,

Arduino softver

Skirinot Arduino softvera, vidi se jednostavan poetniki program "Blink"

Arduino Software 1.0 / 30. novembar 2011. Java (programski jezik) Integrisano razvojno okruenje http://arduino.cc/

Arduino je fiziko-raunarska platforma (razvojni sistem) otvorenog koda.Hardver se sastoji od jednostavnog otvorenog hardverskog dizajna Arduino ploe sa Atmel AVR procesorom i prateim ulaznoizlaznim elementima.Softver se sastoji od razvojnog okruenja koje ine standardni kompajler ibootloader koji se nalazi na samoj ploi.

Arduino hardver se programira koristei programski jezik zasnovan na Wiring jeziku (sintaksa i biblioteke). U osnovi je slian C++ programskom jeziku sa izvesnim pojednostavljenjima i izmenama. Integrisano razvojno okruenje je zasnovano na Processing-u.

[]

1 Platforma

o o

1.1 Hardver 1.2 Softver

2 Zvanini hardver

o o

2.1 Otvoreni hardver i otvoreni kod 2.2 Dodatni hardver

3 Spoljanje veze

Platforma []
Hardver []

Zvanina Arduino Duemilanove ploa (rev 2009b).

Arduino Ethernet ploa u originalnom pakovanju.

Arduino plou ine 8-bitni Atmel AVR mikrokontroler sa pripadajuim komponentama koje omoguavaju programiranje i povezivanje sa drugom elektronikom. Bitan aspekt Arduino projekta je standardizovan raspored konektora koji omoguava lako povezivanje sa dodatnim modulima, poznatijim kao titovi. Ove dodatne module, titove, poizvode razni proizvoai irom sveta. Zvanine Arduino ploe uglavnom koriste megaAvr seriju ipova, konkretno ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280 i ATmega2560. Veina ploa poseduje 5V linearni naponski regulator i 16MHz kristalni oscilator (ili keramiki rezonator u nekim verzijama). Arduino mikrokontroleri se isporuuju sa programiranim bootloader-om koji pojednostavljuje postupak prebacivanja prevedenog koda u fle memoriju na ipu. Drugi mikrokontroleri obino zahtevaju zaseban programator.

Softver []
Arduino integrisano razvojno okruenje je aplikacija napisana u Java programskom jeziku. Kreirano je tako da uvede u programiranje uenike, studente i ostale poetnike koji nisu upoznati sa nainom razvoja softvera. Sastoji se od ureivaa koda sa mogunostima kao to su oznaavanje koda, uparivanje zagrada, automatsko uvlaenje linija. Ovaj ureiva moe da prevede kd a zatim ga i prebaci u ip jednom komandom. U ovom sluaju nije potrebno podaavati parametre prevoenja koda ili pokretati programe iz komandne linije. Arduino integrisano razvojno okruenje dolazi sa C/C++ bibliotekom zvanom "Wiring" koja ini uobiajene ulazno-izlazne operacije veoma jednostavnim. Arduino programi se pisu u C/C++ programskom jeziku, mada korisnici moraju da definiu samo dve funkcije kako bi napravili izvrni program. Te funkcije su: setup() funkcija koja se izvrava jednom na poetku i slui za poetna podeavanja loop() funkcija koja se izvrava u petlji sve vreme dok se ne iskljui ploa

Tipian prvi program jednostavno pali i gasi LED diodu. U Arduino okruenju, korisnik bi mogao da nape ovakav program:

#define LED_PIN 13 void setup () { pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); digitalni izlaz } void loop () { digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); delay (1000); milisekundi)

// definii pin 13 kao

// ukljui LED // saekaj jedan sekund (1000

digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); delay (1000); }

// iskljui LED // saekaj jedan sekund

Da bi ovaj kd ispravno radio, pozitivna strana LED diode mora biti povezana na pin 13 a negativna strana LED diode na uzemljenje (u ovom sluaju negativni deo napajanja). Ovaj primer od strane standardnog C++ prevodioca ne bi bio vien kao ispravan program, meutim kada korisnik izda komandu za prevoenje, ovom kodu se dodaje izvesno zaglavlje i jedna jednostavna main() funkcija ime on postaje ispravan. Arduino rzvojno okruenje koristi GNU toolchain i AVR Libc za prevoenje programa.

Arduino
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013)

For other uses, see Arduino (disambiguation).

First Arduino Board, late 2005

Arduino logo

Arduino is a single-board microcontroller designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary projects more accessible. The hardware consists of a simple open source hardware board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, though a new model has been designed around a 32-bit Atmel ARM. The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the microcontroller. Arduino boards can be purchased pre-assembled or as do-it-yourself kits. Hardware design information is available for those who would like to assemble an Arduino by hand. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced at that point.[1]
Contents
[hide]

1 History 2 Hardware

o o

2.1 Official boards 2.2 Shields

3 Software 4 Development 5 Applications 6 Reception 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History [edit]
In 2005 a project was initiated to make a device for controlling student-built interactive design projects that was less expensive than other prototyping systems available at the time. Founders Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles named the project after Arduin of Ivrea[2] and began producing boards in a small factory located in Ivrea, a town in the Province of Turin in the Piedmont region of northwestern Italy the same region as the computer company Olivetti.[3] The Arduino project is a fork of the open source Wiring platform[4] and is programmed using a Wiring-based language (syntax and libraries), similar to C++ with some slight simplifications and modifications, and a Processing-based integrated development environment (IDE). Arduino was built around the Wiring project of Hernando Barragan. Wiring was Hernando's thesis project at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea. It was intended to be an electronic version of Processing that used our

programming environment and was patterned after the Processing syntax. It was supervised by myself and Massimo Banzi, an Arduino founder. I don't think Arduino would exist without Wiring and I don't think Wiring would exist without Processing. And I know Processing would certainly not exist without Design By Numbers and John Maeda. Casey Reas, Interview by Daniel Shiffman[4] In September 2006, the Arduino Mini was announced.[5] In October 2008, the Arduino Duemilanove was announced. It was initially based on the Atmel ATmega168, then later shipping with the ATmega328.[5] In March 2009, the Arduino Mega was announced. It is based on the Atmel ATmega1280.[5] As of May 2011, more than 300,000 Arduino units were in use around the world.[6] In July 2012, the Arduino Leonardo was announced. It is based on the Atmel ATmega32u4. [7] In October 2012, the Arduino Due was announced. It is based on the Atmel SAM3X8E, which has an ARM Cortex-M3 core.[8] In November 2012, the Arduino Micro was announced. It is based on the Atmel ATmega32u4.[9] In May 2013, the Arduino Robot was announced. It is based on the Atmel ATmega32u4 and is the first official Arduino on wheels.[10] In May 2013, the Arduino Yn was announced. It is based on the Atmel ATmega32u4 and on the Atheros AR9331, and is the first wifi product combining Arduino with Linux.[11]

Hardware [edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articleby adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(May 2013)

An official Arduino Uno with descriptions of the I/O locations

A 3rd-party Arduino board with a RS-232serial interface (upper left) and an Atmel ATmega8 microcontroller chip (black, lower right); the 14 digital I/O pins are located at the top and the six analog input pins at the lower right.

An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules known as shields. Some shields communicate with the Arduino board directly over various pins, but many shields are individually addressable via an IC serial bus, allowing many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. Official Arduinos have used the megaAVR series of chips, specifically the ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, and ATmega2560. A handful of other processors have been used by Arduino compatibles. Most boards include a 5 volt linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator (or ceramic resonator in some variants), although some designs such as the LilyPad run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. An Arduino's microcontroller is also preprogrammed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory, compared with other devices that typically need an external programmer. At a conceptual level, when using the Arduino software stack, all boards are programmed over an RS232 serial connection, but the way this is implemented varies by hardware version. Serial Arduino boards contain a simple level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232-level and TTL-level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via USB, implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. (When used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR ISP programming is used.) The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.5 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available.

The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board to be plugged into solderless breadboards. There are a great many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and may be used interchangeably. Many are the basic Arduino with the addition of commonplace output drivers, often for use in school-level education to simplify the construction of buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes permitting the continued use of Shields, sometimes not. Some variants use completely different processors, with varying levels of compatibility. Further information: List of Arduino boards and compatible systems

Official boards [edit]

The original Arduino hardware is manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects.[12] Some Arduinobranded boards have been designed by the American company SparkFun Electronics.[13] Sixteen versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced to date: 1. The Serial Arduino, programmed with a DE-9 serial connection and using an ATmega8 2. The Arduino Extreme, with a USB interface for programming and using an ATmega8 3. The Arduino Mini, a miniature version of the Arduino using a surface-mounted ATmega168 4. The Arduino Nano, an even smaller, USB powered version of the Arduino using a surface-mounted ATmega168 (ATmega328 for newer version) 5. The LilyPad Arduino, a minimalist design for wearable applications and E-textiles using a surfacemounted ATmega328 6. The Arduino NG, with a USB interface for programming and using an ATmega8 7. The Arduino NG plus, with a USB interface for programming and using an ATmega168 8. The Arduino Bluetooth, with a Bluetooth interface for programming using an ATmega168 9. The Arduino Diecimila, with a USB interface and utilizes an ATmega168 in a DIP28 package (pictured) 10. The Arduino Duemilanove ("2009"), using the ATmega168 (ATmega328 for newer version) and powered via USB/DC power, switching automatically 11. The Arduino Mega, using a surface-mounted ATmega1280 for additional I/O and memory.[14] 12. The Arduino Uno, uses the same ATmega328 as late-model Duemilanove, but whereas the Duemilanove used an FTDI chipset for USB, the Uno uses an ATmega8U2 programmed as a serial converter. 13. The Arduino Mega2560, uses a surface-mounted ATmega2560, bringing the total memory to 256 kB. It also incorporates the new ATmega8U2 (ATmega16U2 in revision 3) USB chipset.

14. The Arduino Leonardo, with an ATmega32U4 chip that eliminates the need for USB connection and can be used as a virtual keyboard or mouse. It was released at the Maker Faire Bay Area 2012. 15. The Arduino Esplora, resembling a video game controller, with a joystick and built-in sensors for sound, light, temperature, and acceleration. 16. The Arduino Due is a microcontroller board based on the Atmel SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 CPU. It is the first Arduino board based on a 32-bit ARM core microcontroller.[15][8]

Example Arduino boards

Arduino Diecimila

Arduino Duemilanove (rev 2009b)

Arduino UNO

Arduino Leonardo

Arduino Mega

Arduino Nano

Arduino Due (ARM-based)

LilyPad Arduino (rev 2007)

Shields [edit]
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards make use of shields, printed circuit expansion boards that plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin-headers. Shields can provide motor controls, GPS, ethernet, LCD display, or breadboarding (prototyping). A number of shields can also be made DIY.[16][17][18]

Example Arduino shields

Multiple shields can be stacked. In this example the top shield contains a solderless breadboard

Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format

Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors

Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a SD slot and Real-Time Clock chip

Software [edit]
Arduino Software IDE

A screenshot of the Arduino IDE showing the "Blink" program, a simple beginner program

Developer(s)

Arduino Software

Stable release

1.0.5 / May 15, 2013[19]

Written in

Java, C and C++

Operating system

Cross-platform

Type

Integrated development environment

License

LGPL or GPL license

Website

arduino.cc

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need to edit makefiles or run programs on a command-line interface.[citation needed] A program or code written for Arduino is called a sketch.[20] Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software librarycalled "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common input/output operations much easier. Users only need define two functions to make a runnable cyclic executive program:

setup(): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize settings loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

A typical first program for a microcontroller simply blinks an LED on and off. In the Arduino environment, the user might write a program like this:[21]

The integrated pin 13 LED

#define LED_PIN 13 void setup () { pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // enable pin 13 for digital output } void loop () { digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // turn on the LED delay (1000); // wait one second (1000 milliseconds) digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // turn off the LED delay (1000); // wait one second } It is a feature of most Arduino boards that they have an LED and load resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, a convenient feature for many simple tests.[21] The previous code would not be seen by a standard C++ compiler as a valid program, so when the user clicks the "Upload to I/O board" button in the IDE, a copy of the code is written to a temporary file with an extra include header at the top and a very simple main() function at the bottom, to make it a valid C++ program. The Arduino IDE uses the GNU toolchain and AVR Libc to compile programs, and uses avrdude to upload programs to the board. As the Arduino platform uses Atmel microcontrollers, Atmel's development environment, AVR Studio or the newer Atmel Studio, may also be used to develop software for the Arduino.[22][23]

Development [edit]

The Motoruino is a third-party board kit that can be assembled by a hobbyist

The core Arduino developer team is composed of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, David Mellis and Nicholas Zambetti. Massimo Banzi was interviewed on the March 21st, 2009 episode (Episode 61) of FLOSS Weekly on the TWiT.tv network, in which he discussed the history and goals of the Arduino project.[24] He also gave a talk atTEDGlobal 2012 Conference, where he outlined various uses of Arduino boards around the world.[25] Arduino is open source hardware: the Arduino hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino Web site. Layout and production files for some versions of the Arduino hardware are also available. The source code for the IDE is available and released under the GNU General Public License, version 2.[26] Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested that the name "Arduino" be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derivative works without permission. The official policy document on the use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.[27] Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the "Arduino" name by using "-duino" name variants.[28]

Applications [edit]
This section requires expansion.(January 2013)

Xoscillo: open-source oscilloscope[29] Scientific equipment[30] Arduinome: a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome OBDuino: a trip computer that uses the On-Board Diagnostics interface found in most modern cars

The Humane Reader and Humane PC from Humane Informatics: low-cost electronic devices with TV-out that can hold a five thousand book library (e.g. offline Wikipedia compilations) on a microSD card

Ardupilot: drone software / hardware

Reception