Warming Up

3GRPLS (RN3155) - Module 1

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Objectives

At the end of this module, you will be able to Name the structure of UTRAN specific signalling interfaces Understand the RAB QoS parameters

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UMTS Release 99
In December 1999, the first UMTS Release was frozen. This release is commonly called UMTS Release 99. In the specification phase, two main objectives had to be met: New radio interface solution Core Network (CN) evolution Mobile communication became a big business case in the 90s with unexpected growth rates. In some areas, this imposed capacity problems. There were not enough radio resources available to supply the subscribers in a satisfying way. The 2nd generation mobile communication systems were still optimised for speech transmission. Also in the 90s, there was an unprecedented growth in data communications. This was mainly caused by the introduction of user friendly GUIs, the browsers, to serve in the net, and by the steadily dropping costs for computer and router.

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UMTS Release 99 (cont.)

Therefore, during the standardisation process, one major focus lay on the radio interface solution. It had to be more efficient to serve more subscribers in one geographical area, resp. to allow higher data rates. On the other hand, more flexibly was required, too, so that all kinds of present and future multimedia applications could be served. CDMA was selected as multiple access technology for the radio interface solution. The UMTS radio interface solution is often called WCDMA, because CDMA is used on 5 MHz. Two duplex transmission solutions are available with UMTS Release 99, one based on the TDD and one based on the FDD mode. The introduction of a new radio interface solution required a new design of the whole radio access network, which is called UTRAN.

CN evolution There are more than 500 GSM operators worldwide. So one requirement to UMTS Release 99 was to enable a smooth evolution from 2G to 3G. Therefore, the UMTS Rel99 CN is an enhanced GSM NSS.

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3GPP Release 4
3GPP Release 4 is a further enhancement of 3GPP Release 1999. 3GPP Release 4 contains, but is not limited to UTRA FDD repeater function low chip rate TDD option 700 MHz support for GERAN, e2e transparent packet streaming service Tandem Free Operation Transcoder Free Operation IP transport of CN protocols bearer independent CS core network CAMEL enhancements and OSA enhancements. The 3GPP Release 4 was functionally frozen in March 2001.

(Adopted from TR 21.902)

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3GPP Release 5
3GPP Release 5 is a further enhancement of the previous releases. 3GPP Release 5 contains, but is not limited to,

(Adopted from TR 21.902)

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Initial phase of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Wideband AMR Location Services enhancements UMTS in 1800/1900 MHz bands (release independent) IP transport in the UTRAN UTRAN sharing in connected mode and security enhancements.

The 3GPP Release 5 was functionally frozen in March 2002 and the remaining part in June 2002.

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3GPP Release 6

(Adopted from TR 21.902)

Release 6 (frozen 09/2005) . contains, but is not limited to FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA) FDD Enhanced Uplink - Physical Layer FDD Enhanced Uplink - Layer 2 and 3 Protocol Aspects FDD Enhanced Uplink - UTRAN Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects FDD Enhanced Uplink - RF Radio Transmission/ Reception, System Performance Requirements and Conformance Testing Location Services enhancements 2 WLAN-UMTS Interworking Rel-6 Security WLAN charging USIM enhancements for WLAN Interworking IMS Phase 2 Multimedia Messaging (MMS) enhancements Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) AMR-WB extension for high audio quality Push Services and Presence Network Sharing NOTE: Nokia/NSN RAN releases (RAN1.5, RAN04, RAS05, RAS 06, RU 10..) do not follow strictly the 3GPP releases
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3GPP Release 7
Release 7 (closed 10/2007) with HSPA+ features: Higher order Modulation 64QAM for the DL; 16QAM for the UL larger Peak Data rates & Capacity

(Adopted from Work_plan_3gpp_rel7)

MIMO Antennas: 2x2 MIMO larger Peak Data rates & Capacity Network Architecture Improvements: Improved latency & efficiency; lower OPEX / CAPEX WLAN charging Direct Tunneling Continuous Packet Connectivity CPC / VoIP higher efficiency; more capacity; less UE battery consumption Enhanced UE Receiver more capacity; higher UE throughput Enhanced Cell_FACH higher throughput in Cell_FACH L2 / RLC Optimisation less L2 overhead; higher net throughput

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3GPP Release 8 & 9

Release 8 (closed 12/2008) Enhancements for HSPA+ evolution 64QAM & 2x2 MIMO simultaneously Peak Rates up to 42 Mbps . Long Term Evolution (LTE) as new radio access system and 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE) / Enhanced Packet Core EPC for GERAN, UMTS and non 3GPP access . Release 9 (expected to be closed 12/2009) LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) 3GPP proposal for IMT-Advanced (4G) Max. Peak Rate (low Mobility) 1 Gbps DL and up to 500 Mbps (UL) Max. Peak Rate (high Mobility) 100 Mbps UL & DL Bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps expected Advanced MIMO-antenna systems expected

(Adopted from Work_plan_3gpp_rel8)

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UMTS Releases
1999

UMTS Release 99 UMTS Release 4

UMTS CN = enhanced GSM NSS UTRAN & WCDMA Bearer independent CS domain Low chip rate TDD mode UTRA repeater MMS High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Wideband AMR Initial phase of the IP Multimedia Subsystem IP transport in the UTRAN Location Services enhancements FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA) IMS Phase 2 Wireless LAN/UMTS Inter-working Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) Push Services and Presence.

2001

2002

UMTS Release 5

2006

UMTS Release 6

2007 2008 2009/10

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HSPA+ (MIMO & Higher Order Modulation) Enhanced UE Receiver Direct Tunneling HSPA+ Enhancements LTE + SAE/EPS LTE-A: IMT-Advanced (4G) proposal

UMTS Release 99 Network Architecture

The UMTS CN can be organised into two main domains: CS domain This domain offers Circuit Switched (CS) bearer services. The CS domain is nowadays mainly used for real time data services, including speech and fax transmission. The network entities MSC, GMSC and VLR can be found here. PS domain This domain offers Packet Switched (PS) bearer services. It is based on the GSM feature GPRS. Originally, this domain was developed for non-real time packet switched applications, such as file transfer, email, access to the Internet. It is used today mainly for MMS. But there are tendencies to improve its offered QoS, so that real time services can be offered, too. The SGSN and GGSN are located in the packet switched domain. Other specified PS domain entities are the BGF and the CGF, which are often offered as stand alone devices. There are also some network elements, which are shared by the packet switched and circuit switched domain. The common network elements comprise the HLR, AuC and EIR. A set of network elements were specified for application provisioning, which can be also found in the CN. Examples are the Camel Service Environment and WAP. Some service solutions affect the access network, too. See for instance LCS.

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UMTS Release 99 Core Network

CN (Core Network) GERAN
MSC/VLR circuit switched (cs) domain GMSC
PSTN/ ISDN

HLR EIR AC

UTRAN IPbackbone

common cs & ps network elements

WAP

PDN

SGSN

GGSN
corporate networks

BGF CGF Packet Switched (PS) domain

Inter-PLMN Network
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Billing Centre

UMTS Release 4 core network

In the 3GPP R4 Core Network the MSC evolves to the MSC Server and the MGW. The MSC Server is responsible e.g. for signalling, paging and collecting charging information while the MGW is doing a switching. MSC Server contains a communication management functionality and is also responsible for a mobility management. The MGW (Multimedia Gateway) main functions are: To adapt a conventional signalling between the MSC Server or the GCS (Gateway Control Server) and different network interfaces To connect a user data from an ATM/IP backbone into the RAN or circuit switched networks To provide tones and announcements to end users To do a transcoding and signal processing for a user plane when it's needed

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UMTS Release 4 core network

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UTRAN
The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the access network, which was developed with UMTS. The access network is organised in Radio Network Subsystems (RNS). Each RNS has one radio resource control unit, called Radio Network Controller (RNC). The tasks of a RNC can be seen on one figure on the following pages. In each RNS, there is at least one Node B active, which is connected to its Controlling RNC (CRNC) A Node B is the 3G base station. One or several cells can be activated with one Node B. The main features of a Node B can be seen on one figure of the following pages.

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UTRAN
With UTRAN, four new interfaces were specified: Iu Iu connects UTRAN with the CN. A distinguishing is drawn between the Iu connection to the PS domain, which is labelled Iu-PS, and to the CS domain, which is called Iu-CS. In both cases, ATM is used as transmission network solution. Please note, that there are differences in the protocol stacks on the Iu-CS and Iu-PS interface. Iub This interface is used between the Node B and its controlling RNC. Iur This is an inter-RNS interface, connecting two neighbouring RNC. It is used among others in soft handover situations, where a UEs active cells are under the control of more than one RNC. One RNC is responsible for the UE; it is called Serving RNC (SRNC). The remaining RNCs in a connection are called Drift RNC (DRNC). Uu Uu is the acronym for the WCDMA radio interface. On the interfaces Iu, Iur, and Iub, ATM is used for the transport of user data and higher layer signalling information.

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UTRAN
UE Uu

UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

CN
circuit MSC/VLR switched (cs) domain

Iub

RNC

Iu-CS

Uu Iur UE Iu-PS Iub

packet switched (ps) domain

RNC
SGSN

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

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RNC Tasks and Functions

WCDMA radio resource management Admission Control, Packet Scheduling, Load Control, Power Control, Handover Control, Resource Manager. Telecom functionality incl. Location & connection management (Transport Manager), ciphering, Iu and Iub channel management, ATM switching and multiplexing Maintenance incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration Operation incl. RNC and Node B parameter modification

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Node B Tasks and Functions in Rel 99

O&M Processing. Interfacing with NMS and RNC for alarm and control (Operations and Maintenance) functions. Radio Channel functions. Transport to physical channel mappings. Encoding/Decoding Spreading/Despreading user traffic and signalling.

Uu Interface WCDMA

RNC
Iub Interface ATM Cellular Transmission management Managing ATM switching and multiplexing over the Iub interface. Control of AAL2/AAL5 connections. Control of the physical transmission interfaces E1, PDH, SDH or microwave.
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Air Interface management. Controlling Uplink and Downlink radio paths on the Uu Air Interface. Baseband to RF conversion. Antenna multicoupling.

Key WCDMA Facts

Two radio interface solutions were specified with UMTS Release 99: FDD mode (high chip rate) TDD mode The used carrier frequency band is 5 MHz. The radio interface is organised in 10 ms frames, which are divided into 15 timeslots. 72*10 ms frames represent one hyperframe, which was introduced for UMTS-GSM Handovers. The information bearing stream is spread with the so-called spreading code. The spreading code consists of 3.84 Mcps. The spreading code is a composition of two codes, Scrambling codes and channelisation codes Different types of handovers are supported: soft handover (FDD only) , softer handover (FDD only), and hard handovers. Hand handovers can be classified into intra-frequency, inter-frequency, and inter-RAT handovers. The modulation is QPSK in UMTS Release 99.

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Key WCDMA Facts

Scrambling Codes The scrambling codes are derived from the Gold code family. They represent pseudo noise sequences. As a consequence, if there is multi-path propagation in the system, the individual multi-paths can be detected due the scrambling codes. There are 512 primary scrambling codes defined for the downlink transmission. Uplink, several million scrambling codes are available. A scrambling code repeats with every 10 ms frame. Channelisation Codes The channelisation code are used for channel separation within one multi-path. The channelisation codes are orthogonal codes. They repeat with each information bit, which has to be transmitted. Data rates and channelisation codes are consequently related. Uplink, user data and control data are code multiplexed on one physical channel. Downlink, they are time multiplexed.

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Key WCDMA Facts in Rel 99

Duplex Transmission Modes: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Time Division Duplex (TDD) Multiple Access: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Modulation Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 16-QAM (HSDPA) Bandwidth 5 MHz Time Organisation: 10 ms per radio frame 15 time slots per frame 72 radio frames per hyperframe 2560 chips per timeslot Spreading Spreading codes = channelisation codes scrambling codes Chip rate: 3.84 Mchips Channelisation codes = orthogonal codes, length: depends on spreading factor Scrambling codes = pseudo noise codes (derived from Gold code family) length: 38400 chips (10 ms) Spreading Factors (FDD mode): UL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 DL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 The spreading factor can be changed every TTI (10, 20, 40, or 80 ms). Handover types: Soft & Softer HO (FDD only), Hard Handover;

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Access Stratum
Strata were introduced to group protocols related to one aspect of service. In this course, especially the Access Stratum is of importance. The Access Stratum (AS) comprises infrastructure and protocols between entities of the infrastructure specific to the applied access technique. In UMTS it offers services related to the data transmission via the radio interface. It also allows the management of the radio interface on behalf of other parts of the network. Two access strata are defined in UMTS: UTRAN MT The protocols in use between UTRAN and the mobile phone specify in detail radio interface related information. AS signalling is used to inform the UE about how to use the radio interface in the UL and DL direction. UTRAN CN The CN requests the access network to make transmission resources available. The interaction between UTRAN and the CN is hereby independent of the interaction between the UTRAN and the UE. In other words, the UTRAN CN access stratum is independent of the used radio interface technology. In this course, we focus our interest mainly on the transmission of signalling information and related parameters via the radio interface. Consequently, the access stratum between the UE and UTRAN will be discussed in detail. But also Non Access Stratum (NAS) signalling will be outlined. NAS signalling is exchanged between the UE and the serving network. In this course material, this signalling is regarded as part of the non-access stratum.

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AS and NAS Signalling

UE CN Iu edge node
NAS signalling and User data i.e. MM, PMM & CC, SS, SMS, SM

UTRAN RNC
Access Stratum Signalling (Uu Stratum) RRC Access Stratum Signalling (Iu Stratum) RANAP

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UMTS QoS Architecture

When a subscriber requests a network service, he expects to get and is willing to pay for a specific endto-end quality of service. In a peer-to-peer communication, the QoS has to be provided between the two participating terminals. The QoS of an end-to-end bearer service has to be described. Parameter such as minimum bit rate, guaranteed bit rate, and end-to-end delay can be used. An end-to-end bearer service may be made available by several operators. This is the situation displayed in the figure on the right hand side. The UMTS provider offers the UMTS bearer service, a service established between the UE and a CN edge node (GMSC, GGSN). The UMTS bearer service and its QoS depends on the underlying bearer services: The CN bearer service and the Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Service. The signalling protocols RANAP between the CN Iu edge node (MSC/VLR, SGSN) and the RNC is used among others to establish, maintain, modify and release the Iu Bearer Service, which is required to establish the RAB between the CN Iu edge node and the S-RNC. Between the S-RNC and the UE, the signalling and control protocol RRC is used to establish Radio Bearer (RB) Services, which is also required to establish a RAB Service. The RRC is used peer-to-peer between the UE and the S-RNC. There are two intermediate devices, which also have to be informed about the bearer management: The Node B and during a soft handover the DRNC. The management of the Iub resources to offer adequate QoS to higher layer bearer services is done with the NBAP. This protocol is also used to inform the Node B about the transmission and reception of common and dedicated information on the radio interface Uu. The RNSAP is used between neighbouring RNCs for features such as inter-RNC soft handovers and S-RNC relocation.

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UMTS QoS Architecture

TE MT UTRAN CN Iu edge node CN Gateway TE

End-to-End Service
TE/MT Local Bearer Service External Bearer Service

UMTS Bearer Service = UMTS QoS

Radio Access Bearer Service CN Bearer Service Radio Bearer Service UTRA FDD/TDD Service Iu Bearer Service Physical Bearer Service Backbone Bearer Service

(adopted from TS 23.107)

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QoS Management Functions in the Control Plane

TE
Translation

MT
Adm/ Cap. Control

UTRAN
Adm/ Cap. Control

CN Iu edge node
Adm/ Subscr Cap. Control Control

CN Gateway
Adm/ TransCap. lation Control

ext. network

UMTS BS Manager RAB Manager

UMTS BS Manager

UMTS BS Manager

Local BS Manager

Radio BS Manager

Radio BS Manager

Iu BS Manager

Iu BS Manager

CN BS Manager

CN BS Ext. BS Mana- Manager ger

UTRA ph. BS Manager

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Iu NS Manager

Iu NS Manager

BB NS Manager

BB NS Manager

(adopted from TS 23.107)

UTRAN Specific Signalling and Control Protocols

RNS UE
RRC

Node B

RNC 3G-MSC/VLR

Iur: RNSAP

3G-SGSN

RNC
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RNS

UMTS QoS Architecture

In UMTS, four QoS classes have been defined: Conversational class is the QoS class for delay sensitive real time services such as speech telephony. Streaming class is also regarded as real-time QoS class. It is also sensitive to delays; it carries traffic, which looks real time to a human user. An application for streaming class QoS is audio streaming, where music files are downloaded to the receiver. There may be an interruption in the transmission, which is not relevant for the user of the application, as long as there are still enough data left in the buffer of the receiving equipment for seamless application provision to gap the transmission time break. Interactive class is a non-real time QoS class, i.e. it is used for applications with limited delay sensitivity (so-called interactive applications). But many applications in the internet still have timing constraints, such as http, ftp, telnet, and smtp. A response to a request is expected within a specific period of time. This is the QoS offered by the interactive class. Background class is a non-real time QoS class for background applications, which are not delay sensitive. Example applications are email and file downloading. A set of UMTS bearer attributes have been defined to specify the UMTS service. They are listed on the right hand side. When a UMTS bearer is established, modified or released, aspects such as the UE capabilities, subscription profiles and network specific QoS profiles have to be taken under consideration.

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UMTS Bearer Attributes

Traffic class
Maximum bit rate Delivery order Maximum SDU size SDU format information SDU error ratio Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs Transfer delay Guaranteed bit rate Traffic handling priority Allocation/Retention priority
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Conversational Streaming class class

Interactive class

Background class

(adopted from TS 23.107 chap. 6.4.3.3)

Services and traffic class

(adopted from TS 23.107)

Different services and applications set different requirements for the connection over the radio access network (RAN), i.e. radio access bearer (RAB) Minimum bit rate Delay Error protection These different quality requirements can be met by selection of traffic class Conversational class The most well known use of this scheme is telephony speech (e.g. GSM). But with Internet and multimedia a number of new applications will require this scheme, for example voice over IP and video conferencing tools. Real time conversation is always performed between peers (or groups) of live (human) end-users. This is the only scheme where the required characteristics are strictly given by human perception. Streaming class When the user is looking at (listening to) real time video (audio) the scheme of real time streams applies. The real time data flow is always aiming at a live (human) destination. It is a one way transport. This scheme is one of the newcomers in data communication, raising a number of new requirements in both telecommunication and data communication systems. It is characterised by that the time relations (variation) between information entities (i.e. samples, packets) within a flow shall be preserved, although it does not have any requirements on low transfer delay. Interactive class When the end-user, that is either a machine or a human, is on line requesting data from remote equipment (e.g. a server), this scheme applies. Examples of human interaction with the remote equipment are: web browsing, data base retrieval, server access. Examples of machines interaction with remote equipment are: polling for measurement records and automatic data base enquiries (tele-machines). Background class When the end-user, that typically is a computer, sends and receives data-files in the background, this scheme applies. Examples are background delivery of E-mails, SMS, download of databases and reception of measurement records.

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Services/applications and traffic class

Traffic class
Speech Video call Streaming video Streaming audio Web browsing Email Email (background) VoIP Gaming Presence Initially 3G networks do not support all traffic classes and services are implemented with lower quality connections.
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Conversational class

Streaming class

Interactive class

Background class

General Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces

The general protocol model for UTRAN interfaces can be seen in the figure on the right hand side. It is organised in horizontal and vertical planes. There are two main vertical layers: The control plane is used for signalling and control. UTRAN specific signalling protocols had been developed, such as the RNSAP. This is one example of an application protocol, as denoted in the figure. Each signalling and control protocol requires a signalling bearer. The signalling bearers in UMTS are based on standard bearer protocols (e.g. ATM). The user plane describes the user data transport. The data streams are transmitted via data bearers. Within the transport network layers, there are vertical transport network user and control planes. A transport network control plane is responsible for the transport of higher layer data. The transmission resources for the control plane are made available by operation and maintenance. The Transmission resources for the user data streams can be made available on demand. On some interface, ALCAP is used. It is a transport network control plane specific signalling protocol to establish, maintain, modify, and release data bearers. It is for instance in use on the Iu-CS interface, but not on the Iu-PS interface. The signalling bearers for ALCAP are always set up by operations and maintenance.

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General Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces

Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol User Plane Data Streams

Transport Transport Network User Plane Network Layer

Transport Network Control Plane

Transport Network User Plane

ALCAP

Signalling Bearer(s)

Signalling Bearer(s) Physical Layer

Data Bearer(s)

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(copied from TS 25.401 chap. 11.1.1)

General Protocol Model for UTRAN Interfaces

The figure on the right hand side shows the Uu access stratum protocols as implemented in the UE. The UE protocol stack can be divided into a control and a user plane. The L3 protocol RRC is used to inform the UE about the use of the uplink and downlink radio resources. The RRC protocols peer entities are the RNC and the Node B. The receiving entity has to configure the L2 (MAC, PHY, PDCP, and BMC) protocol entities in accordance to the received commands. MAC: Medium Access Control PHY: Physical layer PDCP: Packet Data Conversion Protocol BMC: Broadcast/multicast control The protocol stacks for signalling and user data transfer can be seen with the two figures, which follow the next one.

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Radio Interface Protocol Architecture (in UE)

Control Plane Signalling
control control control

User Plane Signalling

RRC Layer RBs

control control

PDCP PDCP
PDCP BMC RLC RLC

RLC Layer

RLC RLC RLC

RLC RLC RLC

LogCHs MAC Layer TrCHs PHY Layer

(copied from TS 25.301 chap. 5.1)
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PhyCHs

References
For this course module, following 3GPP specifications were used: TR 21.902, Evolution of 3GPP system TS 23.002, Network architecture TS 23.101, General UMTS Architecture TS 23.107, Quality of Service (QoS) concept and architecture TS 25.301, Radio interface protocol architecture TS 25.308, UTRA HSDPA; Overall description; Stage 2 TS 25.401, UTRAN overall description TR 25.876, MIMO in UTRA TS 25.308, HSDPA Overall Description TS 25.309, FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA) Overall Description TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall Description TR 36.913, LTE-Advanced Technical Specification Technical Report

TS TR

Remark: Most of these Specifications are available in different versions, mainly depending on the 3GPP Release. HSDPA is only available starting with Release 5; therefore, HSDPA is only contained in Version 5 or later specifications. Release 99 is referred to as Version 3. Modifications within one release are possible, resulting in running numbers. Example: TS 25.401 V3.10.0 gives an overall description of UTRAN based on Release 99. 10.0 refers to 10 (by 3GPP) approved versions with minor corrections.
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