Test One

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1.

Neanderthal Neander Valley, Germany (Europe) 1856 On the Origin of Species

A type of humans common in Europe some 40,000 years ago The location where the first Neanderthal was discovered The date that the first Neanderthal was discovered A book written by Charles Darwin which argued that the time frame for biological life was much wider in scope than many had previously assumed The process by which biological variations that enhance a population's ability to survive become dominant in that species, thought to lead to distinct new species A controversial book that discussed human evolution and stated the theory that humans came to be through natural selection and that they originated in Africa as descendants from Apes, a claim that was not backed up with fossil evidence at the time The date in which the skullcap of the "Java Man" (Dubois) was discovered The location at which the skullcap of the "Java Man" (Dubois) was discovered The date in which the skullcap of the "Peking Man" (Pei) was discovered The location at which the skullcap of the "Peking Man" (Pei) was discovered (Archaeological Find) The skullcap of this was discovered by W. C. Pei in 1929 in China (Archaeological Find) The skullcap of this was discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891 in Indonesia (Archaeological Find) The skull of this was discovered by Raymond Dart in 1924 in southern Africa, walked upright but possessed a brain the size of an apes, it was argued that this was a transitional creature between humans and apes The date in which the skull of the Australopithecus Africanus (Dart) was discovered The location at which the skull of the Australopithecus Africanus (Dart) was discovered

16.

2.

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (Eastern Africa) Human Genome

The location at which multiple examples of Homo Habilis were found in the 1960s by Louis Leakey The decipherment of this in 2003 allowed researchers to extrapolate genetic differences backwards from the various human races today The several extinct species of humanlike primates that that existed from 4.5 million years ago to 1.4 million years ago The time period during which Australopithecines existed The biological family that includes humans and humanlike primates, first seen as long ago as seven million years Members of a family of warm-blooded, four-limbed, social animals known as mammals, came to prominence about 65 million years ago The ability to walk upright on two legs, characteristic of hominids Second trait of humans that allowed them to think abstractly, experience profound emotions, and construct social relationships Third trait of humans that allowed the physical possibility of language Geological era that extended from around 2 million BCE and 9,000 BCE, was characterized by falling temperatures and reduced rainfall and vegetation, saw the appearance of a great number of new species The time period during which the Great Ice Age occured The date in which the skeleton of "Lucy" (Johanson) was unearthed The location at which the skeleton of "Lucy" (Johanson) was unearthed (Archaeological Find) The skeleton of this was discovered by Donald Johanson in 1974 in Ethiopia The first human species, now extinct, evolved in Africa about 2.3 million years ago, was characterized by a much larger brain than predecessors The time period during which Homo Habilis was prominent

17.

3.

4.

18.

Australopithecines

5.

Evolution

19.

4,500,000 BCE 1,400,000 BCE Hominid

20.

6.

The Descent of Man

21.

Primates

22.

Bipedalism Large Brain

7.

1891 Java, Indonesia (Asia) 1929 Peking, China (Asia) Peking Man

23.

8.

24.

Lower Larynx Great Ice Age

9.

25.

10.

11.

12.

Java Man

26.

2,000,000 BCE 9,000 BCE 1974 Awash Valley, Ethiopia (Eastern Africa) Lucy

27.

13.

Australopithecus Africanus

28.

29.

14.

1924

30.

Homo Habilis

15.

Taung, South Africa (Southern Africa)

31.

2,300,000 BCE

32.

Homo Erectus

An extinct human species that evolved in Africa about 1.8 million years ago and lived till about 350,000 years ago, stood upright and resembled humans from the neck down, more adaptive than previous hominids, possessed brains a third larger than their predecessor The time period during which Homo Erectus was prominent

46.

Megaliths

Structures and complexes of very large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times This was the dominant rule in Mesopotamia from 3000 BCE - 2350 BCE, it was a Sumerian rule that laid the framework for civilization in Mesopotamia The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium BCE Family of related languages spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa, consisted of Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician, and Arabic The time period during which the Early Dynastic Sumerian rule was in place in Mesopotamia The time period during which the Akkadian Dynasty was in place in Mesopotamia The Mesopotamian equivalent of a king, grew in power over the course of history by claiming divine ties The Semitic ruler of Akkad who overthrew the Early Sumerian Dynasty and united many of the cities of Mesopotamia The dominant rule in Mesopotamia from 2350 BCE - 2230 BCE, was Semitic and was known for unifying much of Mesopotomia and adapting Sumerian cuneiform to express their own language The dominant rule in Mesopotamia from 2112 BCE - 2004 BCE, was Sumerian, and saw a resurgence of Sumerian language and culture, recordkeeping, road stations, calendar, standardized weights and measures, and uniform writing practices, was eventually toppled by a dual invasion from Amorite nomads and Elamites The time period during which the Third Dynasty of Ur was in place in Mesopotamia The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia, it achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the 18th century BCE The time period during which the Old Babylonian rule was in place in Mesopotamia The dominant rule in Mesopotamia from 1900 BCE - 1600 BCE, was Semitic, most known for its ruler Hammurabi and his Law Code, extensive long-distance trading, and guilds

47.

Early Dynastic

33.

1,800,000 BCE 350,000 BCE Homo Sapiens

48.

Sumerians

34.

The current human species, evolved in Africa between 400,000 - 100,000 years ago and possessed brains a third larger than their predecessor The time period during which Homo Sapiens evolved

49.

Semitic Languages 3000 BCE 2350 BCE 2350 BCE 2230 BCE Lugal

35.

400,000 BCE 100,000 BCE 50,000 BCE Culture

50.

51.

36.

The time period during which behaviorally modern humans existed Socially transmitted actions of pattern and expression, includes material objects: dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts - and nonmaterial: values, beliefs, and language The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances, stretched from 2,000,000 BCE - 2,000 BCE The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans, stretched from 2,000,000 BCE - 8,000 BCE The time period during which the Paleolithic Age occurred The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolutions, stretched from 8,000 BCE - 2,000 BCE The time period during which the Neolithic Age occured People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between 8,000 BCE 2,000 BCE, also known as the Neolithic Revolution A way of life dependent on large herds of small and large stock, prevalent in drier areas of the world where the increased mobility of this food source allowed humans to move to new pastures and water sources as they dried up

52.

37.

53.

Sargon

38.

Stone Age

54.

Akkadian

39.

Paleolithic Age 2,000,000 BCE - 8,000 BCE Neolithic Age 8,000 BCE 2,000 BCE Foragers

55.

Third Dynasty of Ur

40.

41.

56.

42.

2112 BCE 2004 BCE Babylon

57.

43.

44.

Agricultural Revolutions

58.

1900 BCE 1600 BCE Old Babylonian

59.

45.

Pastoralism

60.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon, conquered many city-states in Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases In the governments of many ancient societies, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiform, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems This civilization's gods embodied forces of nature, these gods were feared as the cause of unexpected natural disasters, and the citizens of this area sought to appease them, used ziggurats as shrines to their deities A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks, associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities but its function is unknown The Mesopotamian writing system, was very important because all knowledge of Mesopotamian civilization is drawn from the remnants of this An extensive set of rules by a famous Mesopotamian ruler, showed social stratification, gender roles, morality issues, fines, and importance of agriculture The world's longest river, supported the civilization of Egypt and had more predictable flooding than the rivers of comparable civilizations Stone staircases with incised units of measure placed along a river's edge, gauged the flood surge The central figure in ancient Egyptian state, believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, was believed to maintain ma'at, the order of the universe, and ensured the safety and prosperity of Egypt An Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order of the universe, the pharaohs were believed to be the upholders of this order The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the mouth of the Nile Delta, early rulers were interred into nearby pyramids A large, triangular stone monument, used in Egypt and Nubia as a burial place for the king, the Egyptians believed that the grander and greater a pharaoh's burial, the more peace and prosperity would follow

72.

Thebes

The capital city of Egypt during the Middle and New kingdoms, in southern Egypt, pharaohs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings A system of writing which used pictorial symbols to represent sounds, syllables, or concepts, it was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt, required a long period of study to master, limiting it to scribes and administrators A text found copied on papyrus scrolls and placed in the coffins of the dead, served as a guide for the journey in the afterlife, included spells and incantations as well as confessions of sins, was significant because it showed the importance of agriculture in Egypt and the respect given to pharaohs A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt, it was used to produce a coarse, paperlike material used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East This described the foreign and trade policy of the Old and Middle kingdoms of Egypt A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the deceased will need it again in the afterlife The time period during which the Old Kingdom was in place in Egypt The time period during which the Middle Kingdom was in place in Egypt The time period during which the New Kingdom was in place in Egypt The time period during which the Indus Valley Civilization existed Loose, fertile soil containing silt Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization, was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation and herding land, served as a "gateway" for precious materials from the northwest Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization, centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan

73.

Hieroglyphics

61.

Scribe

74.

62.

Mesopotamia

Book of the Dead

63.

Ziggurat

75.

Papyrus

64.

Cuneiform

76.

Isolationist Mummy

65.

Hammurabi's Code

77.

66.

Nile

78.

2575 BCE 2134 BCE 2040 BCE 1640 BCE 1532 BCE 1070 BCE 2600 BCE 1900 BCE Alluvium Harappa

79.

67.

Nilometer

80.

68.

Pharaoh

81.

82. 83.

69.

Ma'at

84.

70.

Memphis

MohenjoDaro

71.

Pyramid

85.

Subaltern

A word meaning "below others," considers the fact that much of what is known from history focuses on the hegemonic structure and nothing outside of it; therefore, slaves, craftspeople, peasants, women, had very little focus and not much is known about them The time period during which the Shang Dynasty was in place in Early China

86.

1750 BCE - 1045 BCE 1045 BCE - 221 BCE Loess Shang Dynasty Oracle Bones Zhou Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Mandate of Heaven Chi

87.

The time period during which the Zhou Dynasty was in place in Early China A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water, it constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China This dynasty was known for its signature oracle bones, a proud warrior elite, and a complex religious system that involved a hierarchy of gods and ancestors to which the ruler was the link The "documents" from which most of the information about the Shang dynasty is derived, were used to obtain information from ancestral spirits and gods, concerned mainly politics and little else about everyday Shang life The longest lasting and most revered of all dynasties in Chinese history This dynasty was started by a father-son duo (Wen and Wu), saw the rise of a feudal structure in China, a rule mandated by heaven, and the construction of cities according to Feng Shui Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, according to which it was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China and to take away that power if the ruler failed to conduct himself justly and in the interest of his people The energy that flows through physical objects

88. 89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.