LMU is a composite unit consisting of Drain Coil, Isolation transformer with Lightning Arrester on its both the sides,

a Tuning Device and an earth switch. Tuning Device is the combination of R-L-C circuits which act as filter circuit. LMU is also known as Coupling Device. Together with coupling capacitor, LMU serves the purpose of connecting effectively the Audio/Radio frequency signals to either transmission line or PLC terminal and protection of the PLCC unit from the over voltages caused due to transients on power system. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_line_matching_unit_in_power_line_carrier#ixzz3WYbheJEF

smps
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. Like other power supplies, an SMPS transfers power from a source, like mains power, to a load, such as a personal computer, while converting voltage and current characteristics. An SMPS is usually employed to efficiently provide a regulated output voltage, typically at a level different from the input voltage. Unlike a linear power supply, the pass transistor of a switching-mode supply continually switches between low-dissipation, full-on and full-off states, and spends very little time in the high dissipation transitions (which minimizes wasted energy). Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power. Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time. In contrast, a linear power supply regulates the output voltage by continually dissipating power in the pass transistor. This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of a switched-mode power supply. Switchedmode power supplies may also be substantially smaller and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size and weight. Switching regulators are used as replacements for the linear regulators when higher efficiency, smaller size or lighter weight are required. They are, however, more complicated; their switching currents can cause electrical noise problems if not carefully suppressed, and simple designs may have a poor power factor. Teleprotection - Introduction What is it ? -> Tele -Communication + Protection - Signalling

 Where is it used ? -> Mainly at the higher and highest voltage levels Why is it used ? -> Clearance of faults within the shortest possible time

Protection Signaling Equipment

Tele-protection equipment transmits the trip signal from the protection equipment in power station and substations. Tele-protection links using power line carrier channels are the most economical way of performing all the tasks associated with transmitting tripping signals. Security, dependability and transmission time are the important characteristics of any Tele-protection equipment. Interface on the communication channels should neither be interpreted as a trip command (security) nor in admissibly delay the transmission of genuine trip commands (Dependability and Txn time). FEATURES Available up to 4 Commands Signal boosting for reliable transmission of every Trip signal No additional Bandwidth required. Test facilities: Local Test, End to End test, Loop Test. LCD based Trip counters to indicated No of trips Transmitted / Received. Visual Indications provided through LEDs to indicate presence of Trip & Guard Frequencies. Audible Alarm is provided to indicate system is in test mode. Test Mode: Actual test trip can be simulated. Flexibility: The system can be reconfigured for 2 commands or single command as required.

Vit/ece 1.Float Charger The float charger is basically static type 3-phase charger with stabilized output dc voltage.The charger output dc voltage is constantly compared with standard dc reference voltage anderror voltage is again amplified. This amplified voltage control the triggering signals of allthe 3 phase bridge control rectifier, as the output voltage tends to decrease than it's selectedvalue, it makes the triggering signals of each thyristor of all 3 phase, to advance for firingthem, so that the output voltage remains within the specified accuracy. If the output voltagetends to increase more than the selected value, the triggering pulses of these thyristors of all 3 phase are delayed in firing operations in such a way so that the output dc voltage is again brought back to its stabilized voltage. Circuit Description The 3-phase AC input is applied through the 3 poles 2 way switch (RS-I) and fuse F-18 to F-20 to the float input contractor (CON-1).The AC voltage is applied after CON-1 to the float transformer TX-1. The pilot lamp LED 4To LED 6 indicates 'ON' condition of the float charger. The secondary of the TX -1 isconnected to the 3-phase full wave half controlled bridge rectifier, which consists of silicondiodes D-2 to D-4, and SCR-1 to SCR-3, D-1 is the free wheeling diodes. HRC fuses F1 toF7 protect all diodes and SCR's, Special surge circuits have also been provided to protectSCR's.The rectified output is filtered by the choke XL-1 and KL-2 and the capacitor bank C-1 andC-2, which are protected by the HRC fuse F-8. The filtered DC output is protected by theHRC fuses F-9 and LK-1. BR-1 is the bleeder is the resister for the capacitor bank. Control Circuit of Float Charger The output of the charger is controlled through the electronic controller. Using phase controlof the SCR's feedback control the output. The control circuit has plug in type cards with hardtype connectors for external connections. The control circuit consists of following functionalcircuits:1.Power supply2.UOT firing for SCR phase control

Vit/ece 3.Amplifier 4.DC under voltage/over voltage sensing5.Auxiliary circuits Power Supply: This card provides regulated power supplies of +/-12% and u unregulated24 V used for ICsand relays respectively, regulated output is 200 (maximum)., Auxiliary transformer TR-5 getssupply from main transformer's phase and neutral points. The two identical secondary circuitsconsisting of bridge rectifier, filter and IC regulator provide +/- 12V stabilized output and24V unregulated DC output. The output of

the bridge is filtered using L-C filter comprisingof filter Choke CH-1 and capacitor bank consisting of capacitor C-1. The capacitor is protected by HRC fuses. BR-1 is bleeder resistance dummy load connected across the DCoutput; the filtered output is then connected to the load circuit or to the battery through arotary switch. Shunt SH-1 is used for current limit control, which is also used for measuringoutput current on ammeter. A DC volt- meter indicates the DC output voltage. An indicatinglamp indicates DC 'ON' condition. Blocking diodes are used to prevent reverse currentflowing from the battery to the charger when the charger voltage goes below the batteryvoltage or charger is 'OFF'. The DC voltmeter V-2 reads voltage across the load bus. UOT Firing Card: There are three (3) identical firing cards, each for triggering one SCR in the main bridge.Zener diodes DZ1 to DZ- 6 and resistance R-15, R-16, R-17 connected to the secondary of the TX-2, TX-2 and TX-4 clamp the positive half of the input sine wave to the Zenor voltage.RV-1 and RV-2 are adjusted to equalize the conduction angle of the SCR's resulting in lawripple. All SCR's at the same conduction angle +/-10% input and output adjusted to 5V. RV-2again adjusted in full load to keep conduction angle of the SCR's equal.C-1 beings charging at the start of the cycle, through current supplied by the R-2, RV-2 andTR-1. When voltage across C-1 reaches the threshold value, UOT fires and C-1 dischargethrough the pulse transformer. This pulse fires the main SCR via auxiliary transistor.Output voltage control is obtained by varying the base ammeter bias of TR-1. Anincrease/decrease in charging current leads to a decrease/increase in firing andgle and a

Vit/ece corresponding increase/decrease in the output voltage. Senor DZ-1 limits the gate voltage of the main SCR to the Zenor voltage. Amplifier Card: This card consists of two operational amplifiers IC-1 and IC-2 reference Zenor diodes DZ-1,emitter follower TR-1 and buffer amplifier TR-3 and TR-4; IC-1 is the error detector amplifier.A negative reference by a Zenar diode DZ-1 and voltage sensing singles are given to theinverting input of operational amplifier IC-1 the output is taken through a diode D-1 to the base of transistor TR-1 from whose emitter the output is taken to the UOT driver cards. Ratioof R-4 and R-5 determine the voltage gain of the operational amplifier and Rv-1 is used for offset nulling.The voltage sensing input is supplied to the OPAM IC-2 through an 'OR' gate formed bydiode D-2 & D-15. Whichever signal in higher the amplifier will respond to that signal. D-2accepts the battery current signal while D-15 accepts the float or voltage limit signal at anytime only one of the above signals will be commanding the amplifier.The overall working of the feedback control can be explained as follows :-If the inverting input tends to rise or increase in loading during current limit, the output of theoperational amplifier IC-1 decrease which in turns makes the emitter voltage or TR 1 lower.This reduces the bias on transistor TR 1 on firing cards so that charging current supplied bythem to the capacitor are reduced. Hence the triggering pulses are

retarded and make theoutput lower. Thus the negative feedback is complete so that the increase in output voltagewill reduce or if the unit is in load limit condition. The increase in output current will also bereduced to bring the current to the original condition.Resistance R-3, capacitor C-2 and also resistance R-2, capacitor C-1 are incorporated toremove the instabilities like hunting. Operational amplifier IC-2 l liner amplifier the mv dropacross shunt. The ratio of R-14/R-15 determine the gain of the amplifier and RV-2 on subassemble sets the charging current. When charging current increases the mv drop across pin No. 2 & 3 of IC-2 will increased. This voltage is applied to the base of TR-3 and TR-3

Vit/ece through R-11. Transistor TR-4 will be the base current of TR-3 and TR-3 will increase thevoltage from D-2 will control in DC output voltage to keep the battery current at set level,which can be adjusted by potentiometer RV-2.It is desired that output of the rectifier attain its steady state value slowly rather than by step

Wave Trap

EHT Line

Compo nents
of
PLCC

PLCC Terminal T ranslates voiceand data into RadioFreq. Carrier. LMU Coupling Capacitor