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CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 Understanding thermal equilibrium
The difference Temperature Heat
between temperature Is the degree of hotness Is a form of energy
and heat of a body
Is a base quantity Is a derived quantity
Depends upon the kinetic Depend upon temperature, mass
energy of the molecules and type of material ( spesific heat
capacity or specific latent heat)
( Q = mcθ or Q = ml) )
The S.I. unit is K or 0C The S.I. unit is Joule(J)
Measured by Measured by Joulemeter
thermometer
Thermal Contact
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Chapter 4: Heat Form 4
The formula is used to calibrate a thermometer
θ = temperature of a substance
θo = ice point
θ100 = steam point
xo = the length of the mercury column at
ice point
x100 = the length of the mercury column at
steam point
x = the length of the mercury column
when the thermometer is placed in a
substance
Mercury Thermometer
The specific thermometric property in used in this thermometer the changes of the volumes of
mercury with the temperature i.e when the temperature increases ,the volume of the mercury
increases.
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Chapter 4: Heat Form 4
Precautions
(1) The water must be stirred continuously to ensure its temperature is uniform.
(2) The beaker should be wrapped with a tissue or felt cloth and placed on a polystyrene
sheet to prevent heat loss to the surroundings and the table.
Discussions
The value of the specific heat capacity of water ,c determined in the experiment is larger
than the standard value of c.
This is because the experimental value of the temperature rise ,θ less than the expected
temperature rise due to some heat loss to the surroundings.
The smaller the temperature θ, the greater the
specific heat capacity because c↑ = Pt
mθ↓
Water Water has a very high specific heat capacity. This makes it very useful for
storing energy. For a given rise in temperature , water can store more energy
than most other substances; as it cools , it releases this energy again. It is
fortunate that water is cheap , safe and readily available.
The air above the land is heated and rises, and its
place is taken by cooler air above the sea moving
inland (convection currents)
What does the word “latent heat “ Latent heat means hidden heat. This heat energy
mean? changes the state of a substance (phase change). The
heat cannot be ‘seen’ because there is no rise in
temperature of the substance
Phase Change
When a phase
change has
occurred , latent
heat is absorbed or
released
Latent heat and In a solid, the molecules are linked to the neighbours by forces of
kinetic theory attraction. As the solid is heated, the molecules vibrate more strongly.
When the solid reaches its melting point, the vibrations have become
so strong that the links begin to give way. Extra energy is needed to
overcome these forces and separate the molecules. This is called the
latent heat of fusion.
In a liquid, the molecules are free enough to slide around and change
neighbours, but they are still almost as close to each other as in a
solid. The links are weaker but still effective. As the liquid is heated
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Chapter 4: Heat Form 4
At BC,DE :
Pada BC,DE :
lf↑ = Pt
m↓
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Chapter 4: Heat Form 4
Pt = mlv
lv = Pt
m
Precautions
The immersion heater must be fully immersed in the water to avoid or reduce direct heat
loss to the surroundings.
Discussions
The value of the specific latent heat of vaporization of water ,lv determined in the
experiment is larger than the standard value of lv.
This is because the experimental value of the mass of water evaporated ,m less than
the expected m due to some heat loss to the surroundings.
The smaller the mass m, the greater the specific latent heat of fusion of ice,lv,
lv↑ = Pt
m↓
.
Applications of Specific Latent Heat in Everyday Life
(1) When we are engaged in strenuous activities , sweating cools our bodies. The sweat
evaporates and the bodies heat is removed as the latent heat of vaporisation.thus our bodies
temperature is decreased.
(2) Drinks can be cooled by adding in several cubes of ice. When the ice is melting , the latent
heat of fusion is absorbed from the drinks. The temperature of the drinks is lowered.
(3) Food can be cooked by using steam. Food such as cakes, eggs, fish, buns and others receive
a large amount of energy when the latent heat of vaporization of steam released from
condensing steam.
Based on the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases , molecules of a gas will occupy
the entire available space and collisions occur between molecules and the walls of
container.
Imagine a molecule of mass m approaching one wall with velocity , v .
Its momemtum = mv.
It rebounds with velocity (-v) because it experiences an elastic collision.
Its momentum now is - mv.
So the change of momentum = 2mv
According to Newton’s second law of motion , force is exerted on the wall of container
because force is the rate change of momentum
F = change of momentum
time
As the result gas pressure is produced because by the definition of pressure;
F
Pressure is Force per unit area P =
A
Hence the gas pressure in the container is the total force , produced by the collision
between molecules and the walls of container.
The higher the average velocity of the molecules in the gas, the greater pressure
exerted by the gas.
As a gas is heated , the molecules move faster because the kinetic energy of the gas
molecules is proportional to the temperature of the gas. As the result the pressure of the gas
increases if the volume of the gas is fixed.
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Chapter 4: Heat Form 4
Boyle’s Law Boyle’s law states that “ For a fixed mass at constant temperature, the
pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
Equation Or P α1 if T constant
V
Where P= pressure
V= volume
T= temperature
Or P = k
V
PV = k
P1 V1 =
P2 V 2
Graph
Boyle’s Law and Imaging a sample of gas being compressed , with the temperature
the kinetic theory staying constant.
of gases.
The average kinetic energy of the molecules of the gas remains
unchanged but they are now confined to a smaller space.
Charle’s Charles’s law states that “ For a fixed mass at constant pressure, the
Law volume of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature”
V αT Where V = Volume
V = KT T = Absolute temperature
V =K V1 =
T V2
T1
Charle’s Law and In fixed mass of gas at constant pressure, the frequency of collisions
the kinetic theory between the gas molecules and the walls container is constant.
of gases As the gas is heated , the molecules move faster. They collide with
the walls more frequently and at greater speed.
So they exert a larger pressure on the walls of the containers.
As a result , the gas will expand if it is able to. This allows molecules
to spread out a little which reduces the number of collisions per
second with each unit area of the walls.
The gas continues to expand until the pressure is back to its original
value.
i.e. if temperature is increased but pressure stays the same, the
volume must increase.
The Pressure Law The pressure law states that “ For a fixed mass at constant volume, the
pressure of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature”
P αT Where P = Pressure
P = KT T = Absolute temperature
P =K
T
P1 =
P2
T1
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Chapter 4: Heat Form 4
Absolute Temperature,T The Kelvin scale is known as the absolute temperature scale.
θ o C = ( θ + 273 ) K
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