ME-2306 Thermal Engineering Laboratory-I Viva questions

1. How will differentiate 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines. a) The two-stroke engine completes one cycle of events for every revolution of the crankshaft, compared with the two revolutions required for the four-stroke engine cycle.b) Theoretically, the two-stroke engine should develop twice the power compared to a four-stroke engine of the same cylinder capacity.(c) More pollution in 2-s than 4-s(d) presence of inlet and exhaust valves in 4-s. In 2-s it has only ports which is closed and open by piston movement. 2. What do you understand about valve overlapping? An engine will have a period of "valve overlap" at the end of the exhaust stroke, when both the intake and exhaust valves are open 3. What will be the influence of the injection timing in the performance of the engine? Advancement and Retardation in fuel injection timing resulted in lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific fuel consumption. Advanced injection timing resulted in high peak pressure and increase in net heat transfer. 4. What is clearance volume? The volume remaining between piston and cylinder when the piston is at top dead center. 5. Define compression ratio. The compression ratio of an internal-combustion engine or external combustion engine is a value that represents the ratio of the volume of its combustion chamber from its largest capacity to its smallest capacity. Compression Ratio =(displacement volume +clearance volume)/clearance volume 6. What is the use of carburetor? The carburetor has several functions: 1) it combines gasoline and air creating a highly combustible mixture, 2) it regulates the ratio of air and fuel, and 3) it controls the engine's speed. 7. What do you understand about scavenging? In automotive usage, scavenging is the process of pushing exhausted gas-charge out of the cylinder and drawing in a fresh draught of air or fuel/air mixture for the next cycle. 8. What is stroke volume? he volume of a cylinder swept by the piston while moving from one dead center to another. 9. What is the use of fuel injection pump in diesel engine? The fuel injection pump is the heart of the diesel engine. Precisely delivered fuel maintains a rhythm or timing that keeps the engine running smooth. Simultaneously, the pump also controls the amount of fuel needed to gain the desired power. The injection pump does the job of both the throttle and the ignition system needed in gasoline engines. When troubleshooting a gasoline engine, you check compression, fuel, and spark. A diesel doesn't have an ignition system, so there is one less thing to go wrong with it. 10. What is flash point? The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air. Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source. At the flash point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed. 11. Define fire point.

The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. 12. What is latent heat of vaporization? It is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure (often atmospheric pressure). 13. How will you reduce heat losses?

In gasoline-powered vehicles, over 62 percent of the fuel's energy is lost in the internal combustion engine (ICE). ICE engines are very inefficient at converting the fuel's chemical energy to mechanical energy, losing energy to engine friction, pumping air into and out of the engine, and wasted heat. Advanced engine technologies such as variable valve timing and lift, turbocharging, direct fuel injection, and cylinder deactivation can be used to reduce these losses. In addition, diesels are about 30-35 percent more efficient than gasoline engines, and new advances in diesel technologies and fuels are making these vehicles more attractive.

14. What is requirement of cooling water in engine? Water is inexpensive and non-toxic. The advantages of using water cooling over air cooling include water's higher specific heat capacity, density, and thermal conductivity. This allows water to transmit heat over greater distances with much less volumetric flow and reduced temperature difference. 15. Define kinematic viscosity. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. The dynamic (shear) viscosity of a fluid expresses its resistance to shearing flows, where adjacent layers move parallel to each other with different speeds. The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to the density of the fluid . 16. Define Specific volume. The specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substance's volume to its mass. It is the reciprocal of density 17. Define specific gravity Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density (mass of the same unit volume) of a reference substance. 18. What is calorific value of a fuel? It can be defined as the amount of heat liberated in KJ or Kcal by the complete combustion of 1 Kg offuel. There are two types of calorific values Higher calorific value (HCV) = It is the total heat liberated in KJ or Kcal by the complete combustion of 1 Kg of fuel. Lower calorific value (LCV) = It is the difference of Higher calorific value and heat absorbed by water vapors. LCV = (HCV x.588.76) Kcal/Kg

Where x is the fraction of water vapors. 19. Give some devices for measuring fuel properties. Fluid Property Sensors Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Obstruction flow meters Velocity flow meters Including Moving Member meters Positive Displacement meters

20. Define knocking. Knocking in spark-ignition internal combustion engines occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder starts off correctly in response to ignition by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. 21. What will be the influence of the compression ratio in the efficiency of the engine? as the compression ratio increases, the actual fuel consumption decreases , brake thermal efficiency improves and brake power also improves. A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air-fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency. 22. What is Frictional Power? 1. Brake Power (BP): The net power available at the output shaft of the internal combustion engine is called brake power. It is the power available after some power is utilized for overcoming friction. 2. Indicated Power (IP): The horse power developed inside the cylinder is called Indicated Power. 3. Friction Power (FP): The difference between indicated power and brake power is called Friction Power. Mechanical Efficiency: The ratio of brake power to the indicated power expressed as a percentage is called Mechanical Efficiency 23. How can you reduce knocking? Detonation can be prevented by any or all of the following techniques:

the use of a fuel with high octane rating, which increases the combustion temperature of the fuel and reduces the proclivity to detonate; enriching the air-fuel ratio which alters the chemical reactions during combustion, reduces the combustion temperature and increases the margin above detonation; reducing peak cylinder pressure by decreasing the engine revolutions (e.g., shifting to a higher gear, there is also evidence that knock occurs more easily at high rpm than low regardless of other factors); decreasing the manifold pressure by reducing the throttle opening, boost pressure or reducing the load on the engine

24. What is the use of Morse Test? Morse Test consists of determining the brake horse power of the engine at any particular speed and then cutting one cylinder at a time and measuring the BHP of the rest. The desired cylinder can be cut off by removing the spark plug in the case of spark ignition (SI) engines. 25. What are the possible methods to improve efficiency of a diesel engine? Install turbocharger and supercharger, ECR 26. What are the possible methods to reduce HC, Nox from a diesel engine? Selective catalytic reduction and ECR.

27. What is the use of retardation test? To determine the frictional power of a four stroke single cylinder diesel engine 28.What is the use of heat balance test? A heat balance sheet is an account of heat supplied and heat utilised in various ways in the system . Necessary information concerning the performance of the engine is obtained from the heat balance sheet . The heat balance sheet is generally done on second basis or minute basis or hour basis. The engine should equipped with suitable loading arrangement to measure the brake power of the engine. Provisions are also made to measure the amount of air intake . amount of fuel consumed , temperature of cooling water at inlet and outlet of the engine amount of cooling water circulated and temperature of exhaust gases . 29.Brake specific fuel consumption(bsfc) It is defined as the amount of fuel consumed for each unit of brake power per hour it indicates the efficiency with which the engine develops the power from fuel. it is used to compare performance of different engines. 30. What are the possible unaccounted losses?

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