Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rinzam A
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
M G College of Engineering
rinzam88@gmail.com
This delay is caused by the physical medium and protocols A new concept for echo control was invented at Bell
used to transmit the voice data and by the buffers used to Laboratories in 1964, commonly called echo cancellation.
remove packet jitter on the receive side. Network delay is a Echo cancellation was a revolutionary departure from the
function of the capacity of the links in the network and the previous technique of opening (temporarily disconnecting) the
processing that occurs as the packets transit the network. The speech path to prevent echo signals from being returned over
jitter buffers add delay, which is used to remove the packet- the long distance circuit.
delay variation to which each packet is subjected as it transits
the packet network. This delay can be a significant part of the Echo is generated toward the packet network from the
telephone network. The echo canceller compares the voice
data received from the packet network with voice data being
transmitted to the packet network. The echo from the
telephone network hybrid is removed by a digital filter on the
transmit path into the packet network.
The first application, shown in Figure 1, is a network Over the next few years, the industry will address the
configuration of an organization with many branch offices bandwidth limitations by upgrading the Internet backbone to
(e.g., a bank) that wants to reduce costs and combine traffic to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), the switching fabric
provide voice and data access to the main office. This is designed to handle voice, data, and video traffic. Such
accomplished by using a packet network to provide standard network optimization will go a long way toward eliminating
data transmission while at the same time enhancing it to carry network congestion and the associated packet loss. The
voice traffic along with the data. Typically, this network Internet industry also is tackling the problems of network
configuration will benefit if the voice traffic is compressed as reliability and sound quality on the Internet through the
a result of the low bandwidth available for this access gradual adoption of standards. Standards-setting efforts are
application. Voice over packet provides the interworking focusing on the three central elements of Internet telephony:
function (IWF), which is the physical implementation of the the audio codec format; transport protocols; and directory
hardware and software that allows the transmission of services.
combined voice and data over the packet network. The
interfaces the IWF must support in this case are analog In May 1996, the International Telecommunications Union
interfaces, which directly connect to telephones or key (ITU) ratified the H.323 specification, which defines how
systems. The IWF must emulate the functions of both a voice, data, and video traffic will be transported over IP–
private branch exchange (PBX) for the telephony terminals at based local area networks; it also incorporates the T.120 data-
the branches, as well as the functions of the telephony conferencing standard (see Figure). The recommendation is
terminals for the PBX at the home office. The IWF based on the real-time protocol/real-time control protocol
accomplishes this by implementing signaling software that (RTP/RTCP) for managing audio and video signals.
performs these functions.
As such, H.323 addresses the core Internet-telephony
applications by defining how delay-sensitive traffic, (i.e.,
voice and video), gets priority transport to ensure real-time gaps of several seconds as it makes its way across the
communications service over the Internet. (The H.324 internet
specification defines the transport of voice, data, and video
over regular telephony networks, while H.320 defines the • Degradation of quality – Packets is queued at routers
protocols for transporting voice, data, and video over during periods of congestion. If the congestion is
integrated services digital network (ISDN). significant, packets may even be dropped
H.323 is a set of recommendations, one of which is G.729 • Security- Any H.323 IP-aware user can trap into any
for audio CODECs, which the ITU ratified in November conversation on the system. Therefore the system is less
1995. Despite the ITU recommendation, however, the Voice secure.
over IP (VoIP) Forum in March 1997 voted to recommend the
X. CONCLUSIONS
G.723.1 specification over the G.729 standard. The industry
consortium, which is led by Intel and Microsoft, agreed to VoIP technology offers broadband services and the
sacrifice some sound quality for the sake of greater bandwidth integration of voice and data at all levels. One key factor that
efficiency—G.723.1 requires 6.3 kbps, while G.729 requires is driving the VoIP application development and deployment
7.9 kbps. Adoption of the audio codec standard, while an is reduced voice service charges. In addition to cost
important step, is expected to improve reliability and sound advantages, VoIP services have compelling technical
quality mostly for intranet traffic and point-to-point IP advantages over circuit switching. VoIP networks are based
connections. To achieve PSTN–like quality, standards are more on an open architecture than their circuit-switched
required to guarantee Internet connections. contemporaries. This open, standards-based architecture
F. VoIP market in India means that VoIP services are more interchangeable and more
modular than those offered by a proprietary voice-based
IDC Asia Pacific, a market research firm, estimates VoIP PSTN network. Open standards translate into the realization
services in India to be worth US$2.8 billion by 2005, which of new services that one can rapidly develop and deploy.
will make it the second biggest VoIP market in the region after Moreover, VoIP is suitable for computer telephony integration
China. IDC expects revenues from VoIP from the whole of and other next generation applications.
Asia Pacific to be worth US$13.8 billion.
VIII.MERITS
IX. DEMERITS