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Under Guidance of : Prof. J. Akhtar Dept. of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
OUTLINES: 1ntroduction Rectangular Waveguide Resonator Perturbation In Waveguide Resonator Simulation References
1. Introduction
Resonant circuits are circuits, which offers a high impedance or low impedance to the source at a particular frequency of operation. The frequency at which the resonant circuit has a very high or low impedance is called its resonant frequency. The frequency selectivity property of resonant circuits are exploited in building filter circuits. Resonant circuits can be built either using lumped elements or distributed elements. Fig.1 shows two types of resonant circuits using lumped elements. In lumped elements resonant circuit, capacitors store the electric energy and the inductors store the magnetic energy, while the resistance shows up as loss. During resonance, transfer of energy takes place between inductors and capacitors.
Another type of resonant circuits is the distributed resonant circuit, which utilizes an open or shorted transmission line. The resonance occurs in the form of standing waves due to superposition of the forward and reverse traveling waves. We will see that any form of transmission line of suitable lenghts can be used as a resonator. When the transmission line used is a waveguide, the resulting resonator is called a cavity resonator and the resonator is called a strip resonator when a microstrip is used as the transmission line. Lumped element resonators have several limitations over waveguide resonators as following. Lumped element resonant circuits are usually limited to 10GHz as the capacitance and inductance values required to get very high resonant frequency becomes too small to be fabricated. This rules out the use of them at frequencies above 7-10 GHz E.g., Xband (8-12 GHz) and K-band (18-27 GHz) radar systems. Simplicity in construction of waveguide resonators is an added advantage.
We have a rectangular cavity resonator, In this case the wave propagating in the + z direction will bounce off the two walls resulting in a standing wave in the +z direction. We have the field equations for the cavity resonator as following, where we have added two waves of the form E+ and E-,
To satisfy the boundary conditions that Ey = 0 at z = 0 and z = d we assume E+ = E_ at z = 0 since there will be total reflection at the surface of a perfect conductor. At z = d, so that =/d, we have E0 = -2jE+
The expression for the resonant frequency for these modes in a rectangular resonator is
Following vital observation can be made about rectangular cavities 1)For a given box size, resonant frequency increases with increasing mode. once the dimension is fixed and some lower order modes are getting excited, if we want to increase the mode number, then more number of waves have to accommodated in the same given dimension. This is possible only if the waves gets shorter which means that frequency has to increase. 2) For a given resonant frequency, box dimension has to be increased to accommodate higher modes. The explanation parallels our earlier logic. If we want to put in more waves in a box, we have to increase box dimensions if the waves cannot be made shorter.
EE 641 Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics
Using cavity perturbation technique rectangular cavity resonator is designed to measure the dielectric parameters of Teflon. Measuring resonance frequency of empty cavity and then measuring the shift in resonance frequency with the sample material placed at its center and then the dielectric constant is calculated from the shift in resonance frequency. The material under test (Teflon) is fabricated in the form of a cylinder and inserted into the center of the rectangular cavity. This measurement method also describes the application of perturbation method to a microwave cavity resonator with a dielectric perturbed.
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS :-
For the material filling a part of the cavity resonator, the permittivity is expressed as and the permeability is expressed as , E0 and H0 represents the electric field and magnetic field for original cavity E and H represents the electric field and magneti field for the original cavity, E and H represents the fields of the perturbed cavity, the Maxwells curl equations can be written
where w0 and w are the resonant frequency of the original cavity and the perturbed cavity and are the cavity perturbed by a change in permittivity and permeability. Multiply the conjugate of (2-27a) by H and multiply (2-27b) by E0*
Similarly, we multiply the conjugate of (2-27b) by E and multiply (2-28a) by H* and Substracting this two eq.
whereVc is volume of the cavity =L*Hs*W andVs is the volume of the sample = *r^2*h
4. Simulation
A rectangular X band waveguide cavity is constructed with a PEC waveguide of 140 mm length. The cross section dimensions are 22.9 mm in width and 10 mm in height. Two thin conducting sheets are used to form the cavity and to close the two ends of the waveguide. The inductive coupling is provided with two symmetric holes of diameter 4 mm on these end sheets. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show the cavity resonator and block diagram of experimental setup for the measurements respectively. The material inside the cavity is vacuum and thickness of PEC is 0.5 mm. In order to insert a sample material into the resonator, a slot is constructed at the center of the broader side of the waveguide. The width of the sample hole is equal to the diameter of the cylindrical sample.
H field :
S21 parameter:
Calculations
Resonant frequency (in Hz) =c/2*((m/w)2+(n/h)2+(p/l)2) (where c is speed of light) For TE107 MODE : Resonant frequency(in Hz)=c/2*((1/21.9)2+(7/139)2)*103 Resonant frequency(in Hz)=10.19 GHz f0=10.19Htz (for unperturbed material) fs=10.085Htz (for perturb material) Vc=22.9*10*140 mm3 VS=*(2)2 *9 mm3
=1.7
5. References
1. Harrington, R. F., Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961. 2. C.A.Balanis, Advanced Engineering electromagnetics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc 3. A. Kumar and S. Sharma, Measurement of dielectri constant and loss factor of dieelectric material, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 69, 4754, 2007 4. 4. Meng, B., J. Booske, and R. Cooper, Extended cavity perturbation technique to determine the complex permittivity of the dielectric materials, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 43, 26332636, 1995. 5. 5.Vaid, J. K., A. Prakash, and A. Mansingh, Measurement of dielectric parameters at microwave frequencies by cavity perturbation technique,IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., Vol. 27, 791795, Sep. 1979. 6. 6. Waldron, R. A., Perturbation theory of resonant cavities,Proc. IEE, Vol. 170C, 272274, 1960.