Research regarding new MIS for company XYZ

Table 0f Contents
What is MIS? ................................................................................................................................................. 3 P1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 3 The business problem ............................................................................................................................... 3 Primary data .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Types ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Sources of primary data ........................................................................................................................ 4 Observation method ............................................................................................................................. 4 Survey method ...................................................................................................................................... 4 Experimental method ........................................................................................................................... 4 Secondary data ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Sources of secondary data .................................................................................................................... 5 Interview ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Types of interviews .............................................................................................................................. 6 Observation............................................................................................................................................... 7 Secondary data ......................................................................................................................................... 7 P2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Survey Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 7 The reason for survey ........................................................................................................................... 8 Selecting proper sample ....................................................................................................................... 8 Properly design survey questions ......................................................................................................... 8 Collection of data .................................................................................................................................. 8 Implementation of the data collected .................................................................................................. 8 Types of surveys ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Cross-Sectional Surveys ........................................................................................................................ 8 Longitudinal Surveys ............................................................................................................................. 9 Ways of surveys ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Questionnaire method .......................................................................................................................... 9 Interview method ................................................................................................................................. 9 Sample frame ............................................................................................................................................ 9 1|Page

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Approaches to sampling ..................................................................................................................... 10 Discussing sampling according to the given scenario ............................................................................. 10 Discussing the Survey methodology ....................................................................................................... 10 P3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Open Format Questions ...................................................................................................................... 11 Closed Format Questions .................................................................................................................... 11 Leading Questions ............................................................................................................................... 11 Importance Questions ........................................................................................................................ 12 1. Embarrassing Questions.................................................................................................................. 13 2. Positive/ Negative Connotation Questions ..................................................................................... 13 3. Hypothetical Questions................................................................................................................... 13 Questionnaire ............................................................................................................................................. 14 M2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 16 What is survey methodology? ................................................................................................................ 16 What is sampling frame? ........................................................................................................................ 17 Representative values ............................................................................................................................. 17 Planning .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Hierarchical rollups ................................................................................................................................. 17 Reporting ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Mean, median, mode and range............................................................................................................. 18 What is dispersion............................................................................................................................... 18 Concept of dispersion ......................................................................................................................... 18 Measures of dispersion ....................................................................................................................... 18 Absolute measures of dispersion ........................................................................................................ 18 Relative measure of dispersion........................................................................................................... 18 D1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 19 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 19 Reasons behind the problem .............................................................................................................. 19 Solutions.............................................................................................................................................. 19

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What is MIS?
Management information system (MIS) is a general tool for the computer system which provides information about its business operations. It is also used to refer to the people who manage their system. OR It provides information that is needed to manage the organization efficiently and effectively. Furthermore MIS involve three primary resources which are; Technology. People and information Or decision making.

MIS not only indicate how things are going but also why and where performances are failing to meet the plan.

P1
The business problem
The business problem is that the company has installed new MIS but the old age workers are continuously facing problems that how to use the MIS and how to interpret the information from MIS. Furthermore they are continuously approaching the CEO or a computer expert. Due to this the data handling process gets longer time period as compared to the manual system. The CEO of the company contacted us to request us to conduct a research report that how they are going to deal with this problematic situation. Primary data Primary data is the specific information collected by the person other is doing the research. However it can be obtained through clinical trials, case studies, true experiments and randomized controlled studies. Primary data is important for all the areas of research because it is unvarnished information about the results of an experiment or observation. Types Primary data can also be retrospective, interventional and observational in nature. Retrospective primary data collects information about the past conditions or behaviour. Interventional primary data may be gathered to see the effect of a new drug or therapy. And at last observational studies gather primary data by means of case studies such as the work done by naturalist like Jane Good all on chimpanzees on wild.
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Sources of primary data The sources of generating primary data are; Observation method. Survey method. Experimental method.

Observation method
The observation method involve human or mechanical observation of what people actually do or what events takes place during a buying or consumption situation information is collected by observing process at work.

Survey method
This survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking questions to people who are thought to have desired information. A formal list of questionnaire is prepared. Generally a non-disguised approach is used. Advantages of survey method Questioning is usually faster and cheaper that observation. Questions are simple to administer. Data is reliable.

Disadvantages; Unwillingness of respondents to provide information. Human biases of the respondents are there e.g. ego. Symantec difficulties are there.

Experimental method
There are number of experimental design that are used in carrying out and experiment. However market researchers have used 4 experimental designs which are given below; CRD; Completely Randomized Design RBD; Randomized block design The term RBD has originated from agricultural research; in this design several treatments of variables are applied to different blocks of land to ascertain their effect on the yield of the crops.

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LSD; Latin Square Design At Latin square is one of the experimental designs which have a balanced two way classification. FD; Factorial Design This design allows the experimental or to test two or more variables simultaneously. It also measures interaction effects of the variable and analyses the impact of each of the variables.

Secondary data
Secondary data is data, collected by someone other than the user. It is collecting data and possibly processing data by people other than the researcher in questions. The data collected is useful as it allows the researcher to see the prevailing thoughts about his/her area of study. Sources of secondary data Sources of secondary data include the internet, libraries, museums, company reports, newspaper and etc. Advantages It saves times that would otherwise be spent collecting the data. Provide a larger data base.

The plan for collection of primary and secondary data; In primary data collection you collect the data yourself using methods such as interviews and questionnaire. The key point here is that the data you collect is unique to you and your research and until you publish, no one else has access to it. There are some main methods of collecting the primary data which are; Questionnaires

Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting data, but are different to design and after require many rewrites before an acceptable questionnaire is produced. Advantages It can cover a large number of people or organizations. Wide geographic coverage. Relatively cheap. Can be posted email or faxed. No prior arrangements are needed.

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Disadvantages are Design problem. Questions have to relatively simple. It requires a return deadline. Several reminders may be required. No control over who completes.

Interview Interview is one of the major methods of data collecting. It may be defined as two way systematic conversations between an investigation and an informant, initiated for obtaining information relevant to as a specific study. Furthermore it is a technique that is primarily used to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivation for people attitudes. Types of interviews Telephone interviewing Telephone interviewing is a non-personal method of data collection. Group interviewing Group interviewing can be defined as a data in which a number of individuals with a common interest interact with each other. Structured interviewing It is based on a carefully worded interview schedule; frequently require short answer with the answers being ticked off. It is useful when there are lots of questions which are not particularly contentious or thought prevailing. Semi structured This method of interview is focused by asking certain question but with scope for the respondent to express him or herself at length. Un-structured interviewing This also called an in depth interview. The interviewer begins by asking general questions. The interviewers then encourage the respondent to talk freely and the interviewer uses an unstructured format.
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Observation
Here observation involves recording the behaviour patterns of people, object and events in a systematic manner

Secondary data
Secondary data is information used in research that has already been collected for another purpose. Secondary data may be qualitative descriptive or quantitative. Qualitative data source includes newspapers books diaries interviews etc. And quantitative sources typically include surveys and statistics. The four main method of secondary data collection are; Internet search using online resources to gather the data for the research purpose. This method is not usually very reliable and requiring appropriate citation and critical analysis for finding. Library search and indexing, this technique requires to go through written texts that have already done similar work and utilizing their researcher for your dissertation. Data collection organization for example Call-up and AC Nielsen conduct researches on a recurrent basis ranging in a wide array of topic. New papers and magazines journals and other similar periodicals.

P2 Survey Methodology
It is a research method that is descriptive in nature. Surveys are useful to collect data on phenomena that cannot be observed directly (such as views on library services). In a survey, researchers sample a population. As populations are quite large, researchers directly question only a sample (a small proportion of the population) to save time, cost and other resources. Surveys are a valuable and informative operational management tool which can be used to collect specific likes, dislikes and other data to help mold key decisions. Communities use surveys to collect quantitative data for a variety of purposes such as customer satisfaction, new service introduction, customer attitudes and perceptions, measuring pricing changes, and bundling services. In addition, several surveys can be conducted over a period of time to benchmark results, providing valuable trend data. Following are some of the steps which are involved in Survey Methodology.
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The reason for survey The first step involved in the survey methodology is the understanding the reason for a survey properly. This will clarify the need of the survey and what benefits are to be obtained. Selecting proper sample Select a representative population sample to be analyzed. This step is critical. If a representative sample is not selected, results will be in error. Properly design survey questions Watch out for questions that lead respondents to the desired answer. This is critical for both written surveys and phone interviews. Interview bias can be unknowingly introduced by the person conducting the survey. Acquiring skilled phone interviewers is a good solution. In addition, test both written and verbal surveys to eliminate unclear and misleading questions. Collection of data The next step is the collection of data obtained by questioning the sample population. The factors which influence the collection of data are costs, coverage of target population, flexibility of asking questions, the willingness of respondents and response accuracy. The common modes for collecting the data are: Personal in-home surveys Mail Personal mall or street intercept survey Telephone Online surveys Hybrids of the above

Implementation of the data collected The last step involved in the survey methodology is the implementation of the data collected by keeping in mind the above steps. This also includes the testing of the results on a small scale.

Types of surveys
Data is usually collected by two methods, questionnaire method and interview method. Qualitative (open ended questions) or quantitative (use of forced-choice questions) measures can be used in surveys. There are basically two types of surveys which are discussed below: Cross-Sectional Surveys In cross-sectional surveys information is gathered on a population at a single point in time. For example, a questionnaire developed for collecting data on how parents feel about internet filtering can be a cross-sectional survey as there is no use of collecting data again and again.
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Longitudinal Surveys In this survey the data is collected over a period of time. The researcher then analyzes the changes with respect to time and describes them. For example, the taste for soft-drinks change from time to time and it is not necessary that a person who likes one drink at present and will stick to that drink after a month.

Ways of surveys
There are mainly two ways for conducting a survey; a questionnaire method and an interview method. Questionnaire method This method usually includes paper and pencil instruments which is completed by the respondent. There are surveys in which a sample or group of the respondents is brought together and are asked to a structured sequence of questions. This is known as group administered questionnaire. There is another kind which includes mailing the respondents with a questionnaire which is filled out at their own convenience. This is known as mail survey. A less familiar type of questionnaire is the household drop-off survey in which the researcher has to go to home or business of the respondent and hand the questionnaire which is to be filled by him. Interview method This method is completed on the basis of what the respondent says. It is a method which is far more personal form of research than questionnaires. The interviewer must be well trained. In a personal interview the interviewer works directly with the respondent. This can be time consuming and the availability of the respondent is sometimes can be tough. Another way in which the researcher can gather information rapidly is the telephonic interview which allows personal contact between interviewers and respondent which is not face-to-face.

Sample frame
In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions. (Wikipedia.com)

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Approaches to sampling There are two common approaches to sampling used in researches. In probability sampling, all the population (e.g., persons, households) have some chance of being involved in the sampling. In contrast to that, in nonprobability sampling, samples from the population are selected on the basis of their availability (e.g. by volunteering) or it is done on researcher's personal conclusion that they are representative. The result is that an unknown share of the population is excluded. Nonprobability sample is called a convenience sample not due to the fact that samples are certainly easy to recruit, but because individuals that are used by the researcher are taken by their availability rather than selecting from the total population.

Discussing sampling according to the given scenario

In the given scenario we are asked to solve the problem regarding a new MIS installed in an organization. The old age workers are not at home while using it. As far as sampling is concerned, the whole population of the old age workers who are using it can be taken as a sample because the population is not huge and more precise results can be obtained by doing so. The probability sampling approach will be used as all of the populations of workers facing the problem are involved in the sampling procedure. The availability of the respondents is not a big problem because they are working in the same organization under one roof. So, the sampling should be an easy task.

Discussing the Survey methodology

The first step in any survey is to understand the reason for which the survey is to be conducted. As for the given scenario, the need of the survey is clearly understood and can be carried out efficiently by asking properly designed survey questions. The collection of data will not be a hard task as the respondents are easily available. Longitudinal surveys should not be conducted because there is no need of collecting the data over a period of time. So, the type of survey that should be used will be the cross-sectional survey. The information will be gathered at a single point in the time. There are different types of questions that can be put forth to a large audience. The key to getting the right data depends on the questions that are asked. We have knowledge and expertise in the different types of questions in questionnaire design.

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P3
The following is a list of the different types of questions in questionnaire design: Open Format Questions Open format questions are those questions that give your audience an opportunity to express their opinions. In these types of questions, there are no predetermined set of responses and the person is free to answer however he/she chooses. By including open format questions in your questionnaire, you can get true, insightful and even unexpected suggestions. Qualitative questions fall under the category of open format questions. An ideal questionnaire would include an open format question at the end of the questionnaire that would ask the respondent about suggestions for changes or improvements. Example of an Open Format Question

Closed Format Questions Closed format questions are questions that include multiple choice answers. Multiple choice questions fall under the category of closed format questions. These multiple choices could either be in even numbers or in odd numbers. By including closed format questions in your questionnaire design, you can easily calculate statistical data and percentages. Preliminary analysis can also be performed with ease. Closed format questions can be asked to different groups at different intervals. This can enable you to efficiently track opinion over time. Example of an Open Format Question

Leading Questions Leading questions are questions that force your audience for a particular type of answer. In a leading question, all the answers would be equally likely. An example of a leading question would be a question that would have choices such as, fair, good, great, poor, superb, excellent
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etc. By asking a question and then giving answers such as these, you will be able to get an opinion from your audience.

Example of an Open Format Question

Importance Questions In importance questions, the respondents are usually asked to rate the importance of a particular issue, on a rating scale of 1-5. These questions can help you grasp what are the things that hold importance to your respondents. Importance questions can also help you make business critical decisions. Example of an Open Format Question

Buying propensity questions are questions that try to assess the future intentions of customers. These questions ask respondents if they want to buy a particular product, what requirements they want to be addressed and whether they would buy such a product in the future. Example of an Open Format Question

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Questions to be avoided in a questionnaire The following is a list of questionnaires to be avoided when preparing a questionnaire. 1. Embarrassing Questions Embarrassing questions are questions that ask respondents details about personal and private matters. Embarrassing questions are mostly avoided because you would lose the trust of your respondents. Your respondents might also feel uncomfortable to answer such questions and might refuse to answer your questionnaire. 2. Positive/ Negative Connotation Questions Since most verbs, adjectives and nouns in the English language have either a positive or negative connotations, questions are bound to taken on a positive or negative question. While defining a question, strong negative or positive overtones must be avoided. Depending on the positive or negative connotation of your question, you will get different data. Ideal questions should have neutral or subtle overtones. 3. Hypothetical Questions Hypothetical questions are questions that are based on speculation and fantasy. An example of a hypothetical question would be "If you were the CEO of ABC organization what would be the changes that you would bring?" Questions such as these, forces the respondent to give his or her ideas on a particular subject. However, these kinds of questions will not give you consistent or clear data. Hypothetical questions are mostly avoided in questionnaires.

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Questionnaire
For each question, please mark your response with a tick (), unless otherwise indicated. For Other responses, provide a brief response. Q1. Gender Male Female

(We will come to know about the employees gender) Q2. Age (Age is also an important factor) Q3. What is your job & position? (Position will guide us in identifying the problem where exactly it occurs) Q4. Where do you currently work? (It will help us in managing the employees) Q5. How long have you been working as an employee? (This will show the experience of an employee) Q6. How long have you been using computers? (We will be able to judge how friendly the employ is with computer) Q7. What type of computers have you used? Please fill out the following table: Type of computer Example: PC (Windows) Length of time 1 year Purposes Personal use at home, word processing, email email, Web search

Example: Macintosh (OS X

6 months

(We will be able to find out the problem where actually it exits) Q8. Do you currently have regular access to a computer? (Some employees might not have used computers)
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Q9. Does the computer have an Internet connection (Maybe the employees are having the problem with the internet) Q10. How would you rate your own computer literacy? Adequate Good Excellent (Help us in making a further decision) Q11. How would you rate your own Internet literacy? Adequate Good Excellent

Yes No

Poor

Poor

(It is important to know that how much an employee knows about the internet) Q12. How would you rate your current typing skills? Adequate Good Excellent (Let the employees judge them self by this questions) Q13. How would you rate your computer skills? Please put a tick () in the box at the appropriate spot: None, Basic, Intermediate or Advanced. None 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Word processing applications Spreadsheet applications Database applications Presentation applications Multimedia applications Web design applications Web search engines Communication applications Basic Intermediate Advanced Poor

(This question will help us in finding the deep understanding of an employee about different software and hardware programs)

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Q14. Please respond to each of the following computer-related questions by putting a tick () in the box at the appropriate spot: Yes or No. Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Do you have a computer connected to the Internet at home? Do you have an e-mail account? Do you have a personal homepage on the Web? Do you understand the basic functions of computer hardware components? Do you find it easy to learn something by reading it from a computer screen? Can you use a video conferencing tool on the Web? Can you create a simple presentation using PowerPoint? Can you print a document using a printer? No

(We will come to know about the personal use of a computer for an employee)

M2
What is survey methodology?
Survey methodology is the study of survey methods and the sources of errors in surveys. Here the errors describe deviation from the desired outcomes. Furthermore survey methodology is the field that study the sampling of individuals from a population with a view toward making statistical inferences about the population using the sample. Palls about public opinion such as political belief are reported in the news media. Other types of survey are used for scientific purposes. Survey provides important information for all kind of research field e.g. marketing research, psychology, health professional and sociology. Furthermore survey methodology seeks to identify the principles about the design, collection, processing and analysis of survey in connection to the cost and quality of survey estimates. It also focuses on improving quality within the cost constraints or alternatively reducing costs for a fixed level of quality.
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The most important methodological challenges of a survey methodologist include making decision on how to Identify and select potential sample members. To evaluate and test questions. Select the mode for passing questions and collecting responses. Train and supervise interviewers (if they are involved).

What is sampling frame?

A simple definition of the sampling frame is the set of sources materials from which the sample is selected. The definition also encompasses the purpose of sampling frames, which is to provide a means for choosing the particular member of the target population that are to be interviewed in the survey. Furthermore it is a complete list of all the units of the population is called the sampling frame. A unit of population is a relatively term. If all the workers in a factory make a population a single worker is a unit of the population if all the factories in a country are being studied for some purpose, a single factory is a unit of the population. Furthermore it is to be defined clearly as to which units are to be included in the frame. The frame provides a base for the selection of the simple

Representative values
Generally the representative values are used to represent all the values entered in a basic or single dimension set and can be used in planning hierarchical rollups and reporting.

Planning
You can used a representative values in planning to represent a group of dimension for which you want to enter planning values.

Hierarchical rollups
When you define a hierarchical rollups your rollups header set includes a single dimension set that contains the hierarchy for the dimension you want to rollups. For example a cost centres hierarchy.

Reporting
You can use representative values as part of the authorization check in reporting.
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Mean, median, mode and range

Mean, median and mode are the three kinds of coverages. There are many averages but these three are I think the three most common and are certainly the three you are most likely to encounter in your pre statistics courses. Furthermore the mean is the average youre used to, where you add up all the numbers and then divide by the number of numbers. The median is the middle value in the list of numbers. To find the median your numbers have to be listed in numerical order, so you may have to rewrite your list first. The mode is the value that occurs most often. If no number is repeated then there is no mode for the list. At last the range is just the difference between the largest and smallest values. What is dispersion Dispersion is also known as scatter, spread or variation. It measures the items vary from some control value. However it also measures the degree of variation. Concept of dispersion The word dispersion is used to denote the degree of heterogeneous in the data. It is an important characteristic indicating the extent to which observation vary amongst themselves. Measures of dispersion For the study of dispersion we need some measures which show whether the dispersion is small or large. There are two main types of measures of dispersion. Absolute measures of dispersion These measures give us an idea about the amount of dispersion in a set of observation. When the observation are in kilogram, the absolute measures is also in kilogram, if we have two sets of observation we cannot always use the absolute measure to compared their dispersion. Following are the absolute measures which are commonly used which are; The range. The quartile deviation. The mean deviation. The standard deviation and variance.

Relative measure of dispersion These measures are calculated for the comparison of dispersion in two or more than two sets of observation. These measures are free of the units in which the original data is measured if the original data is in dollar or kilometres, we do not use their units with relative measured of dispersion. Following are the relative measures of dispersions. Coefficient of range or coefficient of dispersion.

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Coefficient of quartile deviation or quartile coefficient of dispersion. Coefficient of mean deviation or mean deviation of dispersion.

Significance of measuring dispersion; To determine the reliability of an average. To facilitate comparison. To facilitate control. To facilitate the use of other statistical measures.

D1 Conclusion
Reasons behind the problem When workings in an organization, the organization itself and the workers have to cope with the continuous new techniques and changes that are brought to the working of the organization, so that it works more efficiently and is able to compete with other organizations in the market. An organization which is not following the latest trends and techniques will fall behind of its competitors and will lose its clients. According to the given scenario, the company XYZ is facing problems with its old age workers who are not able to use the new MIS because it is a new way of working for them. The company will have to follow this new way of interpreting information if it does not want to lose its clients and to be able to compete with its competitors. As a result, the company will lose its profits. The survey conducted, which also included interviews from some of the workers shows that they have a respectable position in the organization and cannot be fired easily. They have been working for a long time in the organization and cannot be fired easily. They have been working for a long time and reports show that they have been very loyal. The survey also showed that working on the computers is not often practiced . Most of the respondents choose good when they were asked about their typing skills but the computer and internet literacy was averaged adequate. The computer skills and knowledge are basic.

Solutions
In the scenario we are presented with three choices either firing the old age workers or arrange some workshop for them or hiring some computer literate persons who know to use the MIS. Simply firing them is not a good decision because this will upset the old age workers who have been working for a long duration and have been loyal to the company. This can also act as a
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threat to the workers who are currently working in the organization and will feel uncomfortable because of their job security. The company can face many other similar problems with their workers so this option should be rejected The company can hire some computer literate persons for the job but this can again upset the old age workers as their job will be done by the new employees. Moreover, there is a good possibility that they feel untrusted and insecure as they have been working for a long time. It will also add to the expenses of the company because they will be hiring two teams for a job (i.e. the new and the old workers) Arranging workshop for the old age workers is suggested because the workers already have some basic knowledge and skills which has been found out by the help of questionnaire. These skills can be improved by arranging the workshops for them. Still there is a problem that these workers will take some time to excel in this new MIS. So, on the basis of this survey, it is recommended that the company should hire some computer literate persons on temporary basis and at the same time arrange the workshop for the old age workers. By doing so, the company will be able to compete with its competitors while the workers are in workshop. References
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W3241E/w3241e05.htm http://www.surveysystem.com/sdesign.htm http://www.analytictech.com/mb313/principl.htm http://www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/content/library/downloads/advicesheets/Questionnaire% 20design.pdf http://www.cochrane.es/files/Recursos/How_to_design_a_questionnaire.pdf http://Wikipedia.com/

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