Batool Talha Presentation

Channel Models for Mobile-to-Mobile Communication
Systems in Cooperative Networks

Batool Talha
Faculty of Engineering and Science
University of Agder
P. O. Box 509, NO-4898 Grimstad, Norway
E-mails: batool.talha@uia.no
Homepage: http://ikt.hia.no/mobilecommunications/
Joint OptiMO and M2M Project Meeting, 14 August 2009, UiA
1/26
Contents
1. Project Goals
2. Summary of Promised Output and Accomplishments
3. Overview of Studied Mobile-to-Mobile (M2M) Fading Channels
4. Equal Gain Combining (EGC) over Double Rayleigh Fading Channels
5. Statistical Properties of Double Rayleigh Fading Channels with EGC
6. Simulation Results
7. Summary
8. Future Plans
2/26
1. Project Goals
WP1.1: Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of M2M Fading Channels
Mobile-to-mobile (M2M) communication in cooperative wireless networks is an emerging
technology promising enhanced quality of service (QoS) with increased mobility support.
To cope with the problems faced within the development and performance investigation of
future cooperative M2M communication systems, a solid knowledge of the underlying multi-
path fading channel characteristics is essential.
So far M2M fading channels have been modeled only for certain specic communication
scenarios either assuming non-line-of-sight (NLOS) or partial line-of-sight (LOS) propagation
conditions.
Studies pertaining to the statistical properties of the M2M fading channels are limited to the
probability density function ignoring the analysis of second-order statistics of the M2M fading
channel.
Aim of WP1.1:
To develop and to analyze new reference and simulation models for cooperative M2M
channels under realistic propagation conditions.
3/26
Promised output: 1 book section, 3 journal papers, 7 conference papers
Conference Papers till August 2009: 7 conference papers
B. Talha and M. P atzold, On the Statistical Properties of Mobile-to-Mobile Fading Chan-
nels in Cooperative Networks Under Line-of-Sight Conditions, in Proc. 10th International
Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, WPMC 2007, Jaipur, In-
dia, Dec. 2007, pp. 388-393.
B. Talha and M. P atzold, On the Statistical Properties of Double Rice Channels, in Proc.
10th International Symposiumon Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, WPMC
2007, Jaipur, India, Dec. 2007, pp. 517-522.
B. Talha and M. P atzold, A Novel Amplify-and-Forward Relay Channel Model for Mobile-
to-Mobile Fading Channels Under Line-of-Sight Conditions, in Proc. IEEE International
Symposiumon Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC2008, Cannes,
France, Sept. 2008. DOI 10.1109/PIMRC.2008.4699733
B. Talha and M. P atzold, Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades of the Enve-
lope of a Mobile-to-Mobile Fading Channel in Cooperative Networks Under Line-of-Sight
Conditions, in Proc. IEEE Global Communications Conference, IEEE GLOBECOM 2008,
New Orleans, LA, USA, Nov./Dec. 2008. DOI 10.1109/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.860
4/26
B. Talha and M. P atzold, A Geometrical Channel Model for MIMOMobile-to-Mobile Fading
Channels in Cooperative Networks, in Proc. IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference,
VTC2009-Spring, Barcelona, Spain, Apr. 2009.
B. Talha and M. P atzold, On the Statistical Characterization of Mobile-to-Mobile Fading
Channels in Dual-Hop Distributed Cooperative Multi-Relay Systems, in Proc. 12th IEEE
International Symposiumon Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications, WPMC2009,
Sendai, Japan, Sept. 2009. accepted for publication.
B. Talha and M. P atzold, Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades of the En-
velope of Mobile-to-Mobile Fading Channels in K-Parallel Dual-Hop Relay Networks, in
Proc. IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing,
Nanjing, China, Nov. 2009. submitted for publication.
5/26
Journal Papers till August 2009: 2 journal papers
B. Talha and M. P atzold, Statistical Modeling and Analysis of Mobile-to-Mobile Fading
Channels in Cooperative Networks Under Line-of-Sight Conditions, Wireless Personal
Communications, Special Issue on Wireless Future, published online, April, 2009.
B. Talha and M. P atzold, Mobile-to-Mobile Fading Channels in Amplify-and-Forward Re-
lay Systems Under Line-of-Sight Conditions: Statistical Modeling and Analysis, Annals of
Telecommunications, submitted for publication.
Book chapters till August 2009: 1 book chapter
B. Talha and M. P atzold, A Novel Amplify-and-Forward Relay Channel Model for Mobile-
to-Mobile Fading Channels Under Line-of-Sight Conditions, Radio Communications by
INTECHWEB, ISBN 978-953-7619-X-X, accepted for publication, 2009.
6/26
3. Overview of Studied M2M Fading Channels
Overview of Studied M2M Fading Channels Under NLOS Propagation Conditions
The double Rayleigh process:
Complex notation:
dRayleigh
(t) =
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Envelope:
dRayleigh
(t) = |
dRayleigh
(t)| =
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Phase:
dRayleigh
(t) = arg {
dRayleigh
(t)}
Discussion:
dRayleigh
(t) describes the fading envelope of the
overall SMS-DMS link via the MR.
The NLOS second-order scattering (NLSS) process:
Complex notation:
NLSS
(t) =
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Envelope:
NLSS
(t) = |
NLSS
(t)| =
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Phase:
NLSS
(t) = arg {
NLSS
(t)}
Discussion:
NLSS

2
t
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station

3
t
Mobile relay

1
t

2
t
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station

3
t
Mobile relay
7/26
Overview of Studied M2M Fading Channels Under LOS Propagation Conditions
The double Rice process:
Complex notation:
dRice
(t) = A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Envelope:
dRice
(t) = |
dRice
(t)| =
A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Phase:
dRice
(t) = arg {
dRice
(t)}
Discussion:
dRice
The single-LOS double-scattering (SLDS) process:
Complex notation:
SLDS
(t) = m
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Envelope:
SLDS
(t) = |
SLDS
(t)| =
m
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Phase:
SLDS
(t) = arg {
SLDS
(t)}
Discussion:
SLDS

2
t

3
t
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station
Mobile relay

m t

2
t
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station

3
t
Mobile relay
8/26
The single-LOS second-order scattering (SLSS) process:
Complex notation:
SLSS
(t) =
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Envelope:
SLSS
(t) = |(t)| =
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Phase:
SLSS
(t) = arg {(t)}
Discussion:
SLSS
The multiple-LOS second-order scattering (MLSS) process:
Complex notation:
MLSS
(t) =
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Envelope:
MLSS
(t) = |(t)| =
(1)
(t) + A
MR
(2)
(t)
(3)
(t)
Phase:
MLSS
(t) = arg {(t)}
Discussion:
MLSS

1
t

2
t
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station

3
t
Mobile relay
Mobile relay

1
t

2
t

3
t
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station
9/26
Scenario:
Source
mobile station
Destination
mobile station
(1)
( ) t
(2)
( ) t
(4)
( ) t
(3)
( ) t
(2 1)
( )
k
t
(2 )
( )
k
t
Mobile relay #1
Mobile relay #2
Mobile relay #K
Scattered component:
(i)
(t) =
(i)
1
(t) + j
(i)
2
(t), i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2K
Discussion:
(i)
(t) CN
_
0, 2
2
(i)
_
, i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2K
Each
(i)
(t) models the scattered components of the M2M fading channels in
the S-R
i
and R
i
-D links.
10/26
Double scattered component:
(k)
(t) = A
R
(k)
(2k1)
(t)
(2k)
(t) , k = 1, 2, . . . , K
Discussion:
(k)
(t) =
(k)
1
(t) + j
(k)
2
(t) zero-mean complex double Gaussian process.
Each
(k)
(t) models the overall M2M fading channel in the kth S-R
k
-D link.
A
R
(k)
is the relay gain associated with the kth relay.
Received signal envelope at the output of EG combiner:
(t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
(1)
(t)
(2)
(t)
+ +
(K)
(t)
Discussion:
(k)
(t) =
(k)
(t)
double Rayleigh process.

11/26
Statistical properties of interest: Probability Density Function (PDF)
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
Level-Crossing Rate (LCR)
Average Duration of Fades (ADF)
Derivation of the Probability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
Starting point: Computation of the characteristic function (CF)
() associated with (t).

Since (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
thus, the CF
() can be given as
the product of the CFs
(k)
() of the constituent processes
(k)
, i.e.,
() =
K
k=1
(k)
()
where
(k)
() =
4
3
1
(1jA
R
(k)
(2k1)
(2k)
)
2 2
F
1
_
2,
1
2
;
5
2
;
1jA
R
(k)
(2k1)
(2k)
1jA
R
(k)
(2k1)
(2k)
_
.
k = 1, 2, , K. Here
2
F
1
[, ; ; ] is the Gauss hypergeometric function.
Considering
(k)
(t) are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random
variables, then
() =
(1)
() =
(2)
() = =
(K)
().

() = {
()}
K
=
_
4
3
1
(1jA
R
(1)
(2)
)
2 2
F
1
_
2,
1
2
;
5
2
;
1jA
R
(1)
(2)
1jA
R
(1)
(2)
__
K
.
12/26
Problem: The CF
() associated with (t) process shown is quite complicated even if the

constituent processes
(k)
(t) are assumed to be i.i.d. Thus, the inverse Fourier
transform of the CF
() is not trackable.
Proposed solution: Approximate the target PDF (i.e., the PDF p
(z) of the process (t) in

our case) using Laguerre series expansion assuming the processes
(k)
(t)
are i.i.d.
Laguerre series: p
(z) =
n=0
b
n
exp (z) z
l
L
(
l
)
n
(z)
where L
(
l
)
n
(z) = exp (z)
z
(
l
)
d
n
z!dz
[exp (z)z
n+
l
] ,
l
> 1 are the generalized
Laguerre polynomials,
b
n
=
n!
(n+
l
+1)
_
0
L
(
l
)
n
(z) p
(z) dz, z =
y
l
, and () is the Gamma function.
Required parameters: The parameters
l
and
l
are dened through the mean and the
variance of (t).
13/26
Approximation procedure: By denition, the n moments of
(k)
(t) can be calculated with
the help of the CF
() as
m
n
= (j)
n d
n
d
n
() |
=0
Mean of
(k)
(t) = the rst moment of
(k)
(t) = m
1
= the rst cumulant of
(k)
(t) =
1
=
A
R
(k)
(2k1)
(2k)
2
The second moment of
(k)
(t) = m
2
= 4A
2
R
(k)
(2k1)
(2k)
Variance of
(k)
(t) = the second cumulant of
(k)
(t) =
2
= m
2
m
2
1
=
1
4
A
2
R
(k)
(2k1)
(2k)
_
16
2
_
The parameter
l
of the Laguerre series can be given as
l
=

2
1
2
1 and the parameter
l
can be expressed as
l
=

2
1
The rst term in the Laguerre series can now be expressed
as follows
p
0
(z) =
z
(
l
+1)
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
which is a Gamma distribution.
PDF p
(z) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t) p
(z)
z
(
l
+1)
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
where
l
and
l
are calculated using
1
and
2
of (t).
Note that the nth cumulant of (t) is related to the nth
cumulant of
(k)
(t) as
n
=

n
K
(n1)
14/26
CDF F
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t) F
(r) =
r
_
0
p
(z) dz = 1
_
r
p
(z) dz
1
1
(
l
+1)
l
,
r
l
_
where (, ) is the upper incomplete Gamma function.
Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate (LCR) and Average Duration of Fades (ADF)
LCR N
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t) N
(r) =
_
0
zp
(r, z) d z
Starting point: Computation of the joint PDF p
(r, z) of (t) and its corresponding time

derivative

(t) at the same time t. Since we have shown that the PDF p
(z)
of (t) can be approximated with the help of Gamma distribution (i.e., p
(z)).
Thus, it is logical to approximate the joint PDF p
(r, z) of (t) and its

corresponding time derivative

(t) at the same time t with the joint PDF
p
(x, x) of a Gamma distributed process and its corresponding time derivative

at the same time t, i.e.,
p
(r, z) p
(r, z)
15/26
Next step: Computation of the joint PDF p
(x, x) of a Gamma distributed process and its

corresponding time derivative at the same time t with the help of the joint PDF
p
N

N
(y, y) of a Nakagami-m distributed process and its corresponding time derivative.
This can be done by applying the concept of transformation of random variables as
p
(x, x) =
1
4x
p
N

N
_
x,
x
2
x
_
=
1
2
2x
x
(m1)
(/m)
m
(m)
exp
_
x
(/m)
x
8
2
x
_
where m, , and are the parameters associated with the Nakagami-m distribution.
We can now easily write p
(x, x) in terms of
l
and
l
as
p
(x, x) =
1
2
2x
x
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
x
8x
_
where = 2
_
A
R
(1)
(2)
_
2
_
f
2
S
max
+ 2f
2
R
max
+ f
2
D
max
_
Numerical investigations show that p
(r, z)
1
3
p
(r, z)
Final result: N
(r) =
_
0
zp
(r, z) d z
_
0
z
3
p
(r, z) d z
_
2
3A
R
r
r
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
ADF T
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t) T
(r) =
F
(r)
N
(r)
where F
(r) and N
(r) are the CDF and the LCR of (t),

respectively.
16/26
PDF p
(z) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: p
(z)
x
(
l
+1)
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
x
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
,
p
(
x
)
Theory
Simulation
N = 1
A
R
= 1
N = 3
N = 2
N = 10
17/26
PDF p
(z) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: p
(z)
x
(
l
+1)
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
x
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
,
p
(
x
)
Theory
Simulation
N = 2
A
R
= 1
A
R
= 2
A
R
= 3
18/26
CDF F
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: F
(r) 1
1
(
l
+1)
l
,
r
l
_
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Level, r
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
,
F
(
r
)
Theory
Simulation
N = 1
N = 2
N = 3
N = 10
A
R
= 1
19/26
CDF F
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: F
(r) 1
1
(
l
+1)
l
,
r
l
_
0 5 10 15
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Level, r
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
,
F
(
r
)
Theory
Simulation
A
R
= 1
N = 2
A
R
= 2
A
R
= 3
20/26
LCR N
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: N
(r)
_
2
3A
R
r
r
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Level, r
L
e
v
e
l
-
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
,
N
(
r
)
Theory
Simulation
N = 1
N = 2
N = 3 N = 10
A
R
= 1
21/26
LCR N
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: N
(r)
_
2
3A
R
r
r
(
l
+1)
l
(
l
+1)
exp
_
l
_
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Level, r
L
e
v
e
l
-
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
r
a
t
e
,
N
(
r
)
Theory
Simulation
A
R
= 1
A
R
= 2
A
R
= 3
N = 2
22/26
ADF T
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: T
(r) =
F
(r)
N
(r)
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
Level, r
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
d
e
s
,
T
(
r
)
Theory
Simulation
N = 1
N = 2
N = 3 N = 10
A
R
= 1
23/26
ADF T
(r) of (t) =
K
k=1
(k)
(t)
Expression: T
(r) =
F
(r)
N
(r)
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
4
Level, r
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
d
e
s
,
T
(
r
)
Theory
Simulation
A
R
= 3
A
R
= 1
A
R
= 2
N = 2
24/26
7. Summary
A brief overview of several M2M fading channels in cooperative networks under both NLOS
and LOS propagation conditions has been presented.
In double Rayleigh fading environment, the statistical properties such as the PDF, CDF, LCR,
and ADF of the received signal envelope at the output of the EG combiner were investigated.
We have shown that the PDF of the received signal envelope at the output of the EG com-
biner where each diversity branch has double Rayleigh fading, can be approximated as the
Gamma distribution.
Based on this approximation, we have obtained and presented closed-form expressions for
the previously mentioned statistical quantities.
The approximated analytical expressions t nicely to the simulations, conrming their correct-
ness.
25/26
8. Future Plans
Performance analysis of EGC over double Rayleigh/ double Nakagami-m fading channels in
cooperative networks.
Performance analysis of LDPC codes for M2M fading channels in cooperative networks.
Thesis writing.
26/26

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Channel Models for Mobile-to-Mobile Communication

Systems in Cooperative Networks

double Rayleigh process.

() associated with (t).

() associated with (t) process shown is quite complicated even if the

(z) of the process (t) in

(r, z) of (t) and its corresponding time

(r, z) of (t) and its

(x, x) of a Gamma distributed process and its corresponding time derivative

(x, x) of a Gamma distributed process and its

(r) are the CDF and the LCR of (t),

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