ArcelorMittal Automotive Product Offer en

Automotive Worldwide
Extract from the product catalogue
Note: Information contained in this catalogue is subject to change. Please contact our sales team whenever you place an order to ensure that your requirements are fully met. Please contact us if you have a specific requirement that is not included in the range of products and services covered by this catalogue. We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.
Index
ArcelorMittal Development Trends Product Safety and Toxicology Life Cycle Analysis and Recycling Product Definition Product Selection Guide Equivalent Standards Tables Worldwide product availability Dual Phase steels TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels Complex Phase steels Hot rolled ferrite-bainite steels Steels for hot stamping High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming Bake hardening steels High strength IF steels Solid solution steels High formability steels for drawing Extragal double-sided pure zinc galvanized steels Ultragal Galvannealed zinc-iron alloy coated steels Steels coated with galfan zinc-aluminium alloy Electrogalvanized sheet coated on one or both sides Surface treatments Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs) Steels coated with Alusi , an aluminum-silicon alloy: general points Steels coated with Alusi aluminum-silicon alloy: specific applications iCARe: ArcelorMittals range of electrical steels for automotive iCARe Save iCARe Torque iCARe Speed Coatings for iCARe Advanced technical support for iCARe A range of technical services to support product selection Finishing: Auto Processing Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks 2 3 5 7 9 17 20 24 25 32 37 44 49 55 60 65 68 71 77 79 81 83 86 88 90 93 95 100 104 106 108 110 112 114 115 118
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We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.
ArcelorMittal
An unparalleled partner for automotive manufacturers ArcelorMittal is the world's number one steel company. ArcelorMittal is the leader in all major global markets, including automotive, construction, household appliances and packaging. Supporting our position is a commitment to industry leading R&D and technology. The Group holds sizeable captive supplies of raw materials and operates an extensive distribution network, ensuring sustainability and quality throughout the supply chain. Its industrial presence in 20 countries across Europe, Asia, Africa and America gives the Group exposure to all the key steel markets, from mature to emerging, such as the high growth markets in China and India. As a supplier of automotive steels, ArcelorMittal is unequaled. The dedicated organization it has put in place to serve automotive manufacturers, sub-contractors and equipment suppliers gives them the benefit of global expertise, state-of-the-art research and development and a comprehensive and internationally available product, solution and service offering. Within this dedicated organization, separate customer teams are structured to support each customer's worldwide growth while providing local service. Teams are made up of account managers in charge of supporting the customer's strategy and technical experts able to anticipate and facilitate product utilization. The flexibility of this organization enables ArcelorMittal to serve as a co-engineering partner throughout the life of the vehicle, from design through production. The purpose of ArcelorMittal Research and Development, which has four dedicated automotive laboratories in the United States and Europe, is to propose increasingly innovative solutions to automotive manufacturers. Its primary goal is to stay ahead of the curve, anticipating the environmental, safety and cost control issues facing the automotive sector and devising effective and sustainable solutions to address them. It develops breakthrough product and processing technologies while maintaining a constant focus on cost control. ArcelorMittal automotive steels have outstanding properties in use and cover the full range of metallurgical families, coatings and surface treatments. ArcelorMittal has a recognized global technological edge in galvanized steels for exposed parts and coated steels for hot stamping. Striking an optimum balance between mass savings and formability, its wide range of products is available throughout the world and is supplemented by services and solutions provided by the Group's international network of wholly-owned and associated processing centers, welded blank production units and drawing partners. ArcelorMittal offers its customers unrivaled value creation by addressing the ever-changing challenges they face, supporting their expansion and growth and providing them with outstanding products and services. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
Development Trends
The Automotive Worldwide catalogue reflects the major trends in new product development being pursued by the ArcelorMittal group in response to the needs of its automotive sector customers: Proposals for reducing vehicle weight Cost reductions Environmental protection As world leader, ArcelorMittal is called upon to take the lead in innovation, focusing on breakthrough technologies that will, in some cases, prove indispensable in the future.
Reduction of vehicle weight We are constantly extending our range of very high strength steels suitable for structural parts. We have, for example, added several grades in the 800 to1200 MPa tensile strength range. These products-hot and cold rolled, coated and uncoated Dual Phase, Complex Phase and martensitic steels-provide many different combinations of weight reduction capacity and formability. To meet the need for weight reduction in closures, our catalogue now includes a Dual Phase FF 280 DP Extragal adapted to the requirements for visible parts. Other metallurgical concepts are being studied by our R&D team in our ongoing endeavour to further expand our product range.
Cost reduction ArcelorMittal offers high-performance solutions with proven capacity for reducing certain process costs. For example, the new surface treatments for zinc coatings-NIT and L-Treatment-improve the robustness of the drawing process. Because of their surface properties, the frequency of equipment cleaning operations (which are crucial, especially for skin parts) can often be reduced. Ultragal offers new guarantees with respect to waviness and hence to paint appearance in the galvanized range for visible parts. It offers opportunities for synergies with new shorter-and thus more cost-effective-painting processes.
Environmental protection ArcelorMittal strives to help protect the environment. For example, Chrome VI has been removed from the group's automotive catalogue. Chromating on a metallic coating has been replaced by E-passivation and surface treatments in the weldable thin organic coatings range are now entirely chromium-free.
Breakthrough technology The increasingly competitive and global automotive market calls for the development of top-performance products. The quest for combinations of different properties and the need for savings will increasingly require simultaneous product and process development. ArcelorMittal devotes significant resources to the search for breakthrough technologies. A typical example is the emergence of vacuum PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition). New prospects for breakthrough product development have opened up as a result of this technology, which exists in other industries but has never before been applied in a continuous steelmaking process. The first of these products will probably be the ZEMg coating, obtained by vacuum deposition. The ZEMg PVD coating's capacity for corrosion protection and its surface quality recommend it for many automotive industry applications, for both visible and non-visible parts. These ZEMg PVD coatings have been specially developed to increase corrosion protection in hollow parts and abutments of adjoining parts. They can help reduce the need for additional protective measures such as wax and mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas taht are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and can considerably reduce design costs. The main applications are closures, body sides,
These ZEMg PVD coatings have been specially developed to increase corrosion protection in hollow parts and abutments of adjoining parts. They can help reduce the need for additional protective measures such as wax and mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas taht are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and can considerably reduce design costs. The main applications are closures, body sides, underbodies, shock absorbers and all hollow beams in vehicles. These products are aimed at meeting the needs of car body manufacturers with respect to reducting the cost of anti-corrosion guarantees.
Surface appearance of ZEMg PVD coating (Scanning electron micrograph)
Cross-sectional view of ZEMg PVD coating
ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
Product Safety and Toxicology

Compliance of steels with EoL Directive 2000/53/EC and with automotive industry requirements Directive 2000/53/EC requires that vehicles placed on the market after 1 July 2003 contain no lead, cadmium, mercury or hexavalent chromium, other than in the cases listed in its Annex 2. It also requires the identification of other dangerous substances (as defined in Directive 67/548/EEC and Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008* and Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008**) that may be used in the manufacture of vehicles. The amendment of Annex 2 of the Directive, published on 20 September 2005 (Council Decision 2005/673/EC), set 1 July 2007 as the date for a comprehensive ban on the use of hexavalent chromium. In addition, tolerance thresholds were set for these substances: 0.1% (1.000 ppm) for lead, mercury and hexavalent chromium 0.01% (100 ppm) for cadmium. Consequently, there is a twofold requirement: Guarantee of compliance of the steel with the Directive, with provision of information on any use of prohibited substances or metals in our products and timetable for implementation of the heavy metal prohibition in the products involved; Provision of information on the composition of our steels, in particular by reporting such information in databases such as IMDS.
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* Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances. The classification of dangerous substances can be accessed via http:// ecb.jrc.it/classification-labelling/ ** Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labeling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006
Characteristics of steels supplied to the automotive sector and their compliance with regulations Composition of steels The steels supplied to the automotive sector are often complex, multi-layer products, made up of a substrate with a zinc and/or aluminum based alloy coating, with one or more subsequent surface treatments. Substrate The chemical composition of steel varies from one grade to another. Generally the total concentration of alloying elements does not exceed 3%. The maximum concentration per element may be up to 3% (certain VHS steels contain more than 2% manganese, for example). The most frequently used alloying elements are carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorous, sulphur, niobium, aluminum, boron, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum and titanium. Trace lead in steel substrates is not due to deliberate additions during production, but rather to the fact that current processes do not fully eliminate trace elements from raw materials and recycled materials. Metal coatings These coatings are obtained either by continuous hot-dip galvanization or by electrodeposition. Trace lead and cadmium in coatings (dissolved in the metal lattice) are not due to deliberate additions during production, but rather to the fact that current processes do not fully eliminate trace elements from raw materials and recycled materials. The sum of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) content in spangle-free coating is less than 100 ppm and mercury (Hg) is not detectable. Surface treatments: Passivation ArcelorMittal has introduced Cr(VI)-free passivation (E-Passivation ), in line with legislation. Phosphating This treatment (42% phosphate, 35% Zn, 5% Mn, 1% Ni) complies with regulations. Thin organic coatings (TOCs) ArcelorMittal now offers a range of thin organic coatings over hexavalent chromium-free pre-treatment.
Development of environmentally-friendly products 5
Development of environmentally-friendly products ArcelorMittal has implemented a Cr(VI)-free substitution programme, offering Cr(VI)-free solutions for its entire range of products, including sandwich sheet, in accordance with the timetable set by the Directive and/or vehicle manufacturers' decisions.
Communication of information relating to the composition of steel products Since 2002, the composition of steels supplied to the automotive sector has been available in the IMDS data base. ArcelorMittal's steels are reported under their commercial name, with a layer by layer description and ID number. ArcelorMittal's identification number in IMDS is 5502. We also work with manufacturers who have not joined the IMDS system. Certification and reporting of dangerous substances The ArcelorMittal Technology -Health and Safety -Product Safety Department is responsible for the certification procedure. The risks that might arise during secondary processing of steels are set out in the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), which may be downloaded from www.arcelormittal.com/fce website under Products & Services > MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)'.
Compliance with the REACH Regulation EC 1907/2006 ArcelorMittal is implementing the various aspects of the REACH Regulation according to the regulatory timeframe. In particular, we are making every effort to ensure that the use of our products by our clients is correctly assessed and that all substances present in the products delivered to our clients have been properly registered. Steel coils, slit bands, sheets, blanks and their derivatives are to be considered as articles in the sense of the REACH reglementation. The selection process of substances to be included in the Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern or in REACH Annex XIV is carefully monitored. We are committed to informing our clients about the presence of any such substances in our products, as provided for in this Regulation. Our Safety Data Sheets have been adapted to the new requirements laid down by REACH and the new CLP (Classification Labelling and Packaging) directive. Further updates may be made as additional information becomes available. If you have any questions on product safety and toxicology, please ask your usual contact or send an e-mail to: fcs-msds@arcelormittal.com. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
Life Cycle Analysis and Recycling

The environment a priority focus from the R&D stage onward Protecting the environment is a key challenge of our time and as the world's leading steel company, ArcelorMittal is committed to helping develop sustainable solutions. The Group's research centers have set up dedicated Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and recycling units to assess the impact of new products on the environment at the design stage (by means of LCA) and at end-of-life recovery and disposal (by validating their recyclability).
Life Cycle Analysis This standardized (ISO 14040) method is used to determine the potential impact of a product on the environment throughout its entire life cycle, i.e. from the extraction of the raw materials needed to produce it (ore, oil, etc.) to its production, utilization and end-of-life disposal (recycling, incineration, etc.). The entire life cycle of steel must be considered in the automotive sector since: the utilization phase accounts for some 80% of a vehicle's overall environmental impact; steel often has an impact that is far smaller than that of its competitors in the production phase; steel's recyclability is a major advantage in end-of-life vehicle regulations.
An LCA study is carried out in four phases: 1. Definition of objectives and of the system studied: observation of the life cycle in order to model it and definition of the functional unit (quantity 2 of product studied = 1 m of roofing, 100 beverage cans, vehicle traveling 200.000 km, etc.); 2. Inventory of flows: list of all the inputs and outputs of the system (quantity of each material needed, emissions, etc.); 3. Assessment of impacts: use of inventory data to calculate environmental impact in terms of: global warming, natural resources, acidification, etc.; 4. Interpretation: proposal of alternative production processes to reduce impact. Comparison of different products to support the choice of the product that best protects the environment. ArcelorMittal and a variety of consortia have carried out studies that have demonstrated the competitive advantages of steel in this area.
End-of-life vehicle recycling Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles was drawn up to limit or prohibit the presence in vehicles of dangerous substances such as lead, cadmium, chromium IV and mercury, in order to reduce the environmental impact of vehicles throughout their lives. It also defines target recycling and waste-to-energy rates with the goal of reducing as far as possible the ultimate waste from of end-of-life vehicles that is landfilled. In 2006, the target was recycling of at least 80% of materials in addition to a maximum 5% waste-to-energy rate to ensure that a maximum of 15% of the average mass of end-of-life vehicles is landfilled. In 2015, these objectives will increase to 85% materials recycling, 10% waste-to-energy and only 5% landfilled. A large number of vehicle shredding and shredded scrap characterization tests have shown that the ferrous fraction of vehicles is both 100% recyclable and 100% recycled. To ensure that this recycling is sustainable, the ArcelorMittal Group undertakes to verify that all new steels developed for automotive production are easy to recover and recycle. In this spirit, a research team at the ArcelorMittal Research Center in Maizires-les-Metz has developed a methodology making it possible for compliance with the specifications of the European Directive described above to be validated at the time new steels are developed (see diagram below). In partnership with professional scrap processors, the ArcelorMittal Recycling R&D team offers solutions for easily recovering the ferrous fraction generated by their processes, including, importantly, non-magnetic steels. The new steels offered by ArcelorMittal are also subjected to the conventional treatment applied to end-of-life capital goods in which they are used. For example, shredding and sorting tests are carried out in industrial facilities and the scrap recovered is then melted in pilot furnaces so as to determine its meltability and verify that scrap melting does not impact the environment.
The ArcelorMittal Group is thus able to provide its customers with a guarantee of sustainable recycling of all the steels offered.
Flowchart -Compliance of new steels with Directive 2000/53/ EC
Steel is an environmentally-friendly material in use and is virtually infinitely recyclable.
Product Definition
Major metallurgical families and characterization ArcelorMittal's range of steels for the automotive sector comprises all the main metallurgical families: Steels for drawing: aluminum killed and IF (Interstitial Free); High-strength steels: high yield strength steels, rephosphorized steels, high strength IF steels, isotropic and bake hardening steels; Very high strength multiphase steels: Dual Phase, TRIP, ferrite-bainite, Complex Phase steels. The mechanical properties of these steels are the result of a combination of parameters that are defined throughout the steel manufacturing process. The two main parameters are: Chemical composition; Thermo-mechanical process. Mechanical properties To obtain the required mechanical properties, the steelmaker devises a range of strength/formability combinations suitable for the uses to which products are to be put in the automobile. A number of hardening processes are available. They can be employed alone or in combination:
Steel hardening mechanism
To activate and control these processes, the steelmaker varies: a) Chemical composition The composition of the alloy lends the steel its mechanical strength. Iron from the blast furnace, the first stage in the steel production process, is uniform for all products. In the following process stage, alloying elements are added to or removed from the iron. This stage determines the main families of steel, from the strongest to the most formable. The proportion of carbon plays a crucial role in this determination, since it is the main hardening element added to iron. Other elements such as manganese, silicon and phosphorous are also used to adjust the strength of the steel. More selectively, further alloying elements such as titanium, niobium and vanadium can be added to lend specific hardness properties to the steel. These are called micro-alloyed steels, since these elements have an effect even when added in very small quantities compared to the other alloying elements. In multiphase steels (Dual Phase, TRIP, Complex Phase...) it may be necessary to add chromium and molybdenum to obtain hard phases. Nitrogen and carbon are chemical elements of small atomic size compared to iron. They are called interstitial elements because they are easily positioned within the iron crystal lattice (positions 2 and 3 in the figure below: positions 4 and 5 are occupied by substitution elements such as Mn, Si, etc., and position 1 is a vacancy). Placed in the interstices of the crystal lattice, they harden the crystal as a whole by preventing the atomic planes from sliding against each other. The quantity of interstitial elements in steel determines its mechanical properties. Carbon content is adjusted primarily by blowing oxygen through the molten metal and can be further lowered by vacuum treatment. There are two possible methods for removing carbides and nitrides, i.e. for inducing the precipitation of residual carbon and nitrogen atoms contained in compounds too voluminous to occupy interstitial positions. One-the method used for ordinary and high strength steels-consists in adding aluminum (in this case the steels are said to be "aluminum killed"). The other consists in adding titanium (these steels are then said
There are two possible methods for removing carbides and nitrides, i.e. for inducing the precipitation of residual carbon and nitrogen atoms contained in compounds too voluminous to occupy interstitial positions. One-the method used for ordinary and high strength steels-consists in adding aluminum (in this case the steels are said to be "aluminum killed"). The other consists in adding titanium (these steels are then said to be "titanium killed"). The second method is the more efficient in reducing total interstitial nitrogen and carbon. This method is used to produce "Interstitial Free" (IF) type mild steels.
Various positions that alloying elements can occupy in the iron crystal lattice
b) Thermo-mechanical process The grain structure of steel influences its mechanical behavior at two levels: Microscopically, through alignment irregularities (dislocations) and interstitial or substitutional alloying elements within each grain, which is itself a single crystal of iron; More macroscopically, through the shape (elongated or equi-axed) and size of the grains. For a given chemical composition, these characteristics of a steel are related to the thermo-mechanical cycles it undergoes throughout the manufacturing process: Solidification in slab form; Hot rolling; Cold rolling; Annealing; Skin-pass. Rolling temperatures, cooling speeds, coiling temperatures, thickness reduction rates in the cold rolling mill, annealing cycles and skin-pass parameters are all varied in order to adjust the structure of the steel and hence the product's final properties.
Steel grain structure
Tensile test Steel is characterized by the mechanical properties of products sold both in the cold rolled (thicknesses below 3.0 mm) and the hot rolled (currently, thicknesses higher than 1.8 mm) state. These properties reflect the product's propensity for secondary processing and for forming by means of drawing, bending, hydro-forming, etc. The method most commonly used to determine the mechanical properties of materials is the tensile test. It has two advantages: It is easy, rapid and standardized. The resulting stress-strain curve provides a large amount of precise information. The test consists in gradually elongating a specimen of the grade to be characterized. A uniaxial load is applied to the specimen in the rolling or transverse direction. The load needed to deform the specimen to failure and the elongation of the specimen are recorded simultaneously. These values are used to plot stress (load divided by the initial cross-section of the specimen) against strain (expressed as percent 10
The test consists in gradually elongating a specimen of the grade to be characterized. A uniaxial load is applied to the specimen in the rolling or transverse direction. The load needed to deform the specimen to failure and the elongation of the specimen are recorded simultaneously. These values are used to plot stress (load divided by the initial cross-section of the specimen) against strain (expressed as percent elongation of the initial gage L0). This is the stress-strain curve, shown in the figure opposite. This uniaxial test is spelled out precisely in the EN 10002-1 standard and elsewhere. The importance of specimen preparation (machining), especially for high strength steels, should be borne in mind.
Shape of the stress-strain specimen
Configuration of the tensile test machine
Shape of the stress-strain curve
Remarks Test specimen dimensions: 1. The dimension of tensile test specimens varies according to the thickness of the product tested: a. thickness 3 mm: width 20 mm and length 80 mm; b. thickness > 3 mm: width 30 mm and length 5.65 S0. where S0 = width x thickness. Standard dimensions in Europe (EN standards). 2. Specimen dimensions also vary from one country to another: a. Japan (JIS standard): width 25 mm and length 50 mm; b. USA (ASTM standard): width 12.5 mm and length 50 mm. 11
b. USA (ASTM standard): width 12.5 mm and length 50 mm. Because of these variations in specimen size, the mechanical properties measured are not directly comparable. However, well-established conversions exist between the different standards.
JIS -EN -ISO elongation value correlations
These conversions are indicative. Our technical department can provide further information as required. Tensile test direction All parameters derived from the tensile test reflect the properties of the steel in a specific direction: that of the tensile test. These values depend on the direction in which the sample was taken with respect to the direction in which the thin sheet was rolled. When indicating the mechanical properties of steel, the sampling direction with respect to the rolling direction must always be specified: Rolling direction RD (indicated by 0); Transverse direction TD (indicated by 90); Oblique direction (indicated by 45).
Main mechanical properties The tensile test measures the following parameters, which characterize the material: a) Yield stress: YS Point A on the stress-strain curve. It represents the load at which the elastic domain, in which deformation is reversible, ends and the plastic domain, in which deformation is irreversible, begins. Typically, there are two types of transition: The transition between the elastic and plastic domains shows a maximum followed by a sudden drop in yield stress and a plateau. A distinction is made between upper yield stress UYS, corresponding to the peak, and lower yield stress LYS, corresponding to the plateau. The length of the plateau is the yield point elongation es. The transition is gradual. Yield stress is then defined conventionally. It is measured for 0.2% elongation and termed 0.2% proof stress (0.2% PS). The term YS will be used to cover both types in this document.
Definition of yield stress and plateau
b) Ultimate tensile stress (or tensile strength or mechanical strength): UTS Point B on the stress-strain curve. This is the maximum load reached during the tensile test. Beyond this point, deformation begins to concentrate locally in a phenomenon called "necking", which explains the drop in the load required for further deformation beyond Point B. c) Fracture elongation: ef% This is the residual elongation after failure of the specimen at point C on the stress-strain curve. d) Strain hardening coefficient: n In the tensile test, loads are measured with respect to the initial cross-section of the specimen. True stress and true strain are determined by calculating the load with respect to the instantaneous cross section, using the law of conservation of mass/matter. n The resulting plot of = f() is called the true stress-strain curve. This curve can be described by the Holloman law: = k. , in which n is called the strain hardening coefficient. It describes the propensity of steel to harden during deformation in the plastic domain (the higher the value of n, the more rapidly the steel hardens), to deform in the expansion mode and to redistribute strains. e) Anisotropy coefficient: r The anisotropy coefficient measures the tendency of the steel to resist thinning during the tensile test. It expresses the ratio between specimen width deformation and specimen thickness deformation and thus reflects the steel's ability to undergo severe deep drawing strains. 12
The values of r are usually on the order of 1 for hot-rolled sheet but can go up to nearly 3 for steels with the highest drawability. f) Bake hardening Bake hardening describes the steel's ability to harden during paint baking; this is used to increase the yield strength of the finished part. These steels thus combine good drawability with good dent resistance after paint curing (YS value higher than in the initial blank) and good plastic deformation resistance in the finished part. Bake hardening is determined by measuring the increase in YS following heat treatment at 170C for 20 minutes, simulating paint curing conditions, after 2% uniaxial pre-strain (most representative value). This parameter is called BH2. g) Work hardening Work hardening describes the increase in yield stress compared to a reference level following plastic deformation. It is directly correlated with the steel's strain hardening coefficient n.
Low-carbon flat steel families Low-carbon flat steels can be grouped into families according to their mechanical properties, their strength/ductility combination and the metallurgy (chemistry and thermo-mechanical processes) employed in their manufacturing. Within the metallurgical families, classification by YS and UTS range defines grades.
Metallurgical families
Range of ArcelorMittal steels for the automotive sector
Usibor steels for hot forming are not shown. Their mechanical strength is on the order of 1500 MPa after hardening.
Coatings In the automotive industry, autobody anti-corrosion protection, expressed as the anti-corrosion guarantee, has become a major selling point. Several protection solutions have been developed and the most widely used can be divided into three groups: Hot-dip metal coatings applied by immersion in a liquid metal bath (at temperatures up to 700C); Metal coatings applied by electrodeposition (at temperatures slightly above ambient); Thin (0.5 to 6 m) organic coatings applied on a substrate previously protected by electrodeposited or hot dip metal coating and pretreated to increase corrosion resistance and adhesion of the organic coating. Various families of coatings exist, depending on deposition process, chemical composition, thickness (or weight per unit area), application on one or both sides and surface appearance requirements. 13
Various families of coatings exist, depending on deposition process, chemical composition, thickness (or weight per unit area), application on one or both sides and surface appearance requirements. Coating thickness is measured continuously on coating lines by means of x-ray gauges that scan the full width of the moving strip. Other types of measurement can be carried out to obtain a point value: Permascope, to determine the difference in product thickness with and without the coating; Chemical measurement, to determine the difference in the weight of a sample with and without the coating (this is the most accurate measurement); Optical microscopy, to determine highly local coating thickness values.
Surface condition The surface condition of steels has a major impact on their service properties, particularly during the forming and painting processes. Surface quality is characterized primarily by: Surface topography; Lubrication; Chemical treatment. Surface topography Surface topography describes the surface micro-geometry of the steel sheet. This is essentially a two-dimensional parameter but it is usually characterized by a series of profiles (cross-sections). A profile is measured by means of a roughness tester, generally mechanical, and the profile is recorded by the vertical movements of a stylus placed on the surface. The signal can be broken down into several sinusoidal components with different wavelengths and amplitudes. The shortest wavelengths correspond to roughness and the longest to waviness.
Breakdown of a surface profile: the profile is a superimposed image of roughness, waviness and flatness defect, if any
Roughness: Two parameters are primarily measured: Roughness, Ra, i.e. the average depth of the surface profile. It generally ranges between 0.5 and 3 m; Peak count, RPc, i.e. the number of peaks that consecutively project beyond a band of given width (generally 0.5 m) centered around -1 the mean profile depth, expressed in number per unit length (n.cm ). Increasing surface roughness while holding lubrication constant can help prevent seizing during drawing, especially in the case of uncoated products. However, any increase in roughness must be assessed in terms of the entire process, with particular attention to surface appearance after painting. Remark: The calculation of roughness parameters is performed on the basis of a specific length for precise evaluation (at least five times the cut-off length). Depending on the measurement instrument, total length is generally 12.5 mm. The cut-off length is the long wavelength filtering threshold necessary for obtaining measurements representative of local micro-geometry. Waviness: Profile scanning also includes a measurement of waviness, which is the average value of the amplitudes within the wavelength limits set. Waviness is major factor in appearance after painting (alongside, of course, painting process parameters). It is measured by, for example, the Wa 0.8 parameter. For additional information, please contact our technical support department. Surface texture control Surface topography is imprinted on the strip by the roughness of the working rollers. Roughness is transferred in the last stand of the cold rolling mill and during the skin pass operation after annealing or hot-dip galvanizing. Most of the roughness is transferred during the skin pass. ArcelorMittal has developed special expertise in this area and can achieve the best possible combination of drawability and paint appearance. Two main texturing processes are used: EDT (Electrical Discharge Texturing) produces a stochastic surface texture;
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EDT (Electrical Discharge Texturing) produces a stochastic surface texture; EBT (Electron Beam Texturing) produces a fully controlled displacement of the electron beam, with impingement equally spaced along the axis and circumference of the work rolls.
Examples of roughness profiles (parallel scanning to obtain a 3D image)
Example of surface appearance after skin pass with EDT texture
Lubrication Lubrication serves two purposes. It: protects surfaces, both uncoated (red rust) and coated (white rust), against oxidation during storage and handling; reduces friction and the tendency to seize during drawing. 2 Lubrication consists in depositing oils in a set quantity (ranging between 0.5 and 2.5 g/m /side). Lubricant suppliers offer a variety of products, from which ArcelorMittal has selected a range corresponding to the various requirements of its customers; certain oils called "prelubes", in particular, spectacularly improve the tribological performance of a given steel at constant texture. ArcelorMittal also offers a range of dry films (drylubes) that can be applied to most coatings and to uncoated steels. These lubricants lend the steel very high friction performance and in most cases eliminate the need to re-oil, even in the most difficult situations. Because they are dry, they also have the advantage of helping to keep the shop floor clean. To develop an appropriate lubrication for an application, full-scale tests should be carried out to investigate forming behavior as well as possible impact on downstream processes (adhesive bonding, de-greasing and surface treatment in particular). Chemical treatments ArcelorMittal provides a wide range of chemical post-treatments designed to improve the drawing performance of coated steels: Specific chemical treatments such as S250 improve the tribological behavior of electrogalvanized products; Pre-phosphating electrogalvanized sheet improves tribological properties, limits particle formation during drawing, increases corrosion protection and facilitates paint adhesion; NIT treatment achieves the tribological performance of pre-phosphating. It is available on electrogalvanized and pure zinc galvanized substrates. It is particularly useful in difficult drawing operations, ensuring uniform friction when the steel has been lightly oiled and limiting particle formation during drawing;
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NIT treatment achieves the tribological performance of pre-phosphating. It is available on electrogalvanized and pure zinc galvanized substrates. It is particularly useful in difficult drawing operations, ensuring uniform friction when the steel has been lightly oiled and limiting particle formation during drawing; L-Treatment, which serves comparable purposes on Galvannealed substrate.
The friction behavior of NIT on galvanized sheet is similar to that of pre-phosphated electrogalvanized sheet
These post-treatments all strengthen the drawing process. They potentially reduce reject/rework rates. They cannot be considered universal solutions. Their use must be examined on a case-by-case basis and they must be discussed with our technical support teams.
Surface appearance after painting With ongoing improvements in steel substrates and painting techniques, it is now possible to obtain very good painting quality. Nevertheless, a film of paint is never completely flat and it never completely reflects light, as would a perfect mirror. The discrepancy between this ideal and the painted surface can be expressed in terms of distinctness of image (DOI) and gloss. DOI is the ability of the painted sheet to reflect an image distinctly. It is measured, for example, by the DOI (Distinctness of Image) factor. Gloss is the capacity of the sheet to avoid distortions of the reflected object, often called the orange peel effect.
Painted appearance assessment: typical measurements
The painted appearance quality of a sheet to be used for skin parts is first dependent on painting process parameters-layer thicknesses and application and curing conditions. Once the painting process has been optimized, the best results can be obtained by controlling the topographical parameters of the sheet. The waviness parameter (expressed as Wa 0.8), more than roughness, is crucial in this regard. ArcelorMittal has developed its process for manufacturing coated steels for skin parts to control waviness in the initial blank and limit the recurrence of waviness after drawing. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.
Product Selection Guide

ArcelorMittal offers a wide range of steel grades and coatings to help its automotive sector customers design and produce vehicle bodies and components meeting the requirements of an increasingly demanding market. Several elements define a steel product: metallurgical grade, often broken down into several qualities, determining the mechanical strength and formability required for the part; coating, to meet corrosion resistance and surface appearance specifications; surface condition, determining friction behavior during forming as well as adhesion properties and post- paint appearance. This catalogue is thus organized in dedicated technical sheets: metallurgical grades: products are defined according to their metallurgy and their mechanical strength, often involving specific applications, coatings, including hot- dipped and electrodeposited metal and organic coatings, aluminized steels, specific to exhaust systems, fuel tanks and heat shields. These are covered in a separate chapter, composite products such as sound- absorption sheet and thick polymer core sheet. This catalogue has been designed as a working tool and reflects the range of products and services available from ArcelorMittal at a given point in time. The range is subject to ongoing development and will be expanded in coming years to include new grades offering improved strengthformability combinations and coatings for a wider range of substrates. All product range extensions and product renewals will be directly accessible from the customer's usual technical or sales contact and posted on the ArcelorMittal catalogue website. The following section explains the approach to be used to identify the ArcelorMittal product which will best suit a given application, system or component. The reader thus has the benefit of the experience ArcelorMittal has built up with its customers in the area of product selection for the main automotive systems.
Choice of steel grade The choice of a steel grade is generally a compromise between two more or less conflicting objectives: 1. Part performance in service. The design office calculates the minimum strength (yield and/ or tensile strength) level required. These must be guaranteed for each component in order to meet the relevant performance requirements, especially in terms of impact strength (deformation resistance or energy absorption in crash conditions) and durability (fatigue strength). It should be emphasized that the move to save mass (in order to reduce CO2 emissions) is prompting manufacturers to reduce thickness as much as possible, which in turn means that strength levels need to be increased. 2. Industrial feasibility under economically acceptable conditions, generally at high production rates. To meet this objective, good ductility, generally expressed as high ultimate elongation, is required. ArcelorMittal steel grades are therefore ranked in the following tables by strength level.
Recommended products
Specifications
Choice of coatings Product/ coating availability The final mechanical properties of a steel are determined by all of the mechanical (hot rolling, cold rolling, skin pass, tension leveling, etc,) and thermal (hot rolling, continuous or batch annealing, galvanizing, etc.) treatments that the steel strip undergoes throughout the manufacturing process. During hot dip coating (zinc or aluminum), the strip passes through a liquid coating bath held at approximately 460C in the case of galvanizing and 680C in the case of aluminizing. For Galvannealed type coatings and organic coatings, a further baking stage is required in order to: achieve Fe- Zn alliation at between 500 and 550C in the case of Galvannealed, cross- link resins and evaporate solvents at between 150 and 250C in the case of organic coatings.
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Clearly, the thermo- mechanical processing plan must include the coating phase to ensure that the required final product mechanical properties are achieved. This means that the choice of a steel grade and the choice of coating are linked. The detailed product sheets provided later on in this catalogue give the combinations of grades and coatings that are currently possible. In the case of thin organic coatings (TOC), the grade/ coating/ TOC combinations are too complex to be summarized in a simple table and customers are asked to consult us. Coating properties in service Apart from the question of availability in the chosen grade (this applies mainly to external body parts), the choice of coating is a compromise between: 1. coating compatibility with the process employed: drawing behavior influence on welding phosphating aptitude 2. coating characteristics in service: appearance after painting corrosion resistance The tables below give a comparative evaluation of the most common coatings in terms of these criteria:
Drawing behavior Influence on welding Aptitude for phosphating Appearance after painting Corrosion resistance
Extragal ++ [] [] (3) ++ ++
Galvannealed [] (1) ++ + [] (4) +
Galfan ++ # # # ++
Electrogalvanized + + ++ ++ ++
Treated electrogalvanized ++ + (2) + + ++
+ + Excellent + Very good [] Good # Good, but with reservations (1) Risk of powdering, based on Fe- Zn alliation rate (2) On electrogalvanized substrate (3) Compatibility to be verified, particularly in the case of Ni- free cataphoresis (4) Prone to cratering
Visible parts Structural parts suspension system components Exhaust system Heat screens Under- hood parts Fuel tanks
Extragal
Galvannealed
Galfan
Alusi
Electrogalvanized
TOC *
* Resin deposited on the non- visible side only. As indicated, all automotive manufacturing sectors are called upon to make coating choices; no optimum solution can be identified across the board, since the options selected are determined by each manufacturer's specific constraints, know- how and judgment. Currently options are under review as a result of three significant trends: 1. The ongoing extension of anti- corrosion guarantees is prompting automakers and equipment manufacturers to seek products offering the best possible corrosion performance; this has notably resulted in the widespread use of sheet coated on both sides. 2. Environmental protection standards are being stepped up; this has a number of implications, including discontinuation of the use of heavy metals (especially Chromium VI) in coatings (particularly in zones liable to undergo sanding) and in surface treatments. 3. Surface appearance has been improved by better control of "dedicated automotive" hot- dip coating processes, enabling these coatings to be used for the majority of visible parts and providing an opportunity for cost savings.
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3. Surface appearance has been improved by better control of "dedicated automotive" hot- dip coating processes, enabling these coatings to be used for the majority of visible parts and providing an opportunity for cost savings. ArcelorMittal can supply an optimum coating for each system: alloyed and non- alloyed hot- dip and electrolytic metal coatings in thicknesses ranging from approximately one micron to over 10 microns, with and without thin organic resin films and paint. As part of the technical support service ArcelorMittal offers its customers, experts are available to help you make the best possible choice. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 09-07-2012
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Equivalent Standards Tables

The indicative tables below summarize the European standards corresponding to the ArcelorMittal product range. ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical property guarantees than the standards.
Dual Phase steels prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) FF 280 DP Dual Phase 450 Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Y450 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 Dual Phase 780 Y500 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 Dual Phase 980 Y700 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 Dual Phase 1180 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled HDT580X HCT980X HCT980X +ZE HCT980X +Z/ ZF HCT450X HCT500X HCT600X HCT780X HCT780X HCT450X +ZE HCT500X +ZE HCT600X +ZE HCT780X +ZE HCT780X +ZE HCT450X +Z/ ZF HCT500X +Z HCT600X +Z/ ZF HCT780X +Z/ ZF HCT780X +Z/ ZF prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed)
FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts. LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade used to optimize properties in service. While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) TRIP 590 TRIP 690 TRIP 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled HCT690T HCT780T HCT690T +ZE HCT780T +ZE HCT690T +Z HCT780T +Z/ +ZF prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed)
While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
Complex Phase steels
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Complex Phase steels prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) Complex Phase 600 Complex Phase 800 Y500 Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 1000 SF Complex Phase 750 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000 Martensitic 1200 Hot rolled Cold rolled HDT1200M HCT980C HCT980C HDT750C HDT780C HDT750C +Z HDT780C +Z HDT950C +Z HCT980C +ZE HCT600C HCT780C prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HCT600C +ZE HCT780C +ZE EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed)
SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability. While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
Hot rolled ferrite- bainite steels prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) HDT450F EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal) HDT450F +Z HDT560F +Z HDT590F
FB 450 FB 540 FB 560 FB 590 FB 590 HHE* Hot rolled Cold rolled
HHE: High Hole Expansion While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) HSLA 260 HSLA 300 HSLA 340 HSLA 380 HSLA 420 Hot rolled Cold rolled HC260LA HC300LA HC340LA HC380LA HC420LA EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC260LA +ZE HC300LA +ZE HC340LA +ZE HC380LA +ZE HC420LA +ZE EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ galfan/ Galvannealed) HX260LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HX300LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HC340LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HX380LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HX420LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF
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While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below). EN 10149-2 :1995 S315MC S355MC S420MC S460MC S500MC S550MC Cold rolled
HSLA 320 HSLA 360 HSLA 420 HSLA 460 HSLA 500 HSLA 550 Hot rolled
Bake hardening steels EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) 180 BH 195 BH 220 BH 260 BH 300 BH Hot rolled Cold rolled HC220B HC260B HC300B HC220B +ZE HC260B +ZE HC300B +ZE HX220BD +Z HX260BD +Z HX300BD +Z HC180B EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC180B +ZE EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed) HX180BD +Z
High strength IF steels EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) IF 180 IF 220 IF 260 IF 300 Hot rolled Cold rolled HC180Y HC220Y HC260Y EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC180Y +ZE HC220Y +ZE HC260Y +ZE EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed) HX180YD +Z/ +ZF HX220YD +Z/ +ZF HX260YD +Z/ +ZF HX300YD +Z/ +ZF
Solid solution steels EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) HC220P HC260P HC300P Cold rolled EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC220P +ZE HC260P +ZE HC300P +ZE
H 220 H 260 H 300 Hot rolled
While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below). 22
High formability steels for drawing EN 10130 :2006 (uncoated) DC01 DC03 DC03 DC04 DC05 DC06 DC07 Cold rolled EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) DC01+ZE DC03+ZE DC03+ZE DC04+ZE DC05+ZE DC06+ZE
ArcelorMittal 01 ArcelorMittal 02 ArcelorMittal 03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 ArcelorMittal 07 Hot rolled
ArcelorMittal 51 ArcelorMittal 52 ArcelorMittal 53 ArcelorMittal 54 ArcelorMittal 56 ArcelorMittal 57 Hot rolled Cold rolled
EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed) DX51D +Z/ +ZF DX52D +Z/ +ZF DX53D +Z/ +ZF DX54D +Z/ +ZF DX56D +Z/ +ZF DX57D +Z/ +ZF
EN 10111 :2008 (uncoated) DD11 DD12 DD13 DD14
While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below). ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Worldwide product availability

When the ArcelorMittal Group was set up, one of its major initiatives in the automotive sector was to draw up a worldwide catalogue covering the product range in the various regions in which the Group operates. This document shows: 1. the very broad ArcelorMittal product offering, ranging from IF steels for deep drawing to very high strength hot stamped Usibor steels; 2. the worldwide availability of a large number of widely used products and in particular a broad offering available in both North America and Europe; 3. ongoing development aimed at further extending the availability of the worldwide product offering. Products shown as being available in different regions do not necessarily have identical metallurgy. Customers interested in these products should contact their technical support structure about local mechanical property and chemical guarantees. ArcelorMittal R&D has pooled its available resources in the various regions. This enables new products to be developed simultaneously and consistently, reduces development times and ensures optimization of metallurgical choices. ArcelorMittal applies this ambitious product policy in order to offer its automotive sector customers strong support for their worldwide development. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Dual Phase steels

Very high strength steels
Description Dual Phase steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and drawability as a result of their microstructure, in which a hard martensitic or bainitic phase is dispersed in a soft ferritic matrix. These steels have high strain hardenability. This gives them good strain redistribution capacity and thus drawability as well as finished part mechanical properties, including yield strength, that are far superior to those of the initial blank. The yield strength of Dual Phase steels is further increased by the paint baking (also called Bake Hardening, BH) process. High finished part mechanical strength lends these steels excellent fatigue strength and good energy absorption capacity, making them suitable for use in structural parts and reinforcements. The strain hardening capacity of these steels combined with a strong bake hardening effect gives them excellent potential for reducing the weight of structural parts and even " notably in the case of FullFinished 280 DP (FF 280 DP) " skin parts.
Applications Given their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, cold rolled Dual Phase Steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as longitudinal beams, cross members and reinforcements. FF 280 DP can be used to make visible parts with 20% higher dent resistance than conventional high strength steels, resulting in a potential weight saving of some 15%. As a result of its mechanical strength, hot rolled Dual Phase 600 can be used to reduce the weight of structural parts by decreasing their thickness. Relevant automotive applications include: wheel webs longitudinal rails shock towers fasteners.
Bumper in Dual Phase 1180 (thickness: 1.35 mm)
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B-pillar reinforcement in Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Extragal
Wheel web in hot rolled Dual Phase 600 -Patented VersaStyle wheel from Hayes Lemmerz International
ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming and service characteristics of the entire range of Dual Phase steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling and testing.
Designation and standard prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HCT450X +ZE HCT500X +ZE HCT600X +ZE HCT780X +ZE HCT780X +ZE HCT980X +ZE
prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) FF 280 DP Dual Phase 450 Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Y450 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 Dual Phase 780 Y500 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 Dual Phase 980 Y700 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 Dual Phase 1180 Dual Phase 600 HDT580X HCT980X HCT450X HCT500X HCT600X HCT780X HCT780X
EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/Galvannealed)
HCT450X +Z/ZF HCT500X +Z HCT600X +Z/ZF HCT780X +Z/ZF HCT780X +Z/ZF HCT980X +Z/ZF
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Dual Phase 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled
FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts. LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade used to optimize properties in service. While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties Guaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO tensile specimens (uncoated sheet) ST -Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL -Rolling direction Ef (%) ef (%) L0 = 5.65 S YS (MPa) UTS (MPa) L0 = 80 mm (mm) 0 th < 3 mm th 3 mm FF 280 DP* Dual Phase 450 Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Y450 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 Dual Phase 780 Y500 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 Dual Phase 980 Y700 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 Dual Phase 1180 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780* Hot rolled 300 -380 280 -340 300 -380 330 -410 450 -550 450 -550 500 -600 500 -600 600 -750 660 -830 700 -850 700 -850 900 -1100 330 -460 450 Cold rolled 490 450 -530 500 -600 600 -700 780 -900 780 -900 780 -900 780 -900 980 -1100 980 -1100 980 -1100 980 -1100 1180 580 -670 750 25 27 25 21 15 15 13 13 10 10 8 8 5 22 15 24 18
n 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
BH2 (MPa) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Direction ST ST SL SL SL SL SL SL ST ST SL SL SL SL SL
* The guarantees for this grade are subject to change. FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts. LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.
Chemical Composition (%)
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Chemical Composition (%) C Max FF 280 DP Dual Phase 450 Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Y450 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 Dual Phase 780 Y500 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 Dual Phase 980 Y700 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 Dual Phase 1180 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled 0.14 0.08 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.10 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.18 0.11 0.18 0.09 0.09 Mn Max 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.4 1.0 1.0 Si Max 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.60 0.40 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.70 0.60 0.25 0.30
FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts. LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.
Dual Phase 600
Dual Phase 980 Y700
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The service properties of Dual Phase steels are guaranteed by the controlled manufacturing process. The controlled (temperature, cooling speed) annealing cycle in particular ensures achievement of the Dual Phase microstructure and reproducibility of mechanical properties.
Available coatings and surface conditions Uncoated FF 280 DP Dual Phase 450 Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Y450 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y450 Dual Phase 780 Y500 Dual Phase 780 LCE Y500 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y660 Dual Phase 980 Y700 Dual Phase 980 LCE Y700 Dual Phase 1180 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X O X X X X O Electrogalvanized Galvannealed Extragal X X X X X
X available / O under development FF 280 DP (Full Finished): grade specially developed for skin parts. Please inquire about the availability of products shown as being under development or left blank in the table. LCE: Low Carbon Equivalent grade, used to optimize properties in service.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming Dual Phase steels offer an excellent combination of strength and drawability as a result of their good ductility and strain hardening capacity from the beginning of deformation, which ensure homogeneous strain redistribution and reduce local thinning. For example, in Dual Phase 500, the yield strength increases by about 120 MPa after 2% of plastic strain in uniaxial tension (a phenomenon known as work hardening or WH2). The yield strength can be further increased through bake hardening (BH2) after paint curing. FF 280 DP can also be used to manufacture skin parts, as a result of its excellent biaxial and uniaxial stretch formability. Dual Phase steels can be drawn on conventional tools, provided the settings are properly adjusted. For example, drawing pressure should be increased by approximately 20% for a Dual Phase 600, compared to a micro-alloyed (HSLA) type steel of the same thickness. It should be noted that these steels, especially the highest grades, are sensitive to the so-called springback phenomenon. Component geometry must be carefully studied during design (small die radius, reinforcement perpendicular to bends to stiffen open parts, etc.) and drawing sequence definition (overbending, calibration tool, punch stroke, increased blank-holder force, etc.). ArcelorMittal has developed expertise in controlling springback by means of part and drawing tool design (OUTIFO method).
Forming limit curves for the cold-rolled Dual Phase family of steels (typical data)
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For more information about the forming of Dual Phase steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.
Welding Although Dual Phase steels are more highly alloyed than HSLA steels, they can be readily welded using conventional resistance spot welding processes, provided the parameters used in industrial conditions are adjusted. The table below gives indicative examples of spot weld properties for homogeneous Dual Phase steel joints complying with the ISO 18278-2 standard. Coating Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 780 Dual Phase 780 LCE Dual Phase 980 LCE Dual Phase 600 Hot rolled Extragal Extragal Extragal Cold rolled Thickness (mm) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 3 Nugget diameter Pure tensile (mm) (kN) 8 7.7 8.9 7.6 8.4 11.6 14.2 13.1 10.5 14.3 13.2 32.6 Weld diameter Tensile-shear (mm) (kN) 8.8 9.5 9.4 6.6 10.1 11.2 18.4 22.3 25.6 22.7 30.4 46.7
For coated (galvanized and alloy galvanized) products, electrode life tests show values characteristic of the type of coating considered, with no significant modification due to the Dual Phase substrate. In butt or lap MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding, maximum hardness in the fusion zone does not exceed 300 HV for a Dual Phase 600, whatever the parameters. The weld seams meet ISO 25817 Class B requirements. Recommended welding consumables are: Filler: G3Si1 NF EN 440; Protective gas: Ar + 8% CO2. Dual phase steels have excellent mechanical strength in laser lap welding. Based on long shop-floor experience in characterizing its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for steels in the Dual Phase range.
Fatigue strength As a result of their high mechanical strength, Dual Phase steels have good fatigue properties. Examples of Whler curves for a variety of Dual Phase steels are given in the two graphs below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension R=0.1.
Whler curves or S-N curves for a variety of Dual Phase steels
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The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failure (one cycle corresponds to two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.
ArcelorMittal can make a Dual Phase steel fatigue database available to its customers.
Impact strength As a result of their very high tensile strength, Dual Phase steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy during an impact. Dual Phase steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an top hat structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an impact velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the good impact behavior of these steels.
Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)
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TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels

Description TRIP steels offer an outstanding combination of strength and ductility as a result of their microstructure. They are thus suitable for structural and reinforcement parts of complex shape. The microstructure of these steels is composed of islands of hard residual austenite and carbidefree bainite dispersed in a soft ferritic matrix. Austenite is transformed into martensite during plastic deformation (TRIP: TRansformation Induced Plasticity effect), making it possible to achieve greater elongations and lending these steels their excellent combination of strength and ductility. These steels have high strain hardening capacity. They exhibit good strain redistribution and thus good drawability. As a result of strain hardening, the mechanical properties, and especially the yield strength, of the finished part are far superior to those of the initial blank. High strain hardening capacity and high mechanical strength lend these steels excellent energy absorption capacity. TRIP steels also exhibit a strong bake hardening (BH) effect following deformation, which further improves their crash performance. The TRIP range of steels comprises three cold rolled grades in both uncoated and coated formats (TRIP 590, TRIP 690 and TRIP 780) and one hot rolled grade (TRIP 780), identified by their minimum tensile strength expressed in MPa.
Applications As a result of their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, TRIP steels are particularly well suited for automotive structural and safety parts such as cross members, longitudinal beams, B-pillar reinforcements, sills and bumper reinforcements. ArcelorMittal has extensive data on the forming and service characteristics of the TRIP family of steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling and experimental tests.
B-pillar reinforcement in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.2 mm)
Bumper cross member in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.6 mm)
Designation and standard
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Designation and standard prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HCT690T +ZE HCT780T +ZE
prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) TRIP 590 TRIP 690 TRIP 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled HCT690T HCT780T
HCT690T +Z HCT780T +Z/+ZF
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties Guaranteed for 20x80 mm ISO tensile specimens (uncoated sheets) with the tensile axix parallel to the rolling direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 26 25 23
YS (MPa) TRIP 590 TRIP 690 TRIP 780* Hot rolled Cold rolled 380 -480 410 -510 450 -550
UTS (MPa) 590 -700 690 -800 780 -900
n 0.20 0.19 0.18
BH2 (MPa) 40 40 40
* The product is also available with a minimum yield stress of 500 MPa
Typical cold rolled electrogalvanized TRIP 780 microstructure (residual austenite fraction about 18%)
Typical hot dip galvanized TRIP 690 microstructure (residual austenite fraction about 10%)
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Chemical composition (%) C Max TRIP 590 TRIP 690 TRIP 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled 0.175 0.200 0.250 Mn Max 2.0 2.0 2.0 Al +Si Max 2.0 2.0 2.0
Available coatings Uncoated TRIP 590 TRIP 690 TRIP 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled X X X X X Electrogalvanized Galvannealed X X O Extragal
X Available - O Under development
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming TRIP steels offer high ductility for their tensile strength. For example, cold rolled TRIP 780 has uniform elongation comparable to that of an ArcelorMittal 04. The figure below shows examples of forming limit curves for cold rolled TRIP 690 and TRIP 780 steels in 1.5 mm thickness. Their formability is superior to that of a lower strength Dual Phase 600 steel.
Forming limit curves for TRIP 690 and 780 (thickness: 1.5 mm)
Please consult us for more information about the forming of TRIP steels. In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal characteristics after forming rather than those of the initial blank should be used in the design stage. Because of their very good drawability, this family of steels can be used to make safety and structural parts with both simple and complex geometries, provided springback is taken into account at the design stage.
Welding 34
Welding Resistance spot welding TRIP steels can be readily welded using conventional welding processes, provided the parameters are adjusted. Because of the high carbon equivalent, electrode forces must be increased and welding cycles adjusted to obtain high-quality weld spots. The risk of interface fracture, which can occur in TRIP-TRIP welds, can be reduced by optimizing the welding parameters. The table below gives examples (indicative only) of spot welding parameters for TRIP 690 Extragal and TRIP 780 electrogalvanized matching joints, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard: Coating TRIP 690 TRIP 780 Extragal Electrogalvanized Cold rolled Thickness (mm) 1.0 1.0 Max. intensity (kA) 8.3 7.7 Nugget diameter (mm) 6.5 6.7 Pure tensile (kN) 6.7 5.5 Tensile-shear (kN) 13 13.7
Hot rolled
MAG arc welding MAG (Metal Active Gas) arc welding employs a filler wire in a protective gas shield. It can be used for thicknesses greater than 0.8 mm. MAG weldability of TRIP 780 has been assessed using CMOS technology according to the EN 288 and EN 25817 standards for 1.5 mm thick butt joints. Heat input is of the order of 2 kJ/cm. As a result of its chemical composition, TRIP 780 typically has a relatively high carbon equivalent of about 0.50. However, no particular precautions are needed to prevent cold cracking. The small thicknesses employed (< 2 mm) minimize restraint stresses during welding. The most appropriate combination for MAG welding of TRIP 780 in a thickness range of about 1.5 mm is the following: Filler: G3Si1 type in accordance with EN 440; Protective gas: Ar + 8% CO2. (M21 according to EN 439). The CMOS evaluation shows satisfactory overall weld behavior meeting the mechanical strength criteria set out in the standards, given that: bends are good up to 120 and crack on the reverse side at 180; all tensile test failures occur in the base metal, even with G3Si1 filler metal, as a result of the associated dilution. Laser welding Laser welding tests have revealed no particular difficulties. Laser lap welding is particularly suitable for TRIP/TRIP joining. Based on long shop-floor experience in characterizing its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the TRIP range.
Fatigue strength Due to their high mechanical strength, TRIP grades have significantly better fatigue properties than conventional steels. Examples of Whler curves for a variety TRIP grades are shown in the two graphs below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for two loading ratios: tension-compression R=-1 and tension-tension R=0.1.
Whler curves or S-N curves for TRIP steels
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The graph below shows the low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for the same steels. The curves plot strain amplitude versus number of reversals to failure (one cycle corresponds to two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data can be provided on request.
Low-cycle fatigue or E-N curves for TRIP steels
ArcelorMittal can make a TRIP steel fatigue database available to its customers.
Impact strength As a result of their very high tensile strength, TRIP steels are particularly suitable for parts designed to absorb energy in an impact. TRIP steels have been characterized in dynamic axial compression tests using an omega structure with a spot-welded closure plate at an impact velocity of 56 kph. These tests have demonstrated the very good impact behavior of these steels.
Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)
These results are obtained for specimens produced by bending. Strain hardening during drawing enhances the energy absorption capacity of this grade. In order to fully exploit the potential of TRIP steels, the metal characteristics after forming (hardening) rather than those of the initial blank should be used in the design stage. Crushing tests have shown a 9% gain in energy absorption of drawn parts compared to parts obtained by bending. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Complex Phase steels

Description The Complex Phase family of steels supplements ArcelorMittal's VHSS (very high strength steel) product range. These steels are cold formed to make lightweight structural elements. A number of automotive parts, such as sills and door reinforcements, have simple shapes and the steel is therefore only slightly deformed. For this reason, ArcelorMittal has added the Complex Phase family of steels to its range. These steels offer high as-delivered yield strength and good bendability and stretch flangeability.
Applications Given their high energy absorption capacity and fatigue strength, these grades are particularly well suited for automotive safety components requiring good impact strength and for suspension system components.
Seat flange in Complex Phase 600 (thickness: 1.5 mm)
Door bar in Complex Phase 1000 (thickness: 2 mm)
Tunnel stiffener in Complex Phase 800 (thickness: 1.6 mm)
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Fender beam in Complex Phase 1000 (roll-formed)
Fender beam in Complex Phase 1000 (roll-formed)
Suspension arm in Complex Phase 800 (thickness: 3.1 mm)
Designation and standard prEN 10338 :2009 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HCT600C +ZE HCT780C +ZE HCT980C +ZE HDT750C +Z HDT780C +Z HDT950C +Z HDT1200M Cold rolled
prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) Complex Phase 600 Complex Phase 800 Y500 Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 1000 SF Complex Phase 750 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000 Martensitic 1200 Hot rolled HCT980C HCT980C HDT750C HDT780C HCT600C HCT780C
SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability. 38
SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability. While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties Guaranteed values for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the strip center at ambient temperature ST -Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL -Rolling direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 19 13 10 8 7 10 10 10 5
YS (MPa) Complex Phase 600* Complex Phase 800 Y500 Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 1000 SF Complex Phase 750 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000* Martensitic 1200 Hot rolled Cold rolled 360 -440 500 -650 600 -700 700 -850 750 -950 620 -750 680 -830 800 -950 900 -1150
UTS (MPa) 600 -700 780 -900 780 -900 980 -1200 980 -1200 750 780 950 1200
Direction SL SL SL SL SL SL ST SL ST
SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability. * The guarantees for this grade are subject to change.
Microstructure of hot rolled Complex Phase 800
Microstructure of hot rolled Complex Phase 1000
Chemical composition (%)
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Chemical composition (%) C Max Complex Phase 600 Complex Phase 800 Y500 Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 1000 SF Complex Phase 750 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000 Martensitic 1200 Hot rolled Cold rolled 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.10 0.14 0.15 Mn Max 1.60 2.20 2.20 2.40 2.40 1.40 2.00 1.70 1.50 Si Max 0.40 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.25
SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability.
Available coatings and surface conditions Uncoated Complex Phase 600 Complex Phase 800 Y500 Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 1000 SF Complex Phase 750 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000 Martensitic 1200 Hot rolled Cold rolled X X X X X X X O X Electrogalvanized X X X X X O O O O X X X Extragal
X Product available /O Product under development SF (Stretch Flanging): grade specially developed for improved stretch flangeability. Please consult us about products under development.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming Although their ultimate elongation is lower than that of DP and TRIP steels, Complex Phase steels have good formability for their high strength level. Forming limit curves can be used to define maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths. Forming limit curves for Complex Phase steels:
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Forming limit curves for Complex Phase steels:
Cold rolled in 1.5 mm thickness
Hot rolled in 3 mm thickness
In addition, Complex Phase steels exhibit good roll-forming, bending and hole expansion behavior. The graph below illustrates hole expansion behavior according to the ISO 16630 standard for a number of Dual Phase and Complex Phase steels with UTS=1000 MPa. The Complex Phase family -and especially the Complex Phase Stretch Flangeable (SF) product, which was specially designed for exceptional stretch flangeability -has higher hole expansion values.
The table below shows typical minimum bending radius values for Complex Phase steels in 1.5 mm thickness.
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The table below shows typical minimum bending radius values for Complex Phase steels in 1.5 mm thickness. Rolling direction Complex Phase 600 Complex Phase 800 Y500 Complex Phase 800 Y600 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 1000 SF Hot rolled Cold rolled 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 Transverse direction 0 0.5 0.5 1 1
Rolling direction
Transverse direction
Bending method: 90 flanging
For more information about the forming of Complex Phase steels in special thicknesses and with special coatings, please consult us.
Welding Resistance spot welding The Complex Phase range of steels has very good resistance spot weldability. The welding range, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard, is quite wide. The table below shows examples (indicative) of spot welding characteristics for Complex Phase matching joints, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standards. Coating Complex Phase 600 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000 Complex Phase 800 Complex Phase 1000 Martensitic 1200 Hot rolled Extragal Cold rolled Thickness (mm) 1.5 1.5 1.6 3 3 3 Nugget diameter Pure tensile Weld diameter Tensile-shear (mm) (kN) (mm) (kN) 8.4 8.7 7.2 11.3 9.8 9.4 15.1 13.2 9.9 41.4 31.1 20.9 9 7.6 6.9 9.6 9.4 9.2 21.2 24.2 28.1 48.2 51.1 51
Laser welding Laser welding tests have revealed no particular difficulties. ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for all steels in the Complex Phase range.
Fatigue
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Complex Phase steels exhibit good fatigue properties and can be used in suspension system parts such as suspension arms. The table below gives examples of Whler curves for a variety of Complex Phase steels. They are expressed as stress amplitude versus cycles to failure and are obtained with a stress ratio of R = 0.1 and repeated tensile loading.
Whler or SN curves for Complex Phase steels (R=0.1)
The graph below shows the low cycle or EN curves for the same steels. These are expressed as strain amplitude versus number of reversals (one cycle equals two reversals). Other high and low cycle fatigue data are available on request.
Low cycle or EN curves for Complex Phase steels (R=-1)
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of Complex Phase steels.
Impact strength As a result of their very high YS and UTS values, Complex Phase steels are particularly well suited for anti-intrusion parts. Complex Phase steels have been characterized in the 3-point bending flex test using top hat cross-section specimens impacted at 30 kph. The tests showed very good behavior of these steels.
Mass savings potential compared to an HSLA 380 steel (reference)
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Hot rolled ferrite- bainite steels

Description This range of hot- rolled high strength steels has been developed to meet weight reduction requirements. It comprises four strength levels: FB 450, 540, 560 and 590. This family of steels extends the HSLA range of micro- alloyed steels to include products combining high tensile strength (UTS) with excellent formability and hole expansion (stretch flangeability) based on their ferrite- bainite microstructure.
Applications These steels are cold- drawn. The main applications are: structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross beams, car- body and ground liason parts), wheels, mechanical parts (ground liason parts, gear boxes...). ArcelorMittal has an extensive database relating to the forming and service properties of the entire range of ferrite- bainite steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to perform specific studies based on modeling or laboratory tests.
Front and rear underseat cross member in galvanised FB 560 (thickness: 1.8 mm)
Suspension arm in uncoated FB 540 (thickness: 4 mm)
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Suspension arm in Extragal FB 560 (thickness: 4 mm)
Pillar reinforcement in galvanised FB 560 (thickness: 1.8 mm)
Wheel in FB 590
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Designation and standards prEN 10338 :2009 (uncoated) HDT450F EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal) HDT450F +Z HDT560F +Z HDT590F
FB 450 FB 540 FB 560 FB 590 FB 590 HHE* Hot rolled Cold rolled
HHE: High Hole Expansion While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below).
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties Guaranteed for ISO 20X80 (thickness < 3 mm) or proportional (thickness 3 mm) test specimen of uncoated sheet. ST - Transverse direction (perpendicular to the rolling direction) / SL - Rolling direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 25 18 17 16 16 Ef (%) L0 = 5.65 S0 (mm) th 3 mm 32 25 22 21 21
YS (MPa) FB 450 FB 540 FB 560 FB 590 FB 590 HHE* Hot rolled Cold rolled 300 - 380 400 - 485 450 - 530 480 - 600 480 - 600
UTS (MPa) 450 - 510 540 - 610 560 - 640 590 - 670 590 - 670
Direction SL SL SL ST ST
* FB 590 HHE: we recommend this option for parts requiring very high hole expansion (HHE: High Hole Expansion grade). For this grade, the minimum guaranteed JIS elongation is 18%.
Chemical composition (%) C Max 0.17 0.17 0.1 0.1 0.05 Cold rolled Mn Max 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 Si Max 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.8
FB 450 FB 540 FB 560 FB 590 FB 590 HHE Hot rolled
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Ferrite- bainite microstructure of FB 540
Available coatings Uncoated X X X X Cold rolled Extragal X X X
FB 450 FB 540 FB 560 FB 590 FB 590 HHE Hot rolled
X available product
Recommendations for use and for secondary processing High hole expansion grade ArcelorMittal offers an FB590 HHE (High Hole Expansion) grade, which is recommended for parts with sheared edge stretchability requirements (stretch flangeability, edge flanging, edge stress during secondary processing, etc.). The images opposite shows an example of hole expansion behaviour according to the ISO standard for grades FB 590 and FB 590 HHE.
View of hole expansion in grades FB 590 and FB 590 HHE in 4 mm thickness. The HHE achieves a much higher hole expansion value.
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Forming The graph below gives critical forming limits calculated for the FB family of steels in 2.5 mm thickness.
Forming limit curves for the FB family of steels
Please consult us for further information relating to the forming of steels in the FB range with specific thicknesses and coatings.
Welding Examples of data relating to resistance spot welding of coated and uncoated steels of different thicknesses in the FB product range, determined according to the ISO 18278 method. These steels can be arc welded. Coating Extragal uncoated Cold rolled Thickness (mm) 2 2.5 Welding range (kA) 2.6 4.3
FB 450 FB 590 Hot rolled
The following indicative welding parameters are used in MAG welding: Filler metal: GS2- type wire Protective gas: ATAL 5 or ATAL 18 Welding speed: 80 cm/ min ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other steel in the FB range product.
Fatigue strength As a result of their high tensile strength and their microstructure, FB steels have good fatigue strength. Examples of Whler curves for a variety of FB steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- tension loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Whler curves of the FB range of steels
ArcelorMittal can provide a full database on the fatigue performance of FB steels. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012 48
Steels for hot stamping

Description Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5, which have very high mechanical strength after hot stamping, are two steels in the range of products developed to meet vehicle weight reduction requirements. Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5 are intended for use in automobile structural and safety components. These steels are designed to be heat treated and then quenched during the hot stamping process. The mechanical properties of the final part make significant weight savings possible (up to 50% compared to standard high yield strength steel). The very high yield strength of these steels after heat treatment and hot stamping make them suitable for anti-intrusion components (fender beams, door reinforcements, B-pillars, windscreen uprights, etc.). The manufacturing process of these steels and the thermo-mechanical treatment they undergo during hot rolling lend them excellent quenchability and good structural homogeneity, ensuring good response to mechanical stress. The main advantages of Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5 are: Separation of forming and service properties; High hot formability and total absence of springback; Exceptional fatigue and impact strength, allowing substantial thickness and hence weight reduction. ArcelorMittal was the first steelmaker to offer the automotive industry a coated press hardened steel: Usibor 1500 P. Usibor 1500 P has an aluminum-silicon pre-coating and was developed to protect the metal from oxidation (scale) and decarburization during hot stamping. The pre-coating is applied to the coils in a continuous process and offers excellent resistance to hot stamping heat treatment; final parts using this forming technology have improved corrosion resistance after painting, eliminating the need for anti-corrosion post-treatment. The additional advantages of Usibor 1500 P (above and beyond those of 22MnB5) are: Elimination of the shot-blasting step required for conventional uncoated hot forming steels (no scale); Very good final part geometric tolerance (no shot-blasting, hence no deformation); Excellent final part corrosion resistance; No decarburization; Simplified process and cost savings (no shot-blasting, no inert atmosphere in ovens). Two safety data sheets are available for each steel, one for the as-delivered product and one for the product after heat treatment. These steels require no special precautions. ArcelorMittal has now added the new Ductibor 500 P grade to its range of hot stamping steels. This product is offered in association with Usibor 1500 P for use in Tailor Welded Blanks (TWBs), where it locally provides softer, more ductile properties than those of Usibor 1500 P. This enables automotive manufacturers to meet new crashworthiness requirements by precisely controlling the crash deformation of specific vehicle parts such as the B-pillar in lateral impact and the longitudinal beams in front and rear impact.

Applications Because of their high impact and fatigue strength, 22MnB5 and Usibor 1500 P are particularly well suited for the entire range of structural parts and especially for safety parts. Most of the current applications are intrusion-resistant passenger and engine compartment components: Front and rear bumper beams; Door reinforcements; Windscreen upright reinforcements; B-pillar reinforcements; Floor and roof reinforcements.
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Floor and roof reinforcements.
B-pillar (thickness: 1.85 mm)
Bumper beam (thickness: 2.3 mm)
Door reinforcement (thickness: 1 mm)
Windscreen upright (thickness: 1.2 mm)
ArcelorMittal has a complete set of data relating to the forming and the service properties of steels for hot stamping. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or laboratory tests.
Technical characteristics 50
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties As delivered, before hot stamping (for information only) ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 10 10 20
YS (MPa) Usibor 1500 P 22MnB5* Ductibor 500 P 350 -550 320 -550 450 -650
UTS (MPa) 500 -700 500 -700 550 -680
* Please consult us about size availability. After hot stamping according to best practices typical values* (for information only) ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 6 6 22
YS (MPa) Usibor 1500 P 22MnB5* Ductibor 500 P 1100 1100 400
UTS (MPa) 1500 1500 570
* 5 to 10 minutes 900C to 950C type heat treatment followed by quenching in perfectly cooled stamping tools (cooling speed > 50C per second). Application and use of Ductibor 500 P and final part performance values are described in the "Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks" chapter. The metallurgy of Ductibor 500 P was developed to provide, following hot stamping, a Dual Phase type structure with very stable mechanical properties regardless of the cooling speed.

Die-quenched (cooling rate 30C/s) Ferrite + Martensite (10%)
In Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5 steels, the addition of carbon, manganese, chromium and boron ensure good quenchability in the hot stamping tool after austenitization in the ovens. Water quenching results in substantially higher mechanical properties (an additional 100 to 150 MPa). Prior to hot stamping heat treatment, Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5 exhibit homogeneous distribution of pearlite and an equiaxed grain ferritic matrix. The Usibor 1500 P coating, with a thickness of about 25m, consists of an Fe-Al-Si alloy diffusion layer and an aluminum-silicon layer. Following heat treatment and quenching, the microstructure is 100% martensitic. The Al-Si coating is transformed in the oven into a protective Al-Fe-Si alloy layer adhering perfectly to the substrate.
Microstructure prior to hot stamping heat treatment (as delivered). Appearance of the coating prior to hot stamping.
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Martensitic microstructure following hot stamping heat treatment (example: 5-minute austenitization at 900C, followed by water quenching or die quenching). Scanning electron micrograph.
Appearance of the coating after hot stamping (optical microscopy)
The chemical composition and microstructure of Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5 have been optimized to promote the formation of a homogeneous martensitic structure over a wide range of cooling speeds, which ensures very good, highly regular mechanical properties in the final part. The Al-Si coating of Usibor 1500 P has been optimized to withstand heat treatment and the hot stamping process as well as to avoid oxidation and scale formation.
Heat treatment Usibor 1500 P was specially developed for a direct hot stamping process consisting of austenitization of blanks in the heat treatment oven, hot stamping of these hot blanks in a press and martensitic quenching in the water-cooled stamping tool. All forming is "hot". We advise against cold pre-forming prior to austenitization. Please consult us for information and advice relating to Usibor 1500 P hot stamping. The 22MnB5 grade is well suited to both hot and cold forming and can therefore be used in both direct and indirect processes.

Usibor 1500 P hot stamping heat treatment
Surface treatment Adhesive bonding parameters are similar to those of other uncoated carbon steels. After hot stamping and quenching, Usibor 1500 P components can be painted directly. There is no surface scale and the Al-Fe-Si alloy layer obtained after heat treatment adheres perfectly to the substrate. This layer provides good protection against overall corrosion. Parts made of Usibor 1500 P can be painted by cataphoresis or any other organic painting system. 52

Following hot stamping, the surface of Usibor 1500 P is not affected by immersion in phosphating baths and it does not contaminate the latter through dissolution of aluminum. Most adhesives, including structural adhesives, can be used on hot stamped Usibor 1500 P components. Please consult us for information and advice relating to surface treatment of Usibor 1500 P after hot stamping. Following hot stamping, quenching and shotblasting, the surface of 22MnB5 can receive the same treatment as most uncoated carbon steels. After phosphating, parts made of 22MnB5 can be painted by cataphoresis or any other organic painting system. Compatibility with adhesives is comparable to that of other uncoated carbon steels.

Welding Usibor 1500 P has excellent spot weldability for both matching and non-matching joints at both 50 and 1000 Hz. The product has a wide welding range and the mechanical (tensile, shear) performance of the joints complies with automotive manufacturer requirements and with standards. Thanks to the alloy layer obtained after hot stamping, welding electrode life is considered exceptional (several thousand spots without deterioration) compared to that of conventional metal coatings. MAG, MIG and conventional metal welding techniques, including brazing, can readily be applied. Based on long shop-floor experience in the characterization of its products for purposes of resistance spot welding and arc welding, ArcelorMittal can provide technical support for welding parameter adjustment. The weldability of 22MnB5 is comparable to that of other carbon steels of similar composition.
Matching Usibor + Usibor joint
Triple thickness non-matching joint with multiphase steel
MAG weld
Fatigue strength Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). Usibor 1500 P offers excellent fatigue properties (superior to those obtained in uncoated steels for hot stamping) with decarburized surface. 53
Usibor 1500 P offers excellent fatigue properties (superior to those obtained in uncoated steels for hot stamping) with decarburized surface. The table below shows 2 million cycle endurance limits, expressed in MPa, in a uniaxial tension-compression test for R = 0.1 and R = -1. D A 2.10 cycles (MPa) R=0.1 727 617
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Usibor 1500 P Standard uncoated 22MnB5 (without pre-coating)*
D A 2.10 cycles (MPa) R=-1 475 305
* Decarburized surface after hot stamping with a thickness of approximately 30 m. These tests were carried out on 1.5 mm specimens. This example again shows the weight saving potential of Usibor 1500 P.
Impact resistance strength Impact strength is the area in which Usibor 1500 P and 22MnB5 come into their own. We can supply detailed information about the exceptional impact strength and the anti-intrusion properties of these two products. When these steels are used, the thickness required to achieve the same performance as standard drawing steels can be halved. The example below shows the results of a three point bending flexural test at 29 kph with 10 kJ energy equivalent. The maximum loads recorded on specimens with an top-hat type cross-section and 1.5 mm thickness are shown. This example demonstrates the potential weight reduction offered by hot stamped steels compared to more conventional steels.
Specimen shape used in the three point bending flexural test
Ultimate load measured during a bending flexural test at 29 kph (10kJ) (thickness: 1.5 mm)
Three point bending flexural test specimen before and after crash test
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High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels for cold forming

High yield and tensile strength steels
Description Steels in the HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy) range are hardened by a combination of precipitation and grain size refining, resulting in high strength with low alloy content. This enhances weldability and choice of coatings, since these steels exhibit neither weld zone softening nor grain coarsening. These grades are particularly suitable for structural components such as suspension systems and chassis and reinforcement parts. For their respective yield strength levels, these steels all exhibit excellent cold forming and low- temperature brittle fracture strength (starting at grade 320). The entire range of HSLA steels offers good fatigue strength (suspension arm, shock tower) and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross members, reinforcements, etc.). Because of their mechanical strength, the weight of reinforcement and structural components can be reduced. The HSLA range of products is available in hot and cold rolled grades. The various grades are identified by their yield strength. Hot rolled HSLA grades can be given a Class 1 hot- dip galvanized coating according to the EN 36503 standard (post- galvanizing).
Applications The steels in the HSLA range are suitable for structural parts such as suspension systems, reinforcements, cross members, longitudinal beams, chassis components, etc. The mechanical properties of hot rolled HSLA steels and their excellent cold forming performance and low- temperature brittle fracture resistance support cost- effective solutions for many parts and sub- assemblies for which weight, thickness and size reduction are sought, such as: chassis components; wheels; slide rails; cross members.
Rear cross member in Extragal- coated HSLA 300
Front reinforcement in Dual Phase 780 Shock absorber in HSLA 300
Designation and standard EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) HSLA 260 HSLA 300 HSLA 340 HSLA 380 HSLA 420 Hot rolled Cold rolled HC260LA HC300LA HC340LA HC380LA HC420LA EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC260LA +ZE HC300LA +ZE HC340LA +ZE HC380LA +ZE HC420LA +ZE EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ galfan/ Galvannealed) HX260LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HX300LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HC340LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HX380LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF HX420LAD +Z/ +ZA/ +ZF
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While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below). EN 10149-2 :1995 S315MC S355MC S420MC S460MC S500MC S550MC Cold rolled
HSLA 320 HSLA 360 HSLA 420 HSLA 460 HSLA 500 HSLA 550 Hot rolled
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the transverse direction. ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 28 26 23 20 17
YS (MPa) HSLA 260 HSLA 300 HSLA 340 HSLA 380 HSLA 420 Hot rolled Cold rolled 260 - 320 300 - 360 340 - 400 380 - 450 420 - 520
UTS (MPa) 350 - 410 390 - 450 420 - 490 460 - 530 470 - 590
Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the rolling direction. ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 24 21 20 17 15 15 Ef (%) L0 = 5.65 S0 (mm) th 3 mm 28 25 23 21 19 18
YS (MPa) HSLA 320 HSLA 360 HSLA 420 HSLA 460 HSLA 500 HSLA 550 Hot rolled Cold rolled 325 - 385 360 - 435 420 - 500 460 - 550 500 - 590 550 - 650
UTS (MPa) 415 - 470 450 - 520 490 - 570 550 - 650 570 - 670 650 - 730
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Because HSLA steels can exhibit an extended elastic- plastic transition zone with variations in YS values, by convention only the lower yield strength (LYS) is taken into account in this zone.
Microstructure of a cold rolled HSLA 340 steel
Chemical composition (%) C Max 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.140 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.120 0.090 0.090 Cold rolled Mn Max 0.50 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.60 0.50 0.60 0.75 1.60 1.50 1.65 Si Max 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.35 0.40 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.40 0.03 0.35
HSLA 260 HSLA 300 HSLA 340 HSLA 380 HSLA 420 HSLA 320 HSLA 360 HSLA 420 HSLA 460 HSLA 500 HSLA 550 Hot rolled
Available coatings and surface conditions Uncoated X X X X X X X X X X X Cold rolled Electrogalvanized X X X X X Galvannealed X X X X X Extragal X X X X X X X X X
HSLA 260 HSLA 300 HSLA 340 HSLA 380 HSLA 420 HSLA 320 HSLA 360 HSLA 420 HSLA 460 HSLA 500 HSLA 550 Hot rolled
X Available Please consult us about the availability of additional HSLA products.
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Please consult us about the availability of additional HSLA products.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming Drawability declines progressively with increasing yield strength. Forming limit curves can be used to define maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.
Example of forming limit curves calculated for cold rolled HSLA sheet (thickness: 1.0 mm)
We can provide additional forming data for steels in the HSLA range with particular thicknesses and coatings.
Welding Weldability is determined according to the ISO 18278-2 method. Welding range (kA) HSLA 300 Extragal (thickness: 2 mm) HSLA 340 Extragal (thickness: 1 mm) Hot rolled Cold rolled 3.5 1.1
Cold rolled HSLA steels can be readily welded using all common welding processes. Based on long experience in the characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the resistance spot and arc welding parameters of any steel in the HSLA range.
Fatigue strength HSLA steels have good fatigue strength.
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Examples of Whler curves for a variety of HSLA steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- tension loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Whler curves for cold rolled HSLA steels
Because of their high endurance limits, these steels are particularly well suited to parts subject to fatigue stress. To restore the base metal endurance limit adjacent to welds in areas subjected to severe cyclic loading, a post- weld treatment such as TIG melting, hammering, peening or grinding should be applied to the weld toe. Hot rolled grades above HSLA 420 in thicknesses greater than 6 mm are generally used for fatigue applications and applications involving straightening and stress relieving treatments. These steels cannot be heated above 700C without risk of impairing the mechanical properties obtained by thermo- mechanical treatment. ArcelorMittal can make available a comprehensive database concerning the fatigue performance of the steels in its HSLA range. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Bake hardening steels

Description The composition and processing of these steels are designed to promote a significant increase in yield strength during low-temperature heat treatment, particularly paint curing. ArcelorMittal Bake hardening steels can thus achieve higher strength in the finished part while retaining good forming performance. The gain in yield strength through the "bake hardening" (BH) effect is generally greater than 40 MPa. Thanks to this BH effect, ArcelorMittal steels offer two advantages compared to conventional drawing quality steels: Improved dent resistance in all finished parts in the case of low forming strains (hood, roof, doors and wings); Substantial weight reduction potential at equivalent dent resistance (the decrease in thickness is offset by increased yield strength resulting from the heat treatment process). Bake hardening steels thus offer a suitable response to automotive bodywork requirements. By providing an excellent drawability-dent resistance combination, they enhance vehicle weight reduction and aesthetics.
Applications Steels in the BH range are designed for visible (door, hood, tailgate, front wing, roof) and structural (underbody, reinforcement, cross member, lining) parts.
Hood in 180 BH
Door in 260 BH
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Front longitudinal beam in 300 BH
Designation and standard EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC180B +ZE HC220B +ZE HC260B +ZE HC300B +ZE
EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) 180 BH 195 BH 220 BH 260 BH 300 BH Hot rolled Cold rolled HC220B HC260B HC300B HC180B
EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/Galvannealed) HX180BD +Z HX220BD +Z HX260BD +Z HX300BD +Z
While the ArcelorMittal grades conform perfectly well to the indicated EN standards, ArcelorMittal grades generally offer tighter mechanical properties (see table below). The 195 BH grade corresponds to Japanese standards.
Guaranteed for ISO 20X80 test specimen in the transverse direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 34 32 32 30 28
YS (MPa) 180 BH 195 BH 220 BH 260 BH 300 BH Hot rolled 180 -230 195 -270 220 -270 260 -300 300 -360 Cold rolled
UTS (MPa) 300 -360 340 -400 340 -400 370 -430 420 -480
r 1.6 1.3 1.5
n 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14
BH2 (MPa) 35 35 35 35 40
Chemical composition (%) C Max 180 BH 195 BH 220 BH 260 BH 300 BH Hot rolled Cold rolled 61 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.10 Mn Max 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 Si Max 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Definition of BH2 "Bake hardening" is a controlled aging phenomenon related to the presence of carbon and/or nitrogen in solid solution in the steel. The BH2 parameter is used to evaluate the resulting increase in dent resistance. It is given by: BH2 = LYS 2% PS, in which LYS is the lower yield stress measured after heat treatment and PS is the yield stress after initial 2% plastic pre-strain. BH2 measurement is a reliable and reproducible way to quantify the metal's ability to harden during cataphoresis. The diagram below illustrates the Bake hardening mechanism and shows the displacement of carbon atoms in solution during heat treatmenttypically 20 minutes at 170C to block the dislocations generated by forming. This ultimately increases the metal's yield strength.
BH effect
Available coatings and surface conditions Uncoated 180 BH 195 BH 220 BH 260 BH 300 BH Hot rolled Cold rolled XX XX X XX XX X XX Electrogalvanized XX XX XX XX X Galvannealed Extragal XX
X Available -XX Available in visible part quality For additional information about the availability of thin organic coatings for the ArcelorMittal range of BH steels, please refer to the coating technical sheets. Curing of these organic coatings may lead to changes in mechanical properties.
Microstructure of grade 180 BH
Recommendations for use and secondary processing
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Forming The bake hardening family of steels exhibits good drawability in all strain modes; its drawability is essentially equivalent to that of IF (interstitial-free) steels of similar yield strength. The figure below shows examples of forming limit curves for the bake hardening family of steels in a thickness of 1.0 mm.
Curvas lmite de conformado para la familia de aceros Bake Hardening (esp.: 1.0 mm)
ArcelorMittal has a database on the forming of BH grade steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to perform specific studies based on modeling or shop-floor experience.
Welding Weldability is determined by means of the method set out in the ISO 18278-2 standard. Examples of resistance spot welding parameters for the bake hardening range of products: Welding range (kA) 180 BH Ez (thickness: 0.75 mm) 180 BH nu (thickness: 0.75 mm) Hot rolled Cold rolled 1.6 1.4
Due to their low alloy content, bake hardening steels can be readily welded by all conventional welding processes. ArcelorMittal can provide technical support in adjusting the welding parameters for any other product in its Bake Hardening range.
Fatigue strength Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). D A 5.10 cycles (MPa) 180 BH uncoated after curing (thickness: 0.8 mm) 260 BH uncoated after curing (thickness: 1.2 mm) Hot rolled Cold rolled 334 384
6
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Examples of endurance limits at 5.10 cycles under tension-compressionfor a loading ratio of R = 0.1:
Whler curves for 180 BH and 260 BH steels after 2% elongation and heat treatment
ArcelorMittal can make available a comprehensive database covering the fatigue performance of its bake hardening steels. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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High strength IF steels
Description These steels were designed to provide an excellent combination of drawability and mechanical strength based on their specific interstitial free (IF) metallurgy. IF180 offers drawability similar to that of ArcelorMittal 04 combined with tensile strength comparable to that of H220, for example. These steels are hardened by adding manganese, silicon and phosphorous in solid solution to the ferrite. The metallurgy of IF steels optimizes their drawability. Their low YS/ UTS ratio and high strain hardening coefficient n ensure excellent deepdrawability and good strain redistribution. Their high strain ratio r ensures good deformation behavior, making them suitable for deep- drawing. These steels are particularly suitable for complex parts requiring high mechanical strength, such as wheel arches, toe- boards, reinforcements, etc. These steels have high strain hardening potential during forming, lending deep- drawn parts (trunks, tailgates, doors, linings, wheel arches, etc.) good dent resistance. The IF180 to IF 260 grades can be used, with certain coatings, to manufacture visible parts such as door panels. The IF 300 grade is designed for more complex structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross members, suspension and chassis components, etc.).
Application With their high mechanical strength guaranteeing good fatigue and impact resistance, these steels are intended for structural parts (longitudinal beams, cross members, B- pillars, etc.) as well as for skin parts, in which they provide good indentation resistance. In contrast to that of conventional drawing qualities, the weight reduction potential of these products increases with drawing depth.
Hood in IF220 Extragal (thickness: 0.7 mm)
Designation and standard EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) IF 180 IF 220 IF 260 IF 300 Hot rolled Cold rolled HC180Y HC220Y HC260Y EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC180Y +ZE HC220Y +ZE HC260Y +ZE EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed) HX180YD +Z/ +ZF HX220YD +Z/ +ZF HX260YD +Z/ +ZF HX300YD +Z/ +ZF
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties 65
Mechanical properties Guaranteed for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the transverse direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 35 33 30 28
PS0.2 (MPa) IF 180 IF 220 IF 260 IF 300 Hot rolled Cold rolled 180 - 230 220 - 260 260 - 300 300 - 340
UTS (MPa) 340 - 400 340 - 400 380 - 440 400 - 460
r 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5
n 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.17
Chemical composition (%) C Max 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 Cold rolled Mn Max 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 Si Max 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50
IF 180 IF 220 IF 260 IF 300 Hot rolled
Available coatings and surface finishes Uncoated XX XX XX X Cold rolled Electrogalvanized XX XX XX X Galvannealed XX XX X X Extragal XX XX XX X
IF 180 IF 220 IF 260 IF 300 Hot rolled
X Available - XX Available in visible part quality
Microstructure of IF 180
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming IF steels offer excellent drawability for their strength level as a result of their very good fracture elongation, normal strain ratios and strain hardening coefficients.
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IF steels offer excellent drawability for their strength level as a result of their very good fracture elongation, normal strain ratios and strain hardening coefficients. The diagram opposite shows examples of forming limit curves for the IF family of steels in 1.00 mm thickness.
Forming limit curves calculated for IF 180 and 260 steels (thickness: 1.0 mm)
ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming of IF steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or shop- floor experience.
Welding IF steels can be readily welded by all welding processes. The table below shows examples of spot welding parameters according to the ISO 18278-2 method for products in the IF range: Welding range (kA) IF 180 Galvannealed (thickness: 2 mm) IF 260 Extragal (thickness: 1 mm) Hot rolled Cold rolled 1.8 1.4
Based on long experience in the spot and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other product in the IF range.
Fatigue strength Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). Examples of Whler curves for a variety of IF steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- compression loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Whler curves for a variety of IF steels
ArcelorMittal has a comprehensive database on the fatigue performance of IF steels. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012 67
Solid solution steels
Description Solid solution steels are designed to provide high strength while maintaining good drawability. These steels are hardened by phosphorous in solid solution in the ferrite. Their combination of mechanical strength and drawability makes these grades suitable for numerous applications. They are particularly recommended for structural and reinforcement parts requiring good fatigue and impact strength (longitudinal beams, cross members, Bpillars, etc.). Solid solution steels are killed aluminum grades with lower drawing quality than the IF range of steels. The ArcelorMittal range of continuous hot dip galvanized (Extragal / Galvannealed) steels is described under interstitial- free steels.
Applications
Longitudinal beam in H 260 (thickness: 1.8 mm)
Cross members in H 260
Designation and standard EN 10268 :2006 (uncoated) HC220P HC260P HC300P Cold rolled EN 10268 :2006 + EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) HC220P +ZE HC260P +ZE HC300P +ZE
Technical characteristics 68
Technical characteristics Mechanical properties Guaranteed for ISO 20x80 specimen of uncoated sheet in the transverse direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 32 29 26
YS (MPa) H 220 H 260 H 300 Hot rolled Cold rolled 220 - 280 260 - 320 300 - 360
UTS (MPa) 340 - 400 380 - 440 400 - 480
r 1.3
n 0.16
Chemical composition (%) C Max 0.060 0.080 0.100 Cold rolled Mn Max 0.70 0.70 0.70 Si Max 0.50 0.50 0.50
Available coatings and surface finishes Uncoated XX X X Cold rolled Electrogalvanized XX X X
X available - XX available in visible part quality
Microstructure of grade H 260
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming ArcelorMittal has an extensive database on the forming of solid solution steels. To integrate these steels at the design stage, a team of experts is available to carry out specific studies based on modeling or shop- floor experience.
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The diagram opposite shows examples of forming limit curves for the solid solution family of steels in 1.0 mm thickness.
Forming limit curves for solid solution steels (thickness: 1.0 mm)
Welding Solid solution steels can be readily welded by all welding processes. ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters of any other product in the solid solution range, and can advise on the arc and laser weldability of these of steels.
Fatigue strength Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). Examples of Whler curves for a variety of Solid solution steels are given in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- compression loading ratio of R = 0.1.
Whler curves for a variety of Solid solution steels
ArcelorMittal can provide full data relating to the fatigue performance of Solid solution steels. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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High formability steels for drawing

Drawing steels
Description This range of non- alloyed mild steels is designed for deep and extra deep drawing applications. These products are used extensively in the automotive industry, both for visible and structural parts. The guaranteed low scatter in their mechanical properties ensures optimum productivity in drawing press operations. The range of cold rolled steels has been extended to include the ultra high drawability quality ArcelorMittal 07, ensuring maximum efficiency in the production of the most difficult- to- form parts (body sides, door liners, tailgates, etc.). The range of ArcelorMittal hot rolled mild steels covers the four levels of drawing difficulty listed below: ArcelorMittal 12: for drawing, with minimum guaranteed yield strength ArcelorMittal 13: for deep drawing ArcelorMittal 14: for very deep drawing ArcelorMittal 15: for drawing particularly difficult parts requiring performance regularity at high production rates (transfer presses). These ArcelorMittal steel grades are non- ageing, conserving their mechanical properties and their formability over time. They are also suitable for class 1 hot dip galvanizing according to the EN 36503 standard. The ArcelorMittal range offers better guarantees than the usual standard- compliant drawing steels, while remaining compatible with standards.
Applications These ArcelorMittal steels are designed for deep and extra deep drawing of visible and structural parts.
Door lining in ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal (thickness: 0.7 mm)
Load floor in ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal (thickness: 0.7 mm)
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Wheel arch in ArcelorMittal 57 Extragal (thickness: 0.9 mm)
Crankcase in ArcelorMittal 57 Extragal (thickness: 1 mm)
Designation and standard EN 10130 :2006 (uncoated) DC01 DC03 DC03 DC04 DC05 DC06 DC07 Cold rolled EN 10152 :2009 (electrogalvanized) DC01+ZE DC03+ZE DC03+ZE DC04+ZE DC05+ZE DC06+ZE
ArcelorMittal 01 ArcelorMittal 02 ArcelorMittal 03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 ArcelorMittal 07 Hot rolled
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EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/ Galvannealed) DX51D +Z/ +ZF DX52D +Z/ +ZF DX53D +Z/ +ZF DX54D +Z/ +ZF DX56D +Z/ +ZF DX57D +Z/ +ZF
EN 10111 :2008 (uncoated) DD11 DD12 DD13 DD14
Technical characteristics These ArcelorMittal steels have high drawability as a result of the tight margins in their chemical composition and mechanical properties, ensuring consistent behavior during secondary processing. Mechanical properties Guaranteed for uncoated sheet in the transverse direction ef (%) L0 = 80 mm th < 3 mm 28 34 34 38 40 42 44 28 34 34 38 40 42 24 27 29 33 33 33 28 32 34 37 40 40 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.2 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.22 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.5 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.22 0.24 Ef (%) L0 = 5.65 S0 (mm) th 3 mm
YS (MPa) ArcelorMittal 01 ArcelorMittal 02 ArcelorMittal 03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 ArcelorMittal 07 ArcelorMittal 51 ArcelorMittal 52 ArcelorMittal 53 ArcelorMittal 54 ArcelorMittal 56 ArcelorMittal 57 ArcelorMittal 11 ArcelorMittal 12 ArcelorMittal 13 ArcelorMittal 14 ArcelorMittal 15 ArcelorMittal 16 Hot rolled 140 - 280 140 - 240 180 - 230 160 - 200 140 - 180 120 - 160 100 - 140 140 - 280 140 - 240 180 - 230 160 - 200 140 - 180 120 - 160 170 - 360 200 - 330 200 - 330 220 - 280 180 - 270 180 - 260 Cold rolled
UTS (MPa) 270 - 400 270 - 360 280 - 360 280 - 340 270 - 330 270 - 330 250 - 310 270 - 400 270 - 360 280 - 360 280 - 340 270 - 330 270 - 330 275 - 440 300 - 420 300 - 400 320 - 370 270 - 350 270 - 350
The n, r and elongation guarantees are reduced slightly with Galvannealed coating, resulting in a loss of 0.3 in the r coefficient and about 2% in elongation. Please consult us for more information. 73
The n, r and elongation guarantees are reduced slightly with Galvannealed coating, resulting in a loss of 0.3 in the r coefficient and about 2% in elongation. Please consult us for more information. For products with a thickness of 0.7 mm or less, the minimum guaranteed fracture elongation values should be reduced by 2 units. ArcelorMittal 57 for skin parts has a guaranteed yield strength of 130 to 170 MPa instead of 120 to 160 MPa. Interstitial- free (IF) metallurgy is systematically used to produce ArcelorMittal 06 and 07. This type of metallurgy is also required for the hot dip coated (Extragal and Galvannealed) versions of ArcelorMittal 54 and 56.
Microstructure of ArcelorMittal 56 (IF- Ti B type metallurgy)
Chemical composition (%) C Max 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.010 0.010 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.010 0.100 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 Cold rolled Mn Max 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.50 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.30 Si Max 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
ArcelorMittal 01 ArcelorMittal 02 ArcelorMittal 03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 ArcelorMittal 07 ArcelorMittal 51 ArcelorMittal 52 ArcelorMittal 53 ArcelorMittal 54 ArcelorMittal 56 ArcelorMittal 57 ArcelorMittal 11 ArcelorMittal 12 ArcelorMittal 13 ArcelorMittal 14 ArcelorMittal 15 ArcelorMittal 16 Hot rolled
Available coatings and surface finishes
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Available coatings and surface finishes Uncoated X XX XX XX XX Electrogalvanized X XX XX XX XX X X X XX XX X X X X X X X Cold rolled X X XX XX XX XX XX X Galvannealed Extragal
ArcelorMittal 01/03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 ArcelorMittal 07 ArcelorMittal 51 ArcelorMittal 52 ArcelorMittal 53 ArcelorMittal 54 ArcelorMittal 56 ArcelorMittal 57 ArcelorMittal 11 ArcelorMittal 12 ArcelorMittal 13 ArcelorMittal 14 ArcelorMittal 15 ArcelorMittal 16 Hot rolled
X available - XX available in visible part quality
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming This family of ArcelorMittal steels has high and even very high drawability in all deformation modes (low yield strength and high ductility and normal strain ratio). They can be used to manufacture complex parts incorporating several functions, generating cost savings. Forming limit curves can be used to define the maximum strains without necking for different deformation paths.
Examples of forming limit curves calculated for cold rolled steels in the ArcelorMittal 03 to 07 range (thickness: 1.0 mm)
Welding Resistance spot welding The table below gives examples of resistance spot welding parameters for ArcelorMittal products, determined according to the ISO 18278-2 standard. The resistance spot weldability of hot rolled ArcelorMittal products is similar to that of cold rolled products of the same grade (C/ Mn).
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The resistance spot weldability of hot rolled ArcelorMittal products is similar to that of cold rolled products of the same grade (C/ Mn). Welding range (kA) ArcelorMittal 03 Electrogalvanized (thickness: 0.75 mm) ArcelorMittal 54 Extragal (thickness: 1.5 mm) ArcelorMittal 05 Electrogalvanized (thickness: 0.8 mm) ArcelorMittal 06 Electrogalvanized (thickness: 0.8 mm) ArcelorMittal 14 (thickness: 2.5 mm) Hot rolled Cold rolled 2.0 1.7 1.9
1.8 3.0
Arc welding The electric arc weldability of ArcelorMittal steels is similar to that of the equivalent C and Mn structural steels. The table below gives welding recommendations for different arc welding processes. The chemical composition of ArcelorMittal steels supports all welding processes without pre- or post- treatment. Filler materials recommended for arc welding
Encased Electrode (SMAW) Esab SAF OK 48.00 Safer MF48
Gaz with fuse wire (GMAW and FCAW) OK Autrob 12.51 OK Tubrod 14.02 Nertalic 70 S
Flux (SAW) Flux AS50 Wire AS26
Based on its long shop- floor experience in resistance spot welding and arc welding characterization of its products, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters for any product in the ArcelorMittal range.
Fatigue strength Fatigue strength can be expressed as an endurance limit (maximum stress). Examples of Whler curves for a variety ArcelorMittal steels are shown in the graph below. The curves plot maximum stress versus number of cycles to failure. They are calculated for a tension- tension loading ratio of R=0.1.
Whler curves for ArcelorMittal steels (cold rolled)
ArcelorMittal can provide a full data base with fatigue performance values for the ArcelorMittal range of products. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Extragal double-sided pure zinc galvanized steels

Zinc coatings and thin organic coatings
Applications Because of their high corrosion protection capacity and surface quality, Extragal coated products are recommended for numerous automotive applications, for both visible and non-visible parts. The Extragal production process, involving a continuous single-step operation after rolling, makes it nearly always the most cost effective pre-coating solution for obtaining the corrosion resistance required in automotive sheet applications.
Technical characteristics Surface appearance The crystal structure of Extragal coatings is not visible to the naked eye. The high surface quality leads to a finished paint appearance meeting the severest requirements of the automotive industry for visible bodywork parts. Hardness Extragal coatings are relatively ductile, with limited risk of damage in the drawing tools. Morphology
Scanning electron micrograph of an Extragal coating surface
Cross section of an Extragal coating
Coating thickness Unless otherwise specified, the standard Extragal coating thicknesses offered (per side, measured at three points) are as follows:
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Similar standard Z100 Z140 Z200 Z225
Minimum (double-sided) (g/m) 100 140 200 225
Minimum (per side) m 7.0 10.0 14.0 15.5 g/m 50 70 100 112.5 m 9.0 12.0 17.0 18.5
Maximum (per side) g/m 65 85 120 132.5
Other coating thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process Extragal coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a molten zinc bath. The steel substrate can be almost any of our cold rolled steels and some of our hot rolled grades. The Extragal manufacturing process includes adjustments at all stages of the process, from the steelworks to the skin-pass. It is subject to rigorous control and inspection. As a result of these measures, an exceptional galvanized coating with an optimized surface is obtained. This ensures a very high quality painted appearance in automotive bodywork parts.
Typical layout of a galvanising line
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Corrosion Extragal coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the electro-chemical behavior of the Fe-Zn galvanic couple, in which the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode. Drawing Industrial experience shows that the drawing performance of Extragal products is superior to that of other coating systems. Extragal has a friction coefficient of approximately 0.10 to 0.14 (with standard oiling), which lends it excellent drawability. The type and quantity of lubricant and the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet-tool contact; any comparison of coatings must be carried out under identical conditions. Furthermore, the ductility of pure zinc limits the risk of powdering in the drawing tools. Welding Extragal coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life (typically 400 spot welds without current adjustment according to ISO standard 18278-2 on a 0.8 mm substrate), can be optimized by finetuning electrode composition, geometry and current adjustment frequency as well as welding parameters (current type and intensity, current incrementation, joining pressure, cycle time). ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist clients in optimizing the welding process. Adhesive bonding Extragal coating has good adhesive bonding behavior, good adhesion to the coating, good adhesion of the coating to the metal and good cohesion of the coating. The most significant parameters determining bond quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and any chemical treatments that may have been performed. Surface treatment Extragal can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current trication processes (Zn, Ni, Mn). Alternative "environmentallyfriendly" (particularly nickel-free) treatment processes are being developed; however any change in the bodywork surface treatment process must undergo prior validation. Recommendations: Alkali degreasing to remove any organic residues and oxides present on the surface, 3+ F ions should be present in the bath to neutralize any Al ions that may reduce its activity. ArcelorMittal can provide specialized technical assistance regarding these issues. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Ultragal
Applications With its ability to limit repeated waviness during deformation, combined with the proven qualities of Extragal (surface quality, corrosion protection), Ultragal is a coating specifically recommended for visible part applications in the automotive sector. With the Ultragal production process, waviness in steel products can be controlled both before and after forming. In an optimized painting process configuration, Ultragal lends the painted part very high- quality paint appearance (even better than a standard galvanized substrate). With waviness reduced to a very low value, Ultragal also contributes to enhanced reproducibility of paint appearance quality.
Technical characteristics Surface appearance The crystal structure of Ultragal is not visible to the naked eye and the product offers optimum surface quality before and after painting. Control of the operating drive factors amplifying waviness at the secondary processing stage, in particular during drawing, further enhances paint appearance. We offer a waviness guarantee expressed as Wa 0.8 mm after drawing, which ensures product quality.
Hardness Ultragal coating is relatively ductile, which reduces the risk of coating damage in the drawing tool. Morphology
Surface appearance of Ultragal coating (scanning electron micrograph)
Cross- section of Ultragal coating
Coating thickness Unless otherwise specified, the standard coating thicknesses offered for Ultragal (per side, measured at 3 points) are as follows:
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Similar standard Z100 Z140
Minimum (2 sides) (g/ m) 100 140
m 7.0 10.0
Minimum (per side)
g/ m 50 70
m 9.0 12.0
Maximum (per side)
g/ m 65 85
Other coating thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process Ultragal coating is obtained by hot dip galvanizing (the steel sheet is fed through a bath of molten zinc) of a steel substrate which can be selected from most of our cold rolled steels. The Ultragal manufacturing process involves adaptations at all process stages, from steelworks to skin pass. It is subject to rigorous control and inspection. These measures produce an exceptional galvanized coating with surface optimized for top- quality paint appearance in automotive body parts.
Typical layout of a galvanizing line
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Corrosion Ultragal coating provides excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the electrochemical behavior of the Fe- Zn galvanic couple, in which the zinc acts as a sacrificial anode. Drawing Ultragal offers drawing quality equivalent to that of Extragal, the galvanized steel product with pure zinc coating on both sides. Ultragal has a friction coefficient of approximately 0.10 to 0.14 (with standard oiling), which lends it excellent drawability. The type and quantity of lubricant and the surface texture are obviously of prime importance during sheet- tool contact; any comparison of coatings must be carried out under identical conditions. Furthermore, the ductility of pure zinc limits the risk of powdering in the drawing tools. Welding Ultragal coated products offer a welding range suited to industrial requirements. The welding process, and in particular electrode life (typically 400 spot welds without current adjustment according to ISO standard 18278-2 on a 0.8 mm substrate), can be optimized by finetuning electrode composition, geometry and current adjustment frequency as well as welding parameters (current type and intensity, current incrementation, joining pressure, cycle time). ArcelorMittal specialist teams are available to assist customers in optimizing the welding process. Adhesive bonding Ultragal coating has good adhesive bonding behavior, good adhesion to the coating, good adhesion of the coating to the metal and good cohesion of the coating. The most significant parameters determining bond quality remain the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and any chemical treatments that may have been performed. Surface treatment Ultragal can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current trication processes (Zn, Ni, Mn). Alternative "environmentallyfriendly" (particularly nickel- free) treatment processes are being developed; however any change in the bodywork surface treatment process must undergo prior validation. Recommendations: Alkali degreasing to remove any organic residues and oxides present on the surface; 3+ F ions should be present in the bath to neutralize any Al ions that may reduce its activity. ArcelorMittal can provide specialized technical assistance regarding these issues. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Galvannealed zinc- iron alloy coated steels

Applications The excellent corrosion protection and high surface quality offered by Galvannealed coatings make these products well suited for numerous automotive applications involving both visible and non- visible parts. The presence of iron in the coating improves resistance spot welding behavior, so that Galvannealed products are especially recommended when joining proves difficult with other coatings.
Technical characteristics Surface appearance The high surface quality of Galvannealed coatings leads to a finished paint appearance meeting the most stringent requirements of the automotive sector for visible bodywork parts. Hardness Galvannealed coatings are hardened by the presence of iron. Hardness depends on the proportions of the different alloy phases, which can be controlled via the galvannealing parameters. This hardness can lead to a certain risk of powdering during severe deep drawing operations, particularly for higher coating weights. For this reason, we recommend thinner coatings than in the case of Extragal . The coating hardness also leads to a reduction in the Lankford ratio r, as measured during tensile tests, resulting in reduced deepdrawability. Morphology
Surface view of Galvannealed coating (scanning electron micrograph)
Cross- sectional view of Galvannealed coating
Coating thickness Unless otherwise specified, the standard Galvannealed coating thicknesses offered are as follows (per side, measured at one point):
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Reference (or similar standard) ZF90 ZF100
m 4.2 5.6
Minimum 2 g/ m 30 40
m 7.7 9.1
Maximum
g/ m 55 65
However, other thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us about other thicknesses.
Coating process Galvannealed coatings are produced by continuous hot dip galvanizing, in which the steel strip is fed through a bath of molten zinc. The steel substrate can be almost any of our cold- rolled steel products. After leaving the zinc bath, the strip is subjected to heat treatment, which causes iron atoms in the substrate to diffuse into the zinc layer. The Galvannealed coating formed in this way is a zinc/ iron alloy containing about 10% iron. See availability in each product technical sheet.
Typical layout of a galvannealing line in the Galvannealed configuration
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Corrosion Galvannealed coatings provide excellent corrosion protection, even in the event of damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the electrochemical behavior of the Fe- Zn galvanic couple (sacrificial anode effect). In the event of damage, the presence of iron in the coating gives the Galvannealed corrosion products a reddish tinge, which should not be interpreted as a sign of substrate corrosion. Drawing Galvannealed coating has a low friction coefficient, facilitating metal flow between the punch and the die. The friction coefficient may vary significantly as a result of lubrication factors (type and quantity of oil or pre- lubricant). However, the greater hardness of this coating (due to the presence of iron) can make deep drawing operations more difficult (risk of powdering, decrease in r value).
Remark: The galvannealing treatment used to diffuse iron into the zinc coating can be varied to control the properties of the coated product, particularly the tendency to powdering. We recommend that you contact our technical support teams to specify the exact coating parameters. Welding The hardness and melting point of this coating leads to weldability close to that of uncoated sheet, with excellent electrode life values. Example based on ISO standard 18278-2: ArcelorMittal 04 steel Galvannealed 45/45 with 0.7 mm thickness: weldability range from 8.6 to 9.6 kA with electrode life of 1200 spots without adjustments.
Adhesive bonding Galvannealed layers have good bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the metal and cohesion of the coating. The most important parameters determining bond quality are the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil, and any chemical treatments that may have been performed.
Surface treatment Galvannealed products can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using current processes. The cataphoresis process may have to be adapted to avoid cratering problems caused by the particular micro- texture of this coating. ArcelorMittal can provide customers with technical assistance to overcome problems of this type. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Steels coated with galfan zinc- aluminium alloy

Applications The ductility and strong anti- corrosion properties of galfan make it a coating highly suited for deep- drawn parts and parts requiring a high level of corrosion protection. In certain applications, a 10 micron galfan coating can replace a 20 micron galvanized coating, providing better weldability, drawability, and corrosion resistance. Galfan can thus reduce costs, symplifying secondary processes and eliminating the need for post- treatment.. It can be used to replace thick galvanized coating and post- galvanizing treatments. Parts: Electric motor housings Filter, airbag cartridges Windscreen wipers and mechanism Door plates Window drive rails Oil sumps Electronics boxes
Technical characteristics Surface appearance Galfan has a cellular surface which appears mottled. Unpainted galfan acquires a patina over time, its initial metallic appearance dulls to a matte gray.
Cellular surface appearance
galfan
Hardness The coating, composed of 95% zinc and 5% aluminum, has a eutectic structure lending it excellent ductility and the thin intermetallic layer at the steel/ coating interface guarantees excellent coating adhesion. These two properties enable galfan to be used for making components that are particularly difficult to form.
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These two properties enable galfan to be used for making components that are particularly difficult to form.
Micrographic cross- section and structure
Surface finish The three surface finishes defined in the EN 10327 standard are available to suit customer requirements. Coating thickness The standard galfan coating values and corresponding thicknesses are as follows:
EN 10327 standard ZA095 ZA130 ZA200 ZA255 ZA300
m per side 7 10 15 20 23
Minimum nominal g/ m double side (3 pts) 95 130 200 255 300
Coating process Galfan is obtained by continuous hot dip coating in a bath of molten metal made up of approximately 95% zinc and 5% aluminium.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Corrosion In general, galfan has a higher corrosion resistance compared to a standard galvanized product. Sacrificial protection provides effective corrosion resistance at the sites of mechanical damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement) and also prevents corrosion of cut edges.
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Sacrificial protection provides effective corrosion resistance at the sites of mechanical damage (impact, scratches, gravel impingement) and also prevents corrosion of cut edges. Its superior corrosion resistance allows galfan to be an alternative to thicker galvanised coatings and post- galvanization treatments.
Full- side corrosion resistance during an automotive cyclical corrosion test
Example of resistance to salt spray: 5% NaCl
Drawing Due to its eutectic structure and the thin intermetallic layer, galfan is a ductile coating suitable for deep- drawing operations, without risk of cracking, delamination or contamination of the equipment by powdering. TM The use of pre- lubricating oils and of thin organic films (Extrafilm ) can further improve drawing properties.
Welding Galfan performs well in spot welding with: a welding range well suited to industrial requirements, longer electrode life compared to galvanised steel with the same corrosion resistance (coating twice as thin). This advantage arises mainly in the case of applications where the corrosion resistance specified would require very high zinc values when using hot- dipped galvanized.
Comparison of electrode life
ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012 85
Electrogalvanized sheet coated on one or both sides

Applications Due to their high corrosion resistance, electrogalvanized products are recommended for numerous applications in the automotive industry. Electrogalvanized products, in both single and double sided versions, are particularly well suited for visible parts.
Technical characteristics The dimensional feasibility of electrogalvanized coatings depends on the choice of steel substrate (see corresponding technical sheets) and on the manufacturing route involved. Surface appearance The surface quality obtained meets the most stringent requirements with regard to final painted appearance of external body components. Hardness The electrogalvanized coating consists of pure zinc and is therefore ductile, enabling it to withstand large deformations. Suitable surface preparation prior to electrogalvanizing ensures coating adhesion. Morphology
Cross section of a 7.5 x 7.5 m electrogalvanized coating (x 1000)
Surface appearance of an electrogalvanized coating (x 2000)
Coating thickness Unless otherwise specified, the standard coating thicknesses offered are 5 and 7.5 m per side; However, other thicknesses may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process 86
Coating process The electrogalvanized coating is obtained by electrolytically depositing a layer of pure zinc. The absence of heating during the coating process enables electrogalvanized coatings to be employed without restriction on virtually all the steel grades developed by ArcelorMittal for the automotive industry. The electrolytic process makes it possible to achieve a very high purity coating.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Corrosion Electrogalvanized coatings offer excellent corrosion protection, even when damaged (impact, scratches, gravel impingement), due to the sacrificial electrochemical behaviour of zinc with respect to iron. Drawing Electrogalvanized coatings have excellent intrinsic formability, making them suitable for the most severe drawing operations. The tribological behavior of electrogalvanized coatings is slightly inferior to that of hot dip coatings, and for the most difficult parts can justify the use of an appropriate chemical surface treatment. ArcelorMittal has a range of in- line surface treatments. Please consult us if necessary.
Welding Electrogalvanized steels have a wide resistance spot welding range suited to industrial requirements.
Adhesive bonding Like all zinc coatings, electrogalvanized films show good adhesive bonding behavior, adhesion to the coating, adhesion of the coating to the metal and cohesion of the coating itself. The quality of bonding is determined essentially by the type of adhesive, the joining conditions, the nature of the protective oil and any chemical treatment that may have been performed. Surface treatment Electrogalvanized products coated on one or both sides can be phosphated and painted at the user's premises using all current processes. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Surface treatments
Description ArcelorMittal's range of hot and cold rolled, coated and uncoated steels can be delivered with different types of surface treatments. Surface treatments protect the material from corrosion and/ or improve its drawing properties. Oils are one such treatment. They are generally applied electrostatically. Drylubes are lubricants which appear dry at ambient temperature and liquefy when heated during the drawing process. There is also a range of surface treatment products that react chemically with the coating to provide the desired properties. Surface treatments are applied by spraying or roll- coating, followed by removal of excess product in some cases.
Technical characteristics Protective oils are the most commonly used treatment. They provide temporary protection from corrosion until secondary processing of the material. A number of high quality oils called prelubes (prelubricants) provide excellent lubricating properties in addition to corrosion protection. They are used to draw certain parts without re- oiling blanks. When even more exacting drawing performance is required, ArcelorMittal can offer several surface treatments for zinc coatings: prephosphating for electrogalvanized steels, NIT for electrogalvanized and hot dip galvanized sheet, L- Treatment for Galvannealed. These are very thin surface treatments. They are detected by analysis of the chemical surface elements and are systematically associated with protective oil or a prelube. Drylubes are useful when very low friction coefficients are required. Due to their dry nature they also have the advantage of helping to keep the shop floor clean. Their viscosity generally allows hydrodynamic friction systems to be initiated.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Forming The different surface treatments improve drawing by reducing the friction coefficients of coated and uncoated steel. At the top end of the range (NIT, L- Treatment, Prephosphating, drylube) stick slip phenomena are also reduced, thus lowering the risk of seizure and fracture.
Comparison of the friction coefficients of Extragal with and without NIT and comparison of a prephosphated electro galvanised steel with Extragal + NIT
NIT, L- Treatment and drylube also contribute to ensuring very uniform tribologic behavior even for parts requiring very light oiling. In some cases they can limit zinc abrasion, reducing the rework rate and cleaning frequency in drawn visible parts. 88
drylube also contribute to ensuring very uniform tribologic behavior even for parts requiring very light oiling. In some cases they can limit zinc abrasion, reducing the rework rate and cleaning frequency in drawn visible parts. Joining / painting process Surface treatments have a very minor effect on surface electrical resistance. Therefore, they have very little impact on the welding process. However, they do have a considerable effect on surface chemistry. Their compatibility with the adhesive bonding and painting processes specific to individual users must therefore be verified. ArcelorMittal's team of experts can offer guidance on the most suitable choice of surface treatment. Sizes available / options The choice of surface treatment depends on the substrate and also on the intended application and effects. The process conditions (drawing, assembly, painting, etc.) should be considered when making a choice. Size options also depend on the substrate. ArcelorMittal's technical teams can help you select the best surface treatment for your application.
Surface treatment Protective oil/ Prelubs Prephosphating L- Treatment NIT Drylubes
Electrogalvanized I* I* I* D*
Extragal I*
Galvannealed I* I* D* D*
Uncoated cold rolled I
Uncoated hot rolled I
I* D*
I D *
Industrial Under development Available in visible part quality ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Thin Organic Coatings (TOCs)
Description Thin organic coatings offer very high corrosion resistance based on a barrier effect. They are designed to retain good weldability by means of metallic particles included in their organic matrix. Lubricants are also present in the resin to improve drawability. The chemical affinity between the main structural adhesives and the TOC surface increases the durability of adhesive bonds, even after ageing.
Applications Steels with organic coatings are protected from corrosion, have a high- quality surface and can be readily shaped and welded. They are therefore recommended for numerous automotive applications. The single- sided version can be used to make both visible and non- visible parts. The double- sided version is used for non- visible parts. TOCs for the automotive industry are specially designed to increase hollow body corrosion protection. They can help reduce the use of additional protection measures such as wax or mastics. They can also improve protection in hollow areas that are difficult to protect by cataphoresis and substantially reduce design costs. The main applications are vehicle closures, body sides, under bodies, shock absorbers and the full range of hollow body beams. These products are designed to meet automobile body manufacturers' requirements in terms of reducing the cost of anti- corrosion guarantees.
Technical characteristics Thin organic coatings are applied over a metal coating. They can be applied to one or both sides. The ArcelorMittal product line is composed of first and second generation organic resins in conjunction with a surface treatment. The surface treatments used by ArcelorMittal are now chromium- free.
Substrate 1 generation Thin Organic Coatings 2 generation Thin Organic Coatings Zn electrogalvanized sheet (pure zinc)
nd st
Coating
Target corrosion performance
Zn 10 cycles of accelerated VDA Chromium- free surface treatment + 2.5 to 4.5 m electrogalvanized corrosion test without appearance of organic coating containing conductive particles sheet (pure zinc) red rust Chromium- free surface treatment + 3 to 5 m organic coating containing conductive particles 20 cycles of accelerated VDA corrosion test without appearance of red rust
Other thin organic coatings are currently being industrialized. The goal is to offer, in the short term, an optimized substrate surface treatment organic coating system using new generations of chromium- free surface treatments (in 1 or 2 steps) to further enhance product corrosion performance. First generation type organic coatings are compatible with all substrate qualities except bake hardening steels. Second generation type resins are compatible with BH steels.
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First generation type organic coatings are compatible with all substrate qualities except bake hardening steels. Second generation type resins are compatible with BH steels. Morphology
Cross- section of a first generation TOC containing conductive particles
Scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a first generation TOC
Recommendations for use and secondary processing The TOC layer substantially increases protection against pitting corrosion. In lock seam configuration, TOC applied to 5/5 electrogalvanized steel withstands 10 cycles of VDA 621-415 accelerated corrosion testing without the appearance of red rust. This makes it possible to reduce the use of additional protective measures in hollow bodies and lock seams. Sheet coated with organic coatings can be readily formed in chrome- plated tools. The figure below shows an example of a plane/ plane friction curve on an oiled TOC.
Measured friction coefficient of a TOC coated sheet
These products can be spot- welded. To lengthen electrode life, direct contact between the TOC and the electrode should be avoided (single- sided organic coatings). Based on its experience in characterizing these products for spot and laser welding, ArcelorMittal can provide technical assistance in adjusting the welding parameters to all commercially available organic coatings. These products can be joined mechanically and by adhesive bonding. They are compatible with most structural epoxy adhesives used in the automotive industry. 91
These products can be joined mechanically and by adhesive bonding. They are compatible with most structural epoxy adhesives used in the automotive industry. Products can be phosphated and painted at the customer's premises using standard processes. They lend themselves to cataphoretic painting with excellent paint adhesion. Please consult us for additional information concerning specific adhesives and mastics. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 19-01-2012
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Steels coated with Alusi , an aluminum-silicon alloy: general points

Aluminized steels
Applications Alusi coating is resistant to heat, high temperature oxidation and corrosion, and offers a high level of reflectivity, making it suitable for applications in a corrosive atmosphere at high temperatures. With its favorable properties, Alusi can be widely used, allowing a reduction of overall operating costs when used in place of more expensive materials. Its high level of reflectivity makes it an ideal coating for thermal insulation applications. Parts: Insulating heat shields Engine heat shields Exhaust systems Fuel tanks Biodiesel filters Machinery casings Underbody parts
Technical characteristics Surface appearance Alusi has a shiny surface (high reflectivity) with coating spangles visible to the naked eye. Alusi retains its original appearance up to 400C with a reflectivity level of 80%. Coating Composed of 90% aluminum and 10% silicon, Alusi is split into one ternary layer of alloy at the steel-coating interface, ranging from 4 to 7 microns, and an overlay of binary aluminum-silicon alloy.
Cross-section of Alusi coating
Coating thickness Unless otherwise specified, the standard Alusi coating weights and corresponding thicknesses points):
offered are as follows (measured at 3
EN Standard 10327 AS 60 AS 80 AS 100 AS 120 AS 150 AS 180 AS 200
g/m double-sided 60 80 100 120 150 180 200
m per side 10 14 17 20 25 30 33
However, other requirements may be considered. Please consult us.
Coating process 93
Coating process Alusi
is produced by continuous immersion in a bath of molten alloy made up of approximately 90% aluminum and 10% silicon.
Recommendations for use and secondary processing Corrosion Alusi coating provides excellent corrosion protection, in hydrocarbon and outdoor environments and at high temperatures (650-800C). The formation of stable and impermeable corrosion products (alumina) make this a long-lasting durable coating, clearly superior to other galvanized coatings when used for recommended applications. Drawing The presence of a hard ternary alloy layer containing iron lends Alusi coating a hardness that reduces the Lankford r ratio when measured in a tensile test. By controlling this ternary layer and reducing the coating weight, however, Alusi can be used for complex deep drawn parts such as fuel filters and fuel tanks. TM The use of prelube oils and of thin organic films (Easyfilm ) improves the deep drawing properties even further. Temperature resistance Alusi coating differs from other coatings by its ability to resist high temperatures (650C and up to 800C for steel quality ArcelorMittal 55+AS), without delamination or scaling. This property allows Alusi to be used in exhaust systems. Reflectivity Alusi coating retains its original shiny appearance up to 400C with a reflectivity level of 80%. This property makes Alusi the ideal coating for use in heat protection applications such as engine heat shields and underbody parts. Surface appearence Alusi is supplied with a matte finish; three types of surface finish can be provided according to customer requirements. For certain applications, a smooth shiny finish can also be produced.
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Steels coated with Alusi aluminum-silicon alloy: specific applications

Aluminized steels
Applications Exhaust systems Alusi coating withstands temperatures of up to 650C and even 800C (ArcelorMittal 55+AS steel) without scaling or delamination and exhibits excellent corrosion resistance. For these reasons it is widely used in exhaust systems. For each major exhaust system component, there is an Alusi grade meeting performance requirements in service.
Primary downpipe Temperature 400 -750C
Catalytic converter Catalytic converter/ Front muffler/ Particle Filter muffler connection intermediate pipe 400 -750C 200 -500C 250 -500C
Rear muffler
Internal: 400 -110C External: 50 -300C Hot gas, Internal: condensates Aggression Hot gas, salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud Hot gas, salt, mud salt, mud External: atmosphere, salt, mud Internal casing: ArcelorMittal 53+AS External casing: Grade ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 54+AS Pipe: ArcelorMittal 51+AS -ArcelorMittal 52+AS
In the exhaust system application, a coating weight of 150 g/m and the use of Easyfilm can further increase corrosion resistance. The ArcelorMittal 55+AS grade, specifically developed to guarantee coating integrity up to 800C and to resist high-temperature oxidation, is recommended for parts upstream of the front muffler.
TM
Corrosion resistance comparison: Galvanised/galfan/Alusi in salt spray
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High temperature cyclic oxidation comparison
Secondary processing -Welding Most welding techniques (spot, seam, high frequency) and the MIG, MAG and TIG processes can be applied on Alusi without special equipment. Heat shields As a result of its very good reflectivity and resistance to high temperature and corrosion, the Alusi coating is suitable for use in the following applications: Engine heat shields, Underbody heat shields. The mechanical properties of the Alusi coating under ambient and high temperatures allow for the use of very thin coating layers, thus reducing material costs as compared to alternative rival solutions. Reflectivity -Thermal insulation Alusi coating offers excellent thermal insulation properties due to its high level of reflectivity. Its aluminized surface reflects about 80% of the radiation emitted by a heat source between 200 and 600C.
Alusi ArcelorMittal 54+AS
Stiffness -Resistance to high temperature -Creep resistance At ambient temperature, Alusi sheet exhibits substantially higher stiffness than other solutions. At high temperature, Alusi retains excellent mechanical properties, lending it good creep resistance. This makes it suitable for use in the following environments: Engines, manifolds and catalytic converters,
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Engines, manifolds and catalytic converters, Underbodies with very low clearance
Creep resistance: Comparison Steel/Other indicative solution
Mass savings: low gauge dimensions, down to 0.25 mm Alusi sheet can be provided in low gauge dimensions, resulting in lighter heat shields. ArcelorMittal can produce Alusi sheet in 0.25 mm thickness, allowing the design of heat shields with a weight reduction of 50% compared to a conventional solution with a thickness of 0.5 mm. Stiffness and improved drawability: the embossed aluminized steel solution To reduce gauge dimensions while maintaining sufficient component stiffness, ArcelorMittal offers embossed Alusi sheet. Embossing facilitates secondary processing by simplifying the range of equipment and reducing the number of drawing operations required to produce the component. Embossing also improves the vibratory behavior and increases the stiffness of the component. Embossed aluminized steels with a thickness of 0.25 mm are particularly competitive compared to alternative materials. The combination of improved drawability and stiffness makes it possible to design heat shields in Alusi 0.25 mm, generating significant reductions in material costs compared to other materials.
Embossed Alusi heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120 (thickness: 0.4 mm)
Embossed Alusi heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120 (thickness: 0.25 mm)
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Alusi heat shield in ArcelorMittal 54+AS 120 (thickness: 2 x 0.3 mm)
Alusi catalytic converter heat shield in ArcelorMittal 55+AS 120 (thickness: 0.5 mm)
Fuel tanks and filters The excellent resistance of Alusi steel to the corrosion caused by gasoline, diesel and biodiesel fuels and its external corrosion resistance and deep-drawability recommend it for use in metal fuel tanks and fuel filters. The ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade-55 g/m double-sided, for example-is ideal for this type of application. Alusi steels fully meet fuel permeation standards and recycling and biodiesel compatibility requirements.
Fuel tank shell
Corrosion resistance The corrosion resistance of Alusi coating has been demonstrated in a variety of fuel and atmospheric corrosion tests. The results show that the aluminized steel solution offers a metal fuel tank service life of 15 years. Welding Most welding techniques can be used to join shells (seam, Soudronic ) and other parts (MIG, MAG, braze-welding, etc.). Deep drawing /Fuel filter To cater to the demand in diesel filters made of Alusi steel, ArcelorMittal has developed the ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade with low coating TM weight and a final surface treatment (Easyfilm ), which preserves coating integrity and adhesion.
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steel, ArcelorMittal has developed the ArcelorMittal 56+AS grade with low coating weight and a final surface treatment (Easyfilm ), which preserves coating integrity and adhesion. This combination is compatible with biodiesel.
Fuel filter
Available grades
ArcelorMittal quality ArcelorMittal 51+AS ArcelorMittal 52+AS ArcelorMittal 53+AS ArcelorMittal 54+AS ArcelorMittal 55+AS ArcelorMittal 56+AS ArcelorMittal 57+AS Thickness > 0.7 and < 1.5 mm
Use Roll forming -Lock seaming Average drawing Difficult drawing Difficult drawing Very difficult drawing 600< T < 800C Extra-deep drawing Extra-deep drawing
YS (MPa) 140 -300 140 -260 120 -220 140 -240 120 -180 120 -170
UTS (MPa) 270 -500 270 -420 270 -380 260 -350 270 -370 260 -350 260 -350
ef (%) Lo = 80 mm 22 26 30 34 30 39 41
r n (90) (90)
1.4
0.18
1.7 1.9
0.20 0.21
Mechanical properties for thickness > 0.7 mm. (Mechanical properties for thickness < 0.7 mm: provided on consultation.)
Alusi is also available in several strength grades. Please consult us for further details. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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iCARe: ArcelorMittals range of electrical steels for automotive

iCARe
About iCARe iCARe is ArcelorMittals range of innovative electrical steels for the automotive market. Our iCARe steels help automakers create environmentally friendly mobility solutions for a greener world. These values are at the core of the name iCARe. Finding innovative (i) and environmentally friendly (e) solutions is essential for the CAR of tomorrow.
Introduction ArcelorMittals iCARe steels are a combination of standard and high performance electrical steel grades which have been specifically designed to meet the particular needs of electric and hybrid vehicle makers. Our iCARe steels exhibit high permeability, low loss levels and have excellent yield strength. The large number of products in the iCARe range provides technical solutions for automakers which achieve: Lower CO2 emissions and better fuel consumption for hybrid vehicles Longer drive range with existing battery technology Lower total cost of electrification Better power density of electric machines, to reduce the size and weight of electrical drive trains.
The iCARe offer There are three steel types included in ArcelorMittals iCARe offering: Save, Torque and Speed. Each has been specifically designed for a typical electric automotive application. ArcelorMittal also offers advanced technical support to manufacturers, enabling them to realise the full potential of our iCARe offer. Save A steel with very low losses, Save is ideal for the efficiency of the electrical machine. Its key role is to optimise the use of current coming from the battery. See our iCARe Save datasheet to discover more about the range. Torque Torque is a range of steels with high permeability which can achieve the highest levels of mechanical power output for a motor or current supply for a generator. Minimum polarisation at 5.000 A/m is above 1.65 T. See our iCARe Torque datasheet to find more about the full offering. Speed A group of specific high strength electrical steels for high speed rotors which maintain high levels of magnetic performance. These grades allow the machine to be more compact and have a higher power density. The grades come with guaranteed yield strengths, and guaranteed magnetic properties. The iCARe Speed datasheet contains full details of the offering. Coatings for iCARe Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented grades are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their main purpose is to provide inter-laminar insulation and to improve the punchability of these steels. ArcelorMittal offers two coatings for its iCARe electrical steels: C3 and C5. The coatings are suitable for fully processed grades for hybrid and electric traction machines and compressors. For alternators, uncoated solutions can be used. More information about the use of these coatings can be found in the Coatings for iCARe datasheet. Advanced technical support For automakers who wish to exploit the full potential of ArcelorMittals iCARe steels, we can offer advanced technical support in many areas including modelling, prototyping and material handling. 100
ArcelorMittals machine modelling services As a steel provider, ArcelorMittal also offers our customers all the help they need to choose the most suitable steels. We can also help to design the electrical machine. This level of assistance is possible thanks to our advanced R&D know-how and the high-tech equipment available in our research centres. For more information see our iCARe Advanced technical support datasheet. Prototyping services Our modelling services enable design engineers to make precise machine calculations. This allows them to reduce the number of prototypes needed before pre-series begin. A minimal amount of prototyping is still needed to prove the machines performance. ArcelorMittal can offer small quantities of sheets for first stage Epstein and tensile testing, and for the next stage of laser cutting. In the industrial validation phase, ArcelorMittal can provide small slit coils for punching and machine assembly development. Material handling issues The production of prototype or series machines can involve production processes that have the potential to degrade the properties of the fully processed steels we have supplied. Advanced R&D support is available to help customers quantify the impact of material handling processes on the magnetic performance of the machines lamination stack. Our iCARe Advanced technical support datasheet contains more information.
Selection guide Field Applications High efficiency alternators Belt driven starter-alternators High efficiency starters Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM) for centralised traction PMSM for wheel hub motors Powertrain machines HPMSM for current generation Wound rotor synchronous machines (WRSM) for traction WRSM for current generation Switched reluctance machines (SRM) for traction Induction machines (IM) for traction IM for current generation Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) compressors High performance auxiliary equipment Ignition coils Dashboard metering Hybrid controllers Torque Torque Torque Save Save Save Torque Torque Save Torque Torque Save Save Save Save Torque Save Save Torque D70* D40* Substrates Save Save Save Torque Speed D20* D24* D20* Save Save D22* D22*
Torque Speed
For information on coatings, please check the Coatings data sheet. For D20, D22, D24, D40 and D70 substrates, please click on the reference to see the corresponding product sheet in the ArcelorMittal Flat Carbon Europe product catalogue for Industry. See also: www.arcelormittal.com/industry > products > product catalogue for other electrical machine applications.
ArcelorMittals electrical steel offering In order to stretch the amount of power extracted from the battery, every other element in the electric vehicle must be optimised for low weight and high efficiency. This is particularly important for the electric motor and generator which form the heart of the powertrain. ArcelorMittals iCARe electrical steel solutions can bring significant performance improvements to the core of the electric machine, and improve battery performance. The combination of efficiency and light weight means electric vehicles can go longer between charges, extending the drive range of the vehicle. ArcelorMittals iCARe range includes specific electrical steels for applications where high power density or high torque are required. iCARe steels enable the electrical systems in the vehicle to operate more efficiently, maximising power and delivering increased cranking torque. When the machine design is optimised using iCARe steels, further weight savings can be achieved as fewer magnets and less copper windings are required. This also has the potential to reduce costs. Importance of polarisation The level of induction reached in the air gap between the rotor and the stator determines the torque a motor can develop. In the starter motor of a car, this break-away torque is very important. At low car speeds, the quality of the electrical steel used can create large differences in the dynamic behaviour of electric vehicles. Importance of losses An electric machine is no more than a system to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy (or vice-versa). The torque generated in the starter motor, is created by a polarisation level created in the steel, due to a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be provided by injecting current in a copper winding around the steel. The key point is that the magnetic field creates a change in the magnetic structure inside the steel, in equilibrium with the applied field, which leads to a certain level of polarisation. In an alternating current cycle, the magnetic field is reversed in some point later in time, but the internal magnetic structure of the steel cannot adapt immediately. There is a delayed response, known as hysteresis, which is linked to irreversible processes taking place inside the steel. 101
In an alternating current cycle, the magnetic field is reversed in some point later in time, but the internal magnetic structure of the steel cannot adapt immediately. There is a delayed response, known as hysteresis, which is linked to irreversible processes taking place inside the steel. Hysteresis is responsible for some energy loss, known as iron loss. As the steel warms up, the motor gets warm as part of the electricity provided to the motor is changed into wasted heat rather than useful mechanical output. With higher cycling speeds, hence higher electric frequencies, these losses become more important. Lowering the iron losses from the machines steel laminations increases the amount of battery energy available in an electric or hybrid vehicle. Thermal conductivity The heat generated in an electrical machine needs to be extracted to ensure the safe operation of the machine. Failure to adequately remove the heat can lead to lower performance in terms of power or current output. The heat is generated by the iron losses described above, along with losses from permanent magnets or copper windings. In fact, the insulation of copper windings is critical in the thermal equilibrium of a machine. The heat can be evacuated via the: Rotor laminations towards the rotor shaft Air gap Stator lamination towards the housing. In this case it is important to choose steels with good thermal conductivity for the lamination. Mechanical properties The mechanical properties of steels used in electrical applications must be adapted to allow good punchability. The punch should be able to form a sharp edge shape. If the edge is not sharp, shortcuts in the magnetic field may occur between assembled laminations and the edge of the steel may be deformed, reducing its magnetic properties. However, these factors must be balanced against the desired useful life of the punching tool. ArcelorMittals fully processed electrical steels are optimised for punchability. Further reductions in tool wear can be achieved by applying a suitable coating. For hybrid and electric traction machines, the mechanical needs of the steel go beyond punchability. One method used to obtain higher power density machines is to work with higher speed rotors. This requires the rotor laminations to withstand higher centrifugal, electromagnetic and dynamic forces as the rotors speed-up and slow down. The laminations often have very intricate, lace-like designs. It is a real challenge for mechanical machine designers to meet these strength needs in both standard and exceptional situations. Finding the balance The limitations of batteries can be mitigated if the available battery energy is optimally utilised. This requires light and highly efficient electrical steels which have low losses as their key property. Finding the balance between losses, permeability, saturation polarisation, thermal conductivity, tensile strength and yield strength, is vital for automotive electrical steels. ArcelorMittals experience as a provider of electrical steels for automotive applications has enabled us to develop steels which meet these challenges. We understand that optimal electrical motor solutions utilise different electrical steels for the stator and the rotor. Electrical steel grades with very low losses and high permeability are required for the stator, while high strength grades are required for the rotor.
Optimising all the electric components of a vehicle In a process of continuous improvement, different efforts to optimise the electrical applications in vehicles are ongoing. The process started with the re-engineering of auxiliary electrical equipment such as alternators and starter motors. That led to the introduction of electric traction machines, first in hybrid drives and now moving towards vehicles powered fully by electric traction. These changes have led to significant improvements in individual electrical components in vehicles. Increased demand on alternators Alternators have always provided the electricity necessary to power the engine pump, the engine cooling system, seat and window motors, and other essential applications. Since the 1970s, there has been an ever-increasing demand for onboard electricity from vehicle safety and comfort features. Meeting this demand has a corresponding impact on the amount of electricity that must be generated by the vehicle. Thanks to the development of high efficiency alternators, more current can be generated without increasing the amount of mechanical energy drawn from the ICE. Fuel consumption is therefore not affected. Changes for starter motors Until recently, starter motors have only been needed once in every drive cycle to crank the ICE into life. This changed with the introduction of stop-start systems which cut the ICE at a red light and restart it immediately the gas pedal is depressed by the driver. Stop-start systems can lead to a 5% drop in both fuel consumption and CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions. To accommodate this change in function, starter motors have been completely redesigned to enable them to provide both a cold starting function at the beginning of the drive cycle as well as repetitive hot starts. The starter motors in stop-start systems are extremely efficient. The challenge of creating electrical traction motors for automotive The level of electrification of the powertrain has now evolved to the point where the ICE can be replaced with one or more electric machines. These machines provide pure electric traction. Even when a designer elects to create an electrically powered vehicle, there are further considerations to be made. For example, if the vehicle has a higher power electric machine, more energy can be recuperated during braking. However, the battery must be capable of accepting the transfer of such energy. In the gap between pure ICE and pure electric vehicles, there are many intermediate powertrain solutions where both the ICE and electric machines are present. In these hybrid configurations, many lay-outs exist and each represents a different set of compromises between the use of fossil fuels and electric energy. These compromises come about because vehicle designers must make choices between the cost of the ICE versus an electric machine. The battery cost and the environmental objectives of the car are the major decision criteria for this choice. If a hybrid design is selected, the savings in fuel consumption depend on the level of hybridisation. There are generally two options: A mild hybrid which reduces fuel consumption by around 15% using a moderately powered electric motor and smaller battery. A full hybrid which can reduce fuel consumption by up to 30% using a higher powered electric engine and larger battery capacity. Vehicles powered by electric traction machines are gaining increasing prominence. Unlike vehicles which utilise fossil fuels, pure electric cars produce very few harmful emissions during use. This makes them an attractive option for car makers who are seeking new strategies to meet ever-stricter regulations on vehicle emissions. However, there are still significant challenges to overcome before electrical vehicles gain widespread acceptance with the general public. There are concerns about infrastructure, particularly the availability of recharging stations; and about the cost, range and longevity of the vehicles themselves. Many of these concerns can be traced back to the battery in an electric vehicle. Classic batteries utilise a lead-acid technology which is extremely heavy, expensive, slow to recharge and limited in capacity. 102
Many of these concerns can be traced back to the battery in an electric vehicle. Classic batteries utilise a lead-acid technology which is extremely heavy, expensive, slow to recharge and limited in capacity. New battery technologies have a higher capacity, but the cost and weight of the battery limits the drive range of pure electric vehicles. This is a key focus of electric vehicle development today.
Further information For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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iCARe Save
iCARe
Properties The iCARe Save product family comes with guaranteed losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are representative of the steels behaviour at high frequencies.
Advantages Save grades enable you to reduce the iron losses from the stators of synchronous machines. They are particularly useful for reducing iron losses in high-speed hybrid and electric traction machines, and generators which extend the range of electric vehicles.
Applications Save grades are most effective at reducing iron losses from machine parts which are subject to high base frequencies and additional harmonics. Save thus helps to improve machine efficiency, which leads to an increase in power density. Power density can be tuned to create a lighter, smaller machine, or a more powerful machine for a given weight. Driving range is extended as Save reduces machine weight and costs and saves battery energy.
Recommendations for use Save grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The punching effect can be eliminated by performing a stress relief annealing. This optimises their performance in applications with fine teeth, and enables a substantial part of the lower frequency area to be exploited. A C5-type coating is recommended. Save stacks can be produced using existing assembly techniques such as interlocking or welding.
Magnetic properties Conventional density (kg/ dm3) Max loss (W/kg) At 400 Hz At 700 at 1T Hz at 1T Min polarisation (T) At 2.500 A/m At 5.000 A/m At 10.000 A/m Max anisotropy of loss ( %) at 400 Hz at 1T Guaranted 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 Min Min number of stacking bends factor Guaranted Guaranted 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95
Guaranted Indicative Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Save 20-13 Save 20-15 Save 25-13 Save 25-15 Save 27-15 Save 27-17 Save 30-15 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.60 7.60 13 15 13 15 15 17 15 29 32 33 36 37 40 38 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70
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Save 30-17
7.60
17
41
1.49
1.60
1.70
15
0.95
Mechanical properties The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only. Direction Save 20-13 L T L T L T L T L T L T L T L T Re (MPa) 410 -450 425 -465 390 -430 410 -450 410 -450 425 -465 390 -430 410 -450 410 -450 425 -465 390 -430 410 -450 410 -450 425 -465 390 -430 410 -450 Rm (MPa) 520 -560 535 -575 510 -550 540 -580 520 -560 535 -575 510 - 550 540 -580 520 -560 535 -575 510 -550 540 -580 520 -560 535 -575 510 -550 540 -580 Re/Rm 0.78 -0.83 0.78 -0.83 0.76 -0.81 0.76 -0.81 0.78 -0.83 0.78 -0.83 0.76 -0.81 0.76 -0.81 0.78 -0.83 0.78 -0.83 0.76 -0.81 0.76 -0.81 0.78 -0.83 0.78 -0.83 0.76 -0.81 0.76 -0.81 A80 (%) 10 -20 10 -20 15 -30 15 -30 12 -25 12 -25 15 -30 15 -30 12 -25 12 -25 15 -30 15 -30 12 -25 12 -25 15 -30 15 -30 HV 200 -230 200 -230 195 -225 195 -225 200 -230 200 -230 195 -225 195 -225 200 -230 200 -230 195 -225 195 -225 200 -230 200 -230 195 -225 195 -225
Save 20-15
Save 25-13
Save 25-15
Save 27-15
Save 27-17
Save 30-15
Save 30 -17
Further information For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare. For information about the packaging of our materials, please click here. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 08-10-2012
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iCARe Torque
iCARe
Properties The iCARe Torque product family comes with guaranteed losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are representative of the steels behaviour at high frequencies.
Advantages Torque grades assist flux generation, allowing the motor to develop more mechanical output. If mechanical output is not an issue, permanent magnet or copper winding can be reduced to save on costs.
Applications Torque grades are suitable for machines which need high torque at low speeds. They provide the fast acceleration required by hybrid and electric vehicles.
Recommandations for use Torque grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The effect of punching can be eliminated if a stress relief annealing is applied. This optimises the performance of the Torque grades in applications with fine teeth. It can also provide substantial performance improvements in the lower frequency range. To achieve these effects, a C5 type coating is advised. Torque stacks can be produced using existing assembly techniques such as interlocking or welding.
Magnetic properties Conventional density (kg/ dm3) Max anisotropy of loss ( %) at 400 Hz at 1T Guaranted 15 15 15 15 Min number of bends Min stacking factor
Max loss (W/kg) At 400 Hz at 1T At 700 Hz at 1T
Min polarisation (T) At 2.500 A/m At 5.000 A/m At 10.000 A/m
Guaranted Indicative Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Torque 20-15 Torque 25-16 Torque 27-17 Torque 30-18 7.65 7.65 7.65 7.65 15 16 17 18 34 37 39 41 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.55 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.76
Guaranted Guaranted 3 3 3 3 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.95
Mechanical properties The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only.
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The data in the following table is provided for information purposes only. Direction Torque 20-15 L T L T L T L T Re (MPa) 340 -380 360 -400 340 -380 360 -400 340 -380 360 -400 340 -380 360 -400 Rm (MPa) 470 -510 490 -530 470 -510 490 -530 470 -510 490 -530 470 - 510 490 -530 Re/Rm 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 0.71 -0.76 A80 (%) 13 -28 13 -28 13 -28 13 -28 13 -28 13 -28 13 -28 13 -28 HV 170 -200 170 -200 170 -200 170 -200 170 -200 170 -200 170 -200 170 -200
Torque 25-16
Torque 27-17
Torque 30-18
For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare. For information about the packaging of our materials, please click here. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 28-09-2012
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iCARe Speed
iCARe
Properties The iCARe Speed product family comes with guaranted losses at 400Hz and indicative maximum values at 700Hz. These values are representative of the steels behaviour at high frequencies.
Advantages The Speed grades provide an excellent compromise between mechanical properties and losses.
Applications Speed has been developed for very high speed rotors. This enables manufacturers to make more compact machines for a given mechanical output.
Recommendations for use Speed grades can be used immediately after lamination punching. The effect of punching can be eliminated if a stress relief annealing is applied. This optimises the performance of the Speed grades in applications with fine teeth. It can also provide substantial performance improvements in the lower frequency range. To achieve these effects, a C5 type coating is advised. Speed stacks can be produced using any existing assembly technique such as interlocking or welding.
Magnetic properties Conventional density (kg/ dm3) Max anisotropy of loss ( %) at 400 Hz at 1T Guaranted 15 15 Min number of bends Min stacking factor
Max loss (W/kg) At 400 Hz At 700 at 1T Hz at 1T
Min polarisation (T) At 2.500 A/m At 5.000 A/m At 10.000 A/m
Guaranted Indicative Guaranted Guaranted Guaranted Speed 35-440 Speed 35-510 7.60 7.60 23 28 60 65 1.51 1.51 1.62 1.62 1.72 1.72
Guaranted Guaranted 3 3 0.95 0.95
Mechanical properties The values for Re and Rm data are guaranteed in the rolling direction. The other values in the following table are provided for information purposes only.
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data are guaranteed in the rolling direction. The other values in the following table are provided for information purposes only. Direction Speed 35-440 L T L T Re (MPa) 440 -490 465 -515 510 -560 540 -590 Rm (MPa) 570 -620 590 -640 605 -655 625 -675 Re/Rm 0.76 -0.88 0.76 -0.88 0.80 -0.92 0.80 -0.92 A80 (%) 20 -30 20 -30 20 -30 20 -30 HV 210 -240 210 -240 210 -240 210 -240
Speed 35-510
Further information For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare. For information about the packaging of our materials, click here. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Coatings for iCARe

iCARe
Properties Electrical steel varnishes for non-oriented grades are designed to enhance the behaviour of fully processed electrical steels. Their main purpose is to provide inter-laminar insulation and to improve the punchability of these steels. Each type has its own specific properties, such as insulation level, punchability effect, corrosion protection, temperature resistance and weldability; hence it is material use that determines the optimum choice of varnish. All varnishes have been selected and developed to be environmentally friendly: they are hydro-soluble, chromium-free and butyl glycol-free.
Advantages The C3-type varnish is based on synthetic resins, resulting in a product with excellent lubricating properties for the punching process: the coated sheet can be punched without the need for additional lubricant. The resins chemical composition yields special advantages such as high elasticity and very strong adhesion. It is particularly recommended for automatic stacking processes. Typical gauges for automotive applications range from 1 to 2 m per side. A coating thickness of less than 1 m offers the additional advantage of excellent weldability. The C5-type varnish is a pigmented varnish, made with thermo-stable resins, mineral products and pigments. The type of mineral products and the amount used have been selected to obtain a coating with excellent temperature resistance during prolonged thermal treatments. This is of particular interest where stress-relief annealing is required after punching. Additionally, the mineral part of the coating provides high thermal conductivity. The combination of resins and mineral products achieves a good compromise between punchability and weldability. The standard gauge range is from 0.5 to 1.5 m per side.
Applications These coatings are used for fully processed grades for hybrid and electric traction machines and compressors. For alternators, uncoated solutions can be used.
Recommendations for use The raw materials used in these coatings have a chemical composition both in the liquid and cured varnish state which does not require specific protective measures during the processing of the coated steels or during use in a given application.
Brand correspondence EN 10342:2005 EC-3 EC-5-N ASTM A976:2003 C-3 C-5 IEC/CEI 60404-1-1:2004 EC-3 EC-5-N ArcelorMittal code S G
C3 C5
Coating properties
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Coating properties Designation Chemical composition Colour ArcelorMittal code Gauge (m/side) 2 Typical insulation resistance (.cm /side) Temperature resistance (C) Continuous/Intermittent Main properties C3 Organic (synthetic resin) Gold S11 0.5 to 1.5 2 180/600 Punchability C5 Inorganic (minerals, pigments) Organic (synthetic resin) Grey G11 0.5 to 1.5 2 250/850 Heat resistance
Insulation resistance measurement: Franklin test according to the standard EN 10282:2001. Continuous temperature resistance according to the standard IEC/CEI 60404-12:1992. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Advanced technical support for iCARe

iCARe
For automakers who wish to exploit the full potential of ArcelorMittals iCARe steels, we can offer advanced technical support in many areas including modelling, prototyping and material handling. This support can also be provided without the need for the customer to share their machine design with us. Any information that is shared is treated as highly confidential.
ArcelorMittals machine modelling services As a steel provider, ArcelorMittal also offers our customers all the help they need to choose the most suitable steels. We can also help to design the machine. This level of assistance is possible thanks to our advanced R&D know-how and the high-tech equipment available in our research centres. For mechanical design engineers, we can provide high temperature mechanical material characterisation at temperatures up to 250C. This enables the engineer to determine the weakness of the material at exploitation temperatures, rather than using accepted rules of thumb. Along with static testing, ArcelorMittal can provide dynamic evaluations such as low and high cycle fatigue testing on different sample geometries. This enables engineers to predict, in detail, the transient regime behaviour of the machine. For the magnetic design engineer, ArcelorMittal can provide full magnetic characterisation of our steels, up to 10k Hz in sine conditions. We can also provide any non-sine data, which is interesting for pulse-width modulation (PWM) fed machines or harmonic calculations. As well as magnetisation curves up to saturation for field calculations, ArcelorMittal has developed a specific loss model which allows better accuracy in post-processing loss calculations. This model can be run independently from the field calculations, so the customer does not need to share their machine design with us. For the thermal engineer, we provide thermal conductivity data at machine exploitation temperatures. Data is available for both our steel grades and our coating solutions.
Prototyping services Our technical support for magnetic, mechanical and thermal machine modelling enables design engineers to make precise machine calculations. This enables them to reduce the number of prototypes needed before pre-series and series production can begin. A minimal amount of prototyping is still needed to prove that the development has led to the expected machine performance. For prototyping purposes, ArcelorMittal can offer small quantities of sheets for first stage Epstein and tensile testing, and for the next stage of laser cutting. In the industrial validation phase, ArcelorMittal can provide small slit coils for punching and machine assembly development.
Material handling issues Even when ArcelorMittal has provided the best possible steel solution for a given electrical application, our job is not over. The production of prototype or series machines can involve production processes that have the potential to degrade the properties of the fully processed steels we have supplied. Advanced R&D support is available to help customers quantify the impact of material handling processes (such as laser cutting or punching, stress relief annealing, stack assembly, welding, shaft shrink fitting, and housing fitting) on the magnetic performance of the machines lamination stack.
Further information
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For more information about ArcelorMittals iCARe range of electrical steels and the support we can provide, please visit: www.arcelormittal.com/automotive/icare
Typical layout of an automotive motor. Electric motors consist of a stator and a rotor. The rotor magnets are shown in red and green.
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A range of technical services to support product selection

In the automotive industry, product selection is a complex optimization process involving: overall vehicle specifications (dimensions and performance); function of the part or sub- assembly; shape complexity; forming or joining processes; cost imperatives. The selection process is often the culmination of many years of experience both in the drawing office and on the shop floor, backed by a common approach across the entire industrial chain from design to production. To support this process, ArcelorMittal has developed a set of competencies designed to: 1. gain time during the design and engineering phases; 2. ensure selection of the best product for each vehicle system; 3. ensure efficient secondary processing throughout the industrial chain. Specifically, ArcelorMittal has: designed a set of generic (off- the- shelf) solutions illustrating, for each vehicle system: the behavior and performance of its products; the mass savings potential compared to reference solutions, based on design and secondary processing optimization; economic positioning. acquired state- of- the- art digital simulation tools to calculate the performance (crash, stiffness, etc.) of its solutions integrated in the complete vehicle. The software can also be used to validate the forming of specific parts; developed a database comprising the full range of mechanical properties of its products. This static and dynamic data can be used in the calculation models. Our technical support team can provide access to the database; made its experimental resources available to provide case- by- case answers to questions relating to feasibility and specific characterization; set up dedicated secondary processing (forming, joining, etc.) teams. These teams of experts also use specific IT tools to optimize industrialization (for example, to take account of springback during part design); acquired the capacity to rapidly provide, in small or large quantities, samples of its products (even those under development) for prototyping. To deploy this range of competencies and resources, the dedicated ArcelorMittal automotive organization assigns Resident Engineers to work within or close to automaker and equipment manufacturer design centers. Resident Engineers liaise between automotive design engineers and ArcelorMittal's steel products and solutions experts to ensure that customers' technical requirements are met. This customized technical support, tailored to each stage of the design process involving steel, is a unique asset enabling automotive manufacturers to rapidly introduce high- performance innovative steel solutions. The approach, based on partnership and widely deployed by ArcelorMittal, has proved highly effective in enhancing the value creation of the ArcelorMittal product range and thus enabling automakers to reduce their TCO*. * Total Cost of Ownership ArcelorMittal | Last update: 20-01-2012
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Finishing: Auto Processing

Auto Processing, ArcelorMittal's one-of-a-kind network of local service centers, is entirely dedicated to the automotive industry. The entity processes 1.5 million metric tons of steel per year (including over 300.000 tons of blanked products (in sheets, rectangular and trapezoidal blanks as well as shaped blanks) for automotive manufacturers, sub-contractors and equipment suppliers. 700 employees working in nine industrial centers operate 16 slitting lines, ten cut to length lines and nine blanking presses. The various Auto Processing sites are located close to customer facilities in the traditional automobile manufacturing areas in Germany, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and Slovakia. The network is connected by a single information system that supports real-time management and automatic processing of customer requirements.
Product range: A targeted capital investment policy: supports promotion of new steel grades; ensures processing of new steels, especially high strength and very high strength steels; meets the most demanding appearance requirements.
Main features of the product range Slit products
Thickness UTS Appearance XX: products for visible parts
Benelux 3 mm 600 MPa X
France 7 mm 1200 MPa X + XX
Germany 6 mm 1400 MPa X + XX
Slovakia 3 mm 600 MPa X
United Kingdom 2 mm 600 MPa X
Rectangular, trapezoidal and shaped blanks that are feasible on our various presses
Thickness UTS Appearance
Benelux 0.2 mm -10 mm 600 MPa XX
France 0.8 mm -3 mm 600 MPa XX
Germany 0.5 mm -2 mm 600 MPa X
Slovakia 0.5 mm -2 mm 400 MPa X
United Kingdom 0.38 mm -3.2 mm 600 MPa XX
XX: products for visible parts
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Production range
Blanking presses available to produce rectangular, trapezoidal and shaped blanks:
Number Maximum capacity Tools dimensions Appearance UTC
Benelux 1 press 1250 metric tons 4600 mm x 2800 mm XX 1000 MPa
France 4 presses 800 metric tons 2200 mm x 3000 mm X 1400 MPa
Germany 2 presses 800 metric tons 4600 mm x 2800 mm X 1000 MPa
Slovakia 1 press 500 metric tons 2440 mm x 1325 mm X 800 MPa
United Kingdom 1 press 500 metric tons 4000 mm x 2500 mm XX 600 MPa
Finishing capacity in Europe
Service offer Auto Processing offers a network of experts who are available to provide case-by-case support for logistics and product development projects as well as make-or-buy studies during the capital investment phase.
Supply chain Auto Processing works directly with customers to design and provide supply chain models based on just-in-time delivery, EDI (Electronic Data Exchange) and logistics hubs. Auto Processing has a department dedicated to performing metal searches across the ArcelorMittal production plants to support the prototyping and pre-series production phases. It can rapidly supply appropriate quantities of products for testing and tool adjustment.
Development support 116
Development support Auto Processing has a dedicated blank development unit, Auto Processing Blanking. Starting with the design stage of the project, this team develops the shaped blank and provides a nesting proposal to optimize metal costs and secondary processing, factoring in raw materials supply chain constraints.
Optimization of the product range
Subsequently Auto Processing Blanking provides tooling support or management during the blanking tool definition, adjustment and improvement phases. ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Multi-thickness laser welded blanks: Tailored Blanks

Introduction Tailored Blanks, a business unit of ArcelorMittal with design and production facilities in most parts of the world, is a leading producer of laser welded blanks (LWB). These products, widely used in automotive chassis and body-in-white (BIW) components, are made by welding together flat steel sheets of different thicknesses, grades and coatings. They decrease the weight of the vehicle and improve safety by enhancing crash performance. At the same time, laser welded blanks have been shown to reduce the total cost of the vehicle structure. In today's vehicles, the body in white typically includes some 20 tailored blank applications.
Laser welded blank technology Laser welded blanks have the advantage of providing the "best material in the right place in the right thickness". This concept makes it possible to vary steel thickness and quality without post-joining operations or sheet overlap and thus to avoid the additional weight that would otherwise arise. Tailored Blanks offers three different types of laser welded blanks: Blanks of relatively simple geometry with linear weld seams, for high productivity or laser welded blanks of complex shape with nonlinear weld seams, for weight optimization; Spot-welded or remote laser welded patchwork blanks, suitable for components requiring local reinforcement; It is of course possible to combine patchwork blanks with the two laser welding techniques.
Three types of welded blank technology
Applications Laser welded blanks are now widely used by all vehicle and equipment manufacturers and both the number of applications and the total number of welded blanks employed in the vehicle are steadily increasing.
Most widespread applications and steel grades offered, based on the most recent production technologies
Customer support Teams of engineers specializing in the development of laser welded blanks are available to work with customers from the initial vehicle design stage onwards. To ensure maximum responsiveness, the same engineer provides support throughout the process up to and including industrialization.
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ArcelorMittal's R&D teams and development engineers can provide full support for tailor-welded blank design, choice of steel grades, forming strategy and feasibility studies. This support significantly reduces prototyping costs and times.
Steel grades Laser welded blanks can now be made from an extensive range of steels, including, advanced high strength steel grades such as Dual Phase and TRIP, with all types of coatings. The advantages of laser welded blanks made of ordinary high strength steels also apply to welded blanks made of very high strength steels and of Usibor 1500P for hot stamping. These steels are used to further reduce the weight and increase the strength of the welded blank. The advantages of high strength steels are further enhanced when they are combined with milder steel grades in welded blanks to adjust local formability in deep-drawn parts.
Potential optimization of components using the tailored blanks concept
The most recent trend in body in white design is the use of welded blanks made of advanced high strength steel: The cost advantages of using welded blanks are further enhanced by the use of very high strength steel. With increasing steel prices it becomes even more crucial to combine materials, and the use of advanced high strength steel supports greater part integration; The ArcelorMittal offering includes a broad range of very high strength steels. Thanks to its fully operational dedicated welding process, Tailored Blanks can offer its customers laser welded blanks made from ArcelorMittal's entire range of high strength steels.
This table shows all the possible combinations
Unique analysis tools To support its customers in developing new laser welded blank solutions, Noble International has devised the tools and expertise required for each stage of the evaluation process. At the preliminary stage and design stage, it is essential that the feasibility of the planned solution be assessed in terms of formability; this requires the use of digital simulation tools based on finite element analysis. To provide fast and accurate predictions of the fracture risk margins described above, ArcelorMittal has developed two dedicated models that are unique in the tailored blanks market: Forming Limit Curve specific to laser welded blanks: fracture prediction for the weakest metal parallel to the weld line; Failure model for butt-welded joints: prediction of weld seam fracture in the perpendicular direction. These tools have been adapted to the full range of laser welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steel grades.
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These tools have been adapted to the full range of laser welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steel grades.
Forming Limit Curves for welded blanks It has been demonstrated on many occasions that the Forming Limit Curve (FLC) of the weakest metal does not by itself accurately predict the appearance of necking phenomena close to butt welded joints, even though fracture occurs in the weakest metal. To overcome this difficulty, ArcelorMittal has developed a dedicated digital analysis tool for these configurations to support accurate prediction of fracture risk when drawing a component from a laser welded blank. Example of the use of the laser welded blank forming limit curve, the only way to predict fracture observed in practice during drawing:
Fracture on real part
Simulation without welded blank FLC for material A1 and B1
The welded blank FLC predicts fracture during drawing simulation
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Simulation with welded blank FLC for material A1 and B1
Laser welded blank FLCs are an essential tool for accurately predicting necking.
A new model for predicting elongation parallel to the weld seam To assess the risk of fracture parallel to the weld seam, ArcelorMittal R&D has developed a new model. The model is based on the interaction of several physical phenomena: Mechanical (mechanical characterization, etc.); Metallurgical (chemical composition, etc.); Thermal (power, speed, etc.).
Comparison of experimental elongation results and results of the new ArcelorMittal prediction model: excellent correlation across the board
The comparison between experimental results and model predictions shows an excellent correlation for all very high strength steels tested. These two specific tools used to analyze welded blank solutions enable Tailored Blanks to provide improved customer support as part of coengineering studies covering the full range of welded blank solutions, including those using very high strength steels.
Hot stamped welded blank solutions The increasing demand for weight reduction in order to cut CO2 emissions is driving the development of ever more innovative solutions aimed at achieving weight savings while maintaining or improving performance at no additional cost. It has already been demonstrated that solutions combining the use of very high strength steels and welded blanks offer the advantages of both technologies. Hot stamped laser welded blank solutions have been developed for this purpose. 121
These solutions optimize thickness and material utilization through the use of laser welded blank technology while maximizing mechanical performance through the use of hot stamped Usibor 1500P.
A dedicated welding process To cope with the specific properties of Usibor 1500P and in particular its aluminum coating, ArcelorMittal has developed a dedicated welding process that ensures optimum performance of the welded joint and functional performance of the final part.
Comparison of the behavior of two Usibor 1500P laser buttwelded joints, one using a conventional process and the other the dedicated Tailored Blanks process: in the latter case, the weak point is the weaker material and not the welded zone.
ArcelorMittal has carried out technology and product development work in order to provide robust hot stamped laser welded blank solutions that guarantee all the expected functions. By way of illustration, it was essential, at the design stage, to be able to guarantee that the weld would under no circumstances constitute a weak point in the structure concerned. Given that guarantee, engineers designing body in white structures are able to consider these solutions using conventional methods, without having to introduce sophisticated weld fracture models when calculating crash performance.
Ductibor 500P: extensive hot stamped welded blank applications As indicated in the chapter on products for hot stamping, Ductibor 500P was developed for a single purpose: to offer hot stamped welded blank solutions comprising zones of high crash deformability ensuring a high level of energy absorption. The successful development of Ductibor 500P supports all applications relating to car body crash behavior, even the most demanding in terms of energy absorption, such as front and rear beams.

The illustration to the left shows typical deformation of a B pillar made of a Usibor 1500P /Ductibor 500P hot stamped welded blank solution during a lateral collision. The lower part using Ductibor 500P ensures control of the crash deformation and the energy absorption needed to achieve good overall crash behavior of the structure.
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Potential hot stamped laser welded blank applications using Usibor 1500P and Ductibor 500P. Up to 60 kg hot-stamped steel components per vehicle 20% of BIW mass
Crash characterization of Usibor 1500 P /Ductibor 500 P welded blank solutions Usibor 1500P /Usibor 1500P and Usibor 1500P /Ductibor 500P butt welded solutions have been characterized in great detail in order to validate their functional behavior and to provide customers with the data they require in order to consider implementing such a solution in the vehicle preliminary design or design stage.

Crash behavior characterization of Usibor 1500P /Ductibor 500P welded blank solutions: bending (left) -Courtesy of Adam Opel GmbH - and compression (right)
The crash tests presented above demonstrated the following points: No fracture in the weld zone; Perfect stability of the structure; The Ductibor 500P zone deforms, ensuring its energy absorption function; The Usibor 1500P zone does not deform, ensuring its anti-intrusion function. Ductibor 500P has also undergone full mechanical characterization (high speed tensile test, Hopkinson bar tests, etc.); full material data sheets can be provided. The robustness and functional performance of Usibor 1500P /Usibor 1500P and Usibor 1500P /Ductibor 500P hot stamped tailor welded blank solutions have thus been well documented and validated. These solutions constitute a new, highly effective tool available to automobile body engineers that enables them to achieve weight, performance and cost optimization.

Lighter and safer vehicles for today and tomorrow: Usibor 1500P /Ductibor 500P solutions
123
Automakers have opted for Usibor 1500P /Ductibor 500P laser welded blanks generic steel solutions in new platforms
B-Pillar Application: Usibor /Ductibor tailored blanks proposal vs. monolithic
Monolithic reference
or
Tailored Blanks concept
Low material utilization (up to 67%) Large scrap rate High material cost
No cost penalty for laser welded blanks due to higher material utilization (>85%) Any thickness optimization will induce weight and cost savings in favor of LWB Usibor 1.75 mm /Ductibor 1.5 mm LWB will be 8.5% lower in weight and 6.5% lower in cost compared to 1.75 mm monolithic /partial hardening ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012
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Specifications
Energy Static Stiffness absorption strength Front beam Front underfloor beam Rear underfloor beam Rear beam Front and rear floors Spare wheel well Lower partition cross member Underbody Front and rear wheel arches Front and rear suspension supports Wing lining Front and rear cross members Shock absorbers Body in white Longitudinal underfloor beams Footboards and floors Reinforcements Body sides Roof Front wing Roof cross members Dashboard cross members Superstructure Partition uprights/ roof arches A pillar B pillar C pillar Rear shelf, seat support Various utility panels Reinforcements Skin Lining Lateral closures Frieze reinforcements Lock and catch reinforcements Skin Lining Closures Hatch/ trunk Various reinforcements Lock and catch reinforcements Skin Lining Hood Various reinforcements Lock and catch reinforcements x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Resistance to Fatigue exceptional srength loads x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Resistance Dent / Sound and Corrosion Temperature to blistering vibration Reflectivity resistance resistance maximum resistance dampening pressure x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Energy Static Stiffness absorption strength Engine cradle Front Suspension system Rear Cradle reinforcements Suspension triangle Suspension arms Cradle Suspension arms Rear cross member Wheels Disks Rims Shells Seats Structure Slide rail Oil sumps Power train Distributor housing Cylinder head covers Fuel tank Petrol/ diesel LPG Engine heat sreens Exhaust heat screens Exhaust system Down pipe Middle pipe Silencer, catalytic convertor x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Resistance to Fatigue exceptional srength loads x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Resistance Dent / Sound and Corrosion Temperature to blistering vibration Reflectivity resistance resistance maximum resistance dampening pressure x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
x x x
Worldwide product availability

Coating Grade ArcelorMittal 11 ArcelorMittal 12 High formability steels for drawing ArcelorMittal 13 ArcelorMittal 14 ArcelorMittal 15 ArcelorMittal 16 HSLA 320 HSLA 360 High strength low allow (HSLA) steels for cold forming HSLA 420 HSLA 460 HSLA 500 HSLA 550 EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM Uncoated NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM RSA RSA RSA RSA RSA EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM RSA RSA RSA EUR EUR Extragal NAM NAM NAM Galvannealed NAM NAM NAM
Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z) EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate Coating Grade IF 180 High strength IF steels IF 220 IF 260 IF 300 HSLA 260 High strength low allow (HSLA) steels for cold forming HSLA 300 HSLA 340 HSLA 380 HSLA 420 C- Mn steels 440 EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM RSA RSA RSA Uncoated NAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR RSA NAM RSA Electrozingu NAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM Extragal NAM SAM SAM Galvannealed EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM
Available in non- visible part quality Undergoing customer testing Under development Available in visible and non- visible part quality (Z) EUR : Europe Region - NAM : North America Region - SAM : South America Region - RSA : South Africa Region Hot rolled substrate Cold rolled substrate
Coating Grade ArcelorMittal 01 ArcelorMittal 02 ArcelorMittal 03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 High formability steels for drawing ArcelorMittal 07 ArcelorMittal 51 ArcelorMittal 52 ArcelorMittal 53 ArcelorMittal 54 ArcelorMittal 56 ArcelorMittal 57 180 BH Bake Hardening steels 220 BH 260 BH 300 BH Isotropic steels E 220 i E 260 i H 220 Solid solution steels H 260 H 300 EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM RSA RSA NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM RSA RSA NAM NAM NAM EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM RSA RSA RSA RSA RSA RSA Uncoated EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM RSA RSA RSA RSA RSA RSA EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM SAM Electrogalvanized Extragal Galvannealed
Coating Grade M 900 Martensitic steels M 110 M 1300 M 1500 Usibor Usibor 1500 P FB 450 FB 540 Ferrite- bainite hot rolled steels FB 560 FB 590 FB 590 HHE MP 800 Mutiphase steels MP 800 HY MP 1000 MS 1200 Usibor Usibor 1500 P EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM EUR EUR EUR SAM EUR EUR NAM SAM SAM EUR EUR EUR Uncoated NAM NAM NAM NAM EUR NAM Electrogalvanized NAM NAM NAM Extragal Galvannealed Alusi
Coating Grade Dual Phase 450 Dual Phase 500 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 600 Dual Phase 600 HHE Dual Phase steels Dual Phase 780 Dual Phase 780 HHE Dual Phase 780 LCE Dual Phase 980 HY Dual Phase 980 HHE Dual Phase 980 LCE Dual Phase 1180 HY TRIP 590 TRIP steels TRIP 690 TRIP 780 TRIP 780 EUR EUR EUR NAM EUR EUR EUR NAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM NAM NAM NAM NAM EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM EUR NAM NAM NAM EUR EUR NAM NAM SAM Uncoated Electrogalvanized EUR EUR EUR EUR EUR NAM EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM NAM EUR NAM SAM EUR NAM SAM NAM EUR EUR NAM Extragal Galvannealed EUR NAM

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Automotive Worldwide

Extract from the product catalogue

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Surface appearance of ZEMg PVD coating (Scanning electron micrograph)

Cross-sectional view of ZEMg PVD coating

ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Product Safety and Toxicology

Development of environmentally-friendly products 5

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Life Cycle Analysis and Recycling

Flowchart -Compliance of new steels with Directive 2000/53/ EC

Steel is an environmentally-friendly material in use and is virtually infinitely recyclable.

ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Steel hardening mechanism

Steel grain structure

Shape of the stress-strain specimen

Configuration of the tensile test machine

Shape of the stress-strain curve

JIS -EN -ISO elongation value correlations

Definition of yield stress and plateau

Range of ArcelorMittal steels for the automotive sector

Examples of roughness profiles (parallel scanning to obtain a 3D image)

Example of surface appearance after skin pass with EDT texture

Painted appearance assessment: typical measurements

We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Product Selection Guide

Galvannealed [] (1) ++ + [] (4) +

Treated electrogalvanized ++ + (2) + + ++

We are also reachable by the e- mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Equivalent Standards Tables

Complex Phase steels

H 220 H 260 H 300 Hot rolled

ArcelorMittal 01 ArcelorMittal 02 ArcelorMittal 03 ArcelorMittal 04 ArcelorMittal 05 ArcelorMittal 06 ArcelorMittal 07 Hot rolled

EN 10111 :2008 (uncoated) DD11 DD12 DD13 DD14

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Worldwide product availability

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

Dual Phase steels

Bumper in Dual Phase 1180 (thickness: 1.35 mm)

B-pillar reinforcement in Dual Phase 980 LCE Y600 Extragal

EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/Galvannealed)

Dual Phase 780 Hot rolled Cold rolled

n 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Chemical Composition (%)

Dual Phase 600

Dual Phase 980 Y700

Whler curves or S-N curves for a variety of Dual Phase steels

Mass reduction potential compared to that of an HSLA 380 steel (reference)

ArcelorMittal | Last update: 05-11-2012

We are also reachable by the e-mail address automotive.request@arcelormittal.com.

TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity) steels

B-pillar reinforcement in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.2 mm)

Bumper cross member in electrogalvanized TRIP 780 (thickness: 1.6 mm)

Designation and standard

EN 10346 :2009 (Extragal/Galvannealed)

HCT690T +Z HCT780T +Z/+ZF

UTS (MPa) 590 -700 690 -800 780 -900

n 0.20 0.19 0.18

X Available - O Under development

Whler curves or S-N curves for TRIP steels