mu ht, nn mu bnh
chng giai on nc 1 ny l mu hng tm tht nht.
nc 2: Khi thm ch th MO vo dung dch c mi trng baz yu ny
(pH
9 vn cn mu hng tm nht) th mu ch th l mu cam s phi
hp vi mu hng tm nht cho mu hng tm nh cam. V vy phi chun

thm 1 lng HCl chuyn mi trng dung dch v mi trng acid yu
(pH
5): vi PP l khng mu v MO l mu cam, nn mu dung dch ti

49
im dng s l mu cam.
Lc ny cn un si dung dch y ht lng CO 32- cn st (rt vi
lng) v dng HCO- 3 hon ton v ui ht lng CO2
Tin hnh chun HCl tip, im tng ng nc 2 chuyn mu t cam
sang am (pH = 4,4 3,1 : gi tr pH gim i)
7. Th nghim nh lng hn hp baz
a. nh lng hn hp NaOH v Na2CO3
Nguyn tc
Khi chun dung dch chun HCl xung hn hp, NaOH c trung
ha ng thi vi Na2CO3 cng c trung ha ti nc I ng vi s i mu
ca ch th phenolphtalein sang mu ca bnh i chng NaHCO3 vi ch th
phenolphtalein. Sau nc II ca Na2CO3 tip tc c trung ha bng HCl
ng vi s chuyn mu ca ch th MO t mu ca bnh i chng sang mu
da cam, l ni dung phng php song ch th.
Cn i vi phng php n ch th (ch dng mt ch th) th chun
tng NaOH + Na2CO3 bng dung dch chun HCl vi ch th MO, sau chun
ring phn NaOH vi cng lng mu bng cch kt ta Na 2CO3 vi dung
dch BaCl2, vi ch th phenolphtalein.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
1/
Trong hai th nghim trn, im khc bit quan trng ca chng l g

? Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ho. Tnh C N ca tng cht
trong hn hp 2 TN
So snh VPP v VMO trong chun nh lng Na 2CO3 v hn hp
NaOH + Na2CO3 TN1. Nhn xt, t a ra cng thc tnh hm
lng % ? Tnh sai s ng vi hai ch th, b qua tan ca CO 2 ?
V sao phi un si khi giai on chun vi ch th MO ?
Gii thch
hai th nghim trn c im khc bit quan trng l: mt th
nghim dng phng php song ch th v mt th nghim dng
phng php 1 ch th.
Phn ng minh ha:
Th nghim 1:
(ch th pp):
NaOH + Na2CO3 + 2HCl
(ch th MO):
NaHCO3 + HCl
2NaCl + NaHCO3 + H2O
NaCl + H2O + CO2
(1)
(2)
50
Th nghim 2:
NaOH + Na2CO3 + 3HCl
BaCl2 + Na2CO3
NaOH + HCl
TN1:
2H2O + CO2 + 3NaCl
BaCO3 + NaCl
(3)
(4)
NaCl + H2O
(5)
(1)
S D (HCl/PP) = S D (NaOH) + S D ( Na 2CO3 )
(2)
S D (HCl/MO) = S D (NaHCO3 )
M: S D (NaHCO3) = S D ( Na2CO3 )
Do : S D (HCl/PP) - S D ( Na2CO3 )= S D (NaOH)
Kt qa: [Na2CO3 ] =
[NaOH] =
nc 2: (3)
(5)
(V PP
(VMOC ) HCl
0,1
=
VMO = 0,02. VMO
5
Vhut
V MO ).C HCl
0,1
=
(Vpp - VMO) = 0,02. (Vpp - VMO )
Vhut
5
S D (HCl/MO) = S D (NaOH) + 2.S D (Na2CO3 )

S D (HCl/PP) = S D (NaOH)
do :
[Na2CO3 ] =
[ NaOH] =
2/
(V MO
V PP ).C HCl
0,1
=
(VMO - VPP) = 0,02. (VMO - VPP)
2.Vhut
2.10
V PP .C HCl
0,1
=
Vpp = 0,01. Vpp.
V hut
10
Tnh sai s ca Na2CO3:

-
Sai s nc 1:
S = ([H+] [OH-] - [A2-]). ( 1.
C
Cb
1
[ ([H+] - [OH-]) a
-.
C a .C b
2
1
Ca Cb
C a .C b
1
1
.h
.h
2
2
1 . 2 .h
- Cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm ca Na2CO3:

% Na2CO3 =
h2 - 1)]
Sai s nc 2:
S =
2.
(C.V ) HCl .D Na 2CO 3

10 .m0
(m0 l lng cn ban u ca Na2CO3)

So snh th tch PP v th tch MO ca chun Na 2CO3 vi
ca chun hn hp NaOH + Na2CO3, ta thy th tch PP v
th tch MO ca chun Na2CO3 s cho kt qu chnh xc
hn v trong dung dch Na2CO3 cc ch th PP v MO cho im
51
dng mi nc tng i chnh xc hn l trong hn hp

NaOH + Na2CO3.
3/
Phi dun si giai on chun vi ch th MO ui ht hon

ton kh CO2 trong dung dch v dung dch kim d hp th CO2 t
khng kh v a ht lng CO32- v cc dng HCO3- hay H2CO3

b. nh lng hn hp NaHCO3 + Na2CO3
Nguyn tc:
Khi chun dung dch chun HCl xung dung dch hn hp, Na 2CO3 c
trung ha ti nc I ng vi s i mu ca ch th phenolphtalein sang mu
ca bnh i chng NaHCO 3 vi ch th phenolphtalein. Sau nc II ca Na2CO3 by gi l NaHCO 3 cng vi lng NaHCO 3 ban u trong hn hp tip
tc c trung ha bng HCl ng vi s chuyn mu ca ch th MO t mu
ca bnh i chng mu da cam.
Nu tin hnh xc nh ng thi 2 nc ny vi 2 ch th tng ng th
gi l phng php song ch th. Cn nu tin hnh vi cch "che" nc ny
chun c nc kia, gi l phng php chun gin tip, ri tnh ton xc
nh lng cc cht trong hn hp dung dch.
Tng lng mui s c chun bng dung dch chun HCl vi ch th
MO ng vi s chuyn mu ca ch th t vng sang da cam. Sau xc nh
ring NaHCO3 bng phng php gin tip nh sau: Dng mt lng NaOH
d chnh xc chuyn ton b NaHCO 3 v Na2CO3, sau kt ta chng
bng BaCl2, chun lng NaOH d bng dung dch chun HCl vi ch th.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
Nu s khc bit gia hai phng php c p dng trong 2 th

nghim trn.
Th nghim no cho kt qu c sai s b hn ? Gii thch
Gii Thch
S khc bit gia 2 phng php trn:
-
TN2 dng phng php song ch th tin hnh chun tc

l cho ch th th nht vo trc nhn bit nc I ca Na 2CO3
ri tip tc cho ch th th hai vo nhn bit nc II ca
Na2CO3 v NaHCO3.
Cn TN1 tin hnh chun hn hp Na2CO3 + NaHCO3 vi
ch th MO. Sau thm mt lng NaOH vo hn hp mu
khc khng nhng chuyn NaHCO3 thnh Na2CO3 m n
cn d li trong dung dch. Ri thm BaCl 2 vo to thnh
52
ta BaCO3. Sau chun lng kim d bng dung dch

HCl vi ch th PP.
8. Th nghim nh lng mui
a. nh lng hm lng photphat
Nguyn tc:
Anion photphat c kt ta bng dung dch amonimolybdat trong mi
trng axit, ha tan kt ta bng mt lng kim d chnh xc, chun lng
kim d bng dung dch axit HCl tiu chun vi ch th phenolphtalein, im
tng ng nhn c khi dung dch mt mu hng ca ch th
phenolphtalein.
Phng trnh phn ng:
H3PO4 + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 21HNO3 = 21NH4NO3 + (NH4)3H4[P(Mo2O7)6] +
10H2O
2(NH4)3H4[P(Mo2O7)6] + 46NaOH = 2(NH4)2HPO4 + 23Na2MoO4 + 26H2O
Cu hi:
1/
Gii thch vai tr cc ha cht s dng trong bi thc tp ?
2/
3/
Hy thit lp cng thc tnh nng PO43 ?

nh gi vic nh lng [ H3PO4 ] bng dung dch NaOH (bi 3) v
(bi 5). Rt ra nhn xt g ?
Gii thch
1/
Vai tr ca tng cht trong bi thc tp trn:

HNO3 1:1 to mi trng axt cho th nghim trn
Amoni Molypdat nhm to ta vi PO43un nng ht kt ta c chc, bn v t n kch thc
-
2/
to nht ca ht.
NH4NO3 l cht in ly mnh cho vo lm ngn cn s tng
ta.
KNO3 l dung dch trung tnh cng c vai tr nh NH 4NO3 dng
trng v ra kt ta.
Ch th pp: nhn bit im tng ng khi dung dch chuyn
mu.
NaOH cho vo ha tan kt ta.
Dng dung dch HCl chun lng NaOH d.
Cng thc tnh nng PO43-:

CN (H3PO4 ) =
(V NaOH
V HCl )C NaOH
Vhut
53
C th chn 2 phng php ny GV thc hin vic kim tra thc

hnh nh lung nng a acid
b. Xc nh hm lng mui amoni
3/
Nguyn tc
Mui amoni s phn ng vi mt lng kim d chnh xc, lng kim
d c xc nh bng cht chun HCl, ch th s dng l MR ng vi s
chuyn mu ti im tng ng t vng qua hng da cam.
Cu hi:
1/
Vit cc phn ng xy ra v cng thc tnh cho mi trng hp xc
2/
nh CH3COOH, NH3, NH4Cl ?

Tnh sai s ng vi tng ch th s dng khi xc nh CH 3COOH v
NH3 ?
Gii thch
1/
Xc nh CH3COOH:
CH3COO- + H3O+.
CH3COOH + H2O
H3O+ + OH-
2 H2O
Nn:
S D (CH3COOH) = S D (H3O+ ) = S D ( OH- ) = S D ( NaOH)
Vy: Cng thc tnh: CN (CH3COOH ) =
- Xc nh NH3:
(VC ) NaOH
VCH 3COOH
NH4+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O
OH- + H+
H2O
Nn: S D ( NH3 ) = S D ( OH ) = S D ( HCl)

CN (NH3) =
Vy: Cng thc tnh:
(VC ) NaOH
V NH 3
- Xc nh NH4Cl:
NH4+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O
OH- (d) + H+ (HCl)
H2O
(GV cn nhc nh HS khng nn vit:

NH4Cl + NaOH
NaCl + NH4OH
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
+
Nn: S D ( OH ) = S D ( NH4 ) + S D ( HCl)
-
S D ( NH4+ ) = S D ( OH- ) - S D ( HCl)

Vy: Cng thc tnh:
CN (NH4 Cl) =
(V NaOH V HCl )C HCl

V NH 4Cl
54
Hnh thc nh gi
Trong qu trnh o to hc vin c lm cc bI kim tra, bi bo co
sau:
-
Mt bI test: xc nh pH dung dch, cch pha ch dung dch, thit
lp ng nh phn
Mt bI t nghin cu: Thit lp ng nh phn, v th chun
, chn ch th, tnh sai s php chun
Mt bI bo co th nghim: nh lng nng acid - baz mu

phn tch


tng c nhn.
a ra mt s bi tp lin quan n vic xc nh: pH trong dung
dch, xc nh ch th thch hp trong chun acid baz
Kim tra bng bi vit 45 pht.
BI TP
1. em chun 100ml dung dch HCl 0,025M bng V(ml) dung dch
NaOH 0,1M
a) Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch chun c khi V(ml) ln
b)
c)
2.
lt l: 0 - 10 - 20 - 24,9 - 25 - 25,1 - 26 - 30 (ml)

V ng chun (pH - Vml dung dch NaOH) ng vi
cc gi tr pH va tm c cu a.
Xc nh bc nhy chun vi sai s 0,2%.
Ht 10 ml dung dch mu NaOH C x cho vo erlen 250mL cng

vi 30 ml nc ct +3 git pp (lm 4 mu). em chun bng
dung dch HCl 0,1N cho n khi dung dch chuyn t mu
hng tm sang khng mu.Ghi th tch axit HCl 0,1N tiu tn V0
(mL). Vi tin cy 95%. Tnh nng dung dch NaOH
Mu s
V0 (mL)
9,8
9,75
9,7
9,6
Bit rng:
S th nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
Ga s cc dung dch u c khi lng ring d = 1 g/mL

55
56

CH V PHNG PHP CHUN ACID-BAZ
Tn hc vin:..............................
Nhm:...........
Ngh: phn tch du

Tn Gio vin:...........................
Cu 1:
Kho:..........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn V(mL) acid HCl C N bng V0 (mL)

baz NaOH C0N
Cu 2:
Tin hnh chun 10mL dung dch HCl cha bit nng (C x) bng
dung dch NaOH 0,1N vi cht ch th phenolphtalein t khng mu sang mu
hng bn trong 10 giy (pH ca khong i mu t 8,1 - 10,1), th thy ht
15,2mL dung dch NaOH.
a)
b)
Tm nng Cx ca dung dch HCl ban u.

Nu chn ch th metyl Dacam -MO (pH khong i mu t 3,1 4,4)
th php chun cn chnh xc khng ? Tnh sai s chun khi dng
cc ch th
57
BI 8. PHNG PHP CHUN OXY HO KH

M bi: HPT 8
Cng vic chun b
-

1. C s phng php oxy ha kh.
2.
Cc phng php oxy ha kh c bn
3. Cch chun oxy ha kh.


1.
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun cht oxy ho

bng cht kh theo phng php permanganat. T v
th ng chun tng ng v ch r cht ch th cn c
s dng
2.
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun cht kh

bng cht oxy ho theo phng php permanganat. T v
th ng chun tng ng v ch r cht ch th cn
c s dng
3.
Tnh sai s phng php trong cc cch thc chun
-
Ging v c s v nguyn tc ca phng php chun oxy ho

kh
Phn bit c cc phng php chun permanganat v
phng php chun iod
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn v tnh sai s ca phng
php
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca tng phng php
c s dng, dng phng php ny (phng php permanganat)
trong trng hp no cn phng php kia (phng php Iod)
trong trng hp no
Phi cho hc vin nm c php tnh sai s chun v cch xc
58
nh c nng ca chng
Cho hc vin hiu c cch nh lng ca phng php
T chc nhm hay c nhn thit k cc cng thc tnh ton hm

lng cht phn tch trong phng php permanganat v phng
php Iod
T chc nhm hay c nhn lp c sai s trong phng php

ngi cho hc vin.

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca cc khi nim

chng
vin.
Tin hnh th nghim cc bi sau:
nh lng Fe2+ ; Fe3+ ; Cr6+ ; NO2- ; H2O2 ; Ca2+ bng phng

php permanganat
nh lng Na2S2O3 ; Vitamin C ; SO32- ; Cu2+ theo phng

php Iod
+
nh lng Pb2+theo phng php Cromat
Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho
hc vin, phng thc hnh p ng y cc yu cu phn tch
Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc nh lng chun oxy ho
kh
Hc vin s thc hnh tm hm lng cc ion trong dung dch
-

thc hnh i vi hc vin
sau:
59
Ni dung
1. nh lng Fe2
Nguyn tc:
Ion st (II) s b pemanganat oxi ha trong mi trng axit, im tng
ng nhn c khi dung dch c mu hng nht ng vi lc d mt git
dung dch chun KMnO4.
Khi dung dch c nhiu ion Cl , th phi dng hn hp bo v. Khi dung
dch c nng cao, th phi dng axit H3PO4 6N trnh sai s nhn mu.
Phn ng chun :
MnO4 + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
E
o
MnO4 /Mn2+
= 1.51 V
o
Fe3+/Fe2+
= 0.771 V
Cu hi:
1/
Ti sao khi chun Fe2+ bng KMnO4 chun khngcn phi un
2/
nng?
Gii thch vai tr ca cc dung dch H 2SO4
nghim.
v H3PO4 trong th
Gii thch
1/
2/
-
2+
ion Fe d dng b oxi ho bng pemanganat trong mi trng axit

nn khng cn un nng
5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Vai tr
H2SO4: lm thun li cho vic oxi ho ion Fe2+, ngn nga s to
thnh cc sn phm thu phn ca mui st, ngn cn s oxi ho

ca ion Fe2+ bng oxi trong khng kh.
H3PO4:lin kt cc ion Fe3+ mu vng, hnh thnh do s oxi ho ion
Fe2+ bng pemanganat, thnh phc khng mu.
2. nh lng hm lng ca NO2Nguyn tc
Trong mi trng axit, NO2- ng vai tr l mt cht kh c chun
bng dung dch chun KMnO 4 0.05N, im tng ng nhn c khi dung
dch c mu hng nht.
Cu hi:
1/
Ti sao khi bt u chun th ta phi chun nhanh v phi un

60
2/
nng dung dch trc khi chun ?

C th chun nitrit bng KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh hay
kim hay khng?
3/
Khi chun thy xut hin kt ta nu th cn phi x l nh th

no ?
1/
Gii thch
Nu chun chm dung dch nitrit c axit ho bng KMnO 4
th s thu c kt qu thp do axit nitr khng bn d b phn hu,
ngoi ra oxi khng kh cng oxi ho nitrit thnh nitrat, v vy, lc u
cn chun nhanh hn ch lng NO2- b phn hu.
Cng cn lu l ion NO2- phn ng chm vi MnO4- do c th
xy ra phn ng phn hu NO 2- trc khi phn ng vi MnO 4-V

vy, cn tng nhit y nhanh tc phn ng
2/ Nitrit khng tc dng vi KMnO 4 trong mi trng kim v trung
tnh.
3. nh lng hm lng ca H2O2
Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit, H 2O2 ng vai tr l mt cht kh c chun
bng dung dch chun KMnO 4 0.05N, im tng ng nhn c khi dung
dch c mu hng nht.
Phn ng chun :
+
2MnO4 + 5H2O2 + 16H = 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O

E
o
O2/H2O2
= + 0.682 V
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
3/
Nu thay i v tr cc cht ngc li trong th nghim: cc ng

KMnO4 v buret ng dung dch mu, th kt qu c thay i khng
? Gii thch
Vi d liu thu c t th nghim, hy tnh sai s php chun
ny.
V sao khi chun axit oxalic, nitrit, cn phi un nng, cn chun
st II v hydro peoxyt th khng cn un nng ?
Gii thch
Axit oxalic, nitrit phn ng chm vi pemanganat nn phi un nng
tng tc phn ng.Cn st(II), hydropeoxit phn ng nhanh
vi pemanganat trong mi trng axit nn khng cn un nng.
61
4. nh lng Fe3+
Nguyn tc: gm ba bc nh sau:
-
Bc 1: - Tin hnh kh trc Fe 3+

2FeCl 3
SnCl 2
Fe2+ bng SnCl2

2FeCl 2
SnCl 4
gan nh khong mau
mau vang trong HCl

do tao phc FeCl 4
iu kin: un nng ti 60o 70oC, ch c php d rt t SnCl 2:

Bc 2: - Loi b lng d SnCl2 bng dung dch HgCl2
SnCl 2
2HgCl 2
Hg 2 Cl 2
SnCl 4
mau trang dai lua
iu kin: Pha long dung dch ngui, cho ngay ton b dung
dch HgCl2 lc mnh. Nh vy s trnh c phn ng to kt ta
en.
SnCl 2
Hg 0
HgCl 2
SnCl 4
Mu en xut hin khi cho SnCl2 qu d

-
Bc 3: Chun bng dung dch KMnO4 n khi xut hin mu

hng nht bn vng.
Phn ng chun :
+
5Fe2+ + MnO4 + 8H = Mn2+ + 3Fe3+ + 4H2O

iu kin: C mt hn hp bo v Zymmerman.
Cu hi:
1/
Khi xc nh Fe3+, giai on cho SnCl 2 vo, v sao nu thy kt ta

xm en th phi ht mu khc lm li t u? Ti sao phi cho d 2
git SnCl2 sau khi dung dch mt mu vng? Mu vng l g?
2/
Vai tr ca hn hp Zymmerman?
Gii thch
Khi xc nh Fe3+, giai on cho SnCl2 vo, nu thy kt ta xm
en th phi ht mu khc lm li t u v:
1/
SnCl2 + HgCl2 = Hgo
en
+ SnCl4
Kt ta xm en l Hg o do s kh tip Calomen thnh thu ngn

kim loi (mu en xut hin khi cho SnCl 2 qu d ).Hg dng phn
tn phn ng mnh vi KMnO4 gy sai s, nh hng n th tch
62
pemanganat chun .
Cho d 2 git SnCl2 khi dung dch mt mu vng phn ng vi
lng HgCl2 cho vo to kt ta di la trng
SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 = SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2
( kt ta di la trng )
3+
Mu vng l mu ca Fe , dung dch mt mu vng chng t Fe 3+

c kh hon ton thnh Fe2+.
2/
Vai tr ca hn hp bo v Zymmerman: V ion clorua cn tr s

xc nh Fe2+ do s oxi ho ca ion Cl - bng pemanganat khi c
mt ion Fe2+, khi mt th tch KMnO 4 b tiu tn oxi ho ion Clto thnh Clo t do sai lch kt qu chun .Do , khi trong
dung dch nh phn c mt ion Cl - ngi ta thng thm vo hn
hp thuc th bo v Zymmerman.Thnh phn thuc th bao gm
c MnSO4, H2SO4 v H3PO4.
ngha ca hn hp bo v: Khi c mt ion Mn2+ s oxi ho ph ca cc

ion Cl- khng xy ra v ion Mn2+ b oxi ho nhanh hn ion Cl - to thnh ion
Mn3+ l cht oxi ho mnh, cht ny c kh nng oxi ho nhanh ion Fe2+.
5. nh lng hm lng ca Cr6+
Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit, Cr6+ l cht oxi ha chm phn ng vi dung dch
kh Fe2+ d chnh xc, lng Fe2+ d c chun bng dung dch chun
KMnO4 0.05N, im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch c mu hng
nht.
Phn ng chun :
+
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72 + 14H = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

E
o
Fe3+/Fe2+
= 0.77 V
MnO4 + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

E
o
MnO4 /Mn2+
= 1.51 V
Cu hi:
1/
2/
2/
a ra cc cng thc tnh v chng minh ?

Gii thch quy trnh k thut bng phng trnh phn ng.
Gii thch
Phng trnh phn ng:
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ = 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
63
6. nh lng ion Ca2+ (phng php th)

Nguyn tc:
Ion Ca2+ c chuyn thnh kt ta CaC 2O4 bng dung dch (NH4)2C2O4
trong mi trng axit CH3COOH 10% pH = 4 5. Ha tan kt ta trong mi
trng axit H2SO4 10% v chun lng C2O42 tch ra tng ng bng
dung dch chun KMnO 4 0.05N, im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch
c mu hng nht.
Cu hi:
1/
Vit y cc phn ng xy ra trong qui trnh xc nh, vai tr ca

tng ha cht s dng?
2/ Thit lp cng thc tnh nng Ca2+.

Gii thch:
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:

Ca2+ + C2O42CaC2O4
5CaC2O4 + 2MnO4- + 16H+ 5Ca2+ + 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O
Vai tr ca cc ho cht:
CH3COOH 10%: to mi trng to ta CaC2O4
-
NH4OH 2N: chnh dung dch v pH = 4
(NH4)2C2O4 1%: dng gn kt ta to ion ng dng
2/
ta
H2SO4 10%: ho tan ta
Cng thc
CN (Ca2+) =
5
trnh tan
(VC ) KMnO 4
VCa
7. nh lng dung dch Na2S2O3

Cu hi:
1/
V sao khi pha dung dch Na 2S2O3 phi cho thm lng 0,1(g)
Na2CO3 ?
2/
V sao phi y kn v yn trong bng ti trc khi hiu chnh

nng Na2S2O3 ?
Gii thch
ngn nga tc dng CO2 phn hy thiosunfat).
1/
2/ kh hon ton K2Cr2O7

8. nh lng Vitamin C (Axit ascobic)
Nguyn tc:
64
Vitamin C l mt cht kh, trong mi trng axit mnh phn ng vi it

vi ch th h tinh bt, im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch va c
mu xanh bn trong 30 giy.
Vitamin c cng thc phn t l C6H8O6, trong phn ng trao i 2 in
t.
Cu hi:
1/
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh th nghim
2/
im tng ng trong php chun I2 ny, c mu g ? Gii

thch.
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:
C6H8O6 + I2 C6H6O6 + 2H+ + 2I9. nh lng hm lng sunfit

Nguyn tc:
Anion sunfit trong mi trng trung tnh phn ng vi mt lng d
chnh xc dung dch chun it, lng it d c chun bng dung dch
chun thiosunfat vi ch th h tinh bt, im tng ng nhn c khi
dung dch mt mu xanh.
10. nh lng hm lng Cu2+
Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng axit (pH = 1 2) Cu2+ oxy ha I to thnh kt ta
CuI v mt lng tng ng I3 . Chun lng I 3 bng dung dch
thiosunfat vi ch th h tinh bt.
Phn ng chun :
2Cu
2+
+ 5I
= 2CuI
I3 + 2S2O32
+ I3
(1)
= 3I + S4O62
o
Cu2+,I /CuI
(2)
o
I3 /3I
= 0.78 V
= 0.545 V
cho phn ng (2) xy ra hon ton hn trong thc t ta cho thm

NH4SCN (hoc KSCN) v kt ta CuSCN t tan hn CuI.
CuI + SCN
CuSCN
+ I
pTCuI = 11.96
pTCuSCN = 14.32
(3)
Mt khc kt ta CuSCN khng hp ph mnh I3 nh kt ta CuIn.

Cu hi:
1/
Gii thch quy trnh nh lng Cu2+ bng phn ng minh ho.
65
2/
V sao phi thm KSCN vo giai on cui ca qu trnh chun

khi xc nh Cu2+, ml ca Cu2+ trong bi ny l bao nhiu ? Gii
thch v sao Cu2+ li phn ng vi I m khng xy ra theo chiu
ngc li ? KSCN d nhiu th c nh hng g ? KI d nhiu th c
phn ng no xy ra ?
Gii thch
1/
Phn ng minh ho quy trnh nh lng Cu2+:

nKI + 2Cu2+ I2 + 2CuI + (n 4 ) KId + 4K+
( n 4 ) KId + I2 KI3 + ( n 5 ) KI
KI3 + 2Na2S2O3 KI + 2NaI + Na2S4O6
2/ Thm KSCN vo giai on cui ca qu trnh chun khi xc nh
Cu2+ v KSCN gip trnh c s hp ph It trn kt ta CuI v to
c ta CuSCN t tan hn CuI.Khng c cho SCN- vo dung
dch cn nhiu It v c th xy ra s kh I2 bi SCN- nn ch c
cho KSCN vo giai on cui ca qu trnh chun .
11. nh lng hm lng H2O2
Nguyn tc:
Hydropeoxyt trong mi trng axit c molypdat xc tc, phn ng vi
mt lng d KI, lng it sinh ra tng ng c chun bng dung dch
chun thiosunfat vi ch th h tinh bt, im tng ng nhn c khi
dung dch mt mu xanh.
Cu hi:
1/
Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng thc hin trong bi thc

tp ?
2/
Nu xc nh hydropeoxyt nng cao th c nh hng n kt

qu khng, gii thch
Gii thch
Phng trnh phn ng:
1/
H2O2 + 2I- + 2H+ I2 + 2H2O

I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na2S4O6
12. nh lng ch bng phng php cromat
Nguyn tc:
Mu mui ch c chuyn thnh dung dch, kt ta ch bng dung dch
bicromat trong mi trng axit acetic c dung dch m acetat n nh pH =
5 6. Lc kt ta ch cromat, ra sch kt ta ht ion cromat, ha tan kt ta
66
trn giy lc bng HCl nng sinh ra mt lng bicromat tng ng, c
chun bng dung dch chun Fe 2+ trong mi trng axit vi ch th feroin,
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch c mu nu.
Cu hi:
Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng trong bi tp ?
Gii thch y vai tr ca tng ha cht s dng trong bi
thc tp ?
Gii thch:
1/
2/
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:

Pb2+ + Cr2O72- PbCr2O7 vng
PbCr2O7 HCl
Pb2+ + Cr2O72-
2/
Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ = 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O

Vai tr ho cht:
-
m acetat: n nh pH=5 6
AgNO3 0,05N: th xem ht ion cromat cha
K2Cr2O7 1%: ra ta nhm to ion ng dng

CH3COOH 0,1N: to mi trng axit
HCl 1:1 nng: ho tan kt ta
Feroin: ch th nhn mu
Hnh thc nh gi
sau:
-
Mt bI test: cch pha ch dung dch oxy ho kh, thit lp ng

nh phn

Mt bI bo co th nghim: nh lng nng acid - baz mu
phn tch

tng c nhn.
a ra mt s bi tp lin quan n vic xc nh: Th E trong dung
dch ti cc thi im: trc im tng ng ti im tng
ng sau im tng ng, xc nh ch th thch hp trong
chun oxy ho kh ng vi phng php tng ng
67

BI TP
1.
Vit cng thc tnh th in cc E (v) khi chun V 0 (ml) dung

dch Fe2+ C0N bng V (ml) dung dch Ce 4+ CN trong cc trng
hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
c)
d)
Ti im tng ng
Sau xa im tng ng
0
Bit E Fe
2.
/ Fe2
0
= + 0,68 (v), ECe
/ Ce 3
= + 1,44(v)
Tin hnh pha trn dung dch Cu+ 10 4 M vi dung dch Na2S
0,1M, ri o th in ca dung dch bng in cc ng-SCE
th c gi tr - 0,906(volt). Gi s trong dung dch khng xy
ra qu trnh to phc hydroxo ca ion Cu+, pH dung dch o
0
c l 8, th in cc chun ca ng l E Cu
= + 0,34 v
Cu
H2S c xem l mt dung dch acid yu hai chc c hng s

phn ly acid 2 nc ln lt l: 107,10 12,89.Tnh nng [Cu+]
ti thi im cn bng sau khi pha trn
68
BI 9. PHNG PHP CHUN TO PHC

M bi: HPT 9
Cng vic chun b
-

1. C s phng php phn tch phc cht (Nguyn tc, khi
nim v complexon, ng cong chun ca phng php).
2. nh lng mt s mu th.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun to phc vi

cht ch th Murexit. T v th ng chun tng ng
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun to phc vi
cht ch th ET-OO. T v th ng chun tng ng
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha cc qu trnh to
phc
Tnh sai s phng php trong php chun to phc
Ging v cc khi nim v phc cht, s hnh thnh phc, cc lin

kt trong cu to phc cht
Ging v vic ng dng kh nng to phc ca cc kim loi trong
qu trnh xc nh hm lng ca chng
Thit lp ng nh phn ca php chun phc cht
Tnh sai s ca phng php ny

V ng cong ca bc nhy chun to phc

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca phng php to
phc xc nh hm lng cc cation kim loi.
Phi cho hc vin nm c cch xc nh hm lng, cch thit
lp phng trnh ng nh phn

Phi cho hc vin nm c cch tnh sai s chun to phc
Cho hc vin hiu c ni dung ca phng php
69

T chc nhm hay c nhn thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn

ca phng php to phc
T chc nhm hay c nhn phi thit k c cc cng thc tnh

ton sai s ca phng php chun to phc
T chc nhm hay c nhn lp c cc cng thc tnh hm lng
ion trong dung dch

T chc nhm hay c nhn phi gii thch c cc phn ng xy
ra trong dung dch chun

ngi cho hc vin.

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca phng php ny
chng

vin.
THEO PHNG PHAP CHUN TO PHC
Tin hnh cc bi th nghim sau:
nh lng Ca2+ bng phng php to phc
nh lng Mg2+ bng phng php to phc
nh lng hn hp Ca 2+ v Mg2+ bng phng php to phc
-
nh lng Al3+ bng phng php to phc

nh lng Fe3+ bng phng php to phc
nh lng hn hp Al 3+ v Fe3+ bng phng php to phc
nh lng Zn2+ bng phng php to phc
nh lng hn hp Ca 2+ - Mg2+ - Al3+ v Fe3+ bng phng php

to phc
nh lng Ba2+ bng phng php to phc
nh lng SO42 bng phng php to phc

70

thc hnh i vi hc vin

sau:
Ni dung
1. nh lng Ca2+
Nguyn tc:
Ion Ca2+ trong mi trng pH = 8 10, to phc vi ch th ETOO c mu
nho, phc ny km bn hn phc ca Ca2+ vi EDTA. Khi chun dung
dch cha phc ca Ca2+ vi ch th bng dung dch chun EDTA th phc ca
Ca2+ vi ch th b ph hy bi EDTA, im tng ng nhn c ng vi
thi im EDTA thay th ton b ch th trong phc Ca 2+, dung dch chuyn t
mu nho sang mu xanh lc (mu ca ch th th t do).
Trng hp pH = 12, ion Ca2+ to phc vi ch th murexit c mu
nho phc ny km bn hn phc ca Ca2+ vi EDTA. Khi chun dung dch
cha phc ca Ca2+ vi ch th bng dung dch chun EDTA th phc ca Ca 2+
vi ch th b ph hy bi EDTA, im tng ng nhn c ng vi thi
im EDTA thay th ton b ch th trong phc Ca2+, dung dch chuyn t mu
nho sang mu tm hoa c (mu ca ch th t do).
Phn ng chun :
H2Y2 + Ca2+ = CaY2 + 2H
Phn ng ch th:
+
CaY
H2Y2 + CaIn = CaY2 + In + 2H

Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
= 1010.6
Gii thch cc mu sc c trong thc nghim

Th nghim no cho kt qu gn ng hn, gii thch
Gii thch
2+
Chun Ca bng ETOO:
ETOO trong nc: H2Ind- + H2O = H3O+ + HInd2
xanh
HInd2- + H2O = H3O+ + Ind
71
Xanh
vng da cam
Trc khi chun : Ca2+ + HInd2- +NH3
CaInd- +NH4+
Khi mi bt u chun s c phn ng to phc gia EDTA vi

Ca2+
Ca2+ + H2Y2- = CaY2- + 2H+
Ti im dng chun ,1 t EDTA d phn hu phc CaIndCaInd- + H2Y2- + NH3 = CaY2- + HInd2- +NH4+
vng
Chun bng Murexit:
xanh nht
H4Ind- + H2O = H3O+ + H3Ind2 tm

tm
H3Ind2- + H2O = H3O+ + H2Ind3Tm
xanh tm
Ca2+ + H2Ind3- = CaH2IndBt u chun bng EDTA
H2Y2- + Ca2+ + 2OH-
CaY2- + 2H2O
Ti im dng chun :
2/
CaH2Ind- + H2Y2- + 2OHCaY2- + H2Ind3- +2H2O
xanh tm
2+
T kt qu thc nghim: chun Ca vi ch th ETOO chnh xc
hn chun Ca2+ vi ch th murexit, v: / CaH2Ind- = 5,0 > /

CaInd- = 3,8 nn CaH2Ind- phn ly kh hn do cn tr s chuyn
mu lm dung dch thu c khng chnh xc.Cn CaInd- phn ly d
hn nn chun chnh xc hn.
2. nh lng Ca2+ + Mg2+ trong hn hp
Nguyn tc:
Ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ trong mi trng pH = 8 10, to phc vi ch th ETOO
c mu nho, cc phc ny km bn hn phc ca Ca 2+ v Mg2+ vi EDTA.
Khi chun dung dch cha phc ca Ca2+ v Mg2+ vi ch th bng dung dch
chun EDTA th phc ca Ca 2+ v Mg2+ vi ch th b ph hy bi EDTA, im
tng ng nhn c ng vi thi im EDTA thay th ton b ch th
trong phc Ca2+ v Mg2+, dung dch chuyn t mu nho sang mu xanh lc
(mu ca ch th t do).
Trng hp mun xc nh ring tng ion trong cng hn hp, ta nng
pH = 12 ton b ion Mg 2+ i vo kt ta hydroxyt, sau chun ring Ca 2+
72
bng dung dch chun EDTA vi ch th murexit nh trn.

Nu gi th tch EDTA tiu tn khi chun dung dch hn hp vi ch th
ETOO v vi ch th murexit ln lt l VETOO v Vmurexit th VETOO
Vmurexit
chnh l th tch EDTA tiu tn cho ring ion Mg2+. T c th tnh c

hm lng ca tng cht.
Cu hi:
1/
Vit y cc phn ng tin hnh trong bi thc tp ? Cho bit

ETOO pH trong qui trnh dng H2Ind2 , EDTA l H2Y2 .
2/
Gi s th tch ca dung dch xc nh l 50ml c pH = 2, hy tnh

cn thm bao nhiu ml NaOH 2N c pH = 12 ?
Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:

Ca2+ +H2Y2- + 2NH3
CaY2- + 2NH4+
Mg2+ + H2Y2- + 2NH3

Mg2+ + HInd2- + NH3
MgY2- + 2NH4+
MgInd- + NH4+
MgInd- + H2Y2- + NH3

H2Y2- +Ca2+ + OHCa2+ + H2Ind3-
MgY2- + NH4+ + HInd2CaY2- + 2 H2O
CaH2Ind-
CaH2Ind- + H2Y2- + OH2/
Ta c: dung dch NaOH 2N
CaY2- + H2Ind3- + 2H2O

[ OH-] = 10 - 2
Gi x l th tch (ml) dung dch NaOH 2 N cho vo th s mol l 2x

10 - 3
Trong mu lc u: pH = 2
pOH = 12 => [OH-] = 10- 12
=> s mol NaOH trong dung dch ban u:1012. 50.10 - 3 = 5.10 -14
s mol ca NaOH cn li trong dung dch l: 2x 10 - 3 - - 5.10 - 14
2x 10 - 3
Vy: x = 0,25 (ml)
3. nh lng dung dch Zn2+
Cu hi:
1/
2/
Th nghim no c th cho kt qu t sai s hn. Gii thch

Gii thch s chuyn mu trong cc th nghim trn
Gii thch
2/
S chuyn mu trong th nghim: Ch th xylenon da cam trong nc

phn ly thnh:
H6Ind
6H+ + Ind6(Vng)
()
73
Khi cho ch th vo Zn2+:
Zn2+ + Ind6- = ZnInd4ZnY2- > ZnInd4-
Khi cho EDTA vo v:

Nn EDTA phn ng vi Zn trc:
H2Y2- + Zn2+ = ZnY2- + 2H+

n khi ht Zn2+ EDTA to phc vi ZnInd4ZnInd4- + H2Y2- = ZnY2- + 2H+ + Ind6( cam)
(vng cam)
4. nh lng Al
3+
Nguyn tc:
Ion Al3+ trong mi trng pH = 5 6, tc dng chm vi EDTA. V vy phi
dng k thut chun ngc bng cch cho d chnh xc mt lng dung
dch chun EDTA phn ng vi nhm. Chun lng EDTA d bng dung dch
chun Zn2+ vi ch th BromCrezol, im tng ng nhn c ng vi thi
im dung dch chuyn t mu vng chanh sang mu hng tm. Nu dng
dung dch chun Fe3+ chun EDTA d vi ch th axit sunfosalixilic th im
tng ng nhn c khi dung dch t khng mu sang mu nu.
+
Phn ng chun : H2Y2 + Al3+ = AlY + 2H AlY = 109.6

Chun lng EDTA tha bng dung dch chun M2+:
M2+ + H2Y2 = MY2 + 2H
M2+ c th l Zn2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+.
- Phn ng to phc ZnY2 xy ra nhanh nhit cao, do chun

khi dung dch nng khong 60 oC.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
So snh kt qu hai qui trnh, nhn xt v nh gi, gii thch?

Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng trong bi thc tp?
Gii thch
1/
So snh kt qu 2 th nghim da vo kt qu thu c, th nghim

1 cho kt qu chnh xc hn th nghim 2 l do Al 3+ phn ng rt
chm nn ta phi dng phng php chun gin tip v phi
chun nng th phn ng mi xy ra nhanh v cho kt qu chnh
2/
xc hn, cn th nghim 2 thc hin phn ng nhit thp nn

phn ng xy ra chm v cho kt qu t chnh xc hn.
74
Al3+ + H2Y2- = AlY- + 2H+

Zn2+ + H2Y2- = ZnY2- + 2H+
Fe3+ + H2Y2- = FeY- + 2H+
3/
Vai tr ca ha cht:
EDTA: v y l phn ng chun phn d nn EDTA c dng
phn ng vi Al3+ v lng EDTA d s c chun li.
Bromcresol lc: y l ch th gip cho ta d nhn bit im tng
ng.
pH = 5,5: v ch th bromcresol lc chuyn mu trong khong pH=3,8
5,4 nn ta dng m n nh mi trng.

5. nh lng hn hp Al3+ + Fe3+
Nguyn tc:
pH = 5 6, tng nhm v st c phn ng vi dung dch EDTA d
chnh xc, lng EDTA d c chun bng dung dch chun Zn 2+ vi ch th
xylenon da cam. Dng NaF to phc bn vi Al 3+, y ra mt lng EDTA
phn ng vi nhm tng ng, chun lng EDTA sinh ra bng dung dch
chun Zn2+ cng vi ch th xylenon da cam, im tng ng nhn c
khi dung dch c mu hng tm.
Nu dng hai ch th th chun ring phn Fe 3+ bng dung dch EDTA
pH = 2 vi ch th axit sunfosalixilic, sau chun ngc nhm bng dung
dch Zn2+ vi ch th xylenon da cam pH = 5 6 (phng php song song ch
th).
Phn ng chun :
H2Y2 + Fe3+ = FeY + 2H
H2Y2 + Al3+ = AlY + 2H
FeY = 1012.7
AlY = 109.6
H2Y2 + Zn2+ = ZnY2 + 2H

AlY + 6F = AlF63 + Y
ZnY = 109.9
AlF6 = 1020.19
Phn ng ch th:
H2Y2 + FeIn = FeY + In + 2H
H2Y2 + AlIn = AlY + In + 2H
H2Y2 + ZnIn = ZnY2 + In + 2H

6. nh lng hn hp Mg2+ + Zn2+
Nguyn tc:
Ion Zn2+ v Mg2+ trong mi trng pH = 8 10, to phc vi ch th ETOO
75
c mu nho, cc phc ny km bn hn phc ca Zn 2+ v Mg2+ vi EDTA.

Khi chun dung dch cha phc ca Zn2+ v Mg2+ vi ch th bng dung dch
chun EDTA th phc ca Zn2+ v Mg2+ vi ch th b ph hy bi EDTA, im
tng ng nhn c ng vi thi im EDTA thay th ton b ch th
trong phc Zn2+ v Mg2+, dung dch chuyn t mu nho sang mu xanh lc
(mu ca ch th t do). chun ring Mg2+ th dng KCN che Zn2+, sau
tin hnh tng t nh xc nh Mg 2+ bi 1 phn chun phc cht.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/

a ra v chng minh cc cng thc tnh?
1/
2/
Gii thch
Mg2+ + Ind3- = MgIndZn2+ + Ind3- = ZnIndMg2+ + H2Y2- = MgY2- + 2H+
Zn2+ + H2Y2- = ZnY2- + 2H+
Zn2+ + KCN = [Zn(CN)4]2- + K+
Vai tr ca ha cht:
pH = 10: V phn ng ny s dng ch th ETOO xc nh m
ETOO thc hin pH = 10 l tt nht nn s dng pH = 10 n
nh mi trng.
KCN: Vi ch th ETOO pH = 10 trong hn hp Mg 2+,Zn2+ th cn
xc nh Mg2+ do ta cn che Zn2+ nn phi dng KCN xc nh
Mg2+.
3/
a ra cng thc: CN (Zn2+ ) =
(C.V ) EDTA1 (C.V DETA2 )

V Zn 2
7. nh lng hn hp Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+

Nguyn tc:
Trong mi trng NH3 ng vi pH = 5 6 th Al3+ + Fe3+ chuyn thnh
hydroxyt v c tch ra khi hn hp, kt ta c ha tan bng HCl v
c xc nh Al3+ + Fe3+ nh bi trc, dung dch cn li sau khi lc kt ta
hydroxyt c em i xc nh trc.
Cu hi:
1/
2/

76
3/

Gii thch
1/
Phng trnh phn ng:

Fe3+ + H2Y2- = FeY- + 2H+
Al3+ + H2Y2- = AlY- + 2H+
Zn2+ + H2Y2- = ZnY2- + 2H+
Ca2+ + H2Y2- = CaY2- + 2H+
Mg2+ + H2Y2- = MgY2- + 2H+
Mg2+ + Ind3- = MgIndMgInd- + H2Y2- = MgY2-+ 2H+ + Ind3Mg2+ + 2 NaOH = Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+
2/
Vai tr ca ha cht:
Chun hn hp Ca2+, Mg2+:
-
Ch th ETOO to phc mu tt nht pH = 10 nn s dng

m 10 n nh mi trng.
NaOH xc nh Ca2+ ta dng NaOH to pH = 12 lm cho

Mg2+ th ta xc nh c Ca2+ t suy ra Mg2+.
Chun Al3+, Fe3+:

Axt sunphosalicilic l ch th khng mu mi pH nn ta s
dng ch th ny nhn bit Fe3+ khi dung dch c mu vng l
-
3/
phc ca FeYpH = 5,5 v bromcresol lc chun mu trong khong pH = 3,8

5,4 nn ta dng m n nh mi trng d dng nhn
bit c im tng ng.
a ra cng thc v chng minh:

Chun Ca2+, Mg2+ : CN (hn hp) =
(VC) EDTA
(1)
Vhh
Sau khi loi b Mg2+ : CN (Ca2+ ) =
(VC) EDTA
(2)
Vhh
T tnh c Mg2+: CN (Mg2+ ) =
(VC) EDTA
(VC) EDTA
(1) (2)
Vhh
Vhh
(CV)Mg2+
Chun Al3+, Fe3+:
= (CV)EDTA(1) - (CV)EDTA(2)
CN (hn hp) =
(VC) EDTA
Vhh
77
Sau khi loi b Fe3+ : CN (Al3+ ) =

T tnh c Fe3+: CN (Fe3+ ) =
(VC ) Zn 2
V hh
(VC ) Zn 2
(VC) EDTA
V hh
Vhh
8. nh lng Ba2+
Nguyn tc:
pH = 9 10, Ba2+ l ion to phc vi EDTA bn hn Mg 2+, nn khi cho
mt lng d MgY2 vo dung dch cha ion Ba2+ th c phn ng trao i v
sinh ra mt lng ion Mg 2+ tng ng vi lng ion Ba2+ c trong mu,
lng Mg2+ ny c chun bng dung dch chun EDTA vi ch th ETOO
pH = 9 10, im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch t mu nho
sang xanh lc.
Phn ng chun : BaIn + MgY2
MgIn + BaY2
Phn ng ch th:
H2Y2
MgIn
MgY 2 -
o nho
In
2H
xanh cham
Cu hi:
1/
nh lng Ba2+ bng 2 th nghim trn c s khc bit g? Th

nghim no c th cho kt qu gn ng hn? Gii thch.
Gii thch cc hin tng c trong 2 th nghim ny

Gii thch
TN1: V1 ca EDTA o (1) > V2 ca EDTA o (2) th php chun
2/
ng, nu ngc li: lng Mg2+
lng Ba2+ th phn ng (2) xy ra khng
hon ton, s cn d Ba 2+, nn khng tnh c hm lng Ba 2+ c trong

mu.
S ng lng ca EDTA chun ( 2) = S ng lng ca MgInd
( 2) = S ng lng ca Mg2+ ( 2) = S ng lng Ba2+.
(C. V2 ) EDTA = (C.V) Ba2+
CN (Ba2+ ) =
C.V2 0,02
=
V2 = 0,004. V2
5
V Ba
TN2: v chun bng Mg2+ nn ti im kt thc chun s c lng

Mg2+ d, v nh th khi cho Ba2+ vo dung dch ny to ra Mg2+ na, th
vic chun bng EDTA sau s cho kt qa:
S ng lng ca EDTA = S ng lng ca Mg 2+ (1 + 2) = S ng
78
lng ca EDTA (1) + S ng lng ca Ba2+

(C.V2 ) EDTA = (C.V1 )EDTA + (C.V) Ba2+
CN (Ba2+ ) =
0,02
C
(V2 - V1 ) =
= 0,004 (V2 - V1 )
5
V
9. nh lng sunfat bng phng php gin tip

Nguyn tc:
Anion sunfat trong mi trng pH = 4 5 c kt ta bng mt lng d
chnh xc dung dch BaCl 2 bit trc nng , sau khi lc kt ta, dch qua
lc c em i xc nh lng BaCl 2 d bng chun th, da vo lng
EDTA tiu tn v lng BaCl2 ban u s tnh c lng BaCl 2 phn ng
vi sunfat, t tnh c nng sunfat c trong mu.
Phn ng chun :
Ba2+ + SO42
TBaSO4 = 10-9.97
BaSO4
H2Y2 + Ba2+ = BaY2 + 2H
BaY = 107.7
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/

Gii thch
1/
2/
Phng trnh phn ng:

Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4
Ba2+ + H2Y2- = BaY2- + 2H+
Vai tr ca ha cht:
MO dng d dng nhn bit c mi trng.
-
HCl axt ha mu.

BaCl2 to ta vi SO42-(mu).
NH3 iu chnh mi trng v pH = 9 10 chun bng
EDTA vi ch th ETOO.
m pH = 10 n nh mi trng.
Hnh thc nh gi
sau:
-
Mt bI test: cch pha ch dung dch, thit lp ng nh phn

79
Mt bI bo co th nghim: nh lng hm lng cc ion kim loi

mu phn tch

tng c nhn.
a ra mt s bi tp lin quan n vic xc nh:s to phc trong
dung dch, xc nh sai s trong phng php chun to phc

BI TP:
1. Vit cng thc tnh pMg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Mg2+ C0N
bng V (ml) dung dch EDTA CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
c) Ti im tng ng
d) Sau xa im tng ng
Gi s rng Mg c kh nng to phc vi EDTA v hydroxyt, EDTA l
acid a chc phn ly bn nc, hng s bn iu kin ca phc gia M v
EDTA ln.
2. Ht 5mL dung dch mu (c cha ion Al 3+ ) cng vi 10 mL dung dch
chun EDTA 0,1N thm 3 git ch th Bromcresol lc vo cng mt erlen, ri
chnh dung dch pha trn v pH = 5-6 bng cch cho NH4OH vo n khi dung
dch c mu xanh. Thm tip 2mL dung dch m pH = 5,5. un nh khong
60 - 800C, ri li thm 2 mL m pH = 5,5 + 1 git ch th Xylenon da cam (lm
4 mu trong cc bnh nn loi 250mL). Chun bng dung dch Zn2+ 0,1N
(chun nng) cho n khi dung dch chuyn t xanh sang vng th o c
th tch dung dch Zn2+ l V0(mL), theo kt qu:
Mu s
V0 (mL)
9,8
2
9,7
9,7
9,6
Vi tin cy 95%, hy tnh hm lng g / L ca ion Al 3+ c trong mu

ban u.
S th nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
Gi s cc dung dch u c khi lng ring d = 1 g/mL.
80
BI 10. PHNG PHP CHUN TO TA

M bi: HPT 10
Cng vic chun b
-

1.
C s phng php kt ta (nguyn tc chun , ng cong
chun .
2.
3.
Phng php Mohr, Volhard (phng php Mohr).

nh lng mt s mu theo phng php to ta

1.
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun to ta theo
Mohr. T v th ng chun tng ng v ch r
cht ch th cn c s dng trong phng php Mohr
2.
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn chun to ta theo

phng php Volhard. T v th ng chun tng
ng v ch r cht ch th cn c s dng trong phng php
ny
3.
Tnh sai s phng php trong cc cch thc chun
-
Ging v cc khi nim h d th, tan, tch s tan, s to ta

trong cc iu kin nh hng
Ging v cch thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn to ta, cch
tm sai s ca phng php chun ny, v th ng cong
ca phng php
Ging v ngha v s khc bit khi dng cc phng php to ta:
phng php Mohr, phng php Volhard
Tnh ton cng thc tm hm lng cc cht

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca tng phng php

chun to ta
Phi cho hc vin thit lp c phng trnh ng nh phn ca
81
phng php
Phi cho hc vin nm c thnh phn chnh trong dung dch v
cch xc nh c nng ca chng ng vi tng phng php
chun
Cho hc vin hiu c tng phng php Mohr, phng php

Volhard

nh gi s hiu bit ca hc vin bng cc v d c th nh:
Cho hc vin lm bi kim tra vit t lun hay trc nghim

Giao ti tho lun nhm cho hc vin, hc vin thuyt trnh
bng OVERHEAD hay SLIDE.

T chc nhm hay c nhn thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn,
cch tnh sai s ca phng php
T chc nhm hay c nhn lp c cng thc tnh hm lng cc
cht trong dung dch
Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi

cho hc vin.
Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca cc phng php to
ta: phng php Mohr v phng php Volhard
-

chng
To iu kin cho hc vin theo di cc v d ca ging vin
vin theo phng php to ta

Tin hnh thc tp th nghm cc bi sau:
-
nh lng ion Cl theo phng php Mohr
nh lng ion Cl theo phng php Volhard

Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc nh lng to ta
Hc vin s thc hnh tm hm lng ion Cl- trong dung dch

thc hnh i vi hc vin
82

sau:
Ni dung
1. nh lng hm lng ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip theo
phng php Mohr
Nguyn tc:
Da trn c s ca phng php chun kt ta trc tip, dng dung
dch AgNO3 tiu chun chun trc tip xung dung dch mu c cha
thnh phn NaCl. Thc hin phn ng trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim
yu v nhn bit im tng ng bng ch th K2CrO4 khi kt ta xut hin
kt ta mu gch.
Phn ng chun :
Cl
Ag
AgCl
t AgNO 3
ket tua trang
Phn ng ch th: khi cho d mt git Ag

CrO 4 2
2Ag
pTAgCl = 9.75
Ag 2 CrO 4
pTAg2CrO4 = 11.95
ket tua o gach
Mi trng cn c pH < 10 trnh cn bng ph:

+
2Ag + 2OH = 2AgOH
= Ag2O
+ H2O
pTAg(OH) = 7.8
Mi trng cn c pH > 6 trnh cn bng ph:

+
Ag2CrO4 = 2Ag + CrO42

+
CrO42 + H = HCrO4 .
phng php Volhard:
Nguyn tc:
Da trn c s ca phng php chun kt ta ca phn d, dng
dung dch AgNO3 tiu chun d chnh xc xung dung dch mu c cha
thnh phn NaCl. Chun phn d ca dung dch AgNO 3 bng dung dch
NH4SCN thc hin phn ng trong mi trng axit nhn bit im tng
ng bng ch th Fe3+ khi kt ta xut hin mu hung .
Phn ng chun :
83
Cl + Ag
d
+
Ag
AgCl
pTAgCl = 9.75
kt ta trng
SCN
cn li
t KSCN
Phn ng ch th:
AgSCN
pTAgSCN = 11.97
kt ta trng
Fe3+ + SCN = FeSCN2+

Do TAgSCN < TAgCl nn gn im tng ng c th c cn bng ph:
AgCl
+ SCN
AgSCN
+ Cl
loi tr cn bng ph ny bng cch loi hay c lp ta AgCl, c th

dng bin php:
-
Lc b ta AgCl khi dung dch trc khi chun .

un si dung dch vi pht trc khi chun nhm to s ng t
ta.
Thm dung mi hu c khng trn ln vi nc nh nitro benzen
bao ta li bng cch lc tht mnh dung dch trc khi chun
.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
2/
So snh kt qu tnh tan nng ca NaCl trong 2 th nghim trn.

Gii thch vai tr NitroBenzen
Gii thch
Trong phng php Mohr hm lng NaCl thu c t hiu sut
cao hn ( 97,87%) so vi phng php Volhard ( 88,11%).Tuy
nhin, trong phng php Volhard, trong phn ng c nitrobenzen
(90,71%) th t hiu sut cao hn so vi khi khng c nitrobenzen.
Vai tr ca nitrobenzen: trong chun dng nitrobenzen bc kt
ta AgCl ngn s tip xc gia AgCl & SCN- v gi y bnh,
chun nh vy phn ng ph khng xy ra c.

phng php Fajans:
Cu hi:
1/
So snh kt qa 3 phng php MOHR; VOLHARD; FAJANS. C
2/
nhn xt g v 3 phng php ny?

Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim, v gii
thch chng.
84
1/
Gii thch
Phng php Mohr: c dng nh phn Cl - &Br- ch khng
dng nh phn I- & SCN- v vi cc anion ny s hp th xy ra
kh mnh v phng php ny chun pH=6,5 8,5 ( v pH
thp hn nng cromat
H+ + CrO4-
to HcrO4-)
HCrO4-
Cn pH cao hn s to Ag2O kh tan mu en.

Phng php Volhard: l phng php dng xc nh cc
halogen bng AgNO3 v l phng php chun phn d.
Phng php c th tin hnh chun trong mi trng axit
mnh.
Phng php
Fajans: c cng nguyn tc v iu kin mi
trng nh phng php Mohr nhng cht ch th c dng l loi

cht ch th hp ph Fluoriesen.Do c im ca ch th hp ph nn
dung dch Cl- khng c qu long.
Nhn xt:
Trong phng php Mohr chun t hiu qu cao th phi ch
n pH
Trong phng php Volhard cn chun trong mi trng axit mnh
Trong phng php Fajans: chun th dng ch th hp ph v
dung dch chun phi khng c qa long.
Hnh thc nh gi
sau:
-
Mt bI test: cch pha ch dung dch, thit lp ng nh phn

Mt bI bo co th nghim: nh lng hm lng ion Cl
phn tch
mu
tng c nhn.
a ra mt s bi tp lin quan n vic xc nh:s to ta trong
dung dch, xc nh sai s trong phng php chun to ta
BI TP
85
1.
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe 3+.
Hi cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99
g/ml) kt ta hon ton lng Fe 3+. Bit trong qung c
cha n 10% Fe
2.
nh lng hm lng NaCl c trong mui n theo phng

php Mohr: Cn 0,8849g mui n c tinh khit 99,5 %, em
ho tan bng nc ct nng n khi thu c dung dch 100
ml. Ht 5 ml dung dch mu cho vo cc tam gic cng vi 5
git hn hp ch th (gm 4,2 g K2CrO4 + 0,7g K2Cr2O7 pha
trong 100 ml nc ct) v thm 3 git h tinh bt, ri nh mc
n 100ml. Tin hnh chun bng AgNO3 0,1N cho n khi
xut hin ta c mu cam nht th tn ht 5,76ml dung dch
AgNO3. Tnh khi lng NaCl c trong mui n ban u.
86
P N CC CU HI V BI KIM TRA
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 1
1.
Tnh hng s cn bng ca dung dch sau:

1.1. Dung dch NH3 0,1M c = 1,35%
1.2. Dung dch CCl3COOH 10 3 M c = 54%

2. Tnh nng [H+] ca cc dung dch sau:
2.1. Dung dch HCl 5.10 4 M
3.
2.2. Dung dch CH3COONa 10 2 M (c pKa= 4,75)

Tnh nng [H+] khi pha trn cc dung dch sau:
3.1. Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v dung dch CH3COONa 0,2M
3.2. 100mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 50mL dung dch
CH3COONa 0,2M
3.3. Dung dch NH3 0,1M + dung dch NH4Cl 0,2M
3.4. 50mL dung dch NH3 0,1M + 100mLdung dch NH4Cl 0,2M
Gii
1. 1. Trong dung dch c s in ly:
NH3 + H2O
Nng ban u
:
0,1
Nng phn ly
:
x
Nng cn bng:
M: =
x
0,1
Nn: KCB =
0,1 x
Nn: KCB =
x2
(1,35. 10 -3 ) 2
=
1,35. 10 5
-3
0,1 x 0,1 1,35. 10
Nng phn ly
Nng cn bng:
x
0,001
x = 0,1. 1,35% = 1,35. 10 3.
1.2. Tng t nh cu 1.1, th:

CCl3COOH
Nng ban u
:
0,01
NH4+ + OH0
0
x
x
CCl3COO0
:
x
0,001 x
x
x
H+
0
x
x
x = 0,001. 54 % = 54. 10 5.
x2
(54. 10 -5 ) 2
=
54. 10 7
-5
0,001 x 0,001 54. 10
2.1. Xt cn bng trong dung dch: HCl H+ + ClNn: [H+] = [HCl] = 5.10 4 M
pH = 3,3
87
2.2. Xt cn bng trong dung dch:

NaCH3COO
CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH-
Nng ban u:
0,01
Nng phn ly:

Nng cn bng:
x
0,01 x
x
x
x
x
pKa = 4,75
ka = 10
4,75
x2
Kb =
0,01 x
10 14
Kb =
= 10 9,25
4,75
10
x2 + 10 9,25 x - 10 11,25 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny c: x = 2,371.10 6
Vy pOH = 5,62
[OH-] = 2,371.10 6
pH = 14 - 5,62 = 8,38.
3.1. Xt cn bng trong dung dch:

CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
Nng ban u:
Nng phn ly:
0,1
x
0,2
x
0
x
Nng cn bng:
0,1 x
0,2 + x
pKa = 4,75
ka = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
x2 + (0,2 + 10 4,75) x - 10 5,75 = 0

[H+] = 8,89.10 6
Vy: pH = 5,05.
3.2. Nng khi pha trn cc cht l:
[CH3COOH] =
100.0,1
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
[CH3COONa] =
50.0,2
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
Xt cn bng trong dung dch:

CH3COOH
Nng ban u:
Nng phn ly:
Nng cn bng:
pKa = 4,75
6,67. 10 2
x
6,67. 10 2 x
ka = 10 4,75 =
CH3COO- + H+
6,67. 10 2
0
x
6,67. 10 2 + x
x
x
x(6,67 .10 2 x )
6,67 .10 2 x
x2 + (6,67. 10 2 + 10 4,75) x - 6,67. 10 6,75 = 0

Vy: pH = 4,75.
[H+] = 1,77.10 5
88
3.3. Trong dung dch c s in ly:

NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OH-
Nng ban u:
0,1
0,2
Nng phn ly:
Nng cn bng:
0,1 x
0,2 + x
Nn: Kb = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
x2 + (0,2 + 10 4,75) x - 10 5,75 = 0

Vy: pOH = 5,05
[OH-] = 8,89.10 6
pH = 14 - 5,05 = 8,95

[NH3] =
50.0,1
= 3,33. 10 2 M
100 50
[NH4Cl ] =
100.0,2
= 13,3. 10 2 M
100 50
Trong dung dch c s in ly:

NH3 + H2O
3,33.10 2
x
3,33.10 2 x
Nng ban u:
Nng phn ly:
Nng cn bng:
Nn: Kb = 10 4,75 =
NH4+
13,3. 10 2
x
13,3. 10 2 + x
OH0
x
x
x(0,133 x )
0,033 x
x2 + (0,133 + 10 4,75) x 0,033.10 4,75 = 0

Vy pOH = 5,35
[OH-] = 4,41.10 6
pH = 14 - 5,05 = 8,65
1.
2.
Tnh th tch nc ct cn pha vo:

1.1. 100mL dung dch HCl 20% (d= 1,1g/mL) thu c dung dch
c nng 5%
1.2. 100g dung dch H2SO4 20% (d= 1,12g/mL) thu c dung
dch c nng 5%
1.3. 100g dung dch NH 3 2M (c d = 1,14g/mL) thu c dung
dch c nng 1,5M
pha c dung dch m loi:
2.1 Dung dch m acid th phi pha theo t l nh th no v th
tch gia V1(mL) dung dch CH3COOH C1M vi V2 (mL) dung
dch CH3COONa C2M ?
89
2.2. Dung dch m baz th phi pha theo t l nh th no v th

tch gia V1(mL) dung dch NH3 C1M vi V2 (mL) dung dch
NH4Cl C2M ?
Gii
1.1. Khi lng dung dch HCl 20% l V. d = 100. 1,1 = 110(g)
p dng quy tc cho ta c c t l:
5
110
=
20 5
m
m = 330(g) hay th tch H2O cn thm l 330(mL)
1.2. p dng quy tc cho ta c c t l:

5
100
m = 20 5
100
1.3. Th tch dung dch NH3 2M l 1,14 = 87,72 (mL)

1,5
87,72
V = 2 1,5
V = 29,24 hay th tch H2O
cn thm l
29,24(mL)
[CH3COOH] =
V .C
V1.C 1
M v [CH3COONa] = 2 2 M
V1 V2
V1 V2

CH3COOH
Nng ban u:
V1.C 1
V1 V2
Nng phn ly:
Nng cn bng:
CH3COOV2 .C 2
V1 V2
x
V2 .C 2
+x
V1 V2
V1.C 1
x
V1 V2
H+
0
x
x
V2 .C 2
x)
V1 V2
V1.C1
x
V1 V2
x(
Lp biu thc: ka = 10 4,75 =
Thay x = [H+] = 10 pH v cc ga tr C1M, C2M vo biu thc lp

t l V1 / V2
[NH3] =
V .C
V1.C 1
M v [NH4Cl] = 2 2 M
V1 V2
V1 V2
90

NH3 + H2O
NH4+
OH-
V2 .C 2
V1 V2
Nng ban u:
V1.C 1
V1 V2
Nng phn ly:
Nng cn bng:
V1.C 1
x
V1 V2
V2 .C 2
+x
V1 V2
V2 .C 2
x)
V1 V2
V1.C1
x
V1 V2
x(
Lp biu thc: Kb = 10 4,75 =
Thay x = [OH-] = 10 (14 pH) v cc ga tr C1M, C2M
vo biu thc
trn lp t l V1 / V2.
1.
2.
Khi trn 100mL dung dch Pb(NO 3)2 104M vi 400mL dung dch
Na2SO4104M th c kt ta to thnh khng ? Bit tch s tan (T)
ca PbSO4=10 7,8.
Bin lun cc gi tr a v b khi pha V1mL dung dch BaCl2 nng
2a(M) vi V2 mL dung dch H2SO4 nng 2b(M) th:
2.1. Dung dch thu c khng c ta BaSO 4 hnh thnh
1.
2.2. Dung dch thu c c ta BaSO4 to ra

Gii
Phn ng pha trn l:
Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4
PbSO4 + 2 NaNO3
Theo khi pha trn:
nng ca Pb(NO3)2 =
Nng ca Na2SO4 =
100 .10 4
= 0,2. 10 - 4.
100 400
400 .10 4
= 0,8. 10 - 4.
100 400
Nn: [ Pb2+ ] = 0,2. 10 - 4, v [ SO42 ] = 0,8. 10 - 4.

Do : [Pb2+ ]. [ SO42 ] = 0,2. 10 - 4. 0,8. 10 - 4 = 0,16. 10 - 8.
M: T (PbSO4 ) = 10 - 7,78 = 1,5. 10 - 8.
Vy T (PbSO4 ) > [ Pb2+ ]. [ SO42 ]
2.
dung dch khng thu c kt
ta PbSO4
Phn ng khi pha trn dung dch:
BaCl2 + H2SO4
BaSO4 + 2 HCl
91
Khi nng mi cht khi pha trn s l:

[Ba2+] =
V1.2a
V .2b
v [SO42 ] = 1
V1 V2
V1 V2
Do : [ Ba2+ ]. [ SO42 ] =
V1.2b
V . 2a
4.V1.V2 .a.b
. 1
=
V1 V2
V1 V2
V1 V2
M: T (PbSO4 ) = 10 - 7,78 = 1,5. 10 - 8.

2.1. dung dch thu c khng c BaSO4 to ra th:
4.V1.V2 .a.b
< 1,5. 10 - 8.
V1 V2
2.2. dung dch thu c c BaSO4 to ra th:

4.V1.V2 .a.b
> 1,5. 10 - 8.
V1 V2
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 4:
1.
Khi cho dung dch Cu2+ 10 -2 M vo dung dch EDTA 10 -2 M, th nng

Cu2+ ti cn bng l bao nhiu? Bit rng ion Cu2+ c kh nng
kt hp vi EDTA to phc bn (hng s bn = 1018,8), v phc
ny khng b nh hng bi cc ion H+ hoc OH-. Ngoi ra Cu2+ cn
c kh nng to phc vi OH- theo 4 phng trnh kt hp, cn
EDTA l mt dung dch acid a chc phn ly 4 nc. Dung dch to
thnh sau khi pha trn c pH = 6, v cc gi tr hng s cho trc l:
2.
Hng s bn 4 nc to phc Cu2+ vi OH- ln lt l 10 7; 10

6,68
; 10 3,32 ; 10 1,5
Hng s bn 4 nc to EDTA t Y4- ln lt l 9,1.10

1,85.10 6; 4,76.10 2 ; 103
10
Pha trn cng mt th tch dung dch Hg2+ 10 4 M vi dung dch

EDTA 10 4M, th c th to c phc Hg-EDTA khng? Tnh nng
Hg2+ ti thi im cn bng sau pha trn.
Bit rng dung dch to thnh sau khi pha trn c pH = 10, v ion
Hg2+ c kh nng kt hp vi EDTA to phc bn (hng s bn =
1021,8), v phc ny khng b nh hng bi cc ion H+ hoc OH-.
Ngoi ra Hg2+ cn c kh nng to phc vi OH- theo 3 phng
trnh kt hp, cn EDTA l mt dung dch acid a chc phn ly 4
nc. Cc gi tr hng s cho trc l:
Hng s bn tng cng 6 nc to phc Hg 2+ vi OH- ln lt l:
10 10,3 ; 1021,7 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 10 21,2.
92
Hng s bn 4 nc to EDTA t Y4- ln lt l 9,1.10

1,85.10 6; 4,76.102 ; 103
10
Gii
1.
Phn ng pha trn: Cu2+ + Y4 -
CuY 2 -
Do c cc qu trnh: Cu2+ + OH-
Cu(OH)i
Y 4 - + H+
Dung dch c pH = 4
( = 10 18,8 )
Hj Y
[H+] = 10 - 6
(i = 1
4)
(j = 1
4)
[OH-] = 10 - 8
Nn
(Cu2+ / OH- ) = 1 +
[OH-]i =
= 1 + 10 7 10 -8 + 10 7 10 6,68 10 -16 +
+10 7.106,6810 3,3210 -24 +10 710 6,68 10 3,3210 1,5
4-
+ j
(Y /H ) = 1 + [H ]
=1 +9,1.1010.10-6 + 9,1.1010.1,85.106.10-12
+ 9,1.10 10 1,85.10 6 4,76.10 2 10-18 + 9,1.10
10
1,85.10
4,76.10 2 103 10 -24 = 10 5,414

(CuY) =
Do : gi tr
(Cu2+ / OH- ).
(Y4 - / H+ ) = 10 5,414
= 10 13,386
biu kin l ' =
[CuY ]
Ta c: ' =
[Cu ][Y ]
10
13,386
10
(Vi x = [Cu2+ ])
10 13,386 x2 + x - 0,01 = 0
x = 2,02768. 10 - 8.
Vy: [Cu2+ ] = 2,02768. 10 - 8 = 10 - 7,69 M
2.
Phn ng pha trn:

Hg2+ + Y4 -
CuY 2 -
Do c cc qu trnh: Hg2+ + OH4-
+ H
Cu(OH)i
Hj Y
Dung dch c pH = 10
Nn:
(Hg2+ / OH- ) = 1 +
( = 10 18,8 )
(j = 1
[H+] = 10 - 10
(i = 1
6)
4)
[OH-] = 10 - 4
[OH-]i = 1 + 10 20,3 10 -4 + 10 21,7.10 -8 +
+ 10 21,7 10 -24
5,012. 10 13 10 13,7
(Y4 - / H+ ) = 1 +
[H+] j =
= 1 + 9,1.10 10.10 -10 + 9,1.10 10.1,85.10 6.10 -20 +
+ 9,1.10 10 1,85.10 6 4,76.10 2 10-30
+
+ 9,1.10 10 1,85.10 6 4,76.10 2 103 10 -40 = 9,9
(CuY) =
(Cu2+ / OH- ).
(Y4 - / H+ ) = 10 13,7. 9,9

93
Do : gi tr
biu kin l ' =
= 10 7,1
Nh vy ga tr = 10 7 < = 10 7,1, nn phn ng tp phc ny xy

ra
Khi ta c: [Hg2+ ] =
10 4
= 10 17,7 M.
10 13, 7
1.
Tnh hm lng % P v P2O5 trong mt 5(g) mu phn, khi em kt

ta P di dng MgNH 4PO4, ri nung nhit 650 0C, thu c
2.
1,235(g) Mg2P2O7.
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe3+. Hi cn
dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99 g/ml) kt ta
3.
hon ton lng Fe3+. Bit trong qung c cha n 10% Fe

Lng K trong mt loi phn c chuyn t dng K2O thnh
KClO4. Hi khi lng phn l bao nhiu % K 2O thu c gp
100 ln khi lng dng cn KClO4
Gii
1.
H s chuyn K (P
Mg2P2O7 ) =
H s chuyn K (P2O5
Nn:
(%) P = K.
(%) P2O5 = K.
2.
2.31
= 0,2793
222
Mg2P2O7 ) =
142
= 0,6396
222
m2
1,235
. 100 = 0,2793.
.100 = 6,8987(g)
5
m1
m2
1,235
. 100 = 0,6396.
.100 = 15,7981(g)
5
m1
Ta c:
Khi lng Fe c trong qung = khi lng Fe3+ = 1. 10% = 0,1(g)
s mol ca Fe3+ =
0,1
56
Phn ng to ta: Fe3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O

Nn: 3. s mol ca Fe3+ = s mol ca NH3
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
3.
0,1
V .0,99.1,19
=
56
100.17
V = 7,73(ml)
3.
Cng thc tnh % khi lng dng cn l: K.
m 2 V1
.
. 100
m1 V 2
Theo : % K2O gp 100 ln lng cn KClO4
94
% K2O = 100.mKClO4
K.
mKClO4
. 100 = 100. mKClO4
mphan
mphan =
94
= 0,009(g)
2.138 ,5
1.
em chun 100ml dung dch HCl 0,025M bng V(ml) dung dch
NaOH 0,1M
a)
Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch chun c khi V(ml) ln lt l:

0 - 10 - 20 - 24,9 - 25 - 25,1 - 26 - 30 (ml)
b)
V ng chun (pH - Vml dung dch NaOH) ng vi cc

gi tr pH va tm c cu a.
c)
2.
Ht 10 ml dung dch mu NaOH C x cho vo erlen 250mL cng vi

30 ml nc ct +3 git pp (lm 4 mu). em chun bng dung
dch HCl 0,1N cho n khi dung dch chuyn t mu hng tm sang
khng mu.Ghi th tch axit HCl 0,1N tiu tn V 0 (mL). Vi tin
cy 95%. tnh nng dung dch NaOH
Mu s
V0 (mL)
9,8
9,75
9,7
4
9,6
Bit rng:
S th nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
Gi s cc dung dch u c khi lng ring d = 1 g/mL

Gii
1.a) Phng trnh phn ng: HCl + NaOH
Ti im tng ng: V =
NaCl + H2O
100 .0,025
= 25 (mL)
0,1
Ti V = 0: dung dch ch c HCl phn ly mnh nn pH ca dung dch

l pH ca acid ny
pH = - lg Cx = - lg 0,025 = 1,60
Ti V = 10: dung dch gm NaCl v HCl d
[H+]bd - [H+]phn ng
[H+] =
100.0,025 10.0,1
= 0,0136
100 10
Ti V = 20: [H+] =
[H+] dung dch =
pH dung dch = 1,86
100.0,025 20.0,1
= 4,167. 10 - 3
100 20
pH dung dch =
95
2,38
Ti V = 24,9: [H+] =
100 .0,025 24 ,9.0,1

= 8. 10 - 5
100 24 ,9
pH dung dch =
4,09
Ti V = 25: [H+] = [OH-] = 10 - 7
pH dung dch = 7
Ti V = 25,1: dung dch gm NaCl v NaOH d
pH dung dch =
pH (NaOH d)
M: [OH-] = [OH-]bd - [OH-]phn ng =
pOH = 4,09
25,1.0,1 100 .0,025

= 7,9.10 - 5
25,1 100
pH = 14 - pOH = 9,90
Ti V = 26: [OH-] = [OH-]bd - [OH-]phn ng =
26.0,1 100.0,025
=
26 100
7,9310 - 4
pOH = 3,10
pH = 14 - pOH = 10,90

pOH = 2,41
30.0,1 100.0,025
= 3,85.10- 3
30 100
pH = 14 - pOH = 11,59
1.b) Sai s chun l 0,2%, ngha l lng NaOH cho vo dung dch
s thiu ( - 0,2%) hoc tha (+ 0,2%) so vi lng acid HCl ti st
im tng ng, do :
([OH-] - [H+]).
Hay: (
C C
10 14
- [H+]). 0
C .C 0
[H ]
C0 C
=
C .C 0
= 0,002
0,002
(
0,025 0,1
10 14
- [H+]).
=
0,025 .0,1
[H ]
0,002
(
10 14
- [H+]) =
[H ]
4. 10 5
[H+]2
[H+] = 2,5.10 - 10 v [H+] = 4.10 - 5

Vy pH = 4,39
v pH
2.
4.10 - 5 [H+] - 10 - 14 = 0
pH = { 4,39 ; 9,60 }
9,60 hay bc nhy chun khong 5,21 n
Ta c: s ng lng ca NaOH = s ng lng ca HCl

Cx = V0.0,1
Cx =
10.
0,1
. V0 = 0,01.V0.
10
Nn:
96
Mu s
Cx. 10 2
1
9,8
2
9,75
3
9,7
4
9,6
Vi = 95%, n = 4 th: QLth = 0,77 v t= 3,18

Kim tra sai s th bo:Cx (1) =
0,098 0,0975
= 0,25 < QLth.
0,098 0,096
Cx (2) =
0,0975 0,097
= 0,25 < QLth.
0,098 0,096
Cx (3) =
0,097
0,098
0,096
= 0,5 < QLth.
0,096
Vy dy s ny khng c sai s th bo, hay dy s thc nghim

c tnh
S liu thu c:
Nng ca NaOH trung bnh = 0,097125 (N)
Phng sai mu = 0,000853912
t.S
n
3,18 .0,000835912
0,00135772.
Vy Nng ca NaOH l:
0,097125 0,00135772 0,097 0,001
Hay: 0,096(N) nng NaOH
1.
2.
0,098 (N)
Cho 2 cp oxy ho kh [MnO 4- / Mn2+ ] v [ClO3- (H+)/ Cl- ] c E0 ln

lt l 1,51(v) v 1,45(v). Xc nh chiu phn ng xy ra v hng
s cn bng ca phn ng pH = 0.
Cho ming ng kim loi vo dung dch AgNO3 0,01M. Tnh KCB v
0
nng cc ion kim loi trong dung dch to thnh. Bit E Cu
0
0,34(v) v E Ag
Cu
=0,8(v)
Ag
3.
Vit cng thc tnh th in cc E (v) khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch
Fe2+ C0N bng V (ml) dung dch Ce4+ CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
c) Ti im tng ng
d) Sau xa im tng ng
0
Bit E Fe
4.
/ Fe2
0
= + 0,68 (v), ECe
/ Ce 3
= + 1,44(v)
Tin hnh pha trn dung dch Cu+ 10 4 M vi dung dch Na 2S 0,1M,
97
ri o th in ca dung dch bng in cc ng-SCE th c gi

tr - 0,906(volt). Gi s trong dung dch khng xy ra qu trnh to
phc hydroxo ca ion Cu+, pH dung dch o c l 8, th in cc
0
chun ca ng l E Cu
= + 0,34 v H2S c xem l mt dung

Cu
dch acid yu hai chc c hng s phn ly acid 2 nc ln lt l: 10

7
,10 12,89.Tnh nng [Cu+] ti thi im cn bng sau khi pha trn
1.
Gii
Cc bn phn ng Oxy ho kh:
MnO-4 + 8 H+ + 5. e
ClO3- + 6 H+ + 6 e
Mn2+ + 4 H2O
E10 = 1,51(v)
Cl- + 3 H2O
E 20 = 1,45(v)
phn ng xy ra th E > 0 m vi pH = 0 th [H+] = 1N

Nn E10
- E 20
= 1,51 - 1,45 = + 0,06 tng ng vi chiu ca
phn ng:
6 MnO-4 + 5 Cl- + 18 H+
6 Mn2+ + 5 ClO3- + 9 H2O

6.5.( E E ')
2.
p dng tnh hng s cn bng: KCB = 10 0,059 = 10 30,5

Xt qu trnh in ly: AgNO3 Ag+ + NO3Nn phn ng in ho xy ra gia Ag+ v Cu l:
2 Ag+ + Cu
2 Ag + Cu2+
Nng ban u
: 0,01
Nng cn bng: 0,01 x
Ta c: KCB =
0
x
x
0,01 x
Mt khc theo h qu t phng trnh Nernst:

KCB = 10
Do :
3.
x
= 10 15,6
0,01 x
m.n. E
0,059
= 10
2.1.( 0,8 0,34 )

0,059
=10 15,6
x = 2,071. 10 3
Vy: [Cu2+ ] = 2,071. 10 3 M v [Ag+] = 5,858. 10 3M

Phn ng chun :
Ce4+ + 1 e
Fe3+ + 1 e
Ce3+
Fe2+
Fe2+ + Ce4+
E10 = 1,44 (v)
(1)
E 20 = 0,68 (v)
(2)
Fe3+ + Ce3+
Khi chun : [Fe2+ ] + [Fe2+ ]phn ng = [ Fe2+ ]pt =
V0 C 0
V0 V
98
[Ce4+ ] + [Ce4+ ]phn ng = [ Fe2+ ]pt =

t
VC
V0
V .C
= F : Cng thc tng qut s l:
V0 C 0
([Ce4+ ] - [Fe2+ ])
V0 V
= F-1
V0 C 0
Trc xa im tng ng: [Ce4+ ]

(3)
E=
E + 0,059 lg
(3)
0:
F
[ Fe3 ]
= 0,68 + 0,059 lg
2
1 F
[ Fe ]
Ti im tng ng: F = 1v [Fe2+ ] = [Ce4+ ]

Etd =
4.
1,44 0,68
= 1,06
2
Sau xa im tng ng: [Fe2+ ] 0 :

(3) E = 1,44 + 0,059 lg (F - 1)
Phn ng phng in ca cc ion: Cu+ + e
Cu2+
Nn theo phng trnh Nernst:
0
ECB = E Cu
+
Cu
0,059
lg [Cu+] = 0,34 + 0,059 lg [Cu+]
n
Th o c trong dung dch l:

ECB = Edo + Echuan= - 0,906 + 0,247 = - 0,659(v)
Do : [Cu+] = 10 19,48.
1.
Vit cng thc tnh pMg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Mg2+ C0N
a)
b)
c)
d)
Tng qut khi chun

Trc xa im tng ng
Ti im tng ng
Sau xa im tng ng
Gi s rng Mg c kh nng to phc vi EDTA v hydroxyt, EDTA

l acid a chc phn ly bn nc, hng s bn iu kin ca phc gia M
v EDTA ln.
2. Ht 5mL dung dch mu (c cha ion Al 3+ ) cng vi 10 mL dung
dch chun EDTA 0,1N thm 3 git ch th Bromcresol lc vo cng
mt erlen, ri chnh dung dch pha trn v pH = 5-6 bng cch cho
NH4OH vo n khi dung dch c mu xanh. Thm tip 2mL dung
dch m pH = 5,5. un nh khong 60 - 800C, ri li thm 2 mL
99
m pH = 5,5 + 1 git ch th Xylenon da cam (lm 4 mu trong cc

bnh nn loi 250mL). Chun bng dung dch Zn2+ 0,1N (chun
nng) cho n khi dung dch chuyn t xanh sang vng th o c
th tch dung dch Zn2+ l V0(mL), theo kt qu:
Mu s
V0 (mL)
9,8
9,7
9,7
9,6
Vi tin cy 95% hy tnh hm lng g / L ca ion Al 3+ c trong

mu ban u.
S th
nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41

Gii
1. Theo cho: Mg2+ (k hiu M) ch c kh nng to phc vi EDTA
(k hiu Y) m khng c cc qu trnh ph nh hydroxo, hydrua...
do hng s bn iu kin ca phc ny kh ln, nn cch gii b
qua cc qu trnh ph ny.
Phng trnh chun : M + Y
MY
( )
Khi tin hnh chun : [M] + [M]pu = [M]bd =

VC
[Y] + [Y]pu = [Y]bd =

t
V0 C 0
V0 V
V0
(1)
(2)
(3)
V .C
= F: Phng trnh tng qut nh phn chun l:
V0 C 0
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V V
V0 V
( [M] ) 0
=1-F
V0 C 0
.[M ]
Trc xa im tng ng: Gi s

[M] = (1 - F)
(5)
[Y] << [M]
V0 C 0
V0 V
Ti im tng ng: ( F = 1)
.[M]2 + [M] -
V0 C 0
=0
V0 V
Ti sau xa im tng ng: [M] << [Y]
100
(5)
2.
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V0 V
= (F - 1)
.[M ]
V0 C 0
.
V0 V
Ta c: s ng lng ca Al 3+ = s ng lng ca EDTA phn

ng = s ng lng ca EDTA ban u s ng lng ca
EDTA d = s ng lng ca EDTA ba u - s ng lng
ca Zn2+
5. Cx = (10 - V0). 0,1
Cx = (10 - V0).
0,1
. V0 = 0,02. (10 - V0).
5
V khi lng ca Al3+ trong mu l CN.V(L). D = CN.V(L).

Hm lng g/L ca Al3+ =
M
Z
C.V.M C X .5.27
=
= 9. Cx.
3.5
Z.V '
(Trong V v V ln lt l th tch c chun v mu ban u

tnh theo Lt)
Nn:
Mu s
Cx. 10 3
1
4
2
6
3
6
4
8
Hm lng g/L 36. 10 3 54. 10 3

54. 10 3
Vi = 95%, n = 4 th: QLth = 0,77 v t= 3,18
Kim tra sai s th bo: Cx (1) =
0,072
0,072
0,054
= 0,5 < QLth.
0,036
0,054
0,072
Cx (2) =
72.10 3
0,036
= 0,5 < QLth.
0,036
Vy dy s ny khng c sai s th bo, hay dy s thc nghim

c tnh
S liu thu c:
Hm lng Al3+ TBnh = 0,054 (g/L)
Phng sai mu = 0,014687
t.S
n
3,18 .0,014687
4
= 0,02337
Vy hm lng (g/L) ca Al3+ = 0,054 0,023

Hay 0,031 (g/L) Hm lng Al3+
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 10:
1.
0,077 (g/L)
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe3+. Hi cn
dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99 g/ml) kt ta
hon ton lng Fe3+. Bit trong qung c cha n 10% Fe.
101
2.
nh lng hm lng NaCl c trong mui n theo phng php

Mohr: Cn 0,8849g mui n c tinh khit 99,5 %, em ho tan
bng nc ct nng n khi thu c dung dch 100 ml. Ht 5 ml
dung dch mu cho vo cc tam gic cng vi 5 git hn hp ch th
(gm 4,2 g K2CrO4 + 0,7g K2Cr2O7 pha trong 100 ml nc ct) v
thm 3 git h tinh bt, ri nh mc n 100ml. Tin hnh chun
bng AgNO3 0,1N cho n khi xut hin ta c mu cam nht th
tn ht 5,76ml dung dch AgNO 3. Tnh khi lng NaCl c trong
mui n ban u.
Gii
1. Ta c khi lng Fe c trong qung = khi lng Fe3+ = 1. 10% =
0,1(g)
s mol ca Fe3+ =
0,1
56
Phn ng to ta: Fe3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O

Nn: 3. s mol ca Fe3+ = s mol ca NH3
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
3.
0,1
V .0,99.1,19
=
56
100.17
= 7,73(ml)
2. S phn tch:
Mui n
dung dch (1)
dung dch (2)
dung dch (3)
AgCl
0,8849(g) 100mL
5mL
100m L
(99,5%)
Ti dung dch (3) c:
s ng lng gam Cl- = s ng lng gam Ag+
= 5,67.0,1. 10 - 3
Nn khi lng NaCl trong dung dch (1) l:
5,76. 10 - 4.
58,5.100
100.100
.
= 76,54%
0,8849 .99 ,5
5
102
BI GII CC BI TP M RNG V NNG CAO

Cu 1: Tnh pH ca cc dung dch sau:
a)
Metilamin 0.1M c pKb = 3.36
b)
Acid Lactic C2H5OCOOH 0.2M v Kalilactat C2H5OCOOK 0.2M c

pKa = 3.36.
Gii
a)
Metilamin l mt baz yu cho nn ta p dng cng thc sau:

[OH- ] =
-2,18
K b .Cb = 10
pOH = 2,18
pH = 11,82
Hn hp axit lactic v Kalilactat l mt hn hp dung dch m axit,

C
0.2
3.36
nn: pH pK a lg a 3.36 lg
Cb
0.2
Cu 2: Tnh tan ca CaC2O4 trong dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 0.5M so snh vi
tan ca n trong nc. Bit TCaC2O4 = 2,3.10-9.
Gii
Trong nc:
2,3.10 9 4,8.10 5 mol / L
Trong dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 0,5M:

S
T
CA
2,3.10
0,5
4,6.10 9 mol / L
tan ca CaC2O4 trong dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 0,5M nh hn

10000 ln so vi tan ca n trong nc.
Cu 3: Ha tan 0.2486g K2Cr2O7 tinh khit thnh 500ml dung dch chun
K2Cr2O7. Ht 20.00ml dung dch ny, thm mt lng nht nh HCl v KI
thch hp ri chun bng 20.05ml Na2S2O3. Tnh nng ng lng
ca dung dch Na2S2O3 v chun ca dung dch ?
Gii
Chun Na2S2O3 theo cch trn l chun th. Do s ng
lng S2O32- bng s ng lng Cr2O72-, v:
(K2Cr2O7) = M(K2Cr2O7)/6 = 294/6; (Na2S2O3) = M(Na2S2O3)/1 = 158
CN ( K 2Cr2O7 )
0.2486 6
294 0.5
CN ( Na2 S2O3 )
0.0101 20.00
20.05
0.0101N
0.01N
T(Na2S2O3) = CN (Na2S2O3).10-3 (Na2S2O3) =

= 0.01 10-3 158 = 0.00158 g/mL
103
Cu 4: Mt mu Sud cn nng 0.9210g, c pha long thnh 250ml dung

dch. Ht ra 50mL dung dch ny em chun bng dung dch HCl 0.1042N,
th th tch HCl tiu tn l:
-
Nu dng ch th PP VHCl = 20.50ml
Nu dng ch th MO VHCl = 21.30ml

Xc nh hm lng cc thnh phn trong mu ban u
Gii
Nu mu ban u ch cha NaOH th th tch dung dch HCl dng
chun vi ch th PP (V 1) hay vi ch th MO (V2) phi nh nhau (khng tnh
n s chnh lch th tch do sai s chun ). S chnh lch ng k gia
V1 vi V2 cho thy mu NaOH ban u b Carbonat ha, tc dung dch
em phn tch cha hn hp NaOH + Na2CO3.
Th tch dung dch HCl dng chun NaOH = (2V1 V2) mL
Th tch dung dch HCl dng chun Na 2CO3 = 2(V2 V1) mL
% NaOH
2.20,50 21,30 .0,1042.10 3.
250 100
.
.40 89,15%
25 0,9210
% Na2CO3
2 21,30 20,50 .0,1042.10 3.
250 100 106

.
.
9,59%
25 0,9210 2
CU 5: Nng cn bng ca NH 3 trong 100ml dung dch cha 10-2 mol kt

ta AgCl phi l bao nhiu ho tan lng kt ta. Tch s tan ca AgCl
TAgCl = 10-9,75 v phc ca Ag+ v NH3 c logarit hng s bn tng cng ln
lt 2 nc l 3,22 v 7,24.
Gii
-2
Nu 10 mol kt ta AgCl tan ht trong 100ml dung dch, th nng
cn bng ca ion clorua v tng nng cn bng cc dng tn ti ca ion
bc l 0,1M.
V
1, 2
ln hn
1,1
l 100 ln, nn khi ho tan ht lng kt ta
AgCl; dng tn ti ch yu ca ion bc trong dung dch l phc c s phi tr

cao nht: [Ag(NH3)2]+. M [Ag+] [Cl-] = TAgCl = 10-9,75
[Ag+] = 10
9 , 75
10
= 10-
8,75
.
M
1, 2
[ Ag[ NH 3 ) 2 ]
[ Ag ][NH 3 ]
= 107,24
[NH3] = 10-0,255 = 1,8M
CU 6: em chun 50ml dung dch HCl 0,05M bng V(ml) dung dch NaOH
0,1M.
a) Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch chun c khi V(ml) ln lt l: 0 104
b)
10 - 20 - 24,9 - 25 - 25,1 - 26 - 30 (ml)

V ng chun (pH - Vml dung dch NaOH) ng vi cc gi tr
pH va tm c cu a.
c)

Gii
a)
Phng trnh phn ng: HCl + NaOH

Ti im tng ng: V =
NaCl + H2O
50 .0,05
= 25 (mL)
0,1
Ti V = 0: dung dch ch c HCl phn ly mnh nn pH ca dung dch

l pH ca acid ny: pH = - lg Cx = - lg 0,05 = 1,3
[H+] dung dch = [H+]bd

- [H+]phn ng, nn: [H+] =
Ti V = 20: [H+] =
50.0,05 10.0,1
= 0,025
50 10
50.0,05 20.0,1
= 7,14. 10
50 20
pH dung dch = 1,6
- 3
pH dung dch =
2,15
Ti V = 24,9: [H+] =
50 .0,05 24 ,9.0,1
= 1,34. 10 - 4
50 24 ,9
pH dung dch = 3,87

Ti V = 25: [H+] = [OH-] = 10 - 7
pH dung dch = 7

pH (NaOH d)
M [OH-] = [OH-]bd - [OH-]phn ng =
pOH = 3,88
pH dung dch =
25 .0,1 50 .0,05
= 1,33. 10 - 4
25,1 50
pH = 14 - pOH = 10,12
Ti V = 26: [OH-] = [OH-]bd -
[OH-]phn ng
26.0,1 50.0,05
=
26 50
1,315. 10 - 3
pOH = 2,88
pH = 14 - pOH = 11,12
30.0,1 50.0,05
= 6,25.
30 50
10 - 3
pOH = 2,2
b)
pH = 14 - pOH = 11,8
Sai s chun l 0,2%, ngha l lng NaOH cho vo dung dch

s thiu ( - 0,2%) hoc tha (+ 0,2%) so vi lng acid HCl ti st
im tng ng, do :
105
([OH-] - [H+]).
Hay (
V0 V
=
V0 C 0
0,002
V V
10 14
- [H+]). 0
= 0,002
V0 C 0
[H ]
[H+]2
6,67.10 - 5 [H+] - 10 - 14 = 0
Vy pH = 4,176
n v pH
pH = { 4,176 ; 9,824 }
9,824 hay bc nhy chun khong 5,648
106
P N CC THI KIM TRA GII THIU

P N S 1
Cu 1 : 2 im
a.(1) Trn 29.90ml dung dch axit pyridinecarboxylic c nng
0.020M vi 20.00ml dung dch KOH c nng 0.023M.
Phn ng xy ra khi trn:
C5H4NCOOH + KOH C5H4NCOOK + H2O
S mol ca cc cht trc khi phn ng:
na=29.900.020 =0.598mmol; nb= 20.000.023=0.460mmol
s mol ca axit pyridinecacboxylic d l:
0.598 0.460=0.138mmol
[C5H4NCOOH]d=0.138/49.9 = 2.7710-3M
s mol ca C5H4NCOOK to thnh 0.460mmol
[C5H4NCOOK]=0.460/49.9=9.2210-3M
Dung dch sau phn ng l dung dch m:
pH=pKa -lg[C5H4NCOOH]d/[C5H4NCOOK]
= 5.3 lg(2.7710-3/9.2210-3)=5.82
b.(1) Trn 29.90ml dung dch axit pyridinecarboxylic c nng 0.020M
vi 26.00ml dung dch KOH c nng 0.023M.
Phn ng xy ra khi trn: C 5H4NCOOH + KOH C5H4NCOOK +
H2O
S mol ca cc cht trc khi phn ng:
na=29.900.020 =0.598mmol; nb= 26.000.023=0.598mmol
s mol ca axit pyridinecacboxylic bng vi s mol ca KOH
pH ca dung dch ph thuc vo lng mui C5H4NCOOK c tnh
baz yu to thnh [C5H4NCOOK]=0.598/55.9=0.011M
pOH = (pKb-lgCb) = (8.7-lg0.011)=5.33 pH=14-5.33=8.67
Cu 2: 1 im
a.(0.5) 1L dung dch Fe2+ 50ppm
m C ppm V pha
M dc 100
10
M pha P
50 1000
392 100
10
56 99.8
0.3507 g
b.(0.5) 500mL dung dch Fe2+ 0.1N (dng lm cht chun cho phn ng
oxy ha kh)
m CN Vpha D
100
P
0.1 0.5
392 100
16.4830 g
1 99.8
107
Cu 3: 2 im
H s chuyn K
M xd
M dc
M CaCO3
M CaO
100
1.7857
56
Khi lng mu cn: a = 23.4560 23.1024 = 0.3536g

Khi lng dng cn: m = 23.2260 23.1024 = 0.1236g
%CaCO3
K F
m
0.1236
100 1.7857 1
100 62.42%
a
0.3536
Cu 4: 3 im
a.(1) Tnh khong bc nhy pH ca php chun ng vi th tch ca
cht chun l 9.99ml v 10.01ml?
Khi V = 9.99ml ta p dng cng thc tnh:
[H ]
(CV ) HCl (CV ) NaOH

VHCl VNaOH
0.1 10 0.1 9.99

19.99
5.10 5 M pH = 4.3

[OH ]
(CV ) NaOH (CV ) HCl

VHCl VNaOH
0.1 10.01 0.1 10

20.01
5.10 5 M pH = 9.7
Vy khong bc nhy pH = (4.3 9.7)

b.(1) Chn cht ch th no trong s cc ch th sau y vi sai s khng
qu 0.1%: phenolphtalein (pT=9); metyl (pT=5); metyl cam
(pT=4). Tnh sai s ch th khi s dng cht ch th chn?
Da vo khong bc nhy pH = (4.3
9.7) ta chn c 2 cht ch
th
Vi pT=5 khi dng cht ch th ny s mc sai s m
%S
10
pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) HCl
10
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
Vi pT=9 khi dng cht ch th ny s mc sai s dng

%S
10
14 pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) HCl
10
14 9
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
c. (1) Nu tin trnh chun chun c 7ml HCl th pH ca dung

dch trong bnh chun lc ny l bao nhiu?
Nu chun c 7ml HCl th lc ny cha t im tng ng
khi p dng cng thc sau:
[H ]

VHCl VNaOH
0.1 10 0.1 7
17
0.0176M pH = 1.75
Cu 5: 2 im
a. (1) Gii thch v vit cc phn ng xy ra?
108
pH=2 Fe3+ c chun trc tip bng EDTA vi ch th

sunfosalixilic, trong iu kin Al 3+ khng gy nh hng.
Fe3+ + Ind FeInd2+
Fe3+ + H2Y2- FeY- + 2H+
H2Y2- + FeInd2+ FeY- + Ind
pH=5 ngi ta dng k thut chun ngc (do Al 3+ phn ng
chm vi EDTA) bng cch cho d chnh xc mt lng EDTA tiu
chun, sau chun lng EDTA d bng dung dch Zn2+ tiu
chun vi ch th xylenol da cam, trong iu kin Fe3+ vn tn ti
di dng phc cht FeYAl3+ + H2Y2- AlY- + 2H+
H2Y2- + Zn2+ ZnY2- + 2H+
Zn2+ + HInd2- ZnInd2- + H+
b. (1) Tnh nng mol/L ca mi ion c trong dung dch mu ban
u?
pH=2: ta c CFe3+
(CV ) EDTA
50
0.04016 29.61
0.02378M
50
pH=5: ta c
C Al 3
(CV ) EDTA (CV ) Zn 2

50
0.04016 50 0.03228 19.03

50
0.02787 M
P N S 2
Cu 1 : 2 im
Khi khng c KI th th oxy ha ca cp Cu2+/Cu+ ng vi phng trnh:
Cu2+ + 1e- Cu+
c xc nh bng cng thc:
E=E0Cu2+/Cu++ 0.059lg[Cu2+/Cu+] trong E0Cu2+/Cu+=0.170V (0.5)
Khi c KI lm kt ta CuI th th oxy ha ca cp Cu 2+/Cu+ ng vi
phng trnh phn ng: Cu2+ + I- + 1e- CuI (0.5)
c xc nh bng cng thc:
E = E0 + 0.059lg[Cu2+][I-]
Trong E0 l th oxy ha kh tiu chun iu kin:
E = E0 khi [Cu2+][I-] = 1
(1)
+
+ Ta c Cu + I CuI c T=[Cu ][I ]
(2) (0.5)
t (1) v (2) ta suy ra: [Cu2+]/[Cu+]=1/T
Vy:
E0 = E0Cu2+/Cu+ + 0.059lg(1/T) = 0.170 + 0.059lg1012 = 0.878V (0.5)
109
Cu 2 : 1 im
a. 1L dung dch K2Cr2O7 0.1N (dng lm cht chun oxy ha trong mi
trng axit) (0.5)
m CN Vpha D
b.
100
P
294 100
1 99.8
0.1 1
29.4589 g
500mL dung dch K2Cr2O7 5% (0.5)

m C % V pha
M dc 100
10
M pha P
5 500
100
10
99.8
2 40
222
0.3604
25.0501g
Cu 3 : 2 im
H s chuyn: K
M xd
M dc
2 M MgO
M Mg2 P2O7
Phn trm ca MgO

%MgO
K F
m
250 0.1278
100 0.3604
100 22.88%
a
25 2.0132
Cu 4: 3 im
a. (2) Tnh pH v v ng nh phn ti cc im khi th tch cht
chun HCl l: 0.00ml; 5.00ml; 9.00ml; 9.99ml; 10.00ml; 10.01ml;
12.00ml; 15.00ml.
Phng trnh chun : HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Trc im tng ng pH trong bnh chun c tnh theo cng
thc:
[H ]

(0.5)
VHCl VNaOH
Sau im tng ng pH trong bnh chun c tnh theo cng

thc:
[OH ]

(0.5)
VHCl VNaOH
Ti im tng ng pH=7
p dng cng thc tnh trn ta th c kt qu sau: (0.5)
VNaOHml 0.00
5.00
9.00
9.99
10.00
pH
2.00
2.48
3.28
5.30
7.00
ng nh phn c v nh sau: (0.5)
10.01
8.70
12.00
10.95
15,00
11.30
110
pH
2
1
1
8
6
4
2
0
V(mL)
5
1
0
1
5
20
b. (0.5) Chn cht ch th no trong s cc ch th sau y (pT=9; pT=6.5;

pT=5; pT=4) vi sai s khng qu 0.1%.
Vi sai s khng qu 0.1% tc l ng vi th tch cht chun
trc im tng ng l 9.99mL v sau im tng ng l
10.01mL. Khi khong bc nhy pH s l: 5.30 8.70, nh vy
ta chn pT = 6.5.
c. (0.5) Nu tin trnh chun chun c 19ml HCl th pH ca dung
dch trong bnh chun lc ny l bao nhiu?
Nu chun c 19ml HCl th lc ny vt qu im tng
ng khi p dng cng thc sau:
[OH ]

VHCl VNaOH
19 0.01 10 0.01
3.1 10 3 M
19 10
pH = 11.49
Cu 5 : 2 im
a. (1) Vit cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh phn tch trn?
TN 1:
Fe3+ + Ag Fe2+ + Ag+
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
TN 2:
Fe3+ + Ag Fe2+ + Ag+
TiO2+ + Ag + 2H+ Ti3+ + Ag+ + H2O
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
6TiO2+ + Cr2O72- + 26H+ 6Ti3+ + 2Cr3+ + 13H2O
b. (1) Tnh s mg st v titan c trong dung dch ban u?
TN 1: Ta xc nh c hm lng Fe
111
Ta c mg ( Fe) (CV ) K 2Cr 2O7 DFe
100
25
0.05 25.50 56
100
25
285.60mg
TN 2: Ta xc nh c tng titan v st
Ta c nTi = nT nFe = (CV)T (CV)Fe
= 0.0540.25 0.0525.50 = 0.7375
mg (Ti)
n,Ti DTi
100
25
0.7375 47.9
100
141.31mg
25
P N S 3
Cu 1: 2 im
a. Trong nc nguyn cht (1)
BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42SBaSO4= TBaSO
10
10
10 5 M
CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42SCaSO4= TCaSO
10
10
2.5
3.16 10 3 M
b. Trong dung dch c cha 0.01M Na2SO4 (1)

BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42S
TBaSO 4
CM
10 10
10 2
10 8 M
CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO42Na2SO4 2Na+ + SO42S
TCaSO 4
CM
10
10
10 3 M
Cu 2 : 1 im
a. 1L dung dch EDTA 0.1N (0.5)
m CN Vpha D
100
P
0.1 1
372.24 100
18.6493g
2
99.8
b. 500mL dung dch EDTA 0.1M (0.5)

m CM Vpha M
100
P
0.1 0.5 372.24
100
18.6493g
99.8
Cu 3: 2 im
H s chuyn: K
M xd
M dc
MS
M CuS
32
96
0.3333
Phn trm ca S
%S
K F
m
0.0872
100 0.3333
100 2.91%
a
1.0000
112
Cu 4 : 3 im
a. Tnh khong bc nhy pH ca php chun ng vi th tch ca
cht chun NaOH l 9.99ml v 10.01ml? (1)
[OH ]

VHCl VNaOH
0.1 10 0.1 9.99

19.99
5.10 5 M pH = 9.7

[H ]
b.

VHCl VNaOH
0.1 10.01 0.1 10

20.01
5.10 5 M pH = 4.3
Vy khong bc nhy pH = (9.7 4.3)

Chn cht ch th no trong s cc ch th sau y vi sai s khng
qu 0.1%: phenolphtalein (pT=9); metyl (pT=5); metyl cam
(pT=4). Tnh sai s ch th khi s dng cht ch th chn? (1)
Da vo khong bc nhy pH = (4.3
9.7) ta chn c 2 cht ch
th pT=5 v pT=9.
Vi pT=5 khi dng cht ch th ny s mc sai s dng
%S
10
pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) NaOH
10
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
Vi pT=9 khi dng cht ch th ny s mc sai s m

%S
c.
10
14 pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) NaOH
10
14 9
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
Nu tin trnh chun chun dng pH=12 th phi thm bao

nhiu ml dung dch chun HCl na th t im tng ng? (1)
Ti pH=12 [OH-] =10-2M ang thi im trc im tng
ng ta c cng thc tnh pH trc im tng ng nh sau:
[OH ]

VHCl VNaOH
VHCl
(CV ) NaOH [OH ].VNaOH

CHCl [OH ]
0.1 10 10
0.1 10
2
2
10
8.18ml
Do cn phi thm 10.00 8.18 = 1.82mL th t im tng

ng
Cu 5: 2 im
a.
Tnh khi lng phn t ca HA (0.5)

Gi M l khi lng phn t ca HA v K a l hng s phn ly ca
chng
113
Nng ban u ca HA l: CHA=
1.2500 1000
M
50
Khi chun 50ml HA bng dung dch NaOH 0.0900M th ht 41.2ml

th t im tng ng CHA=
b.
(CV ) NaOH
50
0.0900 41.2
50
0.07416M
M=337.2
Tnh hng s phn ly ca axit HA (1)
Ti thi im pH=4.3 dung dch l dung dch m
pH=pKa lgCa/Cb vi Ca = [HA] =
(CV ) HA (CV ) NaOH

; Cb = [A-] =
VT
(CV ) NaOH
VT
pKa = pH + lg
(CV ) HA (CV ) NaOH

0.07416 50 8.24 0.0900
= 4.3 + lg
(CV ) NaOH
8.24 0.0900
= 4.3 + 0.6 = 4.9 Ka = 1.25 10-5

c. Tnh pH im tng ng ca qu trnh chun (0.5)
Phn ng chun : HA + NaOH NaA + H2O
Ti im tng ng pH ca dung dch ph thuc vo mui NaA
c tnh baz yu
Cng thc tnh pH ca mt baz yu: pOH = (pKb lgCb)
Trong pKb = 14 pKa =14 4.9 = 9.1;
Cb = [NaA] =
41.20 0.0900
50 41.20
0.0407 M
Vy pOH = (9.1 lg0.0407) = 5.25 pH = 14 5.25 = 8.75

P N S 4
Cu 1: (2 im)
Mt dung dch cha ng thi cc ion sau: Mn2+, Ag+, Zn 2+, Al3+, Fe3+,
hy:
1. V s dng nhnh cy phn tch h thng cc ion ny.
2.
1.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha cc hin tng d nu.

Gii
Xy dng quy trnh phn tch theo dng nhnh cy:
114
2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag+ + Cl
AgCl + 2 NH3
AgCl (trng)
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2 H+
AgCl + 2NH4+
- Nhn bit Ag+
Fe3+ + 3 OHFe(OH)3
2+
Mn + 2 OH
Mn(OH)2
3+
Al + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+.
Al(OH)3 + 3 H+
Al3+ + 3 H2O
Al3+ + Alizarin
phc ca Al3+ - Nhn bit Al3+
Zn2+ + S2ZnS (trng)
- Nhn bit Zn2+
Mn(OH)2 + NH4Cl
2 MnCl2 + 2 NH4OH
+
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H
Fe3+ + 3 H2O
Fe3+ + SCNFe(SCN)3 () - Nhn bit Fe3+
MnCl2 + (NH4)2S
MnS + 2 NH4Cl - Nhn bit Mn2+
Cu 2: (2 im)
1.
Tnh khi lng tinh th rn (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O (M=392 vC) 98%

cn cn theo l thuyt pha c 200(mL) dung dch (SO 42 )
10ppm (khi lng ring l d=1,02 g/mL). Gi s trong dung dch
115
2.
in ly hon ton v khng c cc qu trnh khc

Pha 200(mL) dung dch KMnO 4 0,05N t tinh th rn KMnO 4
(M=158vC) c tinh khit (97%).
Gii
1.
p dng cng thc m = V.C.d.
M Aa Bb 10 -4
392 .10 4
= 200.10.1,02.
.
2.96 .98
a.M Ab
p
42,5.10-4 (g) 0,0043(g)

2.
V dung dch KMnO4 ch c pha trong mi trng acid hoc trung

tnh, nn: m =
V .C.M .
(g)
z. p.10
i vi mi trng acid:
m=
V .C.M . 200.0,05.158.
=
0,3258(g)
z. p.10
5.97.10
i vi mi trng trung tnh hoc baz:

m=
V .C.M . 200.0,05.158.
=
0,5429(g)
z. p.10
3.97.10
Cu 3: (2 im)
xc nh hm lng Al 3+ c trong mt mu qung Boxit, ngi ta
tin hnh phng php phn tch khi lng m0(g) mu , v chuyn v
dng Al(OH)3, sau nung thnh Al 2O3 nng m1(g), th qua 5 ln th nghim
c cc gi tr cn nh sau:
STN
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
Qua 5 ln th nghim trn, tm hm lng % ca Al 3+ c trong qung,

bit vi xc xut tin cy 0,95 th:
STN (n= )
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
Gii
S chuyn ho: Mu (Al)
Nn: % Al3+ = K.
Al(OH)3
Al2O3
m1
m1
m
2.27
. 100 =
. 100= 52,94. 1
27.2 16.3 m 0
m0
m0
116
Ta c kt qu theo bng sau:

STN
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
% Al
51,4637
51,6814
50,8251
49,7122
51,9780
Xc nh dy s thc:
49,7122
50,8251
51,4637
51,9780
51,9780
Ta c: Q (51,9780) =
51,6814
51,9780
51,6814
= 0,1309 < Q lt = 0,64
49,7122
Q (51,6814) =
51,6814
51,9780
51,4637
= 0,096 < Q lt = 0,64
49,7122
Q (51,4637) =
51,4637 50,8251
= 0,282 < Q lt = 0,64
51,9780 49,7122
Q (50,8251) =
50,8251 49,7122
= 0,491 < Q lt = 0,64
51,9780 49,7122
Nn dy s liu thu c khng c sai s th bo

X l s liu ta c kt qu: GTTB ca %Al3+ = 51,13208
lch chun (S) =
0,8996667
Gi tr sai s thng k =
t.S
n
2,78 .0,8996667
5
= 1,118514
Do khong tin cy (0,95) l: % Fe = 51,13208 1,118514

Hay: 50,01%
%Al
52,25%
Cu 4: 2 im
Thit lp cng thc tnh th in cc E (v) khi chun V 0 (ml) dung dch
Fe2+ C0N
a)
b)
c)
d)
bng V (ml) dung dch Ce4+ CN trong cc trng hp sau:

Tng qut khi chun
Trc xa im tng ng
Ti im tng ng
Sau xa im tng ng
0
Bit E Fe
/ Fe2
0
= + 0,68 (v), ECe
/ Ce 3
= + 1,44(v)
Gii
Phn ng chun :
Ce4+ + 1 e
Fe3+ + 1 e
Fe2+ + Ce4+
Ce3+
Fe2+
E10 = 1,44 (v)
(1)
E 20 = 0,68 (v)
(2)
Fe3+ + Ce3+
117
[Fe2+ ] + [Fe2+ ]phn ng = [ Fe2+ ]pt =
Khi chun :
[Ce4+ ] + [Ce4+ ]phn ng = [ Fe2+ ]pt =

Nn: [Ce4+ ] - [Fe2+ ] =
t
V0 C 0
V0 V
VC
V0
VC V0 C 0
V0 V
V V
V .C
= F : ([Ce4+ ] - [Fe2+ ]) 0
= F-1
V0 C 0
V0 C 0
(3)
Trc xa im tng ng:

[Ce4+ ]
V0 C 0
V0 V
[Fe2+ ] = (1 - F)
0 : (3)
M (2) [Fe2+ ] + [Fe3+ ] = [Fe2+ ] pt =
V0 C 0
V0 V
[Fe2+ ] = (1 - F) ([Fe2+ ] + [Fe3+ ])

Do : E =
E + 0,059 lg
F
[ Fe3 ]
=
[ Fe 2 ] 1 F
F
[ Fe3 ]
= 0,68 + 0,059 lg
2
1 F
[ Fe ]
Ti im tng ng: F = 1v [Fe2+ ] = [Ce4+ ]

[Ce 4 ]
+ 0,059 lg
= Etd.
[Ce 3 ]
0
1
Nn: E1 = E
E2 = E
Do : Etd =
0
2
[ Fe3 ]
+ 0,059 lg
= Etd.
[ Fe 2 ]
1,44 0,68
= 1,06
2
Sau xa im tng ng:

[Fe2+ ]
0 : (3)
[Ce4+ ] = (F - 1)
V0 C 0
(4)
V0 V
M (1) [Ce4+ ] + [Ce3+ ] = [Ce4+ ] pt

[Fe2+ ] + [Fe3+ ] = [Fe2+ ] pt =
V0 C 0
V0 V
[Fe3+ ] = [Ce3+ ]
Nn: (4)
[Ce 4 ]
[Ce 4 ]
=
F
1.
Do
:
E
=
E
+
0,059
lg
[Ce 3 ]
[Ce 3 ]
Vy: E = 1,44 + 0,059 lg (F - 1)
118
Cu 5: 2 im
Cho 50mL dung dch CH 3COOH 0,1M c chun bi V (mL) dung dch
NaOH 0,1M
a)
Hy xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c khi chun dung dch NaOH
b)
vi V = 0 25 49 49,9 - 50 50,1 60 (mL), bit pka = 10-4,75

Khi chun vi V(NaOH) = 49,9 (mL) th sai s php chun l bao
nhiu?
c)
Tnh sai s cho tng ch th sau, t nhn ra php chun c

chnh xc, th trong cc ch th sau, ch th no nn c s dng?
Cht ch th
S bin i mu
Khong pH
Dng acid
Dng baz
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
Vng
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
Vng
Xanh bin
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
Vng
Alizarin
10 12
Vng
Tm
Gii
a)
p dng cng thc tnh:

([H+] [OH-] ).
V a Vb
[H ]
+
=1-F
C a .Va
K a [H ]
V(mL)
pH
2,88
10
4,16
25
4,76
40
5,36
49
6,45
49,9
7,46
50
8,73
50,1
10,00
60
11,96
75
12,30
b) Khi chun vi V = 49,9(mL) th pH dung dch l 7,46, nn:

[H+] = 10-7,46 v [OH-] = 10-6,54, nn:
119
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
S = (10
-7,46
-6,54
- 10
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
)
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
- 5,074. 10-6 + 0,001949 0,001949 = 0,195%

c)
Cht ch th
Khong pH
pT
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
3,45
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
4,6
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
5,6
Alizarin
10 12
11
[H+] = 10-3,45 v [OH-] = 10-10,55, nn:
Vi MY: pT = 3,45
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
-3,45
= (10
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
-10,55
- 10
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
)
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
0,007096 + 0,001949 0,009045 = 0,9045%

Vi B.C.L: pT = 4,6
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
[H+] = 10-4,6 v [OH-] = 10-9,4, nn:

C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
= (10-4,6 - 10-9,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
0,000502 + 0,001949 0,002451 = 0,2451%

Vi Clophenol : pT = 5,6
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
[H+] = 10-5,6 v [OH-] = 10-8,4, nn:
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
= (10-5,6 - 10-8,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
0,000502 + 0,001949 0,002451 = 0,2451%

Vi Alizarin: pT = 11
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
[H+] = 10-11 v [OH-] = 10-3, nn:

C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
120
= (10-11 - 10-3 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
2,1949%
Do c hai ch th nn c s dng l Bromcrezol lc v clophenol .

P N S 5
Cu 1: 2 im
Mt dung dch cha ng thi cc ion sau: Mn2+, Ag+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+,
hy:
1.
V s dng nhnh cy phn tch h thng cc ion ny.
2.
1.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng cc hin tng nu.

Gii
Xy dng quy trnh phn tch theo dng nhnh cy:
2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag+ + Cl
AgCl (trng)
AgCl + 2 NH3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2 H+
AgCl + 2NH4+
Fe3+ + 3 OHMn2+ + 2 OHCu2+ 2 OH-
- Nhn bit Ag+
Fe(OH)3
Mn(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
121
Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O

Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+.
Al(OH)3 + 3 H+
Al3+ + 3 H2O
Al3+ + Alizarin
phc ca Al3+ - Nhn bit Al3+
Cu2+ + S2-
- Nhn bit Zn2+
CuS (en)
Mn(OH)2 + NH4Cl
2 MnCl2 + 2 NH4OH
+
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H
Fe3+ + 3 H2O
Fe3+ + SCNFe(SCN)3 ()
- Nhn bit Fe3+
MnCl2 + (NH4)2S
MnS + 2 NH4Cl - Nhn bit Mn2+
CuS + 2H+
Cu2+ + H2S
- Nhn bit Cu2+
Cu 2: 2 im
1. Pha 1(L) dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 200ppm (d= 1,12 g/mL) t dung dch
2.
K4[Fe(CN)6] 1% (d0 =1,24g/mL)

Tnh khi lng tinh th rn (NH 4)2Fe(SO4)2.16H2O (M=572 vC)
97% pha c 200(mL) dung dch (SO42 ) 10ppm (khi lng
ring l d=1,02 g/mL). Gi s trong dung dch in ly hon ton v
khng c cc qu trnh khc
Gii
1.
p dng cng thc pha ch dung dch: V0 =
Cppm.V .d
.10 - 4, th th
%
d 0 .C
tch dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 1% cn ly l:

V0 =
2.
1000 .200 .1,12

.10 - 4 180645,16.10-4 18,06(mL)
1,24 .1
p dng cng thc:

m = V.C.d.
M Aa Bb 10 -4
572 .10 4
.
= 200.10.1,02.
62,65.10-4 (g)
2.96 .98
a.M Ab
p
0,0063(g)
Cu 3: 2 im
xc nh hm lng Fe3+ c trong mt mu qung Pyrit, ngi ta
tin hnh phng php phn tch khi lng m0(g) mu , v chuyn v
dng Fe(OH)3, sau nung thnh Fe 2O3 nng m1(g), th qua 5 ln th nghim
c cc gi tr cn nh sau:
STN
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
Qua 5 ln th nghim trn, tm hm lng % ca Al 3+ c trong qung,
122
bit vi xc xut tin cy 0,95 th:

STN (n= )
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
Gii
S chuyn ho: Mu (Fe)
Nn: % Fe3+ = K.
Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3
m1
m1
m
2.56
. 100 =
. 100= 0,7. 1
56.2 16.3 m 0
m0
m0
Ta c kt qu theo bng sau:

STN
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
% Fe
68,0464
68,3343
67,2021
65,7305
68,7265
Xc nh dy s thc:
65,7305 67,2021
68,0464
68,3343
68,7265
Ta c:
Q (68,7265) =
68,7265
68,7265
68,3343
= 0,1309 < Q lt = 0,64
65,7305
Q (68,3343) =
68,3343
68,7265
68,0464
= 0,096 < Q lt = 0,64
65,7305
Q (68,0464) =
68,0464
68,7265
67,2021
= 0,282 < Q lt = 0,64
65,7305
Q (67,2021) =
67,2021 65,7305
= 0,491 < Q lt = 0,64
68,7265 65,7305
Nn dy s liu thu c khng c sai s th bo

X l s liu ta c kt qu: GTTB ca %Fe3+ = 67,60788
lch chun (S) =
1,1895544
Gi tr sai s thng k =
t.S
n
2,78 .1,1895544
5
= 1,47891
Do khong tin cy (0,95) l: % Fe = 51,13208 1,47891

Hay: 66,13 %
%Fe
69,09 %
Cu 4: 2 im
Thit lp cng thc tnh pMg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Mg2+ C0N
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
123
c)
d)
Ti im tng ng
Sau xa im tng ng
Gi s rng Mg c kh nng to phc vi EDTA v hydroxyt, EDTA l

acid a chc phn ly bn nc, hng s bn iu kin ca phc gia M v
EDTA ln.
Gii
Phng trnh chun : M + Y
MY
( )
Khi tin hnh chun : [M] + [M] p = [M]b =
V0 C 0
V0 V
VC
[Y] + [Y]p = [Y]b =

[M] - [Y] =
(1)
V0
(3)
V0 C 0 V .C
V0 V
(2)
(4)
M: [M]p- = [Y]p- = [MY]

T (1): [Y] =
Do (4)
[ MY ]
.[ M ]
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V0 V
[Y] =
.[M ]
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V V
V C V .C V 0 V
V0 V
( [M] ) 0
=( 0 0
)
V0 C 0
V0 V
V0 C 0
.[M ]
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V V
V0 V
( [M] ) 0
=1-F
V0 C 0
.[M ]
(5)
Trc xa im tng ng: gi s
rt ln, [Y] << [M]
Phng trnh (4) vit li: [M] = (1 - F)
V0 C 0
V0 V
Ti im tng ng : ( F = 1)
Phng trnh (5) vit li: .[M]2 + [M] Ti st im tng ng : [M]
V0 C 0
=0
V0 V
[Y]
Tin hnh gii phng trinh bc 2 theo [M] (5) tm c [M]

Ti sau xa im tng ng: [M] << [Y]
(5)
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V0 V
= (F - 1)
.[M ]
V0 C 0
V0 V
124
Cu 5: 2 im
Cho 50mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,001M c chun bi V (mL) dung
dch NaOH 0,001M
a)
Hy xc nh pH ca dung dch thu c khi chun dung dch NaOH
b)
vi V = 0 25 49 49,9 - 50 50,1 60 (mL), bit pka = 10-4,75

Khi chun vi V(NaOH) = 49,9 (mL) th sai s php chun l bao
nhiu?
c)
Tnh sai s cho tng ch th sau, t nhn ra php chun c

chnh xc, th trong cc ch th sau, ch th no nn c s dng?
Cht ch th
S bin i mu
Khong pH
Dng acid
Dng baz
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
Vng
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
Vng
Xanh bin
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
Vng
Alizarin
10 12
Vng
Tm
Gii
a)
p dng cng thc tnh:

([H+] [OH-] ).
b)
V a Vb
[H ]
+
=1-F
C a .Va
K a [H ]
V(mL)
pH
3,91
10
4,30
25
4,80
40
5,38
49
6,45
49,9
7,46
50
7,73
50,1
8,00
60
9,96
75
10,30
Khi chun vi V = 49,9(mL) th pH dung dch l 7,46, nn:

[H+] = 10-7,46 v [OH-] = 10-6,54,
125
Nn S = ([H+] [OH-]).
S = (10
-7,46
-6,54
- 10
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
)
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
- 5,074. 10-6 + 0,001949 0,001949 = 0,195%

c)
Cht ch th
Khong pH
pT
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
3,45
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
4,6
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
5,6
Alizarin
10 12
11
[H+] = 10-3,45 v [OH-] = 10-10,55, nn:
Vi MY: pT = 3,45
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
= (10
-3,45
-10,55
- 10
0,001 0,001
10 7,46
)
+
0,001 .0,001
10 4,75 10
7, 46
0,7096 + 0,001949 0,71155 71,16%

[H+] = 10-4,6 v [OH-] = 10-9,4, nn:
Vi B.C.L: pT = 4,6
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
= (10-4,6 - 10-9,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
0,0502 + 0,001949 0,05149 5,15%

Vi Clophenol : pT = 5,6
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
= (10-5,6 - 10-8,4 )
[H+] = 10-5,6 v [OH-] = 10-8,4, nn:
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
0,0502 + 0,001949 0,05149 5,15%

Vi Alizarin: pT = 11
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
[H+] = 10-11 v [OH-] = 10-3, nn:

C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
126
= (10-11 - 10-3 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
200,20 %
Do c hai ch th nn c s dng l Bromcrezol lc v clophenol

P N S 6
Cu 1: 2 im
Mt dung dch cha ng thi cc ion sau: Fe3+, Ca2+, Ag+, Zn2+, Al3+,
hy:
1.
V s dng nhnh cy phn tch h thng cc ion ny.
2.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng cc hin tng d nu.

Gii
1.
2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag+ + Cl
AgCl (trng)
AgCl + 2 NH3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2 H+
Ca2+ + SO42
CaSO4 + CO32-
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl
AgCl + 2NH4+
- Nhn bit Ag+
CaSO4
CaCO3 + SO42
127
CaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH
(CH3COO)2 Ca + CO2 + H2O
Ca2+ + C2O4 2CaC2O4
- Nhn bit Ca2+
Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3 H+
Al3+ + 3 H2O
Al3+ + Alizarin
Fe3+ + 3 OHMn2+ + 2 OHCu2+ 2 OHZn2+ + S2-
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+.
phc ca Al3+
Fe(OH)3
Mn(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
ZnS (trng)
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+
Fe3+ + SCN-
Fe3+ + 3 H2O
Fe(SCN)3 ()
- Nhn bit Al3+
- Nhn bit Zn2+

- Nhn bit Fe3+
Cu 2: 2 im
1. Pha 500(mL) dung dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 20ppm (d= 1,12 g/mL) t dung
dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 5% (d=1,24g/mL)
2. Tnh khi lng tinh th rn (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.16H2O (M=572 vC)
97% pha c 200(mL) dung dch (NH4+) 10ppm (khi lng
1.
ring l d=1,02 g/mL). Gi s trong dung dch in ly hon ton v

khng c cc qu trnh khc
Gii
p dng cng thc pha ch dung dch:
V0 =
Cppm.V.d
.10 - 4,
%
d 0 .C
Th th tch dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 5% cn ly l:

V0 =
2.
500 .20 .1,12

.10 - 4 1806,45.10-4 0,1806(mL)
1,24 .5
p dng cng thc:

m = V.C.d.
M Aa Bb 10 -4
572 .10 4
.
= 200.10.1,02.
334,16.10-4 (g)
2.18 .97
a.M Ab
p
0,0334(g)
Cu 3: 2 im
Ht 5 ml dung dch mu Al 3+ Cx (chnh mu v pH = 5 bng cch cho
NH4OH vo) + 5ml m pH = 5,5 + 10 ml dung dch EDTA 0,1N+ 3 git ch th
axit Sunfosalicilic, lm 5 mu trong 5 bnh nn 250ml
Chun bng dung dch Fe 3+ 0,1N cho n khi dung dch chuyn t
khng mu sang nu th o c th tch dung dch Fe 3+ l V0(mL), theo kt
qu:
128
Mu s
V0 (mL)
1
9,8
2
9,7
3
9,7
4
9,6
5
9,8
Vi tin cy 95% hy tnh nng C x ca ion Al3+ c trong mu ban

u.
S th nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41

Gii
3+
Ta c: s ng lng ca Al = s ng lng ca EDTA phn ng
= s ng lng ca EDTA ban u s ng lng ca EDTA d = s
ng lng ca EDTA ba u - s ng lng ca Fe 3+
5. Cx = (10 -
V0). 0,1
Cx = (10 - V0).
Mu s
0,1
. V0 = 0,02. (10 - V0).
5
Cx. 10
8
6
6
4
8
Vi = 95%, n = 5 th: QLth = 0,64 v t= 2,78: dy s vit li l:
4
4
6
6
8
Kim tra sai s th bo:
Cx (8) =
8 6
= 0,5 < QLth.
8 4
Cx (6) =
6 4
= 0,5 < QLth.
8 4
Vy dy s ny khng c sai s th bo, hay dy s thc nghim c

tnh
S liu thu c:
Hm lng Al3+ TBnh = 5,6. 10 -3 M.
Phng sai mu = 1,67332. 10 -3
=
t.S
n
2,78 .0,00167332
5
= 2,08. 10 -3.
Vy hm lng (g/L) ca Al3+ = (5,6 2,08). 10 -3 M.

Hay: 0,00352 M
Cu 4: 2 im
Cx (Al3+)
0,00768 M
Thit lp cng thc tnh pAg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Cl- C0N
bng V(ml) dung dch Ag+ CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
129
b)
c)
Trc xa im tng ng
Ti im tng ng
d)
Sau xa im tng ng
Gii
+
Phng trnh chun : Ag + Cla)
Khi chun : [Ag+ ] + [Ag+ ]pu =

[Cl- ] + [Cl- ]pu =
[Cl- ] - [Ag+ ] =
([Cl- ] - [Ag+ ])
b)
[Cl- ]
V0 V
V0 C 0
[Ag+ ] =
V0 C 0
V0 V
(t
V .C
= F)
V0 C 0
= 1-F
(1)
V0 V
Tt
[ Ag ] V 0 C 0
= 1-F
= 1-F
V0 V
Tt
V 0 C 0 (1 F )
Tai im tng ng: (F = 1) lc ny [Ag+ ] = [Cl- ]

[Cl- ] =
Tt
=
[ Ag ]
Tt
pAg = -
Trc st im tng ng: (F

(1)
d)
V0
Trc im tng ng: (0 < F <1) [Ag+ ] qu nh Nn:

(1):
c)
VC
V0 C 0 V .C
V0 V
V0 V
V0 C 0
(Tt = 10 - 9,75 )
AgCl
( [Ag+ ] -
1
lg Tt
2
1) dung dch c [Ag+ ]
[Cl-]
V V
Tt
) 0
= F-1
V0 C 0
[ Ag ]
Gii Phng trnh bc 2 theo [Ag+ ]

Sau xa im tng ng : (F > 1) dung dch c nng [Cl - ] qu
b.
(1)
[Ag+ ]
V0 V
= F-1
V0 C 0
[Ag+ ] = (F-1)
V0 C 0
V0 V
Sau khi tnh c [Ag+ ] th chuyn logarit tnh c pAg. T gi

tr pAg v V (Ag+) xy dng c ng cong chun to ta theo
phng php bc.
Cu 5: 2 im
Cn 0,1982 (g) MgSO4.7H2O (p = 98%), cho vo chn nung, thm 3ml
HCl 1:1 + 40ml nc ct + 2 git MR 0.1% + 15ml (NH4)2HPO4 0,1N. un nh
130
dung dch 40 - 45 0C. Thm 2ml NH3 c cho n khi dung dch ha vng.
ngui hn thm tip 5ml NH 3 c. un cch thy 30 pht. Tin hnh lc
nng qua giy lc bng xanh vi k thut lc gn (bng cch dng dung dch
NH3 1:10 ra kt ta cho n ht ion Cl , th bng AgNO3). Tip tc ra kt
ta 2 ln, mi ln 5ml NH 4NO3 0,05N. Chuyn giy lc cha kt ta vo chn
nung, tro ha chn mu trn bp in n khi giy lc ha en, chuyn vo l
nung chnh ti nhit 850 oC, nung khong 40 pht (ti khi kt ta trng),
ly ra bnh ht m 5 pht, cn c phn rn l 0,0725(g).
b)
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.

Cho bit vai tr ca HCl 1:1, MR, (NH4)2HPO4, NH3
Tnh hm lng ca MgSO4c trong mu.
Gii
MgSO4 + (NH4)2HPO4 +NH4OH MgNH4PO4 +(NH4)2SO4 + H2O
2MgNH4PO4 Mg2P2O7 +2NH3 +H2O
HCl 1:1 axit ho mu.
c)
MR d dng nhn bit mi trng.

(NH4)2HPO4 to ta vi Mg.
NH3 to mi trng kim cho phn ng xy ra.
Cht rn thu c cui cng l Mg2P2O7
a)
b)
b)
a)
S chuyn ho mu (MgSO4.7H2O)
Nn %MgSO4 =K.
MgNH4PO4
Mg2P2O7.
0,0725
m1
2.246
. 100 =
. 100 = 82,72(%)
222 0,1982 .0,98
m0
P N TRC NGHIM
1a - 2b - 3d - 4d - 5a - 6c - 7b - 8c - 9b - 10b - 11d - 12d 13a - 14b - 15b - 16a - 17d - 18a - 19d - 20a - 21a - 22a - 23d
- 24d - 25d - 26b
131
HNG DN GII TRC NGHIM

1.
pha ch 100ml dung dch C2H2O4 0,1M, th:

a) Cn bao nhiu gam lng tinh th C2H2O4. 7 H2O v lng H2O
b) Cn bao nhiu gam lng dung dch C 2H2O4 20%( d= 1,24g/ml) v
lng H2O
Gii
a)
S mol ca H2C2O4. 7 H2O = s mol ca H2C2O4 =
m
216
M s mol ca H2C2O4 trong dung dch l 0,1. 0,1 = 10 - 2 .

Nn:
m
= 10 - 2
216
m = 2,16(g)
Theo php gn ng, lng cht tan coi nh khng ng k th

lng H2O cn cho thm vo l 100 (ml)
b)
S mol ca H2C2O4 20% =
m.20
100.90
M s mol ca H2C2O4 trong dung dch l 0,1. 0,1 = 10 - 2 .

m.20
= 10 - 2
100.90
m = 4,5 (g)
V ( H2C2O4 20%) =
4,5
= 3,63(ml)
1,24
Nn:
Do lng H2O cn thm vo l: 100 - 3,63 = 96,37 (ml)

2.
b/
Cn bao nhiu (g) mui (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O (M=392,14) 98% theo

l thuyt pha thnh 80(g) dung dch mui (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 5%.
Tnh khi lng tinh th KMnO4 98% theo l thuyt pha 500ml
dung dch KMnO4 0,05N.
Gii
a)
Theo s mol ca (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 50% =
a/
80.50
= 0,2083 (mol)
100.192
Nn s mol ca (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O = 0,2083

n l: 0,2083. 392,14 = 81,6958 (g).
Do khi lng cn cn l: 81,6958.
b)
khi lng ca
100
= 83,363(g)
98
Theo s ng lng gam ca KMnO 4 0,05N = 0,5. 0,005 =

0,0025.
Nn s ng lng gam ca tinh th cng l 0,0025
Do : Khi lng tinh th KMnO4 l: 0,0025.
158
= 0,1317 (g)
3
132
Khi lng tinh th cn ly l:0,1317.

3.
100
= 0,1344(g)
98
Tnh th tch nc ct cn pha vo:

a. 100mL dung dch HCl 20% (d= 1,1g/mL) thu c dung dch c
nng 5%
b. 100g dung dch H2SO4 20% (d= 1,12g/mL) thu c dung dch c
nng 5%
c. 100g dung dch NH3 2M (c d = 1,14g/mL) thu c dung dch c
nng 1,5M
Gii
a. Khi lng dung dch HCl 20% l V. d = 100. 1,1 = 110(g)
5
110
=
20 5
m
b.

5
100
=
20 5
m
c.
Th tch dung dch NH3 2M l
100
= 87,72 (mL)
1,14

1,5
87,72
=
2 1,5
V
4.
V = 29,24 hay th tch H2O cn thm l 29,24(mL)
Ho tan 0,2g qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe 3+. Hi cn phi dng
bao nhiu mL dung dch NH3 1,89% (d = 0,99g/mL) kt ta hon ton
Fe3+. Bit trong qung c cha n 30% Fe
Gii
Khi lng Fe trong qung = 0,2. 0,3 = 0,06g Fe
Phn ng to ta: Fe3+ +3 NH4OH
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
Th s mol ca Fe l
0,06
56
s mol ca NH3 = 3.
Th tch ca dung dch NH3 l 3.

5.
0,06
56
1
0,06 17
.
.100
.
56 1,89 0,99
2,92 (mL)
T 0,4154g vi c ham lng CaO l 43%, c chuyn ho thnh

250mL, ri lm kt ta hon ton lng Ca2+ bng m(g) dung dch
(NH4)2C2O4 4%. Bit tch s tan ca CaC 2O4 l 1,78. 10 - 9. Tm m, nu
lng Ca2+ coi nh kt ta hon ton nu trong dung dch hm lng [
CaC2O4 ] 10 - 4 g/L
Gii
kt ta hon ton lng CaC2O4 th CaC2O4 trong dung dch phi c
133
hm lng 10 - 4 g/L
lng (NH4)2C2O4 cho vo vi Ca2+, tc (A)
gm 2 lng:
(A) to c CaC2O4 kt ta
(A) tan to CaC2O4 d tan ( 10 - 4 g/L)
Do : s mol ca Ca2+ ban u =
0,4154.0,43
= 3,189. 10 - 3 .
56
s mol ca (A)= s mol ca Ca2+ th khi lng (NH4)2C2O4 =

3,189.10-3.124= 0,395g
khi lng dung dch (A) c ta l
0,395
.100 = 9,875(g)
4
V: lng CaC2O4 c d th phi 10 - 4 g/L

khi lng CaC2O4 d (V + 0,25) 10 - 4 g/L (V l lng (A) b vo)
s mol ca Ca2+ d =
[ C2O4
2-
(V
0,25 ). 10
128 .0,25
T
1,78.10 9.128.0,25
d] =
=
[Ca 2 ]
(V 0,25).10 4
Nn khi lng (A) tan =
1,78.10 9.128.0,25
.(V + 0,25). 124 = 0,0763 (g)
(V 0,25).10 4
Do : khi lng dung dch (A) ( tan) =
0,07063
100 = 1,76(g)
4
Vy khi lng dung dch (A) ban u l 1,76 + 9,875 = 11,635 (g)
6.
a/
b/
a)
Tnh pH dung dch thu c khi pha trn 100 ml NaOH 0,1 N v 50
ml NH4OH 0,1 N (Kb =1,78.10 -5)
Tnh pH dung dch thu c khi pha trn 100 ml HCl 0,1 N v 100
ml NaOH 0,1 N v 100ml Na2SO4 0,2M
Gii
Theo cch gii gn ng:
V tnh baz ca NaOH ln hn rt nhiu so vi NH4OH, nn pH
trong dung dch cng l pH ca NaOH, do :
[OH-] = 0,1N
pOH = 1
pH = 13
Theo cch gii chnh xc:
Trong dung dch c s in ly ca NH4OH :
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb )
Nng ban u:
Nng cn bng
50.0,1
100 50
50.0,1
:
-x
100 50
100.0,1
100 50
x+
100.0,1
100 50
134
Kb =
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
[ NH 4 OH ]
1
x)
15
1
(
x)
30
x(
x2 + (
1
+ 1,78.10
15
- 5
) x -
1
.
30
1,78.10 - 5 = 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai trn theo x ta c x = 7,958. 10 - 4
pOH = 1,17
Vy: trong dung dch thu c pH = 12,83
b) Do s ng lng gam ca HCl bng NaOH v dung dch thu
c l cc mui trung ho, nn pH dung dch thu c l 7 (pH
=7)
7.
a/
b/
a)
b)
Tnh pH dung dch thu c khi pha trn 100 ml HCl 0,1 N v 100
ml NaOH 0,1 N v 50ml Na2SO4
Tnh pH hn hp 50 ml NaOH 0,1 N v 150 ml NH4OH 0,1 N
Gii
Do s ng lng gam ca HCl bng NaOH v dung dch thu
c l cc mui trung ho, nn pH dung dch thu c l 7 (pH
=7)
Theo cch gii gn ng: (khng chm im cho cch gii ny, v
qu sai)
Vi tnh baz ca NaOH ln hn rt nhiu so vi NH4OH, nn pH trong
dung dch cng l pH ca NaOH, do :
[OH-] = 0,1N
pOH = 1
pH = 13 (khng chn p s ny)
Theo cch gii chnh xc:
Xt s in ly ca NH4OH:
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb )
Nng ban u:
Nng cn bng
Kb=
8.
150.0,1
150 50
150.0,1
:
-x
150 50
50.0,1
150 50
50.0,1
+x
150 50
[ NH 4 ].[OH ] x.( x 0,025 )

=
0,075 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 +(0,025+ 1,78.10- 5) x -0,075.1,78.10 - 5 = 0

pOH = 4,27
Vy trong dung dch thu c pH = 14 - 4,27 = 9,72 (l p s
c chm)
Tnh hng s cn bng ca dung dch sau:
135
a)
b)
a)
Dung dch NH3 0,1M c = 1,35%

Dung dch CCl3COOH 10 3 M c = 54%
Gii
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ +
Nng ban u:
0,1
0
Nng phn ly:
x
x
Nng cn bng: 0,1 x
x
M: =
x
0,1
Nn: KCB =
b)
x
0,001
Nn: KCB =
9.
x = 0,1. 1,35% = 1,35. 10 3.

x2
(1,35. 10 -3 ) 2
=
1,35. 10 5
-3
0,1 x 0,1 1,35. 10
Tng t nh cu trn, th:

CCl3COOH
Nng ban u:
0,01
Nng cn bng: 0,001 x
=
OH0
x
x
CCl3COO- + H+
0
0
x
x
x = 0,001. 54 % = 54. 10 5.
x2
(54. 10 -5 ) 2
=
54. 10 7
-5
0,001 x 0,001 54. 10
Tnh nng [H+] ca cc dung dch sau:

a) Dung dch HCl 5.10 4 M
b) Dung dch CH3COONa 10 2 M (c pKa= 4,75)
Gii
a) Xt cn bng trong dung dch: HCl H+ + ClNn [H+] = [HCl] = 5.10 4 M
pH = 3,3
b) Xt cn bng trong dung dch: NaCH3COO
CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OHNng ban u: 0,01
0
0
Nng cn bng: 0,01 x
x
x
pKa = 4,75
ka = 10
x2
Kb =
0,01 x
4,75
10 14
Kb =
= 10 9,25
4,75
10
x2 + 10 9,25 x - 10 11,25 = 0

[OH-] = 2,371.10 6
Vy pOH = 5,62
pH = 14 - 5,62 = 8,38.
+
10. Tnh nng [H ] khi pha trn cc dung dch sau:
a) Dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v dung dch CH3COONa 0,2M
136
b)
c)
d)
a)
100mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M v 50mL dung dch CH3COONa

0,2M
Dung dch NH3 0,1M + dung dch NH4Cl 0,2M
50mL dung dch NH3 0,1M + 100mLdung dch NH4Cl 0,2M
Gii
Xt cn bng trong dung dch: CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
Nng ban u:
0,1
0,2
0
Nng cn bng:
0,1 x
0,2 + x
x
pKa = 4,75
b)
ka = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
x2 + (0,2 + 10 4,75) x - 10 5,75 = 0

Vy pH = 5,05.
Nng khi pha trn cc cht l:
[H+] = 8,89.10 6
100.0,1
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
50.0,2
[CH3COONa] =
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
[CH3COOH] =

CH3COOH
Nng ban u:
6,67. 10 2
Nng phn ly:
x
Nng cn bng :6,67. 10 2 x
pKa = 4,75
c)
ka = 10 4,75 =
CH3COO+
2
6,67. 10
x
6,67.10 2 + x
H+
0
x
x
x(6,67 .10 2 x )
6,67 .10 2 x
x2 + (6,67. 10 2 + 10 4,75) x - 6,67. 10 6,75 = 0

[H+] = 1,77.10 5
Vy: pH = 4,75.
NH3 + H2O
NH4+ + OHNng ban u:
0,1
0,2 0
Nng phn ly:
x
x
x
Nng cn bng:0,1 x
0,2 + x
x
Nn Kb = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
x2 + (0,2 + 10 4,75) x 10 5,75 = 0

Vy pOH = 5,05
pH = 14 - 5,05 = 8,95
[OH-] = 8,89.10 6
137
d)
Nng khi pha trn cc cht l: [NH3] =

[NH4Cl ] =
50.0,1
= 3,33. 10 2 M
100 50
100.0,2
= 13,3. 10 2 M
100 50

NH3 + H2O
Nng ban u:
3,33.10 2
Nng phn ly:
x
Nng cn bng: 3,33.10 2 x
Nn Kb = 10 4,75 =
NH4+
+
2
13,3. 10
x
13,3. 10 2 + x
OH0
x
x
x(0,133 x )
0,033 x
x2 + (0,133 + 10 4,75) x 0,033.10 4,75 = 0

[OH-] = 4,41.10 6
Vy pOH = 5,35
pH = 14 - 5,05 = 8,65
11. Dung dch A l dung dch HIO3 0,01N (pKa = 0,79)
a) Tnh in ly v pH ca dung dch A.
b) Ht chnh xc10ml dung dch A cho vo 20ml dung dch HCl10-4N.
Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh
c) Ht chnh xc 10 ml dung dch A cho vo 20 ml dung dch NaOH 10 1
N. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh
d) Ht chnh xc 10 ml dung dch A cho vo 20 ml dung dch NaOH 10 3
N. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh.
Gii
a) Phng trinh in ly: HIO3
H+ + IO3(K = 10 - 0,79 )
Tm pH ca dung dch:
Ta c : K(A) =
[ H ].[IO3 ]
h2
=
0,01 h
[ HIO3 ]
h2 + 10 - 0,79 h - 10 - 2,79 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny c h = 9,45. 10 - 3

Tm in ly:
b)
h 9,45 .10
=
0,01
C
pH = 2,0245
= 0,945
= 94,5%
(Ch rng vi gi tr tm c c th kt lun v mnh ca

acid ny l kh ln, nn cng c th xem s in ly ca acid ny
trong dung dch l hon ton 100%)
Dung dch pha trn gia HCl v HIO3 c [H+] = [H+]HIO3 + [H+]HCl
M [HCl] khi pha trn l
0,02. 10 -4
0,01 0,02
v [ HIO3 ] khi pha trn l
0,01.0,01
;
0,01 0,02
138
Nn [H+] =
c)
0,02. 10 -4
0,01.0,01
+
= 0,0034
0,01 0,02
0,01 0,02
pH = 2,47
Phn ng trung ho: HIO3 + NaOH

Na IO3 + H2O
Theo : s mol ca HIO3 l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
s mol ca NaOH l 0,1. 0,02 = 20.10 - 4 (mol)
Nn sau khi pha trn dung dch c:
S mol ca NaOH d l: 19. 10 - 4 (mol)
[NaOH ] =
19. 10 -4
19
=
. 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
S mol ca Na IO3 l 10 - 4 (mol)
[NaIO3 ] =
1. 10 -4
1
= .10 - 2
0,01 0,02
3
pH ca dung dch thu c chnh l pH ca NaOH d:

[OH-] =
d)
19
. 10 - 2
3
pOH = 1,2
Vy pH = 12,8
Phn ng trung ho: HIO3 + NaOH
Na IO3 + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HIO3 l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,001. 0,02 = 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca HIO3 d l: 0,8. 10 - 4 (mol)
[HIO3 ] =
0,8. 10 -4
8
= . 10 - 3
0,01 0,02
3
S mol ca Na IO3 l 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)

[NaIO3 ] =
0,2. 10 -4
2
= . 10 - 3 .
0,01 0,02
3
Cch gii gn ng:

Nu xem HIO3 l mt acid mnh tng ng vi NaOH th pH ca
dung dch thu c chnh l pH ca HIO3 d: [H+] =
8
. 10 - 3
3
pH = 2,57
Cch gii chnh xc:
Nu khng xem HIO3 l mt acid mnh tng ng vi NaOH th
hng trinh in ly:
HIO3
H+ + IO3- (K = 10 - 0,79 )
Nng ban u:
8
. 10 - 3
3
2
. 10 - 3 .
3
139
8
2
. 10 - 3- h
h
. 10 - 3 + h
3
3
2
h( .10 3 h)
[ H ].[IO3 ]
Th: K(A) =
= 3
8
[ HIO3 ]
.10 3 h
3
2
8
h2 + ( . 10 - 3 + 10 - 0,79) h - . 10 - 3 . 10 - 0,79 = 0
3
3
Nng cn bng:
Gii tm c h = 2,61. 10 - 3
pH = 2,58
12. Dung dch A l dung dch HClO2 0,01N (pKa = 1,97)
b) Ht chnh xc 10ml dung dch A cho vo 20ml dung dch HCl 10- 4 N.
d) Ht chnh xc 10 ml dung dch A cho vo 20 ml dung dch NaOH 103
Gii
a) Phng trinh in ly: HClO2
H+ + ClO2- (K = 10 - 1,97 )
Tm pH ca dung dch:
Ta c: K(A) =
h2
0,01 h
h2 + 10 - 1,97 h - 10 - 3,97 = 0

Tm in ly:
b)
6,29 .10
h
=
0,01
C
pH = 2,2
= 0,629
= 62,9%
Dung dch pha trn gia HCl v HIO3 c s in ly:

HClO2
H+
+
ClO2Nng ban u:
0,01.0,01
0,01 0,02
0,02. 10 -4
0,01 0,02
Nng cn bng
0,01
:
3
2.10
3
2
.10 4 )
3
Nn: K(A) =
= 10 - 1,97
0,01
x
3
2
0,01
x2 + ( .10 - 4 + 10 - 1,97 ) x 10 - 1,97 = 0
3
3
2
[H+] = .10 - 4 + 2,65794.10 - 3
pH = 2,56
3
x.(x
140
c)
Phn ng trung ho: HClO2 + NaOH

NaClO2 + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HClO2 l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,1. 0,02 = 20.10 - 4 (mol)
[NaOH ] =
19. 10 -4
19
=
. 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
S mol ca NaClO2 l 10 - 4 (mol)

[NaIO3 ] =
1. 10 -4
1
= . 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3

[OH-] =
d)
19
. 10 - 2
3
pOH = 1,2
Vy pH = 12,8
Phn ng trung ho: HClO2 + NaOH
NaClO2 + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HClO2 l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,001. 0,02 = 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca HClO2 d l: 0,8. 10 - 4 (mol)
[HIO3 ] =
0,8. 10 -4
8
= . 10 - 3
0,01 0,02
3
S mol ca NaClO2 l 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)

[NaIO3 ] =
0,2. 10 -4
2
= . 10 - 3
0,01 0,02
3
Phng trinh in ly:

HClO2
Nng ban u:
Nng cn bng:
8
. 10 - 3
3
8
. 10 - 3- h
3
H+ + ClO2-
(K = 10 - 1,97 )
2
. 10 - 3 .
3
2
. 10 - 3 + h
3
2
h( .10 3 h)
Th: K(A) = 3
8
.10 3 h
3
2
8
h2 + ( . 10 - 3 + 10 - 1,97) h - . 10 - 3 . 10 - 1,97 = 0
3
3
Gii tm c h = 2,117. 10 - 3
pH = 2,67
141
13. Dung dch A l dung dch HSCN 0,01N (pKa = 0,6)

b) Ht chnh xc 10ml dung dch A cho vo 20ml dung dch HCl 10- 4 N.
d) Ht chnh xc 10 ml dung dch A cho vo 20 ml dung dch NaOH 10 3
Gii
a) Phng trinh in ly: HSCN
H+ + SCN(K = 10 - 0,6 )
Tm pH ca dung dch:
Ta c : K(A) =
[ H ].[ SCN ]
h2
=
[ HSCN ]
0,01 h
h2 + 10 - 0,6 h - 10 - 2,6 = 0

Tm in ly:
b)
h 9,63 .10
=
0,01
C
pH = 2,016
= 0,963
= 96,3%
(Ch rng vi gi tr tm c c th kt lun v mnh ca

acid ny l kh ln, nn cng c th xem s in ly ca acid ny
trong dung dch l hon ton 100%)
Dung dch pha trn gia HCl v HSCN c:
[H+] = [H+]HSCN + [H+]HCl
M [HCl] khi pha trn l
0,02. 10 -4
0,01 0,02
v [ HSCN ] khi pha trn l
0,01.0,01
0,01 0,02
0,02. 10 -4
0,01.0,01
Nn [H ] =
+
= 0,0034
0,01 0,02
0,01 0,02
+
c)
pH = 2,47
Phn ng trung ho: HSCN + NaOH

Na SCN + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HSCN l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,1. 0,02 = 20.10 - 4 (mol)
[NaOH ] =
19. 10 -4
19
=
. 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
S mol ca NaSCN l 10 - 4 (mol)

[NaSCN ] =
1. 10 -4
1
= . 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
142

[OH-] =
d)
19
. 10 - 2
3
pOH = 1,2
Vy pH = 12,8
Phn ng trung ho: HSCN + NaOH
Na SCN + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HSCN l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,001. 0,02 = 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca HSCN d l: 0,8. 10 - 4 (mol)
[HSCN ] =
0,8. 10 -4
8
= . 10 - 3 .
0,01 0,02
3
S mol ca NaSCN l 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)

[NaSCN ] =
0,2. 10 -4
2
= . 10 - 3 .
0,01 0,02
3
Cch gii gn ng:

Nu xem HSCN l mt acid mnh tng ng vi NaOH th pH
ca dung dch thu c chnh l pH ca HIO3 d: [H+] =
8
. 10 - 3
3
pH = 2,57
Cch gii chnh xc:
Nu khng xem HSCN l mt acid mnh tng ng vi NaOH th
theo hng trinh in ly:
HSCN
H+ + SCN(K = 10 - 0,79 )
Nng ban u:
8
. 10 - 3
3
2
. 10 - 3 .
3
8
2
. 10 - 3- h
h
. 10 - 3 + h
3
3
2
h( .10 3 h)
[ H ].[ SCN ]
Th: K(A) =
= 3
8
[ HSCN ]
.10 3 h
3
2
8
h2 + ( . 10 - 3 + 10 - 0,79) h - . 10 - 3 . 10 - 0,79 = 0
3
3
Nng cn bng:
Gii tm c h = 2,61. 10 - 3
pH = 2,58
14. Trong bnh nh mc 100ml dung dch CH3 COOH 20% ( d = 1,1g/ml),
pKa = 4,75
a) Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH 3 COOH trn, ri pha vi V ml H2O
th thu c dung dch mi c nng 0,5M. Tnh V.
143
Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH3 COOH trn ri pha vi 80 ml

dung dch CH3COONa 10- 3 M th dung dch mi c pH l bao nhiu
?
c) Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH3 COOH trn ri pha vi 80 ml
H2O vo trong cng mt bnh erlen khc, sau em chun vi 10
ml dung dch NaOH 0,5N th ti im cn bng dung dch c
chun c pH l bao nhiu?
Gii
Trc tin cn tnh nng mol/ lt ca dung dch CH 3COOH: CM =
b)
10.C%.d 10.20.1,1 11
=
= M
M
60
3
20
0,5
=
11
V
0,5
3
a)
p dng quy tc cho, th:
b)
Phng trnh in ly:

CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
11
3
Nng ban u:
20 80
11
20.
3 -h
Nng cn bng:
20 80
11
(
h)
15
20.
Ta c c:KA =
(ka = 10 4,75)
80 .10 3
20 80
80 .10 3
+h
20 80
(0,8.10 3 + h)
h(0,8.10 3 h)
11
h
15
h2 + (0,8.10 3 + 10 4,75 )h -
c)
V = 126,67mL
11
.10 4,75 = 0
15
h = 3,225. 10 3
pH = 2,49
Khi pha trn xy ra phn ng:
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
11
22
. 10 3 =
. 10 2
3
3
1,5
s mol ca NaOH = 10. 0,5. 10 3 =
. 10 2
3
20,5
Nn s mol ca CH3COOHd l:
. 10 2
3
s mol ca CH3COOH = 20
20 ,5.10 2
v nng n l
= 0,62M
3.0,11
144
V s mol ca mui to ra l
v nng ca n l
1,5
. 10 2
3
1,5.10 2
= 0,045M
3.0,11
Do sau khi pha trn trong dung dch c CH3COOH v mui

CH3COONa, th phng trnh in ly:
CH3COOH
CH3COO+ H+ (ka = 10 4,75)
Nng ban u
:0,62
0,045
Nng cn bng : 0,62- h
0,045+h
h
Ta c c:KA =
h(0,045 h)
0,62 h
h2 + (0,045 + 10 4,75 )h 0,62.10 4,75 = 0

h = 2,4358. 10 4
pH = 3,61
15. Trong bnh nh mc 100ml dung dch CH3 COOH 20% ( d = 1,1g/ml),
pKa = 4,75
a) Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH 3 COOH trn, ri pha vi V ml H2O
th thu c dung dch mi c nng 0,5M. Tnh V.
b) Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH3 COOH trn ri pha vi 80 ml
dung dch CH3COONa 10- 3 M th dung dch mi c pH l bao nhiu?
c) Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH3 COOH trn ri pha vi 80 ml
H2O vo trong cng mt bnh erlen khc, sau em chun vi 10
ml dung dch NaOH 0,5N th ti im cn bng dung dch c
chun c pH l bao nhiu?
Gii
a)
p dng quy tc cho, th
b)
Phng trnh in ly:

CH3COOH
20
1
=
2 1
V
Nng ban u:
20.2
20 80
Nng cn bng:
20.2
-h
20 80
(0,4 - h)
Ta c c:KA =
c)
V = 20mL
CH3COO- + H+
(ka = 10 4,75)
80 .10 3
20 80
80 .10 3
+h
20 80
(0,8.10 3 + h)
h(0,8.10 3 h)
0,4 h
h2 + (0,8.10 3 + 10 4,75 )h 0,4.10 4,75 = 0

h = 2,28931 10 3
pH = 2,64
Khi pha trn xy ra phn ng:
145
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O

S mol ca CH3COOH = 20.2. 10 3 = 4. 10 2
S mol ca NaOH = 10. 0,5. 10 3 = 0,5. 10 2
Nn s mol ca CH3COOHd l: (4 0,5).10 2
V nng n l
3,5.10
0,11
= 0,32M
V s mol ca mui to ra l 0,5. 10 2

V nng ca n l
0,5.10
0,11
= 0,045M
Do sau khi pha trn trong dung dch c CH3COOH v mui

CH3COONa, th phng trnh in ly:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
(ka = 10 4,75)
Nng ban u:
0,32
0,045
Nng cn bng: 0,32- h
0,045+h
h
Ta c c: KA =
h(0,045 h)
0,32 h
h2 + (0,045 + 10 4,75 )h 0,32.10 4,75 = 0

h = 1,26. 10 4
pH = 3,89
16. Bng phng php gii chnh xc, hy xc nh pH ca cc dung dch
sau (tnh n 2 gi tr sau du p hy):
16.1. 100mL dung dch NH4OH 0,1N (pKb = 4,75)
16.2. 100mL dung dch NH4OH 0,01N (pKb = 4,75)
16.3. 100mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,1N (pKa = 4,75)
16.4. 100mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,01N (pKa = 4,75)
16.5. 100mL dung dch H3BO3 0,1N (pKa = 9,24)
Gii
16.1. Trong dung dch c s in ly ca NH4OH :
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb )
Nng ban u: 0,1
Nng cn bng: 0,1 - x
x
x
Kb =
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,1 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 5,75 = 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai trn theo x ta c x = 1,3247. 10

pOH = 2,87
Vy trong dung dch thu c pH = 14 - 2,87 = 11,12
16.2. Trong dung dch c s in ly ca NH4OH :
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH- (Kb )
Nng ban u:
0,01
- 3
146
Nng cn bng:
Kb =
0,01 - x
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,01 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 6,75 = 0

pOH = 3,38
16.3. Trong dung dch c s in ly ca CH3COOH:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+
(Ka )
Nng ban u
:
0,1
Nng cn bng: 0,1 - x
x
x
Kb =
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,1 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 5,75 = 0

pH = 2,87
16.4. Trong dung dch c s in ly ca CH3COOH:
CH3COOH
CH3COO- + H+ (Ka )
Nng ban u:
0,01
Nng cn bng:
0,01 - x
x
x
Kb =
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,01 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 6,75 = 0

pH = 3,38
16.5. Trong dung dch c s in ly ca H3BO3:
H3BO3
BO2 - + H+ + H2O
(Ka )
Nng ban u:
0,1
Nng cn bng: 0,1 - x
x
x
Kb =
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,1 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 9,24 x - 10 - 10,24 = 0

pH = 5,12
17. Bng phng php gii chnh xc, hy xc nh pH ca cc dung dch
thu c sau khi pha trn (tnh n 2 gi tr sau du p hy):
17.1. Trn 100 ml NaOH 0,1 N v 50 ml NH4OH 0,1 N
147
Bit pKb =4,75

Gii:
17.1. V NaOH l mt baz mnh, phn ly hon ton, nn trong dung
dch s phn ly ny coi nh bo ton nng cho NaOH hay OH ca NaOH
Do s in ly ca NH4OH :
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb)
50.0,1
100 50
50.0,1
Nng cn bng :
-x
100 50
10
x.(x
)
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
150
Kb =
=
5
[ NH 4 OH ]
x
150
1
1
x2 + (
+ 10 - 4,75) x .10 - 4,75 = 0
30
15
Nng ban u
100.0,1
100 50
100.0,1
x+
100 50

pOH = 5,05
17.2. V NaOH l mt baz mnh, phn ly hon ton, nn trong dung dch
s phn ly ny coi nh bo ton nng cho NaOH hay OH - ca
NaOH
Do s in ly ca NH4OH:
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb)
50.0,01
100 50
50.0,01
Nng cn bng :
-x
x
100 50
1
x.(x
)
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
150
Kb =
=
0,5
[ NH 4 OH ]
x
150
1
1
x2 + (
+ 10 - 4,75) x .10 - 4,75 = 0
150
300
Nng ban u
100.0,01
100 50
100.0,01
x+
100 50

pOH = 5,05
148
NaOH
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH-
50.0,1
100 50
50.0,1
Nng cn bng :
-x
x
100 50
1
x.(x
)
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
150
Kb =
=
5
[ NH 4 OH ]
x
150
1
1
x2 + (
+ 10 - 4,75) x .10 - 4,75 = 0
30
150
Nng ban u
(Kb)
100.0,01
100 50
100.0,01
x+
100 50

pOH = 4,05
NaOH
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb)
Nng ban u
Nng cn bng
Kb =
150.0,1
150 50
150.0,1
:
-x
150 50
50.0,1
150 50
50.0,1
x+
150 50
x.( x 0,025 )
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,075 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + (0,025+ 10 - 4,75) x - 0,075. 10 - 4,75 = 0

pOH = 4,27
s phn ly ny coi nh bo ton nng cho NaOH hay OH- ca
NaOH
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb)
Nng ban u
150.0,1
150 50
50.0,01
150 50
149
Nng cn bng
Kb =
150.0,1
-x
150 50
x+
50.0,01
150 50
x.( x 0,0025 )
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,075 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 +(0,0025+10 - 4,75) x - 0,075.10 - 4,75 = 0

pOH = 3,35
18. Trong dung dch cha cc anion: CO3-2, C2O4 2 -, SO42- . Khi cho ion Ca 2+
vo th kt ta no to trc ? Gii thch, bit tch s tan ca cc ta:
TCaC2O4 = 3,8.10-9 - T CaCO3 = 1,7.10-8 - T CaSO4 = 6,26.10-5
Gii
Cc phn ng to ta l:
CO32- + Ca2+
CaCO3
T CaCO3 = 1,7 .10-8 = 10 - 7,7 7
C2O42- + Ca2+
CaC2O4
T CaC2O4 = 3,8 .10-9 = 10 - 8,42
SO42 + Ca2+
CaSO4
T CaSO4 = 6,26 .10-5 = 10 - 4,2
iu kin c ta l [Ca2+ ]. [X]
T (CaX)
T ca cht no cng b
hn th kh nng xut hin ta cng sm.
Do th t xut hin ta s l: CaC2O4 - CaCO3 - CaSO4.
24. em chun 50ml dung dch HCl 0,05M bng V(ml) dung dch NaOH
0,1M. Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch chun c khi V(ml) ln lt l: 0 10 - 20 - 24,9 - 25 - 25,1 (ml)
Gii
Phng trnh phn ng: HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
Ti im tng ng: V =
50 .0,05
= 25 (mL)
0,1
Ti V = 0: dung dch ch c HCl phn ly mnh nn pH ca dung dch l pH

ca acid ny.
pH = - lg Cx = - lg 0,05 = 1,3
[H+] dung dch = [H+]bd [H+]phn ng
50.0,05 10.0,1
= 0,025
pH dung dch = 1,6
50 10
50.0,05 20.0,1
Ti V = 20: [H+] =
= 7,14. 10 - 3
50 20
[H+] =
pH dung dch = 2,15

Ti V = 24,9: [H+] =
50 .0,05 24 ,9.0,1
= 1,34. 10 - 4
50 24 ,9
150
pH dung dch = 3,87

Ti V = 25: [H+] = [OH-] = 10 - 7
pH dung dch = 7
pH dung dch = pH (NaOH d)
M [OH-] = [OH-]bd - [OH-]phn ng =
25 .0,1 50 .0,05
= 1,33. 10 - 4
25,1 50
pOH = 3,88
pH = 14 - pOH = 10,12
26. Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh th oxy ha kh ca phn ng khi
cho 10 ml Fe2+ 0,1N pha trn vi 10 ml dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N trong mi
trng acid. Nu ch thm 5 ml dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N th th oxy ha
kh ca phn ng l bao nhiu.
0
0
Bit E Fe
= + 0,68 (v), E MnO
= + 1,52(v)
/ Fe
/ Mn
3
Gii
Fe3+ + 1 e
Fe2+
MnO-4 + 8 H+ + 5 e
E10 = 0,68 (v)
Mn2+ + 4 H2O
E 20 = 1,51(v)
5 Fe3+ + MnO-4 + 8 H+
Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
Theo :
S ng lng gam ca Fe3+ = 0,01. 0,1 = 0,001
S ng lng gam ca MnO-4 = 0,01. 0,1 = 0,001
Nn s ng lng gam ca chng bng nhau, tc l s pha trn ny
t ti im tng ng, khi : E =
0,68 5.1,52
= 1,38 (v)
6
Nu ch thm 5 ml dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N th s ng lng gam ca

Fe3+ bng 2 ln s ng lng gam ca MnO-4
Gii gn ng: E =
1
Etd = 0,69 (v)
2
Gii chnh xc: p dng cng thc tnh th E trc xa im tng

ng
E = E10 + 0,059 lg
F
1 F
= 0,68 (v)
151

CH V PHNG PHP KHI LNG
Tn hc vin:..............................
Nhm:...........
Ngh: phn tch du

Tn Gio vin:...........................
Cu 1
Kho:........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Cho mt dung dch nc cha r cha loi ion no. Hy trnh by cch
nhn bit cc ion Al3+, Zn2+, Pb 2+, Ba2+ c trong dung dch :
a)
Lp s h thng phn tch cc ion ny.
b)
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha cc phn ng c hin

tng xy ra trong qu trnh nhn bit trn.
Cu 2
Khi phn tch hm lng Na 2SO4 c trong 0,3579(g) mui rn NaCl, th
em nh mc mui ny thnh 250mL dung dch, sau ht ra 50mL dung
dch em phn tch bng phng php khi lng th thu c 0,0041(g)
BaSO4 khan.
a) Tnh hm lng % Na2SO4 c trong mui rn NaCl ban u
b) Tnh nng dung dch NaCl trong 250mL bnh nh mc, bit rng
khi lng ring ca dung dch ny l 1.12g/mL v mui NaCl ch
ln Na2SO4 m thi
Gii
Cu 1
a)
Lp s dng nhnh cy (SV cng c th lp s dng bng)
152
b)
Cc phn ng xy ra:
(1): Pb2++ 2Cl
PbCl2
(2): Pb2++ 2I
PbI2
(3): Ba2+ + SO42
BaSO4
(4): BaSO4 + CO32-
BaCO3 + SO42
Ba2+ + CO2 + CH3COO-
BaCO3 + CH3COOH
Ba2+ + CrO4 2(5): Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O
Zn2+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2NH3
(6): Al(OH)3 + 3H+
Al3+ + Alizarin S
(7): [Zn(NH3)2]2+ + S2-
BaCrO4
Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
Zn(OH)2 + 3NH4+
[Zn(NH3)2]2+ + 2OHAl3+ + 3 H2O
phc mu (ta hoc dung dch)
ZnS + 2 NH3 .
Cu 2
a)
S chuyn i: Na2SO4
Nn K =
.M Na 2 SO4
.M BaSO4
250
142
= 0,609 v F =
=5
233
50
Vy hm lng % Na2SO4 =
b)
BaSO4 (t l 1: 1)
0,0041 .250
.0,609.100 3,49%.
0,3579 .50
Khi lng ca 250mL dung dch mui em ho tan l: 250. 1,12

= 280(g)
153
V mui rn NaCl ch cha Na 2SO4 nn khi lng NaCl nguyn

cht l: 0,3579.
100 3,49
0,3454(g)
100
s mol ca NaCl =
0,3454
58,5
5,9. 10 3 (mol)
V th nng % dung dch thu c l:
Hay nng mol/ L l:
0,3454
.100 0,12(%)
280.
0,0059
0,023(M)
0,25
154
CH V PHNG PHP CHUN ACID-BAZ

(Hc vin khng c s dng ti liu)
Tn hc vin:..............................
Nhm:...........
Ngh: phn tch du

Tn Gio vin:...........................
Cu 1
Kho:........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Thit lp phng trnh ng nh phn V a(mL) acid HCl CaN bng Vb

(mL) baz NaOH CbN. T nu cch tm pH ca dung dch to thnh ti cc
thi im: trc im tng ng, ti im tng ng v sau im tng
ng
Cu 2
Tin hnh chun 10mL dung dch HCl cha bit nng (C x) bng
dung dch NaOH 0,1N vi cht ch th phenolphtalein t khng mu sang mu
hng bn trong 10 giy (pH ca khong i mu t 8,1 - 10,1), th thy ht
15,2mL dung dch NaOH.
a)
b)
Tm nng Cx ca dung dch HCl ban u.

Nu chn ch th metyl Dacam -MO (pH khong i mu t 3,1 4,4)
th php chun cn chnh xc khng ? Tnh sai s chun khi dng
cc ch th
Gii
Cu 1
Phn ng ti im tng ng:
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
Trong qu trnh chun : [H+] + [H+]p = [H+]pha trn =
Va .C a
V a Vb
[OH-] + [OH-]p = [OH-]pha trn =

[H+] [OH-] =
(1)
Va .C a
Va
([H+] [OH-]).
Vb .C b
Vb
Va Vb
=1-F
Va .C a
Vb .C b
V a Vb
(V [H+]p = [OH-]p )
(t
Vb .C b
Va .C a
F)
(1)
(2)
c gi l phng trnh nh phn Axit mnh baz mnh

Khi Va = 0 (cha chun ) (F = 0)
pHdd = pH (HCl) = - lg Ca
Khi 0 < Va< V tng ng ( trc xa im tng ng ) (0< F < 1)
Xem nh [OH-] <<< [H+] nn (2) vit li l:
155
Va Vb
=1-F
Va .C a
- [OH-].
[OH-]= (F 1)(
pOH
pH
Vtng ng (trc gn im tng ng ) (F
Khi Va
(2)
Vb .C b
)
V a Vb
([H+] -
10
14
[H ]
1),( F
1)
Va Vb
= (1 F)
Va .C a
Gii phng trnh bc 2 theo [H+]
pH
Khi Vt < Va (sau xa im tng ng ) ( F > 1)

Xem nh [H+] >>> [OH- ], nn (2) vit li l: [H+].
Va Vb
=1-F
Va .C a
Tm [H+]
pH
Ti im tng ng ( Va = Vtng ng ) ( F = 1)
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7
Cu 2
a)
Khi dung dch chuyn t khng mu sang mu hng bn th php

chun t im dng chun , c: (C.V)HCl = (C.V)NaOH.
Nn Cx =
b)
pH= 7
(C.V )NaOH 15,2.0,1

=
= 0,152N
VHCl
10
Vi cch chun ban u bng ch th phenolphtalein c khong i

mu 8,1 10,1 th pT =
8,1 10,1
= 9,1. Nn [H+] = 10 9,1 v [OH-] =
2
10 4,9
M Sai s ca phng php chun acid mnh baz mnh l
S=
C a Cb
0,152 0,1
([H+] [OH-]) =
(10 9,1 - 10 4,9) = - 0,000208
0,152 .0,1
C a .C b
S = 0,0208%
Tng t khi xt s chun dng ch th MO c khong i mu l
3,1 - 4,4 th pT =
3,1 4,4
= 3,75, nn [H+] = 10 3,75 v [OH-] = 10
2
10,25
C a Cb
0,152 0,1
10 14
+
Do : S =
([H ]
) =
(10
0,152 .0,1
C a .C b
[H ]
3,75
- 10
10,25
) =
0,00295
S = 0,295%
156
Vy khi dng ch th MO s c sai s l 0,295% ln hn sai s ca

ch th PP l 0,0208%, do nu dng ch th MO th cho kt qa
chun khng chnh xc bng cch dng ch th phenolphtalein
157
K HOCH V CCH THC NH GI

KT QU HC TP MN HC
Bi tp
Sinh vin phi lm tt c cc bi tp trong cc bi hc v trong mi bi th
nghim. l c s nn tng n tp l thuyt n cch tin hnh thc nghim
s liu trong th nghim
Bi kim tra
I VI BI L THUYT
Sinh vin s lm bi kim tra 15 pht hay 45 pht theo chng trnh ca
B, nhm xc nh mc chun b bi ca sinh vin trc khi c hc
sang chng mi
I VI BI THC HNH
Sinh vin s phi c kim tra ming hoc 15 pht trc khi vo bui
thc hnh nhm nh ga kh nng chun b cc bi thc hnh
im nh gi
I VI BI L THUYT
Cc bi u c chm trn thang im 10
Cc bi 15 pht (D15) hay vn p (DVD), v im thi mn hc l
thuyt c tnh h s 1
-
Cc bi 45 pht (D45) hay tiu lun (DTL) c tnh h s 2

im thnh phn (DTP) l tng cc im 15, vn p, 45, tiu
lun... c nhn vi cc h s tng ng
im mn hc l thuyt (DMHLT) l trung bnh cng ca im thi
(DT) v im thnh phn

Cch tnh im cho mn l thuyt
V d: DTP = D15X1 + DVDX1 + D45X2 + DTLX2 +...
im mn hc l thuyt = (DTP + DT)
I VI BI THC HNH
Mi bui thc hnh u phi c im tng kt cho bui thc hnh
. im chm s trn thang 10 im v nhn vi trng s ca tng
phn trong mi bi. im mn hc l im trung bnh ca cc bi
thc hnh.
-
im phn kim tra ming c trng s c tnh l 20% trong im

tng kt ca sinh vin.
Bi bo co, tiu lun, bn v c trng s c tnh l 40% s im
158
tng kt
Thao tc thc hnh, cc cu tr li trong khi th nghim, tho lun
c trng s c tnh l 30% trn tng s im.

nh ga tc phong, v sinh trong phn thc hnh, s nghim tc
v.v... trong bui thc hnh s chim 10% trong im tng kt

Cch tnh im cho mn thc hnh
im tc
phong, v
sinh, trc
nht (TP)
Trng
s
im thc
hnh, tho
im bi
kim tra
im bi bo
co, tiu lun,
lun (TH)
(KT)
bn v (BC)
30%
20%
40%
10%
V d:
im bi 1 = (TP)Bi 1 x 0,1 + (TH)bi 1 x 0,3 + (KT) bi 1 x 0,2 + (BC)
bi 1 x 0,4
im bi 2 = (TP)Bi
(BC) bi 2 x 0,4
...............
x 0,1 + (TH)bi
im mn hc thc hnh =
1
n
x 0,3 + (KT)
bi 2
x 0,2 +
( iem Bi i)
i 1
Cch xp loi im ca mn hc
im
Xp loi
Khng t
8- 10
Gii
7- cn 8
Kh
5- cn 7
Trung bnh
3,5-cn 5
Yu
< 3,5
Km
Mn hc PHN TCH C S l mt khoa hc lm nn tng l thuyt cho

vic phn tch mu. V th GV cn phi thng xuyn gip cho SV mt cch
nhn ton din trong vic phn tch mu thng qua cc bi hc v nht l
s t nh gi k nng tip thu, ti hin v t duy sng to trong cc cch gii
bi tp ca SV.
Vi cc bi tp trong tng bi hc (m y ch a ra mt vi bi mang
tnh c l v ch im) cn nh ga SV mc chun b, kh nng t
159
duy
Vi cc bi kim tra, cn c thang im r rng n 0,5 . Khng nht
thit mi i tng u c mt thang im ging nhau. V y vn t duy
v kh nng sng to trong bi gii c nh ga cao nht
Vi cc bi bo co th nghim, vic nh gi phi ng u cc khu:
tc phong lm thc hnh, hnh vi ng x trong thi gian phng th nghim,
kin thc tr li cu hi ca gio trnh v nht l s chun b nh trc khi
vo phng th nghim v c s l thuyt c hc trong gi ln lp l
thuyt
Trong khi chm im cc hot ng trong mn hc, gio vin cn dnh ra
mt t l phn trm im nht nh cho vic nh gi v hnh vi, ng x, thao
tc, s tun th ni qui, qui ch trong lp hc, trong phng th nghim.
160
TI LIU THAM KHO

1.
Nguyn Thc Ct, T Vng Nghi, o Hu Vinh - C s l thuyt
2.
ha hc phn tch - Xut bn ln 2, H Ni 1985

Nguyn Tinh Dung - Ha hc phn tch, phn I. L thuyt c s NXB Gio Dc - 1991
3.
L Xun Mai, Nguyn Th Bch Tuyt - Gio trnh phn tch nh
4.
lng - NXB i hc quc gia Tp. HCM, 2000

Hong Minh Chu - C s ha hc phn tch - NXB Khoa hc K
thut, H Ni, 2002
5.
T Vng Nghi - Ha hc phn tch - NXB i hc Quc gia H ni,
6.
2000
A.P.Kreskov (ngi dch: T Vng Nghi, Trn T Hiu), C s ha
hc phn tch, tp I, II,. Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn
7.
8.
nghip, H Ni, 1990

Douglas A. Skoog, Analitical Chemistry, USA, 1963.
X.L. Akhnadarova, V.V. Kapharop (ngi dch: Nguyn Cnh,
Nguyn nh Soa), Ti u ha thc nghim trong ha hc v k
thut ha hc, Trng i hc K thut Tp HCM, 1994
161

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trnh o to

B LAO NG - THNG BINH V X HI

Sch hng dn gio vin

Mn hc: HA PHN TCH

(Gii thiu ti liu v thc trng)

Sch hng dn gio vin l tI liu hng dn ging dy cho tng

H ni, ngy . thng. nm.

M t cc khi nim c bn v phn tch nh tnh v nh lng.

Phng php hn tch nh tnh.

Phng php phn tch nh lng.

Phn tch mt s cc loi cht khc nhau.

Thit lp c cc qu trnh nh phn, t xc nh c hm

Khi hon thnh mn hc ny, hc vin cn phi::

Gii thch c cc khi nim c bn v phn tch nh tnh v nh

Phng php hn tch nh tnh.

Thit lp c cc qu trnh nh phn, t xc nh c hm

Bi 1: Khi nim c bn.(h thng phn tch nh tnh)

Bi 1: Khi nim c bn.(h thng phn tch nh tnh)

Bi 6: Phn tch th tch

Bi 10: Phn tch chun to ta

Phn tch nh tnh cc cation cc nhm 1,2,3

Phn tch nh lng theo cc phng php th tch

T nghin cu ti liu lin quan n Phn tch c s.

Theo di vic hng dn gii cc bi tp

Tnh ton cc bi ton sai s trong cc bo co v hm lng

Tham gia cc bi kim tra nh gi cht lng hc tp.

Vn dng c cc kin thc c hc xc nh c cc

Vn dng c cc l thuyt v cn bng trong dung dch xc

Thnh tho cc thao tc s dng cc thit b, dng c phn tch

dch phn tch.

Xc nh c hm lng cc mu cht ban u

Nghim tc trong thc tp khi thc hin cc bi th nghim phn tch

Lun ch ng trong vic xc nh p dng cc phng php phn

LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT CHO MN HC

GI T CHC THC HIN BI DY

Trang thit b dng dy hc: dng overhead hay slide

Ni dung cn cho hc vin c:

pH trong cc h acid - baz.

nh: hng s cn bng, th in cc ca cc cp oxy ho kh

Ging v cc khi nim trong ho phn tch: s in ly, cht in ly,

Trnh by cc v d minh ha, hng dn hc vin lm bi tp.

nh gi s hiu bit ca hc vin bng cc v d c th nh:

Cho hc vin lm bi kim tra vit t lun hay trc nghim

Dung dch NH3 0,1M c = 1,35%

2. Tnh nng [H+] ca cc dung dch sau:

BI 2. PHN TCH H THNG CATION NHM 1

Trang thit b dng dy hc: dng overhead hay slide

Ni dung cn cho hc vin c:

Phn tch nh tnh nhm 1.

Chun b ti liu pht tay: s phn tch h thng cation nhm 1

Ging v cc h thng phn tch c trong ho phn tch: h thng

thng chnh hin nay).

Tin hnh ti phng hc bnh thng hoc phng th nghim. Yu

Phi lm cho hc vin nm vng ngha ca vic phn tch cc ion

Phi cho hc vin nm c cc thuc th chung ca nhm v c

T chc cho hc vin t gii quyt cc bi tp t thp n nng cao

cho hc vin, phng thc hnh p ng y cc yu cu phn

bi l thuyt hc v ng thi hng dn thao tc ng trong

GV hng dn tr li phn thc hnh trong gio trnh SV theo gi

AgCl (mu trng)

Khi nh NH4OH th kt ta tan ra do to phc

Nu cho tip dung dch HNO3 th dung dch xut hin kt ta tr

2/ Nu thay HCl bng mui NaCl th cng cho kt qu tng t