BI GING

THANH TON QUC T

Ging vin: TS. Phan Th Minh L

Khoa K ton - Ti chnh
Trng i hc Kinh t - i hc Hu
Thi lng: 45 tit

Hu, thng 8 nm 2006

M U
Thanh ton quc t l mt trong nhng hc phn b tr thuc ni dung o to c nhn
kinh t, k ton, kim ton v ti chnh-ngn hng ca Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Hu. N
cung cp nhng kin thc mang tnh cht b sung cho kin thc chuy n ngnh cp n nhng
kha cnh ch yu c lin quan n thanh ton quc t bao gm hi oi v cc nghip v hi
oi, cc phng tin thanh ton quc t, cc phng thc thanh ton quc t v cc iu kin
thanh ton quc t.
Tp bi ging Thanh ton quc t ny c bin son nhm phc v cho vic hc tp v
nghin cu ca sinh vin Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Hu. Ngoi ra, tc gi hy vng n s
l ti liu tham kho cho nhng ai quan tm n lnh vc thanh ton quc t.
Tuy nhin, do trnh c hn, ti liu ny chc chn khng trnh khi thiu st, tc gi
rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp, b sung ca bn c.
Thng 8 nm 2006
Phan Th Minh L
Khoa K ton - Ti chnh
Trng i hc Kinh t - i hc Hu

Chng 1
Gii thiu tng qut v mn hc Thanh ton quc t
(2 tit)
Mc tiu ca chng
Trnh by khi nim, c im v vai tr ca thanh ton quc t trong nn kinh t cng nh
hiu mt cch tng qut cc ni dung ch yu lin quan cn nghin cu trong mn hc Thanh
ton quc t, t gip cho ngi hc c ci nhn khi qut v mn hc ny.
1.1. Khi nim v c im ca Thanh ton quc t
Trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t ton cu nh hin nay, cc mi quan h kinh t, chnh tr
thng mi ngy cng pht trin mnh m v kt qu l hnh thnh nn cc kho n thu v chi tin
t quc t gia cc i tc cc nc khc nhau. Cc mi quan h tin t ny ngy mt phong
ph, a dng vi quy m ngy cng ln. Chng gp phn to nn tnh trng ti chnh ca mi
nc, c th trng thi bi thu hay bi chi. Trong cc mi quan h quc t, cc i tc cc
nc khc nhau, do vy c s khc nhau v ngn ng, cch xa nhau v a l n n vic thanh ton
khng th tin hnh trc tip vi nhau m phi thng qua cc t chc trung gian, chnh l cc
ngn hng thng mi cng vi mng li hot ng khp ni trn th gii.
Thanh ton quc t ra i t lu, nhng n mi ch pht trin mnh m vo cui th k
20 khi m khi lng mua bn, u t quc t v chuyn tin quc t ngy cng gia tng, t
lm cho khi lng cc giao dch th anh ton qua ngn hng cng tng theo. Vic thanh ton qua
ngn hng lm gia tng vic s dng ng tin ca cc nc chi tr ln nhau. Thanh ton quc
t tr thnh mt b phn khng th thiu trong hot ng ca nn kinh t ca cc quc gia
hin nay.
Thanh ton quc t c th c nh ngha t theo nhiu quan im khc nhau. Chng ti
ch trch dn hai nh ngha ca hai tc gi sau y.
Th nht, theo inh Xun Trnh (1996) thanh ton quc t l vic thanh ton cc nghi v
tin t pht sinh c lin quan ti cc quan h kinh t, thng mi v cc mi quan h khc gia
cc t chc, cc cng ty v cc ch th khc nhau ca cc nc.
Th hai, theo Trm Th Xun Hng (2006), thanh ton quc t l qu trnh thc hin cc
khon thu chi tin t quc t thng qua h thng ngn hng trn th gii nhm phc v cho cc
mi quan h trao i quc t pht sinh gia cc nc vi nhau.
T hai nh ngha trn y, chng ta c th thy mt s c im ca thanh ton quc t.
Trc ht, thanh ton quc t din ra trn phm vi ton cu, phc v cc giao dch thng mi,
u t, hp tc quc t thng qua mng li ngn hng th gii.
Thanh ton quc t khc vi thanh ton trong n c l y n lin quan n vic trao i
tin ca quc gia n y ly tin ca quc gia k hc. V vy khi k kt cc hp ng mua bn ngoi
thng cc bn phi tha thun vi nhau ly ng tin ca nc no l tin t tnh ton v thanh
ton trong hp ng, ng thi phi tnh ton thn trng la chn cc bin php phng chng
ri ro khi t gi hi oi bin ng.
3

Tin t trong thanh ton quc t thng khng phi l tin mt m n tn ti di hnh thc
cc phng tin thanh ton nh th chuyn tin, in chuyn tin, hi phiu, k phiu v sc ghi
bng ngoi t.
Thanh ton gia cc nc u c tin hnh thng qua ngn hng v khng dng tin
mt, nu c th ch trong nhng trng hp ring bit. Do vy thanh ton quc t v bn cht
chnh l cc nghip v ngn hng quc t. Chng c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s cc
hp ng ngoi thng v cc trao i tin t quc t.
Thanh ton quc t c thc hin da trn nn tng php lut v tp qun thng mi
quc t, ng thi n cng b chi phi bi lut php ca cc quc gia, bi cc chnh sch kinh t,
chnh sch ngoi thng v chnh sch ngoi hi ca cc quc gia tham gia trong thanh ton.
V d v nghip v thanh ton quc t
Cng ty Xut nhp khu Tha Thin - Hu nhp khu mt l xe my 100 chic ca Hng
Honda, Nht Bn, sn phm mi, nguyn chic, tr gi hp ng l 100 ngn la M (USD),
thanh ton bng phng thc chuyn tin. iu kin giao hng CIF cng Nng theo
Incoterms 2000
1.2. Vai tr ca thanh ton quc t trong nn kinh t
Trong cc mi quan h thanh ton quc t, ngn hng ng vai tr trung gian tin hnh
thanh ton. N gip cho qu trnh thanh ton c tin hnh an ton, nhanh chng v thun li
ng thi gim thiu chi ph cho khch hng. Vi s u thc ca khch hng, ngn hng khng
ch bo v quyn li cho khch hng trong cc giao dch thanh ton m cn t vn cho h nhm
to nn s tin tng, hn ch ri ro trong quan h thanh ton vi cc i tc nc ngoi. Thanh
ton quc t khng ch lm tng thu nhp ca ngn hng, m rng vn, a dng cc dch v m
cn nng cao uy tn ca ngn hng trn th trng ti chnh quc t.
Trong qu trnh lu thng hng ho, thanh ton quc t l khu cui cng, do vy nu
thanh ton thc hin nhanh chng v lin tc, gi tr hng ho xut nhp khu c thc hin s
c tc dng thc y tc thanh ton v gip cc doanh nghip thu hi vn nhanh. Thng qua
thanh ton quc t cn to nn cc mi quan h tin cy gia doanh nghip v ngn hng, t c
th to iu kin thun li cc doanh nghip c cc ngn hng ti tr vn trong trng hp
doanh nghip thiu vn, h tr v mt k thut thanh ton thng qua vic hng dn, t vn cho
doanh nghip, hn ch thp nht ri ro c th xy ra trong qu trnh thanh ton vi cc i tc.
Thanh ton quc t cn c tc dng khuyn khch cc doanh nghip kinh doanh xut nhp
khu gia tng qui m hot ng, tng khi lng hng ho giao dch v m rng quan h giao
dch vi cc nc.
V phng din qun l ca Nh nc, thanh ton quc t gip tp trung v qun l
ngun ngoi t trong nc v s dng ngoi t mt cch hiu qu, to iu kin thc hin tt c
ch qun l ngoi hi ca nh nc, qun l hiu qu cc hot ng xut nhp khu theo chnh
sch ngoi thng ra.

1.3. Ni dung nghin cu ca Thanh ton quc t

Vi nh ngha nu trn, chng ta thy thanh ton quc t lin quan cht ch n ngoi hi,
bi v cc nc phi s dng cc ng tin ca cc quc gia khc nhau, tc l s dng ngoi t
cng nh cc phng tin tin hnh thanh ton giao dch. Nh vy, mt ni dung cn nghin
cu , chnh l ngoi hi v cc kha cnh lin quan n ngoi hi nh t gi hi oi, th
trng hi oi v cc nghip v hi oi c bn. y chnh l ni dung ca chng 2.
Thanh ton quc t thc hin khng dng tin mt m ch yu l cc phng tin thanh
ton quc t nh hi phiu, lnh phiu hay cn gi l k phiu, sc, th thanh ton, do vy cn
nghin cu v cc phng tin ny cng nh cc vn bn php l quc t iu chnh chng. y
chnh l ni dung ca chng 3.
Trn thc t c nhiu phng thc thanh ton khc nhau m cc bn tham gia thanh ton c
th la chn tu thuc vo nhiu yu t, chng hn nh khi lng giao dch ln hay nh, quan
h gia cc bn thanh ton l tin tng hay t tin tng, tp qun thng mi ca cc i tc
trong cc mi quan h thanh ton, ph thanh ton cao hay thp, tc thanh ton nhanh hay chm
v.v. Do vy cn nghin cu hiu r v cc phng thc thanh ton quc t v cc vn bn
php l quc t lin quan n cc phng thc thanh ton ny. y chnh l ni dung c trnh
by trong chng 4.
Thanh ton quc t lin quan n tin t ca cc nc khc nhau, do vy n lin quan n
ri ro do thay i t gi, thanh ton quc t c th c tin hnh cc a im khc nhau, vi
thi gian khc nhau, phng thc khc nhau. iu ny dn n cc quyn li v ngha v khc
nhau ca cc bn tham gia thanh ton. Nh ng quyn li v ngha v ny cn c thng lng
v qui nh thnh cc iu khon trong cc hp ng th ng mi c gi l cc iu kin trong
thanh ton. Lin quan n cc iu kin ny c cc vn bn php l quc t cn phi nghin cu
mi c th vn dng tt cc iu kin mt cch tt nht cho mi bn i tc. y chnh l mt
ni dung quan trng cn c nghin cu trnh nhng ri ro c th xy ra, m bo quy n li
cho cc bn thanh ton. Ni dung ny c trnh by trong chng 5.
1.4. Tm tt chng 1
Chng 1 gii thiu v khi nim thanh ton quc t v nhng c im c bn ca thanh
ton quc t. Gii hn nghin cu ca mn hc thanh ton quc t bao gm 4 ni dung sau:
- Hi oi
- Cc phng tin thanh ton quc t
- Cc phng thc thanh ton quc t
- Cc iu kin trong thanh ton quc t
1.5. Cu hi n tp chng 1
1. Trnh by khi nim v c im ca thanh ton quc t. Cho v d minh ho.
2. Trnh by vai tr ca thanh ton quc t i vi nn kinh t.
3. Khi nghin cu v thanh ton quc t cn lu n nhng ni dung no? Ti sao?
1.6. Ti liu tham kho chng 1

1. Trm Th Xun Hng. 2006. Thanh ton quc t. NXB Thng K, TP. H Ch Minh.
2. inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Gio trnh thanh ton quc t trong ngoi thng. NXB Gio dc,
Trng i hc ngoi thng H Ni.

CHNG 2
HI OI
(11 tit)
Mc ch hc tp ca chng
Cung cp cho ngi hc nhng khi nim c bn v hi oi, t gi hi oi, cc giao
dch hi oi c bn trn th trng v thc hnh mt s bi tp ng dng. Ngoi ra trong
chng ny cn cp mt s nt v th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng Vit Nam.
2.1. Khi nim v ngoi hi
Ngoi hi l khi nim dng ch cc phng tin c gi tr c dng tin hnh
thanh ton gia cc quc gia. Ty theo quan nim ca lut qun l ngoi hi ca mi nc,
khi nim ngoi hi c th khng ging nhau, nhng nhn chung c th bao gm 5 loi sau:
1. Ngoi t: (Foreign Currency) tc l tin ca nc khc lu thng trong mt nc.
Ngoi t bao gm 2 loi: ngoi t tin mt v ngoi t tn dng.
2. Cc phng tin thanh ton quc t ghi bng ngoi t: thng gm c:
a. Hi phiu (Bill of Exchange)
b. K phiu (Promissory Note)
c. Sc (Cheque)
d. Th chuyn tin (Mail Transfer)
e. in chuyn tin (Telegraphic Transfer)
f. Th tn dng (Credit card)
g. Th tn dng ngn hng (Bank Letter of Credit)
3. Cc chng khon c gi ghi bng ngoi t nh :
a. C phiu (Stock)
b. Tri phiu cng ty (Debenture)
c. Cng tri quc gia (Government Loan)
d. Tri phiu kho bc (Treasury Bill)
4. Vng bc, kim cng, ngc trai, qu v.v. c dng lm tin t
5. Tin ca Vit Nam di cc hnh thc sau y:
a. Tin ca Vit Nam nc ngoi di mi hnh thc khi quay li Vit Nam
b. Tin Vit Nam l li nhun ca ngi u t nc ngoi Vit Nam
c. Tin Vit Nam c ngun gc ngoi t khc
Tt c cc ngoi hi nu trn c qun l theo Lut qun l ngoi hi ca nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam hin hnh.
2.2. Khi nim v t gi hi oi
Vic thc hin cc ngha v thanh ton quc t i hi phi so snh mt ng tin nc
ny vi ng tin ca nc khc. Khi vic trao i mua bn vt ra khi phm vi mt quc gia
phi tha thun dng ng tin nc no tnh v thanh ton hp ng. Vic thanh ton ny
c th s dng mt trong hai ng tin ca hai nc nhng cng c th s dng mt ng tin
th ba no , t xut hin i hi phi xem xt, tnh ton mt ng tin ni t c bao
nhiu ng ngoi t hoc ngc li mt ng ngoi t c bao nhiu ni t, tc l phi bng
cch no chuyn i mt n v tin t ca nc ny thnh n v tin t ca nc khc.

Mun thc hin c iu , cn phi da vo mt mc qui i xc nh. Ni cch khc

chnh l phi da vo t gi hi oi. Vy t gi hi oi l g?
C nhiu khi nim v t gi hi oi m chng ta c th trch dn nh ngha ca mt s
tc gi sau y.
Theo Samuelson - nh kinh t hc ngi M cho rng: T gi hi oi l t gi i tin
ca mt nc ly tin ca mt nc khc. (Trm Th Xun Hng. 2006)
Theo L Vn T (1999) cho rng: T gi hi oi l t gi so snh ng tin gia cc
nc xt v mt gi tr.
mc 5 iu 4 ca Ngh nh 63/1998/N-CP ngy 17-8-1998 ca Chnh ph V qun l
ngoi hi ghi r: "T gi hi oi l gi ca mt n v tin t nc ngoi tnh bng n v tin
t Vit Nam".
V d: Mt ngi nhp khu Vit Nam phi b ra 797.5 triu VND mua 50,000USD
tr tin hng nhp khu t M. Nh vy gi 1 USD l 15,950 VND, y l t gi hi oi gia
ng la M v ng ngn hng Vit Nam.
Chng ta cn thy t gi hi oi c hiu l quan h so snh gia hai ng tin ca hai
nc khc nhau.
Trong ch bn v vng, tin t trong lu thng l tin c bng vng v giy bc ngn
hng c i t do ra vng cn c vo hm lng vng ca n. T gi hi oi lc ny l quan
h so snh hai ng tin vng ca hai nc vi nhau hoc l so snh hm lng vng ca hai
ng tin hai nc vi nhau. Cch so snh ny gi l ngang gi vng (Gold parity). Nh vy
trong ch bn v vng, ngang gi vng l c s hnh thnh t gi hi oi.
V d: Hm lng vng ca bng Anh l 2.488281 gam, ca la M l 0.888671 gam,
do quan h so snh gia GBP v USD l:
1 GBP = 2.488281/0.888671 = 2.8USD
Trong ch lu thng tin giy, giy bc ngn hng khng c i t do ra vng theo
hm lng ca n, do ngang gi vng khng cn l c s hnh thnh t gi hi oi. Lc
ny vic so snh hai ng tin vi nhau c thc hin bng cch so snh sc mua ca hai tin
t vi nhau, gi l ngang gi sc mua ca tin t (Purchasing Power Parity)
V d: Mt hng ha A M c gi l 100USD, Php c gi l 82EUR
Ngang gi sc mua l : 1USD = (82/100) = 0.82EUR . y chnh l t gi hi oi gia
la M v ng EUR.
2.3. Phng php yt gi
C nhiu tc gi dng cc thut ng khc nhau v biu hin t gi, thm tr tri ngc
nhau xung quanh hai khi nim trc tip v gin tip.
d hiu y chng ta s dng hai cch biu hin t gi sau y:
Cch th nht, ti mt nc ngi ta so snh mt ngoi t n o vi ng ni t (yt gi
trc tip trn quan im ng ngoi t)

1 ngoi t = X ni t
V d:
Vit Nam, t gi theo cch biu hin ny s l so snh cc ng ngoi t vi VND,
chng hn:
1 USD = 15,950 VND
Ta vit l:
USD/VND = 15,950
Php:
1 USD = 0.81EUR
Ta vit l:
USD/EUR = 0.81

Cch th hai, ti mt nc, ngi ta so snh ng ni t vi ng ngoi t (yt gi gin

tip trn quan im ng ngoi t)

1 ni t = X ngoi t
Php, t gi theo cch biu hin ny s l so snh ng tin EUR vi ngoi t.
Chng hn:
1 EUR
= 1.2104 USD
Ta vit l:
EUR /USD = 1.2104
Anh:
1 GBP
= 1.6958 USD
Ta vit l:
GBP/USD
= 1.6958
Theo tp qun kinh doanh tin t ca ngn h ng , t gi hi oi thng c yt gi nh
sau:
USD / EUR = 0.8100 / 0.8110
USD / VND = 15,950 / 15,970
ng USD ng trc gi l tin yt gi hay cn gi l ng tin hng ho hay ng tin
c s, n lun l mt n v. Cc ng EUR, VND ng sau gi l tin nh gi v l mt s
n v tin t v thng thay i ph thuc vo thi gi ca tin yt gi. T gi ng trc
0.8100 l t gi mua la tr bng EUR ca ngn hng, v t gi ng trc 15,950 l t gi
mua la tr bng ng Vit Nam ca ngn hng, chng c gi l t gi mua v o ca ngn
hng (BID RATE)
T gi ng sau 0.8110 l t gi bn la thu bng EUR ca ngn hng v 15,970 l t
gi bn USD thu bng VND ca ngn hng, chng c gi l t gi bn ra ca ngn hng
(ASK RATE)
Thng thng t gi ASK cao hn t gi BID. Chnh lch gia chng gi l li nhun
trc thu ca ngn hng hay ting Anh gi l Spread, ting Php l Fourchette. Khon chnh
lch ny ty thuc vo tng ngoi t nhng thng thng vo khong 0.001 n 0.003 tc l t
10 n 30 im. Chng ta c th m hnh mi quan h ny theo s sau y:
USD/EUR = 0.

81

S (Figure)

00

10

Spread
im (Points)

Nh vy:
Spread = Ask Rate - Bid Rate
T gi thng c cng b n 4 s l. im biu hin 1/10,000ca mt n v tin t,
n l khong tng nh nht khi t gi bin i. S ca t gi thng thng biu hin hai con s
sau du chm ca t gi. Con s ny t c quan tm, bi v con s bin ng mnh nht chnh
l phn im ca t gi.
Trong giao dch ngoi hi, ngi ta c th ly t n th cc nc cng nghip pht trin
thay cho tn tin t ca nc v tr tin nh gi.
thng nht cc n v tin t ca cc nc, t chc tiu chun quc t (ISO) ban
hnh k hiu tin t thng nht (xem Ph lc 2.1). Tt c ng tin ca cc nc u c m
ho bng 3 ch ci in hoa, trong hai ch ci u l k hiu ca t n nc v ch ci th ba l
ch ci u ti n ca tn tin t nc . V d, VND l k hiu ng tin ca Vit Nam, trong
VN l k hiu ca Vit Nam v D l ch ci u tin ca tn ng tin ca Vit Nam
"NG". SGD l k hiu ng tin ca nc Singapore, trong hai ch ci u ti n SG l k
hiu tn nc Singapore v ch ci cui cng D l ch du tin ca tn ng tin nc ny
DOLLAR v.v.

2.4. Cc loi t gi hi oi
C th c cc loi t gi khc nhau s dng tr n th trng hi oi. Chng ta c th xem
xt mt s t gi sau y:
2.4.1. Cn c vo i tng xc nh t gi, c th chia lm t gi chnh thcv t gi th
trng.
T gi chnh thc l t gi do Ngn hng trung ng ca nc xc nh. Trn c s ca
t gi ny cc ngn hng thng m i v cc t chc tn dng s n nh t gi mua bn ngoi t
giao ngay, c k hn, hon i.
T gi th trng l t gi c hnh thnh trn c s quan h cung cu tr n th trng hi
oi.
2.4.2. Cn c vo k hn thanh ton, c th chia lm t gi giao ngay v t gi c k hn.
T gi giao ngay (SPOT) l t gi do t chc tn dng yt gi ti thi im giao dch hoc
do hai bn tha thun nhng phi m bo trong biu do ngn hng nh nc quy nh. Vic
thanh ton gia cc bn phi c thc hin trong vng hai ngy lm vic tip theo, sau ngy
cam kt mua hoc bn.
T gi giao dch k hn (FORWARDS) l t gi giao dch do t chc tn dng t tnh
ton v tha thun vi nhau nhng phi m bo trong bin qui nh v t gi k hn hin
hnh ca Ngn hng Nh nc ti thi im k hp ng.
2.4.3. Cn c vo gi tr ca t gi, c th chia lm t gi danh ngha v t gi thc.
T gi hi oi danh ngh a l t gi ca mt loi tin t c biu hin theo gi hin ti,
khng tnh n bt k nh hng no ca lm pht.
T gi hi oi thc l t gi c tnh n tc ng ca lm pht v sc mua trong mt cp
tin t phn nh gi c hng ha tng quan c th bn ra nc ngoi v hng tiu th trong
nc. T gi ny i din cho kh nng cnh tranh quc t ca nc .
2.4.4. Cn c vo phng thc chuyn ngoi hi, c th chia lm t gi in hi v t
gi th hi.
T gi in hi l t gi thng c nim yt ti ngn hng. l t gi chuyn ngoi
hi bng in. T gi in hi l t gi c s xc nh cc loi t gi khc.
T gi th hi, tc l t gi chuyn ngoi hi bng th . T gi in hi thng cao hn t
gi th hi.
2.4.5. Cn c vo thi im mua/bn ngoi hi, c th phn bit t gi mua v t gi bn
ca ngn hng.
T gi mua l t gi ca ngn hng mua ngoi hi vo. T gi bn l t gi ca ngn hng
bn ngoi hi ra. T gi mua bao gi cng thp hn t gi bn v khon chnh lch l li
nhun kinh doanh ngoi hi ca ngn hng.
Thng thng th ngn hng khng cng b tt c t gi ca cc hp ng k kt trong
mt ngy m ch cng b t gi ca hp ng k kt cui cng trong ngy , ngi ta gi l
t gi ng ca. T gi ng ca c coi l ch tiu ch yu v tnh hnh bin ng ca t gi
trong ngy hm . T gi c cng b vo u gi ca u ngy giao dch c gi l t gi
m ca.
Trong nghip v mua bn ngoi hi ca ngn hng cn chia ra t gi tin mt v t gi
chuyn khon. T gi chuyn khon bao gi cng cao hn t gi tin mt.
Trong khun kh ch qun l ngoi hi cc nc km pht trin, ngoi th trng
ngoi hi chnh thc c n tn ti th trng ngoi hi t do, do bn cnh t gi chnh thc do
nh nc quy nh cn c t gi ch en do quan h cung cu ngoi hi trn th trng ny
quyt nh.

10

Trn th gii tri qua nhiu ch t gi khc nhau thch ng vi tng giai on pht
trin. Sau i chin th gii ln th 2, cc nc quc thc hin chnh sch phn bit i x
trong quan h kinh t v tin t, do ch nhiu t gi ra i. Mc ch ca ch nhiu t
gi l nh hng n cn cn ngoi thng, t nh hng n cn cn thanh ton quc t
v t gi hi oi, ng thi n cn c tc dng nh l mt loi thu nhp khu c bit hoc
tin thng cho xut khu, lm cng c cho chnh sch bo h mu dch ca ngn sch qua thu
thu bn ngoi hi.
2.5. Xc nh t gi theo phng php tnh cho
Hin nay trn cc th trng hi oi quc t, thng thng ngi ta ch thy t gi gia
USD v GBP so vi ng ni t. Chng hn Vit Nam th ngi ta thng bo t gi gia USD
so vi VND, cc n c cng ng chung chu u th USD/EUR ... Trong giao dch ngoi hi,
khch hng cn mu n xc nh t gi gia cc ng tin khc, chng hn h mun xc nh t
gi USD/GBP, do vy h phi dng mt phng php no tnh ton cc t gi ny.
chnh phng php tnh cho t gi.
2.5.1 Nguyn tc c bn tnh cho t gi:
Mt cch tng qut, ta c cng thc: A/B = A/C x C/B
Mun xc nh t gi hi oi ca ng tin A so vi ng
tin B theo phng php tnh cho, ta ly t gi gia ng
tin A so vi C nhn vi t gi ca ng tin C so vi B
V d: Ti Paris, Ngn hng Quc gia Paris cng b t gi:
USD/EUR = 0.8100
GBP/EUR = 1.4634
Xc nh t gi: USD/GBP
Ta c th vit nh sau:
USD/GBP = USD/EUR x EUR/GBP = (USD/EUR) x {1/ (USD/EUR )}
= (0.8100) x 1/1.4634 = 0.5535
2.5.2 Vn dng phng php tnh cho:
V d 1: Mt cng ty Php xut khu mt l hng thu c 100,000 CHF, cn bn cho
Ngn hng ly ng EUR . Nh vy Ngn hng s thanh ton cho cng ty bao nhiu EUR ?
Cho bit t gi cng b l:
USD/CHF = 1.6115/25
USD/EUR = 0.8100/0.8110
p dng cng thc tnh cho ta c:
CHF/EUR = (CHF/USD) x (USD/EUR ) = 1/(USD/EUR) x (USD/CHF)
Vn y l ta dng t gi mua hay bn.
Ta suy lun nh sau:
Trc ht cng ty s bn 100,000CHF cho ngn h ng mua USD, nh vy ngn hng s
bn USD cho cng ty, tc l ngn hng s p dng t gi bn USD/CHF = 1.6125, sau cng
ty s bn USD mua EUR, lc ny ngn hng s p dng t gi mua USD/EUR = 0.8100.
Th vo cng thc ta thu c t gi bn ca cng ty nh sau:

11

CHF/EUR = (1/1.6125)*0.8100 = 0.5023

Vy tng s tin EUR m ngn hng s thanh ton cho cng ty l:
100,000 0.5023 = 50,230EUR
V d 2: Mt cng ty cn mua 100,000CHF tr bng EUR th ngn hng s tnh t gi bn
l bao nhiu?
p dng cng thc tnh cho ta c:
EUR/CHF = (EUR /USD) x (USD/CHF) = 1/ (USD/EUR) x (USD/CHF)
Ta suy lun tng t nh v d 1.
Trc ht cng ty bn EUR mua USD, ngn hng s p dng t gi bn USD/EUR =
0.8110, sau khi cng ty bn USD mua CHF th ngn hng s p dng t gi mua
USD/CHF = 1.6115. Thay th vo cng thc trn ta c:
EUR/CHF = (1/0.8110) x1.6115 = 1.9870
S tin m cng ty phi tr cho Ngn hng mua 100,000CHF l:
100 000 / 1.9870 = 50,327.13 EUR
Nhn xt:
- Khi ngn hng bn th ngn hng s dng t gi cao
- Khi ngn hng mua th ngn hng s dng t gi thp
Do bt li vn thuc v khch hng cn mua hay cn bn.
V d 3: Mt cng ty cn bn cho ngn hng 100,000GBP ly EUR . Nh vy ngn
hng s tr cho cng ty bao nhiu EUR ?
Cho bit t gi:
GBP/USD
= 1.5810/20
USD/EUR
= 0.8270/80
p dng cng thc tnh cho, ta c:
(GBP/EUR ) = (GBP/USD) x (USD/EUR )
Ta suy lun nh sau:
Trc ht cng ty s bn GBP cho ngn h ng mua USD, do vy ngn h ng s p dng
t gi mua GBP/USD = 1.5810; sau cng ty s bn s USD n y cho ngn hng ly EUR,
do ngn hng s p dng t gi mua USD/EUR = 0.8270.
Thay vo cng thc ta c:
GBP/USD = 1.5810 x 0.8270 = 1.3075
S tin m ngn hng tr cho cng ty l:
100,000GBP x 1.3075 = 130,750 EUR
Nhn xt:
- Khi khch bn th phi chu hai t gi mua cng mt lc.
V d 4: Mt cng ty cn mua 100,000 GBP tr bng EUR . Vy cng ty phi tr cho
Ngn hng bao nhiu EUR ?
Cho bit t gi:
GBP/USD = 1.5810/20
USD/EUR = 0.8270/80
p dng cng thc tnh cho, ta c:
GBP/EUR = (GBP/USD) x (USD/EUR )
Ta suy lun nh sau:

12

Trc ht cng ty s bn EUR mua USD, do ngn hng s p dng t gi bn

USD/EUR = 0.9280; sau cng ty s bn USD ly GBP, do ngn hng s p dng t gi
bn GBP/USD = 1.5820.
Thay vo cng thc trn ta tnh c t gi:
GBP/EUR = 1.5820 x 0.8280 = 1.3099
Vy cng ty phi tr cho ngn hng s tin:
100,000GBP x 1.3099 = 130,990 EUR
Nhn xt:
- Khi khch hng mua th phi chu hai t gi bn cng mt lc v ngc li.
2.6. Cc yu t nh hng n s bin ng ca t gi hi oi
Sau 1971 vi s sp ca ch tin t Bretton Woods, quan h tin t gia cc nc
c th ni, in hnh l cc nc t bn. Vi c ch ny, t gi hi oi ca cc nc bin
ng hng ngy, hng gi trn th trng do nh hng ca nhiu nhn t nh lm pht, tnh
hnh cn cn thanh ton quc t, tnh hnh cung v cu ngoi hi trn th trng v.v
Chng ta cn hiu rng t gi hi oi l mt loi gi, vy v bn cht n g ing nh bt
k mt loi gi no trong nn kinh t, tc l s vn ng theo quy lut cung -cu. Tuy nhin cn
nhn mnh ngay rng xt v phm vi nh hng t gi hi oi bao gi cng c coi l loi gi
quc t, do n s b tc ng bi nhiu yu t khc nhau trong khng gian ny.
Di y chng ta s xt nh hng ca 5 nhn t quan trng n bin ng ca t gi hi
oi.
2.6.1. Lin quan gia t gi hi oi vi t l lm pht hay sc mua
Ni cch khc y mun ni n mi lin h gia t gi hi oi v sc mua ca mi
ng tin trong mi cp tin t. thy r mi lin quan ny ta s dng l thuyt sc mua ca
Ricardo- Cassel. L thuyt ny gi thuyt rng t gi hi oi mc cn bng phi th hin s
ngang bng trong sc mua gia hai ng ting tng ng v n c gi l l thuyt 3P
(Purchashing Power Parity).
L thuyt ny gi thuyt trong mt nn kinh t cnh tranh lnh mnh, tc l trong cc
ph vn chuyn, thu hi quan gi nh bng 0. Do nu cc hng ha ng nht th ngi tiu
dng s mua hng nc no c gi th t s thp. Theo gi thit , mt kin hng A M c
gi l 100USD v Php l 80EUR , c ngha l theo ngang gi sc mua i ni ca hai ng
tin ny l: USD /EUR = 0.8000. Nu M mc lm pht l 5%/nm v Php l 10%/nm th
gi kin hng A M s t ng ln l 105USD, Php tng ln l 88EUR . Do ngang gi sc
mua i ni s l 105USD = 88EUR , hay USD/EUR = (88/105) = 0.8381
Nh vy: -T gi trc lm pht l USD/EUR = 0.8000
- T gi sau lm pht l USD/EUR = 0.8381
Mc chnh lch t gi l 4,76% trong khi mc chnh lch lm pht l 5%, hai mc
ny c th coi l tng t nh nhau. Qua cho thy t gi bin ng do lm pht ph thuc
mc chnh lch ca lm pht ca hai ng tin yt gi v nh gi.
T v d trn, ta c th i n cng thc sau:
Gi s ng tin ca 2 nc l A v B, trong ng tin A l yt gi v B l ng tin
nh gi.
T gi cui k A/B = t gi u k A/B x {(1+lm pht B)/(1+lm pht A)}
Nc no c m c lm pht ln hn th ng tin nc c s c mua thp h n, nc
no c mc lm pht cao h n mc lm pht trung bnh ca th gii hoc ca khu vc th
ng tin nc mt gi lin tc.

13

Ngoi hi c gi c v n cng l mt loi hng ha v l mt loi hng ha c bit. Gi

c ca ngoi hi cng chu nh h ng ca nhiu nhn t nh gi c ca cc loi hng ha thng
thng nh mc lm pht, v gim pht, cung v cu hng ha trn th trng, s lng on
v gi c v.v.
Nu khng tnh n cc nhn t khc m ch tnh ring nh hng ca nhn t lm pht,
ta c th d on c s bin ng ca t gi trong tng lai.
V d: T gi USD/VND bnh qun nm 2004 l 15,500. Mc lm pht ca M l 5%
v ca Vit Nam l 8% nm. D on t gi USD/VND nm 2005 s l:
USD/VND = 15,500 x (1.08/1.05) = 15,943
2.6.2. T gi hi oi v cn cn thanh ton quc t
Cn cn thanh ton qu c t c tc ng rt quan trng n t gi hi oi. Tnh tr ng ca
cn cn thanh ton quc t s tc ng trc tip n cung v cu ngoi hi, do n tc ng
trc tip v rt nhy bn n t gi hi oi. V nguyn tc, nu cn cn thanh ton quc t d
tha c th dn n kh nng cung ngoi hi ln hn cu ngoi hi, t lm cho t gi hi
oi c xu hng gim. Ngc li nu cn cn thanh ton quc t thiu ht c th dn n cu
ngoi hi ln hn cung ngoi hi, t t gi hi oi c xu hng tng. Trong cn cn thanh
ton quc t, cn cn thng mi c tc ng cc k quan trng n s bin ng ca t gi hi
oi m cc nh kinh t u cng nhn. y l nhn t c bn ng sau lng t gi hi oi.
Tuy nhin tu vo iu kin ca mi n c v trong t ng giai on pht trin, cc cn cn khc
cng c vai tr rt li hi, v d nh cn cn giao dch vn. C th iu kin ca Vit Nam
trong nhng nm gn y, u t trc tip nc ngoi tng nhanh to nn dng chy ngoi t
vo trong nc rt ln th hin trong ti khon vn trong cn cn thanh ton quc t, t tc
ng ln cung ngoi hi v t gi hi oi.
2.6.3. T gi hi oi v mc chnh lch li sut gia cc nc
Ni chung, nu cc iu kin v mi trng kinh doanh ca cc nc l tng ng
nhau, nc no c li sut ngn hn cao hn th vn ngn hn s chy vo nhm thu phn chnh
lch do tin li to ra, do d s lm cho cung ngoi hi tng ln, cu ngoi hi gim i, t gi
hi oi s gim xung.
Chng hn, khi Vit Nam nng cao li sut tin gi hn cc nc trong khu vc th
lng ngoi t s chy vo Vit Nam mua cc tn phiu ngn hn, do s lm cho cung
ngoi t v ng thi cng lm gim nhu cu ngoi t xung. T gi hi oi do cng gim
xung. Tuy nhin iu ny c thc s xy ra hay khng cn ph thuc vo iu kin v mi
trng kinh doanh ca Vit Nam c m bo an to n cho cc nh u t hay khng, bi v cc
nh u t khng ch quan tm n li nhun thu c t u t m cn rt quan tm n yu t
an ton vn u t.
2.6.4. Yu t tm l
Yu t tm l l mt yu t ch yu da v o s phn on t cc s kin, t nh hnh chnh
tr, kinh t ca cc nc v th gii c lin quan. Chng hn, mc thu nhp thc t (mc tng
GNP thc t) tng ln s lm tng nhu cu v hng ha v dch v nhp khu, do lm cho
nhu cu ngoi hi thanh ton hng nhp khu cng tng ln. Tng trng hay suy thoi kinh
t cng c nh hng ti t gi hi oi. Khi nn kinh t trong thi k tng trng nhanh, nhu
cu v ngoi t tng v lc gi ngoi t c xu hng tng. Ngc li, trong thi k kinh t
suy thoi, khng hong, nhu cu v ngoi t gim lm cho gi ngoi t c xu hng gim.
T gi hi oi l gi qu c t, do nhng s kin kinh t, chnh tr tr n th gii cng s
gy nh hng rt nhy bn n t gi hi oi. Chng hn nh s kin M xy ra v o thng

14

9/2001 hay chin tranh Iraq thng 3/2003 va qua lm khuynh o th trng hi oi th
gii, gi USD gim ng k.
2.6.5. Vai tr qun l ca ngn hng trung ng
Trong ch t gi hi oi th ni c qun l, vai tr can thip ca Nh nc gi v tr
quan trng. Cn nhn mnh rng Nh nc can thip bng cng c ca th trng thng qua
Ngn hng Nh nc Trung ng ch khng phi bng cc cng c hnh chnh, tc l Ngn
hng Trung ng tham gia vo th trng vi t cch l ngi tham gia trn th trng (ngi
mua hoc ngi bn) trong tng thi im tc ng ln cung hoc cu ngoi hi, t tc
ng ln t gi hi oi ph hp vi chnh sch tin t ca Nh nc.
2.6.6. Nhng yu t chnh tr v iu kin kinh t
Cc iu kin kinh t thay i hoc cc s kin kinh t, ti chnh s nh hng n cc
hot ng kinh doanh v u t ca quc gia, t nh hng n cc lung tin chy ra v
chy vo quc gia v kt qu l nh hng n t gi hi oi. V d nh cuc khng ti
chnh nm 1997 Chu lm ng tin ca mt s nc Chu mt gi kh nhiu. Cc
chnh sch thu, mc tng tr ng kinh t, chnh sch u t ca cc quc gia u c th nh
hng n s dch chuyn cc lung vn u t gia cc nc, t tc ng ln t gi hi
oi.
2.7. Phng php iu chnh t gi hi oi
T gi hi oi chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t v bin ng mt cch t pht. Tuy
nhin Nh nc c th p dng nhiu phng php iu chnh t gi hi oi, trong ch
yu l chnh sch chit khu, chnh sch hi oi, lp qu bnh n hi oi, vay n, ph gi,
nng gi tin t.
2.7.1. Chnh sch chit khu
y l chnh sch ca ngn hng trung ng dng cch thay i t sut chit khu ca
ngn hng mnh iu chnh t gi hi oi trn th trng. Khi t gi hi oi ln cao n
mc nguy him, ngn hng s nng cao t sut chit khu ln gim t gi hi oi xung. Bi
v khi ngn hng nng cao t sut chit khu dn n li sut trn th trng cng tng ln, vn
ngn hn trn th trng th gii s chy vo gp phn lm du s cng thng ca cu ngoi hi,
do t gi hi oi s c xu hng h xung.
Tuy nhin chnh sch chit khu cng ch c nh h ng nht nh i vi t gi hi oi
bi v gia chng khng c quan h nhn qu. Li sut khng phi l nhn t duy nht quyt
nh s vn ng vn gia cc nc. Li sut bin ng do tc ng ca quan h cung cu ca
vn cho vay. Li sut c th bin ng trong phm vi t sut li nhun b nh qun v trong m t
tnh hnh c bit c th vt qua t sut li nhun bnh qun. Cn t gi hi oi li do quan h
cung cu ngoi hi quyt nh m quan h ny do tnh hnh c a cn cn thanh ton d tha hay
thiu ht quyt nh. Nh vy nhn t hnh thnh li sut v t gi khng ging nhau, do
khng nht thit l bin ng ca li sut, ln cao chng hn, s a n bin ng v t gi, h
xung chng hn.
Trong trng hp li sut ln cao, nhng t nh hnh kinh t, chnh tr v tin t ca nc
khng n nh th khng hn l vn ngn hn s chy vo, bi lc vn t ln hng u
l s bo m an ton cho vn ch khng phi thu c li nhiu. Nu t nh hnh tin t ca cc
nc gn tng t nh nhau th hng u t ngn hn s nhm vo cc nc c li sut cao, do
chnh sch chit khu c ngha quan trng iu chnh t gi hi oi ca cc nc.

15

2.7.2. Chnh sch hi oi

Hay cn gi l chnh sch hot ng cng khai trn th trng: c ngha l ngn hng
trung ng hay cc c quan ngoi hi ca nh nc dng nghip v trc tip mua bn ngoi hi
iu chnh t gi hi oi. Khi t gi hi oi ln cao, ngn hng trung ng tung ngoi hi
ra bn nhm ko gi hi oi gim xung. Mun thc hin c bin php ny, ngn hng
trung ng phi c d tr ngoi hi ln. Nhng nu tnh hnh thm ht cn cn thanh ton
quc t ca nc ko di th kh c ngun d tr ngoi hi ln thc hin bin php
ny.
C th ni chnh sch chit khu v chnh sch hi oi u dn n mu thun gia cc
tp on t bn trong nc, gia thng nhn nhp khu v xut khu v t gi ca mt nc
nng ln th hn ch xut khu hng ca nc khc nhng li khuyn khch xut khu vn ca
nc khc, do lm cho cn cn thanh ton ca nc ngoi vi nc thc hin hai chnh
sch ny b thit hi.
2.7.3. Qu d tr bnh n hi oi
Mc ch ca qu ny l nhm to ra mt cch ch ng mt lng d tr ngoi hi
ng ph vi s bin ng ca t gi hi oi thng qua chnh sch ho t ng cng khai trn th
trng. Nh vy y l mt hnh thc bin tng ca chnh sch hi oi.
V nguyn tc, ngn hng trung ng khng ch u trch nhim iu tit s bin ng ca
t gi th ni, nhng khng hong ngoi hi trm trng lm cho ng tin ca cc nc ngy
mt mt gi, t gi ngoi hi bin ng ln nh hng n sn xut v l thng hng ha,
v vy cc nc lp ra qu bnh n hi oi iu tit t gi ca ng tin nc mnh.
Kinh nghim cho thy tc dng ca qu ny rt hn ch. Qu ny ch c tc dng khi
khng hong ngoi hi t nghim trng v c ngun tn dng quc t h tr, v d nh tn d ng
SWAP.
2.7.4. Ph gi tin t
Ph gi tin t l s nh tt sc mua ca tin t n c mnh so vi ngoi t hay l nng
cao t gi hi oi ca mt n v ngoi t.
V d: thng 12/1971, la ph gi 7.89%, t c l gi ca 1 GBP t ng ln t 2.40USD ln
2.605USD, hay l sc mua ca USD gim t 0.416GBP xung cn 0.383GBP.
Tc dng ca ph gi tin t c th l:
- Khuyn khch xut khu h ng ha, hn ch nhp khu h ng ha, do c tc dng khi
phc li s cn bng ca cn cn ngoi thng, nh vy gp phn ci thin cn cn thanh ton
quc t.
- Khuyn khch nhp khu vn, kiu hi v hn ch xut khu vn ra bn ngoi, chuyn
tin ra ngoi nc, do c tc dng tng kh nng cung ngoi hi, gim nhu cu v ngoi hi,
nh t gi hi oi s gim xung.
-Khuyn khch du lch vo trong nc, hn ch du lch ra nc ngoi, v vy quan h cung
cu ngoi hi bt cng thng.
- Cp khng mt phn gi tr thc t ca nhng ai nm ng tin ph gi trong tay.
Tc dng ch yu ca ph gi tin t l nhm ci thin cn cn thng mi. Tuy nhin c
thc hin c iu ny hay khng cn ph thuc vo kh nng y mnh xut khu ca nc
tin hnh ph gi tin t v kh nng cnh tranh ca hng ha xut khu ca nc .

16

2.7.5. Nng gi tin t

Nng gi tin t l vic nng chnh thc n v tin t nc mnh so vi ngoi t, tc l
nng cao hm lng vng ca tin nc mnh ln, t gi ca ngoi hi so vi ng tin nng gi
b nh st xung, t gi hi oi h thp xung.
nh hng ca nng gi ti n t i vi ngoi thng ca mt nc hon ton ngc li
vi ph gi tin t. Nng gi tin t thng xy ra di p lc ca nc khc m nc ny mong
mun tng kh nng cnh tranh hng ha ca mnh vo nc c cn cn thanh ton v cn cn
thng mi d tha.
V d c l nc c cn cn thanh ton v cn cn thng mi d tha i vi M,
Anh v Php. hn ch xut khu hng ha ca c vo cc nc ny, 3 nc ny p c
phi nng gi ng tin ca mnh. Di p lc ca cc nc bn hng c phi nhiu ln
tng gi DEM. i vi ng JYP ca Nht cng tng t nh vy.
Ngoi ra, khng ngoi tr kh nng trnh phi tip nhn ng USD mt gi chy vo
nc mnh v gi vng lu thng tin t v tn dng, duy tr s n nh ca t gi hi oi,
chnh ph c v Nht coi bin php nng gi ng tin ca mnh nh l mt bin php hu
hiu. Vic nng gi ng JYP ca Nht cng to iu kin Nht chuyn vn ra nc ngoi
nhm xy dng mt nc Nht kinh t trong lng cc nc khc, nh d m Nht gi vng
c th trng bn ngoi.
2.8. S lc lch s pht trin t gi hi oi Vit Nam
Qua trnh pht trin ca t gi hi oi Vit Nam gn lin vi qu trnh ci cch h
thng ngn hng v i mi kinh t ca t nc. Theo Trm Th Xun Hng (2006), c th
chia qua trnh pht trin ca t gi hi oi Vit Nam thnh hai giai on ln: giai on trc
php lnh Ngn hng nm 1990 v giai on sau php lnh, tc l sau 1990, trong xem xt
hai thi im trc v sau khng hong ti chnh nm 1997.
2.8.1. Giai on trc Php lnh Ngn hng ra i 1990:
Theo Php lnh ngn hng, n v tin t nc ta l ng, k hiu quc t l VND. Do
Vit Nam khng cng b hm ling vng trong VND do vy t gi phi c xc nh da
trn c s so snh sc mua gi VND v tin t cc nc khc. Trong giai on ny t gi hi
oi ca Vit Nam l ch t gi c nh v a t gi, v Nh nwocs c quyn v ngoi
thng v c quyn v ngoi hi, ngn hng l h thng mt cp trong iu kin nn kinh t k
shoch ho tp trung. T gi c nh l t gi chnh thc do Nh nc cng b v iu chnh.
a t gi th hin l trong giai on ny tn ti c ng lc nhiu t gi khc nhua s dng trong
cc mi quan h trao i khc nhau. Lc ny c s phn bit gia t gi hi oi p dng vi
cc giao dch vi cc nc XHCN. Vi i tng ny, Vit Nam thc hin thanh ton b tr
nhiu bn thng qua ng Rp chuyn nhng. Cho n nm 1991, khi XHCN tan v, ng
Rp chuyn nhng khng tn ti na. i vi t gi hi oi gia VND vi ng tin cc
nc t bn ch ngha c xc nh cn c vo s bin ng ca th trng m Nh nwocs
cng b, cn trong quan h thanh ton vi cc nwocs khc th t gi hnh thnh trn c s cc
ngh nh th k kt gia hai nc vi nhau. Trong quan h vi ngn sch Nh nc ch s
dng t gi kt ton ni b, iu ny gy rt nhiu kh khn cho vic xc nh hiu qu kinh
doanh cu cc doanh nghip xut nhp khu. Theo Trm Th Xun Hng (2006), trong giai
on ny t gi hi oi Vit Nam c n nh mt cch ch quan, tu tin, thiu c s khoa
hc, cha gn lin vi cugn v cu ngoi t. T gi chnh thc th ng rt thp so vi t gi trn
th trng.

17

2.8.2. Giai on sau khi Php lnh Ngn hng ra i

Giai on sau khi Php lnh Ngn hng ra i nm 1990 v trc khng hong ti chnh
Chu nm 1997, l giai on Vit Nam chuyn t h thng ngn hng mt cp sang hai cp,
t ch c quyn ngoi hi sang ch qun l thng nht ngoi hi. T gi hi oi tr
thnh vn quan trng hng u trong chnh shc tin t - ti chnh quc gia. Lc ny Nh
nc ch tr ng p dng mt t gi v t gi c xc nh tr n c s cung cu ngoi hi trn
th trng. Mt s kin quan trng l s ra i ca Th tr ng Ngoi t lin ngn hng vo
nm 1994. Tuy nhin hot ng trn th trng cn nhiu hn ch, th tc mua bn v thanh
ton ngoi t cn nhiu kh khn.
Sau nm 1997, nh nc ch trng qun l t gi theo hng iu hnh linh hot trn c
s m bo n nh gi tr VND, do vy Ngn hng Nh nc lin tc m rng thm bin
dao ng ca t gi chnh thc, bm st cung cu ngoi t trn th trng tin n t do ho t
gi, nng cao uy tn ca VND trn th trng to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh hi nhp quc
t ca nn kinh t t nc.
2.9. Th trng hi oi
Hin nay trn th gii nhiu nc t chc th trng hi oi. C khong trn 40 th
trng hi oi. Mi ngy c hng t USD c giao dch trn ton cu. Chng ta c th lit k
cc th trng hi oi ln nht trn th gii hin nay nh th trng London, Newyork, Tokyo,
Singapore, Paris, Zurich, Franfut, Mila...
2.9.1. Khi nim th trng hi oi
Th trng hi oi l ni thc hin vic mua v bn, trao i ngoi hi, trong ch
yu l trao i, mua bn ngoi t v cc phng tin thanh ton quc t, m gi c ngoi t
c hnh thnh trn c s cung cu. Hoc c th ni th trng hi oi l ni chuyn mn ha
v trao i mua bn ngoi t, thng qua s c st gia cung v cu ngoi t tha mn nhu cu
ca cc ch th kinh t ng thi xc nh cc iu kin giao dch tc l gi c v s lng
ngoi t mua bn.
Trung tm ca th trng hi oi l th trng lin ngn hng, thng qua m mi
giao dch mua bn ngoi hi c th tin hnh trc tip vi nhau. Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht
trin ca th trng hi oi trn th gii hnh thnh hai t chc khc nhau. H thng hi oi
Anh - M v h thng hi oi chu u.
Theo h thng Anh - M th th trng hi oi c tnh cht biu tng, ch giao dch ngoi
hi thng xuyn gia mt s ngn hng v ngi mi gii, quan h ny c th l trc tip,
nhng ch yu l thng qua in thoi, telex.
Ngc li theo h thng lc a chu u th th trng hi oi c a im nht nh,
hng ngy nhng ngi mua bn ngoi hi ti giao dch v k hp ng. Cc ngn hng
thng mi ln c chi nhnh nc ngoi c vai tr quan tr ng trong th tr ng hi oi. Cc
ngn hng ny kinh doanh ngo i hi l ch yu, cc ngn hng khc ng vai tr ph thuc vo
hot ng kinh doanh di s ch o ca cc ngn hng ln.
Trn th trng hi oi, cc t gi nim yt c nghi quan trng. tuy nhin n ch l t
gi c bn dng tham kho m thi, cn t gi hi oi ca mi hp ng, mi giao dch mua
bn ngoi hi c quyt nh bi quan h cung cu ngoi hi trn th trng.
Nu hiu theo nghi rng, th trng hi oi l mt phn ca th trng ti chnh, hot
ng mang tnh cht a dng phong ph vi nhng c im sau y:
Th nht, th trng hi oi mang tnh quc t v n ho t ng khng ch trong phm vi
mt nc, m tren phm vi ton th gii. Mi s bin ng ca t gi hi oi trn mt th
trng ny u c nh hng n t gi trn nhng th trng khc.

18

Th hai, th trng hi oi mang tnh lin tc, cc giao dch din ra 24/24 trong cc ngy
lm vic trong tun.
Th ba, th trng hi oi ch giao dch mt s ngoi t nht nh, trong ng USD
c coi l ng tin chun. Tr n th trng hi oi hin nay tp trung giao dch 15 ng tin
ch yu, c cng b qua Forex.com.
Th t, sn phm giao dch trn th trng ngoi hi gia tng rt mnh, c bit l s
tng trng rt cao ca cc nghip v phi sinh nh forward, option ...
Th nm, phng thc giao dch tr n th trng hi oi ch yu l khng qua qu y OTC
(over the counter) m c thc hin qua qua in thoi, telex, fax, vi tnh ni mng ...
2.9.2. Phn loi th trng hi oi
Th trng hi oi c chia lm 2 loi c bn: th trng giao ngay v th trng giao
dch c k hn (spot market v forward market)
Th trng giao ngay l th trng m vic mua bn, thanh ton v giao nhn ngoi hi
xy ra ng thi ty theo tp qun.
Chng hn th trng hi oi giao ngay chu u, vic giao nhn ng oi hi xy ra sau
2 ngy lm vic k t ngy k hp ng mua ngoi hi. y cn lu nhng ngy ngh i
vi cc nc ngh hai ngy cui tun th by, ch nht v nhng ngy ngh hng tun ca cc
quc gia tn gio nh C Ot v Rp ngh th su v ch nht.
Th trng giao dch c k hn l th trng m vic k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi hi
v vic giao nhn ngoi hi khng din ra ng thi m vic giao nhn ngoi hi s din ra sau
mt s ngy nht nh no do hai bn tha thun. Ngy giao nhn ngoi hi trong hp ng
mua bn c k hn c tnh bng ngy giao nhn ngay cng vi s ng y k hn ca hp ng.
V d: hp ng k hn 3 thng, k vo ngy 12 thng 1 n m 2006 th ngy giao nhn ngay l
ngy 14 thng 1 nm 2006, nn ngy giao k hn 3 thng s l ngy 15 thng 4 nm 2006.
2.8.3. Nhng u im ca th trng hi oi
Hin nay quan h thng mi quc t ng y cng pht trin t lm ny sinh nhiu hp
ng mua bn ngoi thng. V vy, vn c t ra l t chc nhp khu cn mua ngoi t
thanh ton cho nc ngoi, t chc xut khu cn bn ngoi t ly ng ni t trang tri
cc chi ph pht sinh trong. Cc t chc ny s mua, bn ngoi t u, vi gi c l bao nhiu.
gii quyt c vn ny cn thit phi t chc th trng hi oi. Bi th trng hi oi
s gii quyt nhng vn c bn sau y:
- Gi c hng ha th trng hi oi, tc l t gi hi oi s c hnh thnh mt cch
thch hp trn c s c xt gia cung v cu ngoi hi. chnh l gi phi chng, gi va lng
ngi mua, thun lng ngi bn.
- Th trng cng cho ta bit ai l ngi bn, ai l ngi c ngoi t nhn ri tm thi
- S lng ngoi t mua, bn l bao nhiu
- Thng qua th trng hi oi gip Nh nc c th tham gia kim sot ngoi h i v c
th can thip vo th trng thng qua s tc ng vo cung hay cu ngoi t nhm thc hin
chnh sch kinh t quc dn.
- Th trng hi oi gip ngi mua v ngi bn gp nhau khi cn thit, thay v phi
in thoi hi cc n v khc nhau, c khi mua phi gi cao, gi thp, hoc trm tr trong thanh
ton
Vit Nam, ngy 29/9/1994 Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc k quyt nh s
203/Q-NH ban hnh quy ch "T chc v hot ng ca th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng".

19

2.9.4. i tng tham gia th trng hi oi

Ty theo lut l ca mi quc gia m i tng tham gia vo th trng hi oi c th
c nhng khc nhau. Nh ng c th c 4 i tng su y: cc ngn hng thng m i, cc nh
mi gii, ngn hng trung ng, cc cng ty kinh doanh.
Cc ngn hng thng mi
y l nhn vt chnh ca th trng. Cc ngn hng ny mua bn ngoi t khng ch
thc hin cc lnh ca khch hng m cn kinh doanh cho chnh bn thn cc ngn hng. Cc
ngn hng ln cn hnh thnh b phn kinh doanh ngoi t quc t. B phn ny c vai tr quan
trng trong vic iu phi vn, kinh doanh tin gi, mua bn ngoi t. N c trang b nhiu
phng tin thng tin hin i nh telex, fax, in thoi, my tnh. B phn ny thng bao gm
cc tiu b phn sau y:
- Tiu b phn chuyn kinh doanh mua bn ngoi t
- Tiu b phn gm cc nh phn tch d on t gi, tnh ton t gi
- Tiu b phn qun tr, kim sot.
Cc nh mi gii
H l trung tm gia ngn hng v qua h phn tch cc hot ng ca th trng bng
cch lm cho cung v c u tip cn nhau. H cung cp cho khch hn g nhng thng tin tc thi
v th tr ng, kh nng tm th y bn hng khi cn gi, h bo m cho s vn hnh tt ca c
ch th trng v qua lin lc mn hnh gia ngi mua v ngi bn cho ti khi tha thun
c giao dch. Vi nhng thun li, cng lao ca h dnh cho khch hng nn nh mi gii
c t cng cho tng giao dch mua bn.
V d: Tin ph cho mi gii Singapore l 25 SGD/ 1 triu USD mua bn.
Ngn hng trung ng:
H tham gia th trng vi 2 danh ngha. Mt mt nh mi ngn hng khc h tham gia
th trng hi oi l nhm phc v khch h ng ca mnh; mt khc h tham gia vi t cch l
c quan gim st th trng nhm iu khin hot ng ca th trng trong khun kh cc quy
nh ca lut php. ng thi qua Ngn hng trung ng theo d i bin ng c ng bn t
c th can thip vo th trng khi cn thit nhm duy tr n nh ng bn t.
Cc cng ty kinh doanh
Cc cng ty ny tham gia mua bn ngo i t thanh ton cc kho n n thng mi. Dch
v, u t nc ngoi. Thng thng l cng ty xut nhp khu, dch v quc t ... k c
khch du lch quc t.
2.9.5. Cc nghip v hi oi c bn
Trong khun kh mn hc ny chng ti gii thiu 4 nghip v hi oi c b n bao gm
nghip v giao ngay, nghip v c k hn, nghip v giao hon i v nghip v quyn chn.
Nghip v giao ngay (SPOT)
l nghip v ph bin v chim t trng ln trong cc nghip v hi oi. Nghip v
giao l hot ng mua bn ngoi t m theo vic chuyn giao ngoi t c thc hin ngay,
theo t gi c tha thun.
Nhng ch giao ngay y khng c ngha l ngay tc khc m thng thng gia ngy
giao dch (ngy tha thun) v ngy thanh ton (ngy gi tr ) cch nhau 2 ngy. y l thi gian
cn thit tin hnh cc bt ton, k ton, thc hin lnh thanh ton chuyn tin gia cc
Ngn hng quc gia. Nh vy nu bn mun mua ngoi t chuyn tr cho mt cng ty Php
chng hn vo ngy 12/9 th bn phi mua trn th trng vo ngy 10/9 v khng k ngy l,
th by v ch nht.
Mt trong nhng kh khn trong quan h thanh ton quc t l c ch chuyn nhng tin
t. Bi v khi k kt hp ng mua bn, cc bn mua bn phi tha thun vi nhau l dng ng

20

tin ca nc no lm tin t tnh ton v thanh ton hp ng. ng tin ny c th l ng

tin ca mt trong 2 nc cng c th l ng tin ca nc th ba no . V vic chuyn
ngoi t t nc ny cho nc khc s c thc hin nh th no? Tt nhin trong thi i
hin nay, ngi ta s khng trc tip chuyn nhng "bao tin mt" bi v nh vy s rt tn km
v nhiu ri ro trn ng vn chuyn. Do vy, vic thanh ton s c thc hin qua trung gian
cc ti khon ngn hng v cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh cc ngn hng thc hin
nghip v ca mnh.
Nghip v mua bn ngoi hi c k hn (FORWARD) y l mt loi giao dch trong
mi iu khon ca hp ng mua bn c nh ra trong hin ti, nhng vic thc hin cc
iu khon s xy ra trong tng lai. Ni cch khc, l nghip v mua bn ngoi hi m
vic giao nhn s tin hnh sau mt thi gian nht nh, theo mt t gi tha thun lc k kt
hp ng.
T gi giao ngay v t gi c k hn thng chnh lch nhau v mc chnh lch ny ph
thuc vo s bin ng ca sc mua tin t v tnh hnh li sut ca n c c cc ng tin .
Chng ta c th lng ha c s tc ng ca li sut i vi t gi c k hn.
C th t gi c k hn s c xc nh trn c s t gi giao ngay, thi hn g iao dch v
li sut ca hai ng tin . Ta c cng thc sau:
(1)

Tf = Ts x [(1 + KL B)/(1 + KL A)]

Trong : A l ng tin yt gi, B l ng tin nh gi

Tf : t gi c k hn ca ng tin A so vi ng tin B
K: thi gian, thi hn tha thun (ngy, thng, nm)
LA: li sut ca ng tin A (ngy, thng, nm)
LB: li sut ca ng tin B (ngy, thng, nm)
Ts : t gi giao ngay (A/B)
V d: Mt cng ty Php cn mua 100,000USD c k hn 3 thng, tc l sau 3 thng k t
ngy giao dch n v mi cn ti s tin ny. Hi ngn hng Php s ng bn USD vi t
gi bao nhiu? Bit t gi giao ngay l Ts = 0.8110. Li sut ng EUR l 6%/nm, USD l
5%/nm.
Bi gii:
u tin, hn ch ri ro, ngn hng Php s i vay ng EUR trn th trng thi hn 3
thng vi li sut l 6%/nm, s tin cn vay l 81,100EUR.
Sau , ngn hng s mua USD theo iu kin giao ngay. Nh vy mua 100,000USD,
ngn hng phi chi l 81,100EUR .
S USD va mua ngn hng cha cn phi giao ngay cho n v, ngn hng s em gi
trn th trng tin gi thi hn 3 thng vi li sut 5%/nm.
Vy sau 3 thng, an ton vn v hn ch ri ro th tng s thu phi bng tng s chi.
Tng s thu ca ngn hng v vic gi 100,000USD l:
{100,000 + [(100,000 x 5% x 3 thng)/12 thng]} USD
= 100,000 x (1 + KLA)
(pt1)
Tng s chi ca ngn hng v vic vay 81,100EUR trong 3 thng l:
(100,000 x 0.8110) + (100,000 x 0.8110 x 3 x 6)/(100 x 12)
= 100,000 x 0.8110 x (1 + KLB) EUR (pt2)
bo m tng thu bng tng chi th (pt1) phi bng (pt2), ta c:
100,000(1 + KLA)Tf = 100,000Ts (1 + KL B)

21

Vy suy ra:
Tf = Ts [(1 + KLB)/(1 + KLA)
Trong :
- Tf: t gi c k hn ca USD so vi EUR
- Ts: t gi giao ngay USD/EUR
- LA: li sut ca USD
- LB: li sut ca EUR
Tuy nhin hin nay ti cc giao dch hi oi quc t ngi ta thng dng cng thc tnh
gn ng v n gin hn:
T gi c k hn = T gi giao ngay + Chi ph hon i

Tf = Ts + Ts x Kx (L B - LA)

(2)

Nu Tf l t gi bn th Ts l t gi bn, LB l li sut cho vay, LA l li sut tin gi.

Ngc li, nu Tf l t gi mua, th Ts l t gi mua, L B l li sut tin gi v L A l li su t cho
vay.
Khi LA < LB th Tk > Ts, phn di ra c gi l im gia tng.
Khi LA > LB th Tk < Ts, phn chnh lch gi l im khu tr.
Ni cch khc nu ng tin yt gi c li sut thp hn ng tin nh gi th c hng
im gia tng vo t gi c k hn v ngc li th s b khu tr vo t gi c k hn.
Nghip v SWAP
L nghip v hi oi kp gm 2 nghip v giao ngay (spot) v nghip v c k hn
(forward). Hai nghip v ny c tin hnh cng mt lc vi cng mt lng ngoi t nhng
theo 2 hng ngc nhau.
Li dng c ch tn dng SWAP, ngn hng phi hp mua v bn ngoi t giao ngay vi
mua bn ngoi t c k hn theo hng ngc li nhm kim li hoc bo tn vn.
V d 1: Mt cng ty Hng Kng dng vn bng HKD ca mnh mua 1,000,000USD
u t vo nc ta. Li sut ca USD Vit Nam l 7.25%/nm, li sut ca HKD l 5%/nm.
Cng ty s thc hin hai nghip v sau:
- Mua 1 triu USD theo t gi giao ngay Ts = USD/HKD = 7.4626
- Bn 1 triu USD k hn 1 nm theo t gi Tf = USD/HKD = 7.7025
V d 2:
Mt cng ty XYZ n ngn hng ABC xin vay 150,000EUR, thi hn vay 3 thng. Ngn
hng ng cho vay, nhng trong ngn qu ch c USD. Do vy ngn hng s thc hin nghip
v SWAP bng cch bn s USD i i ly EUR ri cho cng ty XYZ vay nhm kim li.
Nghip v quyn chn mua/chn bn
Nghip v quyn chn mua: Ngi mua quyn chn mua c c quyn, nhng khng bt
buc, mua mt l ng ngoi t nht nh, theo mt t gi nh trc vo mt ngy c xc
nh trong tng lai hoc trc ngy . Ngi bn quyn chn mua ngoi t c trch nhim
phi bn mt s ngoi t nht nh, theo mt gi nh trc ti mt ngy xc nh hoc trc
ngy khi ngi mua mun thc hin quyn chn mua ca mnh.
Nghip v quyn chn bn: Ngi mua quyn chn bn c quyn, nh ng khng bt buc,
bn mt lng ngoi t nht nh, theo mt t gi nh trc vo mt ngy xc nh trong
tng lai hoc trc ngy . Ngi bn quyn chn bn c trch nhim phi mua mt s ngoi

22

t nht nh, theo mt gi nh trc ti mt ngy xc nh hoc trc ngy khi ngi mua
quyn chn bn mun thc hin quyn ca mnh.
Gi ca quyn chn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh t gi giao ngay, t gi tha thun
trn hp ng, thi hn tha thun, t gi c k hn, li sut, t gi d on ...
V d 1: Cng ty A hi mua quyn chn mua ca ngn hng B v lng ngoi t l
100,000USD, theo gi tha thun l USD/EUR = 0.8125; th i hn l 3 thng, gi quyn chn
mua l 0.002 EUR cho 1 USD. T gi giao ngay l USD/EUR = 0.8115.
Gi s t gi vo thi im n hn hp ng gim xung 0.8110. Hi cng ty A c thc
hin quyn chn mua ca mnh khng? Ti sao?
Gi s t gi tng ln 0.8135 th cng ty c thc hin quyn chn mua ca mnh khng?
Ti sao?
Trn thc t, cc nh xut khu thng mua quyn chn bn hoc bn quyn chn mua v
h mun c s m bo chc chn v s ngoi t m h thu c t s hng bn. Ngc li,
cc nh nhp khu th li thng bn quyn chn bn hoc mua quyn chn mua. Cc nh u
t cng thng mua quyn chn bn hoc quyn chn mua v h mun c s m bo v t gi
i vi cam kt bng ngoi t ca h. Ngoi ra, tham gia vo cc nghip v ny cn c cc nh
u c ngoi t nhm mong kim li.
2.9.6. Th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng
Bt u t ngy 20/09/1994, th trng ngoi t Vit Nam c chnh thc thnh lp theo
quyt nh s 203/Q-NH ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam v Quy ch "T chc
v hot ng ca th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng". Th trng ny do Ngn hng Nh nc t
chc v iu hnh nhm hnh thnh th trng mua bn ngoi t c t chc gia cc ngn h ng
thng mi c php kinh doanh ngoi t, lm c s cho vic ra i ca th trng hi oi
hon chnh Vit Nam. Thng qua th tr ng ngoi t lin hng, Ngn hng Nh n c s dng
Qu iu ha ngoi t vi t cch l ngi mua, ngi bn cui cng can thip vo th
trng mt cch c hiu qu, nhm thc hin chnh sch tin t, t gi ca Nh nc.
iu 3 ca Quy ch quy nh i tng tham gia th trng lin ngn hng phi tha mn
cc iu kin sau y:
- L ngn hng c php kinh doanh ngoi t
- C h thng thng tin ni b ni mng vi Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam.
Cc thnh vin tham gia th trng ngoi t lin hng c quy nh trong iu 2 ca Quy
ch. C th bao gm cc ngn hng sau:
- Ngn hng thng mi quc doanh
- Ngn hng u t pht trin
- Ngn hng thng mi c phn
- Chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi hot ng Vit Nam
- Ngn hng lin doanh gia ngn hng Vit Nam vi ngn hng nc ngoi hot ng ti
Vit Nam
- Ngn hng Nh nc trung ng.
Phng thc giao dch th tr ng ngoi t lin hng c quy nh iu 11, c th bao
gm cc phng tin nh in thoi, telex, fax hoc qua mng vi tnh.
ng tin giao dch c quy nh iu 6, bao gm USD, DEM, GBP, FRF, JYP,
HKD, VND. Hin nay cc ngi tin DEM, FRF oc thay th bng ng EUR
Cc nghip v mua bn ngoi t c quy nh iu 9, c th bao gm hai loi:
-Nghip v giao ngay - SPOT
-Nghip v c k hn - FORWARD

23

T gi giao dch c quy nh iu 10. N c thc hin trn c s t gi chnh thc

ca Ngn hng Nh nc v bin do Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc quy nh. Trn c s
ny cc Gim c S giao dch Ngn hng Nh nc quy nh t gi mua, bn ca Ngn hng
Nh nc vi cc thnh vin ca th trng ngoi t lin hng.
Thi gian giao dch mua, bn ngoi t tr n th trng ngoi t lin hng c quy nh
iu 7, c th l vo tt c cc ngy lm vic trong tun theo biu thi gian sng t 8h00 n
11h00 v chiu t 13h30 n 15h30.
Trnh t giao dch c quy nh ti iu 12, c th bt u t s ch o gi mua, bn m t
n v ngoi t bng VND, sau nu s lng ngoi t nh mua, bn. Cc tha thun c k
kt di dng hp ng. Gim c S giao dch Ngn hng Nh nc chu trch nhim trc
Ch tch th trng ngoi t lin hng iu hnh trc tip th trng. Mi hnh thc thanh
ton u thng qua phng thc chuyn khon qua cc ti khon ca cc thnh vin m ti
Ngn hng Nh nc hoc ti Ngn hng nc ngoi.
Thi gian thanh ton vi nghip v giao ngay (xem iu 13) l 2 ngy k lm vic k t
ngy k hp ng. i vi nghip v c k hn thi gian thanh ton tnh bng thi hn ghi
trong hp ng cng vi 2 ngy lm vic ca nghip v giao ngay. Nu vic thanh ton b chm
tr th bn thanh ton phi chu pht bng ngoi t vi mc 150% l i sut LIBOR ca ngoi t
thanh ton trn s ngy chm tr hoc chu pht bng tin Vit Nam vi mc 150% l i sut tin
vay ca Ngn hng Nh nc trn s ngy tr chm.
iu 8 ca quy ch quy nh trong giai on u ra i th trng ngoi t lin hng, s
lng ngoi t giao dch c quy nh l 50,000 USD hoc cc ngoi t khc tng ng cho
mi ln giao dch v phi chn n hng chc nghn USD hoc tnh trn tng ng i vi
ngoi t khc.
Th tc tr thnh thnh vin ca th trng ngoi t lin hng c quy nh ti iu 4.
Cc n v phi lm n gia nhp gi Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam theo mu quy nh.

24

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc
Ngy ......... thng.......nm.....
.
N GIA NHP TH TRNG NGOI T LIN HNG
Knh gi: Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam
(S giao dch Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam)
Tn n v:.................................................................................................................
a ch:.......................................................................................................................
in thoi: ................................................................................................................
Telex: ........................................................................................................................
Telefax: .....................................................................................................................
Ti khon bng ngoi t: ...........................................................................................
M ti ngn hng: .....................................................................................................
S ti khon: .............................................................................................................
Ti khon bng ng Vit Nam: ...............................................................................
M ti ngn hng: .....................................................................................................
S ti khon: .............................................................................................................
Giy php kinh doanh ngoi t s ........ ngy ..........................................................
Giy php m ti khon nc ngoi s ......... ngy ...........................................
Xin c tham gia th trng ngoi t lin ngn hng vi cc cam kt sau:
- Chp hnh mi quy nh trong bn quy ch t chc v hot ng ca th trng ngoi t
lin hng cng nh Ni quy giao dch ca th trng
- Sau y chng ti xin gii thiu:
+ Cn b giao dch ti th trng:.............................................................................
1- H v tn ........................................ Chc v:.....................................................
Ch k mu................................................................................................................
2- H v tn.......................................... Chc v: ....................................................
Ch k mu................................................................................................................
+ Cn b c thm quyn k xc nhn giao dch:
1- H v tn ..................................... Chc v:......................................................
Ch k mu................................................................................................................
2- H v tn......................................... Chc v:.....................................................
Ch k mu ...............................................................................................................
ngh Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam cho chng ti c tham gia Th trng ngoi t
lin hng.
Ngn hng
Tng Gim c
(K tn, ng du)

25

Vic k kt hp ng mua bn ngoi t c thc hin qua vic xc nhn giao dch ngoi
t bng TELEX hoc FAX theo mu thng nht ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam quy nh.
MU XC NHN GIAO DCH NGOI T (BNG TELEX)
Ngn hng gi xc nhn giao dch:............................................................................
Ngn hng xc nhn giao dch:..................................................................................
M kha ...................... cho s tin ...........................................................................
Ngy ..........................................................................................................................
Chng ti xc nhn bn cho Qu Ngn hng/mua ca Qu Ngn hng
s tin ................................. USD vi t gi ......................... thnh tin ................
Vit Nam
Chng ti s chuyn tr vo ti khon s .................................................................
ca Qu ngn hng ti Ngn hng ............................................................................
ngh Qu ngn hng chuyn s tin ....................................................................
vo ti khon ca chng ti s ..................................................................................
ti ngn hng .............................................................................................................
chm nht vo ngy...................................................................................................
(Tn ngn hng in).................................................................................................
(Ch k - nu xc nhn bng Fax.) ...........................................................................
2.10. Tho lun nhm
Ch 1:
L lun v t gi hi oi v tc ng ca n n ngoi thng.
Ch 2:
Thc trng t gi hi oi Vit Nam.
2.11. Tm tt chng 2
Trong chng 2 gi i thiu v cc khi nim c bn lin quan n ngoi hi, t gi hi
oi, phng php tnh cho t gi v bn nghip v hi oi c bn bao gm nghip v giao
ngay, nghip v c k hn, nghip v giao hon i v nghip v quyn chn mua, chn bn
cng vi mt s v d minh ho. Cc nhn t v bin php iu chnh t gi hi oi c trnh
by mt cch khi qut.
2.12. Bi tp chng 2
Bi tp 2.1
Mt doanh nghip xut khu thu c 5 triu HKD, cn phi mua 1 triu JPY thanh
ton tin nhp khu cho mt Cng ty ca Nht, s tin cn li chuyn thnh EUR u t sang
Php. Hy tnh s EUR thu c? Bit rng t gi cng b nh sau:
USD/JPY
=
121.80/125.80
USD/HKD
=
7.7460/90
USD/EUR
=
0.8110/20

26

Bi tp 2.2
Cng ty Xut nhp khu Tha Thin - Hu xut khu thu c 40,000USD. mun mua
ER tr tin nhp khu h ng ho cho m t cng ty ca c. H y tnh xem ngn hng s thanh
ton cho cng ty bao nhiu EUR? Bit t gi cng b nh sau:
USD/VND = 15,850/15,870
EUR /VND = 19,200/19,230
Bi tp 2.3
Cng ty xut khu lm c sn Qung B nh cn bn 1 triu JPY mua GBP, t gi cng
b nh sau:
USD/JPY = 121.10/20
USD/GBP = 0.6433/43
a. Ngn hng s p t gi bao nhiu?
b. Nu ngc li, cng ty mun mua 1 triu JPY tr bng GBP th ngn hng s p t gi
bao nhiu?
Bi tp 2.4
Cng ty Bia Hu cn mua 100,000USD thanh ton hp ng nhp khu sau 6 thng.
Hi Ngn hng Ngoi thng Tha Thin Hu s ng bn USD vi gi bao nhiu, nu
Ts (USD/VND) = 15,850
LUSD = 4%-5%
LVND = 6%-7,5%
Bi tp 2.5
Mt cng ty A ti Vit Nam, ngy 10/11/2005 nhp khu hng ha ca mt cng ty ti
Php, tr chm sau 3 thng, tr gi hp ng l 1 tri u EUR, h cn mua EUR k hn 3 thng.
Vy Ngn hng Ngoi thng s bn EUR cho cng ty ny vi gi bao nhiu, bit:
Ts (EUR/VND) = 20,100/20,150
LEUR = 5%-6% v LVND = 7.5%-8.5%
Bi tp 2.6
Cng ty A k hp ng bn 1,000,000USD ly SGD k hn 3 thng, ngy chuyn tin
l 8/2/2005. T gi l bao nhiu nu:
Ts (USD/SGD) = 1.6420/1.6450
LUSD = 5.375%-6.375% v LSGD = 2.25%-3.25%
Bi tp 2.7
Gi s c nhng thng tin sau:
Ts (USD/SGD) = 1.6420/1.6450
LUSD = 5% - 6%
LSGD = 2.5%-3%
Ngn hng c thc hin nghip v SWAP 3 thn g gia USD v SGD cho khon 1 triu
USD khng, tc l mang SGD mua 1 triu USD v cho vay USD k hn 3 thng? Ti sao?
Bi tp 2.8
Mt ngn hng thc hin nghip v SWAP 1 thng gia USD v EUR cho khon
100,000USD, vi:
Ts (USD/EUR) = 0.8105/0.8115
LUSD = 3%-4%

27

LEUR = 5%-6%
Cho bit ngn hng thu li bao nhiu khi thc hin nghip v ny?
Bi tp 2.9
Anh ch hy cho ngn hng mt li khuyn c nn thc hin nghip v SWAP sau y
hay khng:
- Mua giao ngay 1 triu USD tr bng EUR
- Bn USD thi hn 6 thng
Bit t gi:
Ts (USD/EUR ) = 0.8205/0.8215
LEUR = 4-5%
LUSD = 3%-4%
Nu ngc li, ngn hng mua giao ngay 1 triu EUR tr bng USD
Bn EUR thi hn 6 thng anh ch s khuyn ngn hng ra sao?
Bi tp 2.10
1. Mt nh kinh doanh c ch ng t c gi mun c s bo m cho li cam kt trong t ng lai
v t gi gia USD/EUR l 0.8010. Anh ta mua quyn chn bn s tin 1,000,000USD
C th:
- Thi hn hp ng
: 12 thng
- Gi c s
: USD/EUR = 0.8010
- Tin m bo (gi quyn chn bn) : 0.007EUR cho 1 USD.
Cu hi:
- Nu t gi vo thi im ht hn hp ng gim xung 0.7910 th nh kinh doanh c thc hin
quyn chn bn ca mnh khng? Ti sao? Anh ta s li bao nhiu khi thc hin quyn ca
mnh?
- Nu t gi vo lc tng ln 0.8210 th nh kinh doanh s hnh ng nh th no?
2. Mt nh nhp khu thng xuyn c nhu cu v USD thanh ton tin hng. Anh ta bn
quyn chn bn 1 triu USD nhm kim li khi t gi gim vo thi im hp ng n hn
hoc vn nhn c s tin bo m nu t gi tng. C th:
- Thi hn hp ng
: 3 thng
- Gi c s
: USD/GBP = 0.5347
- Tin bo m
: 0.002GBP cho 1 USD
Cu hi:
- Nu vo ngy ht hn hp ng t gi th trng gim xung 0.5307 th nh kinh doanh ny s
l bao nhiu?
- Nu lc ny t gi tng ln 0.5387 th anh ta s li bao nhiu?
3. Mt nh nhp khu c cam kt thanh ton cho nh xut khu bng USD vo mt thi hn
no . Anh ta mu n c s bo m chc chn s mua c USD theo gi mong mun, nu t
gi USD tng ln vo thi im thanh ton. Mt khc, anh ta cng hy vng s kim c li
nu t gi USD gim xung vo thi im thanh ton. Do vy, anh ta quyt nh k hp ng
mua quyn chn mua s tin 1 triu USD.
C th:
- Thi hn hp ng
: 3 thng
- Gi c s
: USD/EUR = 0.8050
- Gi quyn chn mua
: 0.004EUR cho 1USD
Cu hi:

28

- Nu t gi vo ngy ht hn hp ng tng ln 0.8550 th nh nhp khu c thc hin quyn

chn mua ca mnh khng? Trong trng hp ny anh ta li c bao nhiu?
- Nu t gi lc ny gim xung cn 0.7950 th s ra sao?
- Nu t gi gim thp hn na xung cn 0.7710 th nh kinh doanh s hnh ng nh th no?
2.13. Cu hi n tp chng 2
1. Trnh by khi nim ngoi hi, khi nim t gi hi oi. Cho v d minh ho.
2. Trnh by cng thc tnh cho t gi. Cho v d minh ho.
3. Trnh by cc nhn t ch yu nh hng n t gi hi oi v cc bin php m cc qu c
gia thng s dng iu chnh t gi hi oi.
4. Nu khi nim th trng hi oi v nhng c im ch yu ca n.
5. Th no l nghip v giao ngay. Cho v d minhn ho.
6. Th no l nghip v c k hn. Cho v d minh ho.
7. Th no l nghip v giao hon i. Cho v d minh ho.
8. Th no l nghip v mua/bn quyn chn mua ngoi t. Cho v d minh ho.
9. Th no l nghip v mua/bn quyn chn bn ngoi t. Cho v d minh ho
2.14. Ti liu c thm (dnh cho sinh vin)
Nguyn Th Th. 2004. T gi hi oi - Chnh sch v tc ng ca n i vi ngoi
thng qua thc tin pht trin kinh t ca mt s nc.
2.15. Ti liu tham kho chng 2
1. Trm Th Xun Hng. 2006. Thanh ton quc t. NXB Thng K, TP. H Ch Minh.
2. L Vn T. 1999. Nghip v hi oi v thanh ton quc t. NXB Thng k, H Ni.
3. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph v qun l ngoi hi v vn bn hng dn thi hnh. 1999. NXB
Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni.

Ph lc chng 2

29

Ph lc 2.1. K hiu mt s ng tin cc nc trn th gii

K hiu
AFA
ALL
AOR
XCD
ARS
AMD
AWG
ATS
AUD
AZM
BHD
BDT
BBD
BYB
BEF
BZD
XOF
BMD
BTN
BOB
BAD
BWP
BRL
BGL
BIF
BND
CAD
CVE
CHF
CLP
CNY
COP
CZK
CUP
DKK
DOP
ESC
EGP
GBP
ETB
EUR
FRF
GHC
GNF
GRD
HKD
HTG

Nc
Afghanistan
Albania
Angola
Anguilla
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Austria
Australia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Balarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia-Herzegovia
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burundi
Brunei
Canada
Cape Verde
Switzerland
Chile
China People Republic
Clmbia
Czech Republic
Cuba
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
England
Ethiopia
Euro
France
Ghana
Guinea
Greece
Hong Kong
Haiti

30

Tn ng tin
Afthani
Lek
Kwanza Reajustado
East Carib dollar
Peso
Dram
Florin
Schilling
Dollar
Manat
Dinar
Taka
Dollar
Rubel
Franc
Dollar
CFA franc West
Dollar
Ngultrum
Boliviano
K.Marka
Pula
Real
Lev
Franc
Dollar
Dollar
Escudor
Franc Thy s
Peso
Yuan
Peso Clbia
Kurona
Peso
Krona
Peso
Sucre
Pound
Sterling Pound
Birr
Euro
Franc
Cedi
Franc
Drachma
Dollar
Gourde

HUF
Hungary
Forint
IEP
Iceland
Krona
INR
India
Rupee
IDR
Indonesia
Rupiah
ILS
Israel
Sheqel
IQD
Iraq
Dinar
IRR
Iran
Rial
ITL
Italy
Lira
JMD
Jamaca
Dollar
JOD
Jordan
Dinar
JPY
Japan
Yen
KPW
Korea PDR
Won
KRW
Korea Republic
Won
KWD
Kuwait
Dinar
LAK
Lao
Kip
MOP
Macao
Pataca
MYR
Malaysia
Ringgit
MNT
Mongolia
Tugrik
MAD
Morocco
Dirham
MMK
Myanmar
Kyat
NPR
Nepal
Rupee
NLG
Netherland
Gulden
NZD
New Zealand
Dollar
NGN
Nigeria
Naira
NIC
Nicaragua
Corboda
NOK
Norway
Krone
ROL
Rumania
Leu
RUR
Russia
Ruble
TWD
Taiwan
Dollar
THB
Thailand
Bath
TRL
Turkey
Lira
USD
U.S.A
Dollar
VND
Vietnam
Dong
YER
Yemen
Rial
(Ngun: Trm Th Xun Hng.2006. Trang 316-324.)

31

Chng 3
Cc phng tin thanh ton quc t
(11 tit)
Mc tiu ca chng
Cung cp cho ngi hc kin thc c bn v cc phng tin thanh ton quc t
thng c s dng trong cc hp ng mua bn ngoi th ng. Gii thiu mt s vn bn
php l quc t c lin quan iu chnh cc phng tin thanh ton ny v mt s bi tp tnh
hung vn dng.
3.1. Mt s vn cn lu khi la chn phng tin thanh ton quc t
Vic la chn phng tin thanh ton ny hay phng tin thanh ton khc ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t khc nhau. Trc ht, cn xem xt mc thng xuyn hay khng thng
xuyn ca cc mi quan h thng mi. Th hai, cn lu n khi lng thanh ton hay quy
m giao dch ln hay nh cng c nh hng rt ln n vic la chn phng tin thanh
ton no m bo an ton nht. Th ba, cn xem xt mc tn nhim gia cc bn tham
gia cao hay thp. Th t, cn tm hiu tp qun kinh doanh ca mi nc c s la chn
phng tin thanh ton ph hp.
Cc phng tin thanh ton quc t c hnh thnh trn c s ca s pht trin tn dng
thng mi v tn dng ngn hng. N c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong thanh ton quc t.
Hon ton khc vi tin kim loi y gi tr, cc ph ng tin lu thng tn dng khng
c gi tr ni ti ca n m n ch l du hiu ca tin t m thi. Tin giy l k hiu ca tin
tht do Nh nc pht hnh, cn phng tin lu thng tn dng phn ln l do kt qu ca
hp ng mua bn hng ha v cc nghip v ca ngn hng to ra. N thc hin mt s chc
nng ca tin nh l phng tin lu thng v phng tin thanh ton, tc l n c th c
chuyn nhng, mua bn t tay ngi ny sang tay ngi khc bng cch chuyn nhng cho
ngi th hng hoc chuyn giao khng cn k chuyn nhng.
Trong chng ny chng ta ch nghin cu 4 loi phng tin thanh ton quc t
thng dng trong ngoi thng, l hi phiu, k phiu, sc, v th nha.
3.2. Hi phiu (Bill of Exchange hoc Draft)
3.2.1. Khi nim v hi phiu
chng ny, khi nim Hi phiu c hiu l Hi phiu i n.
Hi phiu l mt lnh vit i tin v iu kin ca ngi k pht hi phiu cho ngi
khc, yu cu ngi ny khi nhn thy phiu, hoc n mt ngy c th nht nh hoc mt
ngy c th xc nh trong tng lai phi tr mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi no
hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny tr cho mt ngi khc hoc tr cho ngi cm phiu.
Qua nh ngha ny, chng ta thy hi phiu c 3 c im quan trng sau:
Th nht, tnh tru tng ca hi phiu th hin rng trn hi phiu khng cn phi
ghi ni dung quan h tn dng, tc l nguyn nhn sinh ra vic lp hi phiu m ch cn ghi s
tin phi tr v nhng ni dung c li n quan n vic tr tin. Hiu lc php l ca hi phiu
cng khng b rng buc do nguyn nhn g sinh ra hi phiu. Mt khi c tch khi hp

32

ng v nm trong tay ngi th ba th hi phiu tr thnh mt tri v c lp, ch khng

phi l tri v sinh ra t hp ng. Ngha v tr tin ca hi phiu l tru tng.
Th hai, tnh bt buc tr tin c a hi phiu th hin ngi tr tin hi phiu phi tr
theo ng ni dung ghi trn phiu v khng c vin nhng l do ring ca mnh i vi
ngi pht phiu, ngi k hu t chi vic tr tin, tr tr ng hp hi phiu c lp tri
vi o lut chi phi n. V d: mt ngi t hng mua my mc, sau khi k hp ng
chp nhn tr tin vo t phiu do ngi cung cp hng gi n, hi phiu c chuyn
n tay ngi th ba th ngi t hng bt buc phi tr tin cho ng i cm phiu n y ngay
c trong trng hp ngi cung cp hng vi phm hp ng khng giao hng cho ngi mua.
Th ba, tnh lu thng ca hi phiu th hin hi phiu c th c chuyn nhng
mt hay nhiu ln trong thi hn ca n, bi v hi phiu l lnh i tin ca mt ng i ny
vi ngi khc, hi phiu c mt tr gi tin nht nh, c mt thi hn nht nh, thi hn
ny thng l ngn v c ngi tr tin chp nhn. Nh vy nh vo tnh tru tng v
tnh bt buc ngha v tr tin m hi phiu c tnh lu thng.
3.2.2.Vic thnh lp hi phiu v lu thng hi phiu
V hi phiu phi l u hnh nn n ph i c mt h nh thc nht nh ng i ta c th
d dng phn bit hi phiu vi cc phng tin thanh ton khc. Hi phiu thng mi l
mt vn bn xc nhn mt tri v tr tin c tnh cht th ng mi, cho nn hi phiu phi c
mt ni dung nht nh ph hp vi lut l chi phi n.
Th nht, v mt hnh thc, hnh thc ca hi phiu c quy nh nh sau:
Hi phiu phi lm thnh vn bn. Hi phiu ni, in tn, in thoi v.v u khng c
gi tr php l.
Hnh mu ca hi phiu Vit Nam do Ngn hng Nh nc thng nht pht hnh.
i vi cc nc khc, hnh mu ca hi phiu th ng mi do t nhn t nh ra v t pht
hnh. Hnh mu ca hi phiu khng quyt nh gi tr php l ca hi phiu.
Ngn ng to lp hi phiu l ngn ng vit hoc in sn, nh my sn, nh my
bng mt th ting nht nh v thng nht. Ting Anh l ting thng dng ca ngn ng to
lp hi phiu. Mt hi phiu s khng c gi tr p hp l, nu n c to lp bng nhiu ngn
ng khc nhau. Nhng hi phiu vit bng bt ch , bng th mc d phai nh mc u tr
thnh v gi tr.
Hi phiu c th lp thnh mt hay nhiu bn, mi bn u nh s th t, cc bn
u c gi tr nh nhau. Khi thanh ton, ngn hng thng gi hi phiu cho ngi tr tin
lm hai ln k tip nhau phng tht lc, bn no n trc th s c thanh ton trc,
bn no n sau s tr thnh v gi tr. V vy trn hi phiu thng ghi cu Sau khi nhn
thy bn th nht ca hi phiu ny (bn th hai c cng ni dung v ngy thng khng tr
tin .. bn s mt ca hi phiu. Bn s hai li ghi Sau khi nh n thy bn th hai ca hi
phiu ny (bn th nht c cng ni dung v ngy thng khng tr tin)... Hi phiu khng
c bn ph.
Th hai, v mt ni dung, theo Lut Thng nht v Hi phiu ban hnh theo Cng c
Geneve 1930 (Uniform Law for Bill of Exchange - ULB), mt hi phiu phi bao gm 8 ni
dung bt buc sau y:
1. Tiu ca hi phiu: Ch Hi phiu l tiu ca mt hi phiu, thiu tiu ny,
hi phiu s tr thnh v gi tr. Ngn ng ca tiu phi cng ngn ng ca ton b ni
dung hi phiu.
2. a im v ngy k pht hi phiu: thng thng a ch ca ngi lp hi phiu l a
im k pht phiu. Hi phiu c k pht u th ly a im k pht . Mt hi
33

phiu khng ghi r a im k pht, ngi ta cho php ly a ch b n cnh tn ca ngi k

pht lm a im k pht hi phiu. Nu tr n hi phiu thiu c a ch c a ngi pht hnh
th hi phiu v gi tr. Ng y thng k pht hi phiu c ngha quan trng trong vic xc
nh k hn tr tin ca hi phiu c k hn nu hi phiu ghi rng: Sau X ngy k t ngy
k pht hi phiu ny. Ngy k pht hi phiu cn lin quan n kh nng thanh ton ca
hi phiu. V d, nu ngy k pht hi phiu xy ra sau ngy ngi c ngha v tr tin hi
phiu mt kh nng thanh ton nh b ph sn, b a ra ta, b cht v.v.. th kh nng thanh
ton hi phiu khng cn na.
3. Mnh lnh i tin v iu kin mt s tin c th : hi phiu l mt mnh lnh i tin,
khng phi l mt yu cu i tin. Vic tr tin l v iu kin, c ngha l trong hi phiu
khng c vin l do n o khc, tr l do hi phiu tri vi lut hi phiu, quyt nh c
tr tin hay khng. S tin ca hi phiu l mt s tin nht nh, tc l mt s tin c ghi
mt cch n gin v r rng, ngi ta c th nhn qua bit c s tin phi tr l bao
nhiu, khng cn qua cc nghip v tnh t on no d l n gi n. S tin c ghi c th va
bng s va bng ch hoc ho n ton bng s hay ho n ton bng ch. S tin ca hi phiu
phi nht tr vi nhau trong cch ghi. Tr ng hp c s chnh lch gia s tin bng s v s
tin bng ch th ngi ta thng cn c vo s tin ghi bng ch. Trng hp c s chnh
lch gia s tin ton ghi bng s hay ton ghi bng ch th ngi ta cn c vo s tin nh
hn.
4. Thi hn tr tin ca hi phiu gm c 2 loi: thi hn tr tin ngay v thi hn tr tin
sau. Cch ghi thi hn tr tin ngay thng l: Ngay sau khi nhn thy bn th .. ca hi
phiu ny .. hoc Sau khi nhn thy bn th .. ca hi phiu ny ... Cch ghi thi hn tr
tin sau thng c 3 cch:
Nu mc thi gian tnh t ngy chp nhn hi phiu th ghi: X ngy sau khi nhn thy
bn th .. ca hi phiu ny ..
Nu thi hn tr tin tnh t ngy k pht hi phiu th ghi: X ngy k t ngy k bn
..ca hi phiu ny ..
Nu thi hn l mt ngy c th nht nh th ghi: n ngy .. ca bn th .. ca hi
phiu ny ... Trong 3 cch trn, cch th nht thng c s dng hn c.
Nhng cch ghi thi hn tr tin ca hi phiu m h, ti ngha khin cho ngi ta khng
th xc nh c thi hn tr tin l bao nhiu hoc n bin vic tr tin ca hi phiu thnh
c iu kin th hi phiu s v gi tr. V d ghi: Sau khi tu bin cp cng th tr cho bn
th .. ca hi phiu ny hoc Sau khi hng ha c kim nghim xong .. th tr cho bn
th .. ca hi phiu ny ...
5. a im tr tin ca hi phiu l a im c ghi r trn hi phiu. Nu hi phiu
khng ghi r hoc khng ghi a im tr tin, ngi ta c th ly a ch ghi bn cnh tn ca
ngi tr tin l a im tr tin.
6. Ngi hng li quy nh mt trc ca t hi phiu, tr c tin l ngi k pht hi
phiu, hoc c th l ngi khc do ngi k pht hi phiu ch nh.
7. Ngi tr tin hi phiu c ghi r mt trc, gc tri cui cng ca t hi phiu,
sau ch gi..
8. Ngi k pht phiu c ghi mt trc, gc phi cui cng ca t phiu. Cn c
bit ch l tt c nhng ngi c lin quan c ghi trn t hi phiu phi ghi r y tn,
a ch m h dng ng k hot ng kinh doanh. Ngi k pht hi phiu phi k tn
trn mt trc, gc phi cui cng ca t hi phiu . Ng i k pht hi phiu phi ng k
mu ch k vi mt c quan chuyn trch, khng c php y quyn cho ngi khc k
thay mnh trn hi phiu. Ch k phi c k bng tay v khng c ng du ln ch
k.
Di y l mu hi phiu dng trong phng thc nh thu.

34

MU HI PHIU
(Dng trong phng thc nh thu)
Hi phiu s 594/80
S tin: 9,000USD

Tokyo, ngy 30/06/1998

Sau khi nhn thy bn th NHT ca hi phiu ny (bn th HAI c cng ni dung v
ngy thng khng tr tin) tr theo lnh ca Ngn hng hu hn TOKYO mt s tin l
chn ngn la M chn.
Gi: Tng cng ty xut
nhp khu my H Ni

Cng ty thng mi hu hn
Daiichi - Tokyo
(K)

(Ngun: inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Trang 81)

Ngoi nhng ni dung bt buc nu trn, hi phiu cn c th bao gm thm nhng

ni dung khc do hai bn tha thun, min l cc ni dung ny khng lm sai lc tnh cht ca
hi phiu do lut quy nh.
V d, khi dng hi phiu l mt phng tin i tin ca phng thc tn dng chng
t, hi phiu s c mu di y.
MU HI PHIU
(Dng trong phng thc tn dng chng t)
Hi phiu s 594/80
S tin: 9,000USD

Tokyo, ngy 30/06/1998

Sau khi nhn thy bn th HAI ca hi phiu ny (bn th NHT c cng ni dung v
ngy thng khng tr tin) tr theo lnh ca Ngn hng hu hn TOKYO mt s tin l
chn ngn la M chn.
Thuc ti khon ca Tng cng ty xut nhp khu my H Ni. K pht cho Ngn hng
Ngoi thng Vit Nam, H Ni. Theo L/C s 2166006 m ngy 5-6-1998.
Gi: Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam

Cng ty thng mi hu hn
Daiichi - Tokyo
(K)

(Ngun: inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Trang 84)

i vi hi phiu d ng trong trng hp ny, mt s ni dung ca hi phiu c s

thay i, song khng lm thay i tnh cht ca hi phiu , c th l: Ngi tr tin hi
phiu ny l Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam. Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam l ngn
hng m L/C theo yu cu ca Tng cng ty xut nhp khu my, ngn hng ny cam k t tr
tin cho cng ty thng mi hu hn Daiichi Tokyo theo L/C s 2166006 m ng y 6-5-1998,
cng ty ny pht hi phiu i tin ngn hng m L/C. Nhng ni dung b sung vo hi phiu
ny chng qua ch l s minh ha trch nhim ca ngi tr tin thay th cho Tng cng ty
xut nhp khu my H Ni trong khun kh th tn dng.
S lu thng hi phiu
Hi phiu sau khi pht hnh s i vo lu thng. D i y l s minh ho cho qui
trnh lu thng hi phiu theo phng thc nh thu trn. Chng ta s tm hiu k hn
chng 4 khi tm hiu v cc phng thc thanh ton quc t.
35

Ngn hng nhn nh thu

Thanh ton
Hi phiu

Thanh ton

Hi phiu

Ngi xut khu

Ngn hng c u
nhim nh thu
Hi phiu

Giao hng

Thanh ton

Ngi nhp khu

Giao dch
Thng mi

Hnh 3.1. S lu thng hi phiu

3.2.3. Quyn li v ngha v ca nhng ngi c lin quan n hi phiu

Theo Lut K phiu v Hi phiu quc t nm 1982, quyn li v ngha v ca cc
bn lin quan n hi phiu c quy nh trong chng IV.
Ngi k pht hi phiu: ngi k pht hi phiu trong ngoi thng l ngi xut
khu, ngi cung ng cc dch v c lin quan n xut nhp khu hng ha.
Ngi k pht hi phiu c trch nhim k pht hi phiu cho ng lut, k tn vo
gc bn phi, pha di mt th trc t hi phiu. Khi hi phiu c chuyn nhng b
t chi tr tin th ngi k pht hi phiu c trch nhim phi hon tr tin li cho nhng
ngi hng li ca t hi phiu .
Quyn ca ngi k pht hi phiu c th hin trn hai mt ch yu bao gm quyn
hng li s tin ghi trn hi phiu v quyn chuyn nhng hng li cho ngi khc.
Ngi tr tin hi phiu: Ngi tr tin hi phiu trong ngoi thng l ngi nhp
khu, l ngi s dng cc cung ng dch v c li n quan n xut nhp khu h ng ha. Khi
dng hi phiu l phng tin i tin ca phng thc tn dng chng t, ng i tr tin hi
phiu li l ngn hng m L/C hay ngn hng xc nhn. Trch nhim tr tin ca ngn hng
i vi hi phiu ch gii hn trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.
Trch nhim ca ngi tr tin hi phiu l phi tr tin hi phiu theo ng nhng
iu quy nh trong hi phiu. Nu l hi phiu c k hn, ngi tr tin phi k chp nhn
tr tin hi phiu khi nhn thy hi phiu. Vic chp nhn ny l v iu kin.
Quyn li ca ngi tr tin hi phiu l c quy n t chi tr tin hi phiu khi ch a
k chp nhn.
Ngi hng li hi phiu: Ngi hng li hi phiu l ngi c quyn c nhn
s tin ca hi phiu. Ngi ny c th l bn thn ngi k pht hi phiu, cng c th l
mt ngi khc do ngi k pht hi phiu ch nh, hoc do ngi hng li chuyn nhng
quyn hng li hi phiu ca mnh cho ngi bng th tc k hu.
Ngi chuyn nhng hi phiu : L ngi em quyn hng li hi phiu ca mnh
chuyn cho ngi khc bng th tc k hu. Ng i chuyn nhng u tin ca hi phiu l
ngi k pht hi phiu.
Ngi cm phiu l ngi c quyn nhn tin hi phiu khi hi phiu c tr tin.
Ngi cm phiu l ngi k pht hi phiu, nu anh ta khng chuyn nhng hi phiu.
Trong trng hp hi phiu c chuyn nhng th ngi cm phiu l ngi hng li
cui cng ca hi phiu.
Nu hi phiu khng ghi t n ngi hng li mt tr c ca t hi phiu, t c l hi
phiu v danh th bt c ngi no cm hi phiu cng tr thnh ngi hng li. Nu hi
phiu c chuyn nhng mt sau bng cch k hu trng th ngi no cm phiu
cng u tr thnh ngi hng li.

36

3.2.4. Cc nghip v lin quan n hi phiu

Di y gii thiu 5 nghip v c bn lin quan n hi phiu bao gm chp nhn
hi phiu, k hu hi phiu, bo l nh hi phiu, t chi - khng ngh hi phiu v chit khu
hi phiu.
Chp nhn hi phiu: (Acceptance)
Hi phiu sau khi c k pht phi c xut trnh cho ngi tr tin ngi ny
k chp nhn tr tin, nht l i vi hi phiu c k hn. Mt hi phiu c k chp
nhn mi c s tin cy trong thanh ton. Thi hn chp nhn c th c gii thch theo hai
trng hp sau y:
Th nht, nu hai bn khng c quy nh g khc th theo lu t quy nh thi hn chp
nhn l 12 thng k t ngy k pht hi phiu.
Th hai, nu hai bn quy nh r vi nhau trong hp ng mua bn hoc trong th tn
dng thi hn c th phi xut trnh hi phiu chp nhn, th hi phiu phi c xut trnh
chp nhn trong thi hn . V d, thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng l 45 ngy, hay l
ht hn 20 ng y k t sau ng y giao hng th th i hn chp nhn hi phiu ch trong v ng 20
ngy , nu qu, tc l L/C ht hiu lc, ngn hng m L/C s t chi thanh ton t hi
phiu gi n, nu l tr tin ngay, hoc t chi chp nhn hi phiu, nu l tr tin sau.
S chp nhn hi phiu c ghi vo mt trc, gc di bn tri ca t hi p hiu v
c ghi bng ch chp nhn vit k bn ch k ca ng i tr tin. Ngoi cng thc chp
nhn trn, ULB cn cho php ng i tr tin d ng nhng ch khc tng t th hin s chp
nhn ca mnh nh xc nhn, ng , ng tr tin.
Nhng s chp nhn ca ngi tr tin c thc hin trn t hi phiu bng nhng
ch m h, ti ngha khin cho hi phiu mt tnh cht lut nh ca n s tr thnh v gi tr.
Cng c th ngi tr tin k chp nhn vo mt sau ca t hi phiu. Trong trng
hp ny phn bit vi k hu chuyn nhng, ngi tr tin bt buc phi tn trng ng
theo cng thc k chp nhn nu trn.
Trong thanh ton quc t, ngi ta loi tr s chp nhn bng mt vn th ring hoc
chp nhn gp nhiu hi phiu bng mt vn th chung. iu ny lut coi l v hiu.
Ngy thng k chp nhn khng phi l mt yu cu bt buc. Nh ng trn thc t s
dng hi phiu, ngi ta thy c loi hi phiu i hi k chp nhn c ghi ngy thng, c
loi khng cn ghi ngy thng.
i vi hi phiu c k hn c xc nh trong tng lai X ngy k t ngy nhn
thy bn th .. ca hi phiu ny ... th ngy thng k chp nhn l ngy nhn thy hi phiu.
l mc thi gian tnh ra k hn ca hi phiu.
Theo lut hi phiu, c 3 cch k chp nhn hi phiu sau:
Theo cch chp nhn ngn, ngi chp nhn ch cn ghi tn n v mnh v k tn.
V d: Cng ty Bia Hu
(K tn)
Theo cch chp nhn y , ngi chp nhn ghi s tin ghi trn hi phiu a im
thanh ton v ngy k chp nhn.
V d: Chp nhn 100.000 USD
Ngy ... thng ... nm ...
(K tn)
Theo cch chp nhn mt phn, ngi chp nhn ghi s tin mnh chp nhn v k tn.
V d: Chp nhn 95.000 USD
Ngy ... thng ... nm ...
(K tn)
K hu hi phiu: (Endorsement)
37

K hu hi phiu l hnh thc chuyn nhng hi phiu. Ngi hng li mun

chuyn nhng hi phiu cho ngi khc th phi k vo mt sau ca t hi phiu ri chuyn
hi phiu cho ngi .
Hnh vi k hu c hai ngha php l: (1) n tha nhn s chuyn quyn li hi phiu
cho ngi khc theo quy nh trong mt sau ca hi phiu. S k hu ny mang tnh tru
tng, c ngha l ngi k hu khng cn nu l do ca s chuyn nhng v cng khng
cn phi thng bo cho ngi tr tin bit v s chuyn nhng m ngi c chuyn
nhng nghim nhin tr thnh ngi hng li ca hi phiu ; (2) vic k hu hi phiu
xc nh trch nhim ca ng i k hu v vic tr tin hi phiu vi nhng ng i cm phiu
sau . Trong chuyn nhng tri quyn dn lut, ngi chuyn nhng ch m bo rng
con n c thiu s tin c chuyn nhng m khng m bo rng con n s thanh ton s
n . Trong lut hi phiu th ngi k hu khng nhng m bo rng ngi tr tin hi
phiu c mc n s tin ghi tr n hi phiu m cn m bo rng mnh s tr tin hi phiu
cho nhng ngi c chuyn nhng, nu nh ngi tr tin t chi thanh ton hi phiu
, bi v ngi k hu l ngi ng vai tr ch ng trong vic k pht hi phiu, k tn
vo hi phiu, nhng hi phiu c c chp nhn hay khng li l vn khc.
K hu c ghi mt sau ca hi phiu di 4 hnh thc sau y:
K hu trng (Blank endorsement) l vic k hu khng ch nh ngi c hng
quyn li hi phiu do th tc k hu mang li. Ngi k hu ch k tn mt sau ca hi
phiu hoc nu c ghi th ch ghi chung chung nh tr cho... Vi cch k hu ny, ngi
no cm hi phiu s tr thnh ngi c hng quyn li hi phiu v vic chuyn nhng
k tip ca ngi cm phiu ny khng cn phi k hu na, ch cn trao tay l . Ngi
cm phiu c th chuyn hnh thc k hu trng ny sang hnh thc k hu khc bng cch
ghi thm cu tr theo lnh ng X nu l k hu theo lnh hoc chi tr cho ng X nu l k
hu hn ch v.v.
K hu theo lnh (To order endorsement) l vic k hu ch nh mt cch suy on ra
ngi hng li hi phiu do th tc k hu mang li. Ng i k hu ch cn ghi cu tr theo
lnh ng X v k tn. Nh vy, ngi hng li hi phiu ny cha c quy nh r rng,
cn phi suy on ca ng X. Nu ng X ra lnh tr cho mt ng i khc th ngi s tr
thnh ngi hng li hi phiu, nu ng X im lng th ngi hng li hi phiu ng
nhin l ng X.
Vi cch k hu ny , hi phiu s c chuyn nhng k tip nhau n khi no
ngi hng li cui c ng khng k hu chuyn nhng n nhng phi trc khi hi phiu
n hn tr tin. V vy, k hu theo lnh l loi k hu rt thng dng trong thanh ton quc
t.
K hu hn ch (Restritive endorsement) l vic k hu ch nh r rng ngi c
hng li hi phiu v ch ngi m thi. Ngi k hu ghi cu chi tr cho ng X v k
tn. i vi loi k hu ny, ch c ng X mi nhn c tin ca hi phiu, do ng X
khng th chuyn nhng tip hi phiu ny cho ngi khc bng th tc k hu na.
K hu min truy i (Without recourse endorsement) l vic k hu m ngi k hu
ghi thm cu Min truy i ngi k hu cng vi mt trong ba loi k hu nu trn. V
d tr theo lnh ng X, min truy i v k tn. i vi loi k hu ny, trong trng hp
ny, mt khi hi phiu b t chi tr tin th ng X khng c truy i li tin ca ngi k
hu trc tip ca mnh. Nu hi phiu c nhiu ngi k hu theo lnh u ghi ch min
truy i vo ch k hu ca mnh, cn c mt hay nhiu ngi khng ghi ch min truy
i th ng nhin nhng ngi ny khng c hng quyn min truy i nn nu nh
hi phiu b t chi thanh ton th h phi ng ra thanh ton cho ngi hng li k tip. K
hu min truy i cng l mt loi k hu c s dng nhiu trong thanh ton quc t.

38

Bo lnh hi phiu (Aval)

Bo lnh hi phiu l s cam kt ca ngi th ba tr tin cho ngi hng li khi hi
phiu n k tr tin. Hnh thc vn t thng thng ca s bo lnh c ghi bng ch bo
lnh v ngi bo l nh k tn. Theo lu t ULB khng quy nh ni k bo lnh mt tr c
hay mt sau ca t hi phiu. trnh nhm ln vi ch k chp nhn hoc ch k hu ca
ngi chuyn nhng, hnh thc bo lnh phi c ghi nh ni trn.
Ngoi hnh thc bo lnh theo ULB quy nh, mt s nc dng hnh thc bo lnh
bng mt vn th ring bit thng gi l bo lnh mt. S d c hnh thc ny l do ngi tr
tin khng mun ngi th ba bit n tnh hnh ti chnh ca mnh n mc phi bo lnh,
nu s bo l nh c ghi ngay trn hi phiu. H nh thc th tn d ng cng l mt hnh thc
bo lnh ring bit i vi hi phiu nm trong b chng t thanh ton ca ph ng thc tn
dng chng t. Hnh thc bo l nh c ghi trn hi phiu cu theo L/C s.. m ng y ..
gi ngn hng m L/C.. . Ng i xut khu sau khi giao hng lp mt hi phiu theo ng
yu cu ca L/Cch v lp b chng t thanh ton y v ph hp vi L/C xut trnh trong
thi hn hiu lc ca L/C th chc chn rng hi phiu s c ngn hng m L/C tr tin.
T chi tr tin hi phiu - khng ngh (Protest)
Khi n hn tr tin ca hi phiu m ngi tr tin t chi th ngi hng li phi
chng thc s t chi bng mt vn bn khng ngh. Bn khng ngh do ngi hng li
lp ra trong thi hn 2 ngy lm vic lin tip sau ngy ht hn ca hi phiu. Sau khi lp bn
khng ngh, trong vng 4 ngy lm vic, ngi b t chi tr tin phi bo cho ngi chuyn
nhng trc tip i tin hoc c th i tin bt c ngi no k hu chuyn nhng
hi phiu hoc i ngi k pht hi phiu. Nu khng c bn khng ngh v vic t chi tr
itn th ngi c chuyn nhng c min trch nhim tr tin hi phiu, nhng ngi k
pht v ngi chp nhn phi chu trch nhim ny i vi ngi khng ngh.
Trn thc t ngi ta thng lm nh sau:
V d A l ngi k pht hi phiu, B, C, D l nhng ngi c chuyn nhng tip
theo, D l ngi c chuyn nhng cui cng. E l ngi phi tr tin hi phiu. Khi D b
E t chi tr tin, D s lm th tc khng ngh, chuyn hi phiu i tin C km theo mt bn
tnh tin gm s tin ca hi phiu, chi ph lm th tc khng ngh v cc chi ph khc. C
hon tr cho D v truy i ngc li B, v c nh vy cho n A. Cui c ng A trc tip i
tin ngi mc n.
(7d)
Ngi pht hnh HP
A

Ngi c chuyn
nhng th nht - B

(3)

(4)
(7e) (2) (1)

Ngi c chuyn
nhng th hai - C

(5)
Ngi tr tin HP
E

(7c)

(7a)

(7b)

Ngi c chuyn
nhng th ba - D

(6)

Hnh 3.2. S chuyn nhng, t chi, khng ngh v truy i hi phiu

(1) Ngi ch n k pht hi phiu (ch n) v gi n cho ngi tr tin hi phiu (con n)

39

(2) Ngi tr tin hi phiu, tha nhn mn n trn hi phiu, k chp nhn v gi tr li
cho ngi pht hnh hi phiu.
(3) Ngi pht hnh hi phiu bn hi phiu bng cch k hu chuyn nhng cho ngi
khc.
(4) Ngi c chuyn nhng th nht tip tc chuyn nhng cho ngi th hai.
(5) Ngi ch mi ca hi phiu tip tc chuyn nhng cho ngi th ba.
(6) Ngi chuyn nhng cui cng i n ngi tr tin hi phiu.
(7a) Con n t chi tr tin, ngi b t chi tr tin lm th tc khng ngh.
(7b-7d) Ngi b t chi tr tin chuyn hi phiu truy i nhng ngi chuyn nhng trc
.
(7e) Ngi k pht hi phiu i tin trc tip con n.
3.2.5. Cc loi hi phiu
Cn c vo thi hn tr tin ca hi phiu, ngi ta chia hi phiu lm 3 loi:
Hi phiu tr tin ngay: Ngi tr tin khi nhn thy hi phiu ny do ngi cm
phiu xut trnh th phi tr tin ngay cho h.
Hi phiu tr tin ngay sau mt s ngy nht nh, thng l tr tin sau 5-7 ngy:
Ngi tr tin khi nhn thy hi phiu ny do ngi cm phiu xut trnh th tin hnh k
chp nhn tr tin, sau t 5 - 7 ngy th tr tin t hi phiu .
Hi phiu c k hn: Sau mt thi gian nht nh ghi trn hi phiu, ngi tr tin
phi tr hoc tnh t ngy k pht hi phiu hoc tnh t ngy chp nhn hi phiu hoc t
mt ngy quy nh c th.
Cn c vo hi phiu c km theo chng t hay khng, c th chia hi phiu lm 2
loi:
Hi phiu trn: Loi ny c gi n i tin ngi tr tin khng km theo chng
t thng mi. Trong thanh ton quc t, hi phiu ny dng thu tin cc ph vn chuyn,
bo him, hoa hng v.v.. hoc dng i tin mua hng ca nhng th ng nhn nhp khu
tin cy.
Hi phiu km chng t: Loi hi phiu ny c gi n cho ngi nhp khu c
km chng t thng mi. Hi phiu km chng t c hai loi: Loi hi phiu k m chng t
tr tin ngay v loi hi phiu km chng t c chp nhn.
Cn c vo tnh cht chuyn nhng ca hi phiu c th chia hi phiu lm 2 loi:
Hi phiu ch danh : L loi hi phiu ghi r h tn ngi hng li hi phiu khng
km theo iu khon theo lnh. V d: Hi phiu ghi nh sau Sau khi nhn thy hi phiu
ny, tr cho ng X mt s tin l ... Hi phiu ch danh khng chuyn nhng c bng
th tc k hu theo lut nh.
Hi phiu theo lnh: L loi hi phiu ghi tr theo lnh ca ngi hng li hi phiu.
V d ghi nh sau: Sau khi nhn thy hi phiu ny, tr theo lnh ca ng X mt s tin l
... Hi phiu theo lnh chuyn nhng c theo h nh thc k hu theo lut nh. N c
s dng rng ri trong thanh ton quc t.
Cn c vo ngi k pht hi phiu, ngi ta chia hi phiu lm 2 loi:
Hi phiu thng mi l hi phiu do ngi xut khu k pht i tin ngi nhp
khu trong nghip v v thanh ton hng ha xut khu hoc cung cp lao v ln nhau.
Hi phiu ngn hng l hi phiu do ngn hng pht hnh ra lnh cho ngn hng i l
ca mnh thanh ton mt s tin nht nh cho ngi hng li ch nh trn hi phiu.

40

3.2.6. Chit khu hi phiu (discount)

Chit khu hi phiu l mt hnh vi m ng i s hu hi phiu nh ng li hi ph iu cho
ngi khc ly tin i vi hi phiu ch a n k hn thanh ton v lun lun d i mnh
gi ca hi phiu.
S tin chit khu ty thuc vo li sut chit khu v k hn cn li ca hi phiu. Nu
li sut chit khu thp v k hn cn li ca hi phiu ngn th s tin chit khu nh v
ngc li.
S tin chit khu = mnh gi hi phiu x k hn cn li ca hi phiu
x li sut chit khu
Nu gi:
I0 l li sut chit khu
I1 l li sut thng, th
I0 = [I1 / (1 + I1)]
V d li sut cho vay thng thng l 15%/nm, th li sut chit khu s l:
I0 = [15% / (1 + 15%)] = 13%/nm
V d: Mt hi phiu vi mnh gi l 100,000USD. K hn cn li ca hi phiu l 3
thng. Li sut chit khu l 13%/nm, vy s tin chit khu s l:
100,000 x (13 x 3)/(100 x 12) = 3,250USD.
Vy gi bn ca hi phiu l: 100,000 - 3,250 = 96,750USD
3.3. K phiu (Promissory Note)
K phiu hay i vi mt s nc gi l Hi phiu nhn n.
3.3.1 Khi nim:
K phiu l mt t giy ha cam kt tr tin v iu kin do ng i lp phiu pht ra
ha tr mt s tin nht nh cho ngi hng li hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny tr cho
ngi khc quy nh trong k phiu .
Ngc li vi hi phiu, k phiu do con n vit ra ha cam kt tr tin cho ngi
hng li. Vi tnh th ng trong thanh ton nh vy, trong thanh ton quc t, k phiu t
thng dng hn hi phiu.
Cc iu m lut dng iu chnh hi phiu cng c p dng tng t cho k
phiu thng mi. Tuy nhin, c mt s c th sau:
Th nht, k hn k phiu c quy nh r trn n. Trn k phiu phi ghi r ngy
thng nm s tr tin cho ch n.
Th hai, mt k phiu c th do mt hay nhiu ngi k pht cam kt thanh ton
cho mt hay nhiu ngi hng li.
Th ba, k phiu cn c s bo lnh ca ngn hng hoc Cng ty ti chnh. S bo
lnh ny m bo kh nng thanh ton ca k phiu. Bi v v bn cht k phiu l do con n
cam kt tr n, do vy m bo cho li cam kt ny, bt buc phi c s bo lnh.
Th t, hi phiu thng gm 2 bn, bn s 1 v s 2, k phiu ch c mt bn do
chnh con n pht ra chuyn cho ngi hng li k phiu .
3.3.2. Cc vn bn php l v Hi phiu v K phiu:
Trn phm vi quc t, c nhng vn bn php l quan trng c nh h ng n vic
s dng k phiu.
Anh ban hnh Lut Hi phiu ca Anh nm 1882 - Bill of Exchange Act of 1882.
M c Lut thng mi thng nht ca M c ban hnh nm 1962 (Uniform
Commercial Codes of 1962 UCC)
41

c bit l cng c Geneve c cc nc k kt nm 1930 . l Lu t thng nht

v hi phiu (Uniform Law for Bill of Exchange - ULB).
Cn lu , Vit Nam, hin nay ang trong qu tr nh xy dng lut Hi phiu, trong
, khi nim Hi phiu bao hm c hai phng tin Hi phiu i n v Hi phiu nhn n.
Mt vn bn rt quan trng iu chnh c hai phng tin k phiu v hi phiu trn
phm vi quc t, l Lut K phiu v Hi phiu quc t do U ban Lut Thng mi Quc
t ca Lin Hip quc ban hnh vo nm 1982, k hp th 15, New York, ngy 26 thng 7
n ngy 6 thng 8 nm 1982, ti liu s A/CN 9/211 ngy 18 thng 2. (inh Xun Trnh.
1996). Ti liu ny c trnh by Ph lc 3.1. Di y l ni dung khi qut ca Lut K
phiu v Hi phiu quc t ban hnh vo nm 1982. Lut ny gm 79 iu phn b trong 7
chng nh sau:
Chng 1: Phm vi p dng v hnh thc phwong tin (iu 1 v iu 2)
Chng 2: Din t (iu 3 n iu 11)
Chng 3: Chuyn nhng (iu 12 n iu 23)
Chng 4: Quyn hn v trch nhim (iu 24 n iu 44)
Chng 5: Xut trnhf, t chi, khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton, truy i (iu
45 n iu 67)
Chng 6: Min nhim (iu 68 n iu 73)
Chng 7: Cc phng tin b tht thot (iu 74 n 79)
3.4. Sc (Check)
3.4.1. Khi nim
Sc l mt t mnh lnh v iu k in ca ngi ch ti khon ra lnh cho ngn h ng
trch t ti khon ca mnh tr cho ngi c tn trong sc, hoc tr theo lnh ca ngi y
hoc tr cho ngi cm sc mt s tin nht nh bng tin mt hay chuyn khon.
Ngi c tin m ti ngn hng mt ti khon, ngn hng s cp cho ngi gi tin
mt quyn sc. Mi ln mun rt tin ra th lp mt t sc a n ngn hng lnh tin.
Sc l mt phng tin thanh ton c s dng rng ri trong cc nc c h thng
ngn hng pht trin cao. Hin nay sc l phng tin chi tr c dng hu nh ph bin
trong thanh ton ni a ca tt c cc n c. Sc cng c s dng rng ri trong thanh ton
quc t v hng ha, cung cp lao v, du lch v v cc chi tr phi mu dch khc.
Sc c gi tr thanh ton trc tip nh tin t, do vy n phi c nhng quy nh v ni
dung v hnh thc theo lut nh. Theo cng c Genve nm 1931 c nhiu nc p dng,
mt t sc cn ghi nhng iu sau y:
Tiu ca sc: Mt lnh tr tin mun c coi l sc th phi c tiu SC ghi
trn t lnh . V sc l lnh nn khi ngn hng nhn c sc s phi chp nhn v iu
kin lnh ny, tr trng hp ti khon pht hnh sc khng cn ti n hoc t sc khng y
tnh cht php l.
a im v ngy thng nm pht hnh sc: y l mt yu t quan trng xc nh
thi hn thanh ton ca t sc cng nh l cn c gii quyt cc tranh chp nu c xy ra
gia cc bn lin quan n sc.
S tin ghi trn sc phi r rng, phi va ghi bng s va ghi bng ch khp nhau, c
k hiu tin t.
Tn a ch ca ngi yu cu trch ti khon, ti khon c trch tr, ngn hng tr
tin, tn a ch ca ng i hng s tin trn sc, ch k ca ng i pht hnh sc. Nu l t
chc th phi c ch k ca ch ti khon, k ton trng v du ca t chc (nu c).
Cc yu t tr n y phi c ghi r rng, chnh xc tuy t i, khng ty xa v phi
c ghi cng mt loi ch, mt th mc, khng c ghi bng mc . iu c bn trong
42

pht hnh sc l ngi pht hnh sc phi c tin trn ti khon m ti ngn hng, s tin trn
t sc khng vt qu s d c trn ti khon ngn hng. Sc c th pht hnh tr tin
cho mt t chc, mt c nhn hoc nhiu ngi, sc cng c th do mt ngn hng ny pht
hnh tr tin cho mt ngn hng khc.
Sc thng c in sn theo mu c nhng dng trng ngi pht hnh sc in
vo.
Ngy nay, rt nhiu ngn hng trn th gii dng my in nhiu mu s tin, k hiu
tin, s tin bng s, bng ch ln ch trng ca t sc.
c im ca sc l c tnh thi hn, tc l t sc ch c gi tr tin t hoc thanh ton
nu thi hn hiu lc ca n cha ht i vi sc thng mi. Thi hn hiu lc ca t sc
c ghi r trn t sc v ty thuc vo phm vi khng gian m sc lu hnh v lut php cc
nc quy nh. Ni chung sc lu hnh trong ni a thi gian ngn hn lu hnh trong thanh
ton quc t.
Sc tr tin ngay, thi hn hiu lc l 8 ngy lm vic k t ngy pht hnh sc, nu l
sc lu hnh trong nc, thi hn hiu lc l 20 ngy lm vic nu lu thng ngoi nc
trong cng mt chu, l 70 ngy nu sc c tr mt nc khng cng chu. Qa thi hn
trn nu sc khng quay tr li ngn hng th sc s mt hiu lc. i vi sc du lch th
khng quy nh thi hn hiu lc. Vit Nam, thi hn thanh ton sc l 15 ngy k t ngy
k pht sc.
C th ni, phng tin thanh ton bng sc xut hin Vit Nam t u th k 20,
khi c s xut hin ca ngi Php Vit Nam. Tuy nhin vo thi im , ch c nhng
ngi c a v trng x hi v mt s tng lp thng lu mi c m ti khon ti ngn
hng v s dng sc. Nhng ng i dn bnh thng cha tip cn vi loi ph ng tin thanh
ton ny. Sau ny, vi s pht trin ngy cng nhanh ca thng mi quc t, nht l sau thi
k m kinh t ca nc ta t nhng nm 1990 v ci cch mnh m trong lnh vc ngn
hng, cc phng tin thanh ton khng d ng tin mt ngy cng m rng v hin nay sc
cng c s dng kh ph bin. Tuy nhin, i tng s dng sc ch yu vn l nhng
php nhn, nhng c nhn vn cn s dng hu ht l thanh ton bng tin mt.
3.4.2. Nhng ngi lin quan n sc
Nhng ngi lin quan n vic pht hnh v s dng sc thng bao gm ng i k
pht sc, ngi hng li sc v ngn hng thanh ton sc. Ng i pht ra sc tr n gi l
ngi pht hnh sc. Ngn hng thanh ton l ngi tr tin cho ngi hng li t sc.
Ngi nhn tin l ngi hng li t sc.
Sau khi sc c pht hnh, ngi c quyn hng li t sc gi l ngi cm sc.
Sc c th chuyn nhng cho nhiu ngi lin tip bng phng php k hu trong thi hn
hiu lc ca sc.
K hu c 2 ngha. Th nht, k hu chng nhn vic chuyn giao quyn h ng sc
cho mt ngi khc. Th hai, k hu xc nhn trch nhim ca ngi chuyn nhng i vi
tt c nhng ngi cm gi t sc sau v vic tr tin i vi t sc. Tuy nhin ngi
chuyn nhng sc c th thoi thc trch nhim ny bng cch ghi thm mt iu kin v
bo lu cng vi ch k hu khng c truy i. Vic k hu sc ch c thc hin i
vi loi sc theo lnh.
3.4.3. S lu thng sc
Chng ti gii thiu di y hai trng hp lu thng sc: lu thng sc qua mt
ngn hng v lu thng sc qua hai ngn hng.
Lu thng sc qua mt ngn hng: Thng s dng trong thanh ton ni a.

43

Ngn hng
(4)

(5)
(3)

Ngi bn

(2)
Ngi mua

(1)

(1) Ngi bn giao hng cho ngi mua

(2) Ngi mua pht hnh sc thanh ton cho ngi bn
(3) Ngi bn chuyn sc n ngn hng thanh ton
(4) Ngn hng Bo C cho ngi hng li sc
(5) Quyt ton sc gia ngn hng vi ngi mua.
Lu thng sc qua hai ngn hng: Thng s dng trong thanh ton quc t
(4)
Ngn hng bn Bn
(5)

(5)

Ngn hng bn Mua

(3)

(6)
(1)

Ngi Bn

Ngi Mua
(2)

(1) Ngi bn giao hng cho ngi mua

(2) Ngi mua pht hnh sc thanh ton cho ngi bn
(3) Ngi bn nh ngn hng thu h tin ghi trn sc
(4) Ngn hng thu tin h s tin trn sc
(5) Ngn hng tr tin cho ngi hng sc
(6) Quyt ton sc gia ngn hng vi ngi mua.
3.4.4. Phn loi sc
C th phn loi sc theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Thng thng sc c phn loi
da trn tnh cht chuyn nhng ca n, cn c vo cch thanh ton sc v cn c vo ngi
pht hnh sc.
Cn c vo tnh cht chuyn nhng sc c chia lm 4 loi sau y:
Sc ghi tn l loi sc ghi r h tn ngi hng li. Loi sc ny khng th chuyn
nhng bng th tc k hu, ch c ngi hng li c ghi trn sc mi c lnh tin
ngn hng.
Sc v danh l loi sc khng ghi tn ngi hng li, ch ghi cu tr cho ng i cm
sc. Bt c ai cm sc ny cng c ht lnh tin ngn hng, v vy khng cn qua th tc
k hu sc vn c th chuyn nhng bng hnh thc trao tay. Nu mt sc coi nh mt
tin. Loi ny dng nhn tin mt.
Sc theo lnh l loi sc ghi tr theo lnh ca ng i hng li ghi tr n t sc . Tr n
t sc ghi yu cu tr theo lnh ca ng X. Loi ny c th chuyn nhng c bng th
tc k hu nh cch k hu ca hi phiu.
Sc theo lnh nhng khng c chuyn nhng bng cch k hu l loi sc c ghi
tn ngi hng li nhng ghi thm iu kin l khng theo lnh ca ngi hng li ny.

44

i vi loi sc ny, vic chuyn giao cho ngi khc phi thng qua xc nhn chuyn
nhng bng mt vn bn km theo.
Cn c vo cch thanh ton sc c th chia lm 2 loi:
Sc chuyn khon l loi sc m ngi k pht sc ra lnh cho ngn h ng trch tin t
ti khon ca mnh chuyn tr sang mt ti khon khc ca mt ngi khc trong hoc
khc ngn hng. Sc chuyn khon khng th chuyn nhng c v khng th lnh tin mt
c.
Sc tin mt: l loi sc m ngn hng thanh ton s tr tin mt v ngi pht hnh
sc phi chu ri ro khi b mt sc hoc b nh cp. Ngi cm sc khng cn s y quyn
cng lnh c tin.
Cn c vo ngi pht hnh sc c chia lm hai loi:
Sc c nhn: c s dng nhn tin ti ngn hng ca nh nhp khu. Thun li
c bn i vi ngi nhp khu l h c hng li cho n khi sc xut trnh ti ngn hng
ca nh nhp khu. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny nh nhp khu cng phi chu ri ro khi
t gi ngoi t tng. Tuy nhi n sc loi ny khng c an ton khi s dng trong thanh ton
quc t.
Sc bo chi ca ngn hng hay sc xc nhn: Loi sc ny bo m an ton hn trong
thanh ton quc t v s dng thun li hn.
Ngoi ba cch phn lo i sc nu trn, cn c cc lo i sc c bit nh sc du l ch, sc
gch cho, sc ti khon ca ngi hng li.
Sc du lch l loi sc do ngn hng pht hnh v c tr tin ti bt c mt chi
nhnh hay i l ca ngn h ng . Ngn hng pht sc ng thi cng l ngn hng tr tin.
Ngi hng li l khch du lch c tin ti ngn h ng pht sc. Trn sc du l ch phi c ch
k ca ngi hng li. Khi lnh tin ti ngn hng c ch nh, ngi hng li phi k
ti ch ngn hng kim tra, nu ng, ngn h ng mi tr tin. Thi gian ca sc du lch c
hiu lc do ngn hng pht sc v ngi hng li tha thun, c th c hn v c th v hn.
Trn sc du lch c ghi r khu vc cc ngn hng tr tin, ngoi khu vc , sc khng c gi
tr lnh tin.
C 2 c im phn bit sc du lch vi sc thng th ng, l sc c mnh gi c
in trn mt sc v sc du lch phi c tr bng tin mt khi pht hnh.
Sc gch cho l loi sc trn mt trc ca n c hai gch cho song song vi nhau.
Sc gch cho khng th dng rt tin mt, th ng c dng chuyn khon qua ngn
hng. Sc loi ny do ngi hng li sc gch cho bng hai cch: (1) Sc gch cho thng
tc l gch cho khng tn tc l gia hai gch song song khng ghi tn ngn hng lnh h
tin v (2) sc gch cho c bit, gch cho c ghi t n tc l gia hai gch song song c ghi
tn mt ngn hng no . Trong cch ghi ny ch c ngn hng mi c quyn lnh h tin
m thi. Gch cho khng tn c th tr thnh gch cho c t n. Ngc li, gch cho c t n
khng th chuyn thnh gch cho khng tn. Mc ch ca sc gch cho l trnh dng sc
rt tin mt v nu sc gch cho c t n ngn hng th c ngh a l ngi hng li sc chnh
thc nh ngn hng lnh h tin cho mnh v ch c ngn hng y m thi.
Sc ti khon ca ngi hng li: L loi sc m ngi hng li khng mun ngn
hng tr tin mt m mun tr bng chuyn kho n ghi vo ti khon ca ngi hng li vi
mt cu ghi ngang qua t sc "Tr vo ti khon" hoc "ch ghi vo ti khon ca ngi
hng li"
3.4.5. Trch nhim kim tra ca ngn hng thanh ton
y l mt cng vic quan trng v cn thit v cn tp trung vo cc ni dung sau:
Th nht, ti khon ca ngi pht hnh sc c ph hp vi ch k ng k ti ngn hng
hay khng
45

Th hai, cn kim tra cn thn tnh cht hp php ca ngi xut trnh sc
i vi sc ch danh cn phi kim tra chng minh nhn d n, k hu chuyn nhng i
vi sc trng cn kim tra, tnh trng sc c b cm thanh ton hay khng.
Sau khi kim tra, ngn hng c th t chi thanh ton khi t i khon khng tin v qu
thi hn xut trnh sc ngn hng buc phi t chi thanh t on khi c s phn i ca ngi
pht hnh sc v ngi xut trnh sc c chng c l khng c y quyn. Nu ngn hng t
chi thanh ton t sc phi tr li t sc cho ng i hng li t sc v ghi r l do t i sao t
chi.
3.4.6. Vn bn php l quc t iu chnh phng tin sc
Vn bn php l quc t iu chnh phng tin sc chnh l Lut v sc quc t do
U ban Lut Thng mi quc t ca Lin hip quc ban hnh vo nm 1982, k hp th 15.
Lut v sc quc t bao gm 79 iu, trong qui nh y v quyn hn ca ngi
cm sc v ngi cm sc c bo v cng nh trch nhim ca cc b n lin quan n pht
hnh v s dng sc. Ni dung chi tit ca Lut ny c th tham kho ph lc 3.2.
3.5. Th nha
Ngy nay nhiu nc trn th gii chuyn sang s dng ph bin th nha. So
vi sc, th nha c nhiu u im hn nu xt v phng din rt tin v thanh ton. Th
nha c th d ng rt tin mt ti cc my t ng, cc quy t ng t ti cc im giao
dch cng cng v trong ngn hng thanh ton. Th nha xut hin u ti n M vo nm
1914 v ngy nay n tr thnh mt phng tin thanh ton c s dng rng ri trn
phm vi ton th gii v tnh an ton v nhanh chng, tin li khi thanh ton bng th.
3.5.1. Khi nim
Th thanh ton (hay th chi tr, th giao dch) l mt phng tin thanh ton m
ngi s hu th c th d ng thanh ton rt tin t ng thng qua my c th c lp
t cc c s chp nhn thanh ton th hay cc my rt tin t ng lp t ni cng
cng.
Hu ht cc loi th quc t hin nay u bng nha cng c h nh ch nht chung mt
kch c 96mm x 54mm x 0,76mm, c gc trn gm 2 mt.
Mt trc ca th bao gm:
(1) Cc huy hiu ca t chc pht hnh th, tn th : VISA, JCB, DINERS CLUB ...
(2) Biu tng ca th: Biu t ng ny do ngn hng pht hnh thit k v in ln b mt
ca th v n rt kh gi mo, do vy n c coi l yu t an ninh.
(3)S th: y l s dnh ring cho mi ch th, s c dp ni l n trn th, n s c
in ln ha n khi ch th i mua h ng. Ty theo tng loi th m c ch s v cu trc khc
nhau.
(4) Ngy hiu lc ca th: l thi hn m th c lu hnh.
(5) H v tn ca ch th: in bng ch ni t n c nhn nu l th c nhn hoc tn cng t y
nu l th cng ty.
(6) S sri t pht hnh: s ny khng bt buc
(7) Trn mt trc c th c thm mt s c im ring ca tng loi th. V d th
VISA th lun c ch V in sau ngy hiu lc.
Mt sau ca th bao gm:
(1) Dy bng t c kh nng lu tr thng tin v s th, ngy hiu lc, tn ch th, tn
ngn hng pht hnh, m s b mt c nhn (PIN: Personal Identification Number)
(2) Bng ch k: Trn bng giy ny l ch k ca ch th.
46

(3) S ca th: c th cn in li mt ln na.

3.5.2. Phn loi th thanh ton
Th thanh ton c th c phn loi theo nhiu chc khc nhau. Di y trnh by
ba chch phn loi th ch yu.
Cn c vo cng ngh sn xut c 3 loi th thanh ton sau:
Th khc ch ni : trn b mt th c khc ch ni. Hin nay ngi ta khng cn dng
na v d lm gi.
Th bng t: c sn xut da trn k thut th tn vi 2 bng t cha thng tin mt
sau ca th. Loi ny dng ph bin trong vng 20 nm nay, nhng th hin mt s
nhc im nh kh nng b li dng cao do thng tin ghi trn th khng c m ha, c th
c c d dng, th ch mang mt lng thng tin hn ch khng p dng c k thut
m.
Do nhng nhc im ny m th b li dng ly cp tin.
Th thng minh: y l th h th mi nht da trn k thut x l tin hc nh gn vo th
mt "chip" in t c cu trc nh mt my tnh hon ho, do ghi c nhiu thng tin
hn v an ton hn.
Cn c vo ch th pht hnh th c chia lm 2 loi:
Th do ngn hng pht hnh: th ny do ngn hng pht hnh gip cho khch hng s
dng linh ng t i khon ca mnh ti ngn hng hoc s dng mt s tin do ngn h ng cp
tn dng. N hin ang c s dng rng ri nht v n c th lu hnh trn ton cu.
Th do cc t chc phi ngn h ng pht hnh : l th du lch, gii tr ca cc tp on
kinh doanh ln pht hnh nh Diners club, Amex ...
Cn c vo tnh cht thanh ton th c chia lm 3 loi:
Th tn dng (credit card): c s dng ph bin nht. Ch th c php s dng mt
hn mc tn dng khng phi tr li mua sm ti nhng c s kinh doanh chp nhn loi
th ny.
Th ghi n (debit card): y l loi th c quan h trc tip v gn lin vi ti khon tin
gi. Loi th n y khi dng mua hng s c khu tr ngay lp tc v o ti khon ca ch
th thng qua nh ng thit b in t t ti cc c s kinh doanh. Th ghi n c n dng rt
tin my t ng. N khng c mc hn mc tn dng v ph thuc vo s d hin hu trn
ti khon ca ch th.
Th rt tin mt (cash card): c dng rt tin mt ti cc my t ng hoc ngn
hng.
Cn c vo phm vi lnh th, th chia lm 2 loi:
Th trong nc: l th c gii hn s dng trong phm vi mt quc gia, do vy ng
tin giao dch phi l dng bn t ca nc .
Th quc t: l loi th c chp nhn trn ton cu, s dng cc ngoi t mnh thanh
ton. N c khch du lch rt u chung v s an ton, tin li. Tuy nhin do phm vi s
dng rng nn quy nh hot ng ca th ny phc tp hn.
Trn thc t cc ngn hng thng p dng song song c hai loi th trong nc v th
quc t.
Cn c vo mc ch s dng v di tng s dng, th c th chia lm 4 loi sau y:
Th kinh doanh (business card): l loi th c pht hnh cho nhn vin cc cng ty s
dng
Th du lch v gii tr (travel and entertainment card hay T&E): l lo i th thng do cc
cng ty t nhn pht hnh phc v cho ngnh du lch v gii tr.
47

Th vng (Gold card): l loi th phc v cho th trng cao cp, hng cao ph hp vi
khch hng c thu nhp cao, c uy tn, c kh nng ti chnh lnh mnh, nhu cu chi tiu ln.
Th thng (standard card): l mt loi th tn dng do h thng Master pht hnh. N l
loi th mang tnh cht ph thng c nhiu ngi u dng.
Vit Nam hin nay cng xut hin nhiu loi th khc nhau p ng nhu cu
ngy cng phong ph, a dng ca khch hng.
3.6. Tho lun nhm
Ch 1:
Lut K phiu v Hi phiu quc t (Ph lc 3.1)
Ch 2:
Lut v sc quc t (Ph lc 3.2)
3.7. Tm tt chng 3
Chng 3 gii thiu v bn phng tin thanh ton quc t bao gm hi phiu, k
phiu, sc v th thanh ton. Vi mi phng tin tc gi u ln lt trnh by khi nim,
nhng c im ca tng phng tin thanh ton, s lu thng tng phng tin v cc
vn bn php l quc t iu chnh cc phng tin ny (Lut Hi phiu v k phiu quc t,
Lut v sc quc t). c bit, hi phiu l mt phng tin c s dng rng ri trong
thanh ton qu c t c trnh by chi ti t nm nghip v c li n quan n hi phiu bao
gm chp nhn hi phiu, k hu hi phiu, bo lnh hi phiu, t chi - khng ngh hi
phiu v chit khu hi phiu.
3.8. Bi tp chng 3
Bi tp 3.1
Cng ty Bia Hu bn cho Cng ty Gant - Paris, Php mt l hng bia lon hiu HUDA
vi gi tr hp ng 200,000EUR, giao hng theo iu kin FOB Nng theo Incoterm
2000. Cng ty Gant - Paris m L/C khng hy ngang s 12345/VN ngy 10/12/2005 ti
Ngn hng Quc gia Paris cho Cng ty Bia Hu hng vi s tin khng qu 200,000EUR ti
Paris, tr tin ngay, hi phiu s c xut trnh ti Ngn hng m L/C khng qu ngy
10/2/2006.
Cng ty Bia Hu giao hng v k ha n thng mi s 1501/70 ngy 10/1/2006
vi tng gi tr l 200,000EUR .
Cn c vo nhng iu kin nu trn, yu cu tr li:
1. K pht hi phiu i tin?
2. Ai l ngi c quyn chuyn nhng hi phiu ny?
3. Trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C ny, ai l ngi c ngha v tr tin hi phiu?
Bi tp 3.2
Hy tnh s tin chit khu ca hi phiu sau, bit rng:
- Mnh gi ca hi phiu l 100,000USD
- Li sut thng l 3.5%/nm
- Thi hn cn li ca hi phiu l 5 thng.
Gi bn ca hi phiu trong trng hp ny l bao nhiu?

48

3.9. Cu hi n tp chng 3
1. Trnh by khi nim hi phiu, cc c im ca hi phiu v cc yu t bt bu c ca hi
phiu.
2. Trnh by cc nghip v lin quan n hi phiu.
3. Trnh by khi nim v sc v cc yu t bt buc ca sc.
4. Trnh by khi nim v k phiu v mt s c im ca k phiu.
5. Trnh by khi nim v th thanh ton v mt s c im ca th thanh ton.
6. Trnh by nhng ni dung c bn ca Lut K phiu v Hi phiu quc t do U ban Lut
thng mi quc t ca Lin hip quc ban hnh nm 1982.
3.10. Ti liu c thm (dnh cho sinh vin)
Ph lc 3.1: Lut Hi phiu v K phiu quc t.
Ph lc 3.2. Lut v sc quc t (trch lc)
3.11. Ti liu tham kho chng 3
1. Trm Th Xun Hng. 2006. Thanh ton quc t. NXB Thng k, TP. H Ch Minh.
2. inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Gio trnh Thanh ton quc t trong ngoi thng. NXB Gio
dc, Trng i hc ngoi thng, H Ni.

49

Ph lc chng 3
Ph lc 3.1. Lut K phiu v Hi phiu quc t
Lut K phiu v Hi phiu Quc t ban hnh bi U ban Lut Thng mi quc t ca
Lin Hip quc, k hp th 15, New York, ngy 26 thng 7- 6 thng 8, 1982, ti liu s A/CN
9/211 ngy 18 thng 2, 1982. (inh Xun Trnh. 1996)
Chng I. PHM VI P DNG V HNH THC PHNG TIN
iu 1:
1. Quy c ny p ng cho hi phiu quc t v k phiu quc t.
2. Hi phiu quc t l mt phng tin:
(a) Cha ng trong ni dung ca n nhng t Hi phiu quc t;
(b) Cha ng mt lnh v iu kin trong ngi k phi ch th cho ngi tr tin
phi tr mt s tin nht nh cho ngi hng li hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny;
(c) Phi thanh ton theo yu cu hoc vo mt thi im nht nh;
(d) c ngy thng nm;
(e) Ch cho thy rng t nht hai ca nhng a im sau y trong nhng nc khc
nhau:
(i) a im hi phiu c pht hnh;
(ii) a im ghi bn cnh ch k ca ngi k pht;
(iii) a im ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi tr tin;
(iv) a dim ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi hng li
(v) a im thanh ton;
(f)
c ngi k pht k tn.
3. K phiu quc t l mt phng tin:
(a) Cha ng ni dung ca n, nhng t k phiu quc t.
(b) Cha ng mt cam kt v iu kin, theo ngi lp k phiu tin hnh thanh ton
mt s tin nht inh cho ngi hng li hoc theo lnh ca ngi ny;
(c) c thanh ton theo yu cu hoc vo mt hti im nht nh;
(d) c thng nm;
(e) Ch cho thy rng t nht hai ca nhng a im sau y trong nhng nc khc
nhau:
(i)
a im k phiu c lp;
(ii)
a im ghi bn cnh ch k ca ngi lp phiu;
(iii)
a im ghi bn cnh tn ca ngi hng li;
(iv)
a im thanh ton.
(f) c ngi lp phiu k tn.
3. Bo m rng nhng li l c cp ti khon 2. (c) hoc 3. (e) ca iu ny khong
ng vn khng nh hng n vic p dung quy c ny.
iu 2:
Quy c ny p dng bt chp nhng a im ghi trn hi phiu quc t hoc tr n k phiu
quc t theo cc khon 2. v/hoc 3. (e) ca iu 1 c trong cc nc cam kt hay khng.
Chng II. DIN T
MC 1: IU KHON TNG QUT

50

iu 3
Trong din t quy c ny, cn quan tm n tnh quc t v nhu cu ci tin tnh thng nht
trong vic p dng quy c.
iu 4
Trong quy c ny:
1. Hi phiu c ngha l hi phiu quc t do quy c ny iu chnh;
2. k phiu c ngha l k phiu quc t do quy c ny iu chnh
3. Phng tin c ngha l mt hi phiu hoc k phiu;
4. Ngi tr tin c ngha l ngi hi phiu nhm vo khi c pht hnh nhng khng c
chp nhn hi phiu;
5. Ngi hng li c ngha l ngi c pht hnh hi phiu ch th phi thanh ton cho
ngi y hoc ngi m ngi lp phiu cam kt tr tin;
6. Ngi cm phiu c ngh l ngi ang gi trong tya mt phng tin theo iu 14;
7. Ngi cm phiu oc bo v c ngha l ngi cm mt ph ng tin, khi ngi y tr
thanh ngi cm. L mt phng tin y v hp l theo hnh thc b ngoi, min l:
(a) Vo lc ngi y khng hay bit c s tranh quyn hoc bin h v phng tin
theo iu 25 hoc khng hay bit c s kin ph ng tin b t chi bng cch khng
chp nhn hoc khng thnah ton.
(b) Thi hn d liu ti iu 51 cho vic xut trnh phng tin y thanh ton cha
mn hn.
1. Bn tham gia c ngha l bt c ngi no k mt phng tin vi t cch ngi
pht hnh, ngi lp ngi chp nhn, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh.
2. Ngy o hn c ngha l ngy thnah ton c cp n ti iu 8;
3. Ch k bao gm ch k bng ch ng du, k hiu, in, fax, c l hoc cc phng
tin c hc khc v ch k gi mo bao gm ch k do s s dng sai tri hoc khng
thuc thm quyn ca cc phng tin y;
4. Tin hoc ngoi t bao gm mt n v tin tc gi tr tnh ton do mt nh ch
lin chnh ph t ra d rng ch nhm mc ch b tr trn s sch ca mnh, v gia
nh ch vi nhng ngi do nh ch ch nh hoc gia nhng ngi y.
iu 5
V nhng mc ch ca quy c ny mt ngi c xem l c thc v mt s kin no
nu ngi y c thc mt cch thc t v s kin y hoc khng th khng bit n s hin
hu ca s kin.
MC 2: DIN GII NHNG YU CU V TH TC
iu 6
S tin c tr ca mt ph ng tin c hiu l mt s tin c xc nh r rng mc d
phng tin ghi rng n phi c thanh ton:
a)
Vi tin li;
b)
Bng nhiu t vo nhng ngy lin tc;
c)
Bng fnhiu t vo nhng ngy k tc c ghi trn phng tin rng khi khng
thnah ton bt c t no khon sai bit cha tr s tr thnh n phi tr;
d)
Theo t gi hi oi ghi trong phng tin hoc s phi c xc inh theo ch
dn ca phng tin hoc
e)
Bng mt loi phng tin khc hn tin t dng ghi gi tr ca phng tin.

51

Mt quc gia kt c m lut php ca quc gia y i hi rng ch k trn phng tin phi
l ch k vit tay c th vo lc k kt ph chun hoc tn thnh, nhm vo mc ch y,
tuyen b rng ch k trn phng tin trong lnh th ca h phi l ch k vit tay.
iu 7
1. Nu c s khc bit tr gi bng ch v tr gi bng s trn phng tin th tr gi ca
phng tin l tr gi bng ch.
2. Nu tr gi ca phng tin c din gii bng cc loi tin t c cng mt tn gi nh tn
gi ca t nht mt quc gia khng phi l quc gia m vic thanh ton phi thuc hin nh
c ghi r trn phng tin v loi tin t c t n gi khng c xc nh l tin t ca mt
quc gia ring bit no, loi tin t ny phi c xem nh tin t c quc gia ni vic
thanh ton phi c thc hin.
3. Nu mt phng tin no ghi rng phng tin phi c thanh ton vi tin li, khng xc
nh tin li phi t nag no th ngy tnh li l ngy k pht phng tin.
4. Mt khon d liu no rng s tin phi thanh ton vi tin li phi c xem nh khng
c vit ln phng tin tr khi c nh r li sut phi tr.
iu 8
1. Mt phng tin c xem phi thanh ton theo yu cu:
(a)
Nu ni rng n phi c thanh ton ngay hoc theo yu cu hoc khi xut
trnh hoc nu phng tin c vn t vi ni dung tng t; hoc
(b)
Nu khng minh nh thi gian thanh ton.
2. Mt phng tin phi tr vo mt thi gian nht nh v c chp nhn hoc c k hu
hoc bo lnh sau khi o hn l mt phng tin phi tr theo yu cu i vi ngi chp
nhn, ngi k hu hoc bo lnh.
3. Mt phng tin c xem l phi tr vo mt thi gian nht inh nu n ni rng phi
c thanh ton:
(c)
Vo mt ngy nu r hoc vo mt thi gian nht nh sau ngy nu
hoc vo mt thi gian nht nh ghi trn phng tin; hoc
(d)
Vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trnh; hoc
(e)
Bng nhiu t thanh ton vo nhng ngay k tip; hoc
(f)
Bng nhiu t thanh ton vo nhng ngy k tip vi iu d liu trn
phng tin rng khi khng tr c t thanh ton no, khon sai bit cha tr tr
thnh n phi tr.
4. Thi gian thanh ton ca mt phng tin phi tr vo mt thi gian nht nh sau ngy
c xc nh bng cch chiu theo ngy ca phng tin.
5. Ngy o hn ca mt h chiu phi tr v o mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trnh c xc
nh bng ngy chp nhn.
6. Ngy o hn phi tr theo yu cu l ngy c xut trnh thanh ton.
7. Ngy o hn ca mt k phiu phi tr vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trnh, c xc
inh bng ngy m ngi lp phiu k pht trn k phiu, hoc nu b t chi k, tnh t
ngy xut trnh.
8. Khi mt phng tin c pht h nh, hoc lp, phi thanh ton mt hoc nhiu thng sau
ngy ca n, hoc sau khi trnh, o hn vo ngy tng ng ca thng khi vic thc hin
phi thc hin. Nu khng c ngy tng ng, s o hn ni vo ngy cui ca thng .
iu 9
1. Mt hi phiu c th:
(g)
c k cho hai hoc nhiu ngi tr tin.
(h)
c k pht bi hai hoc nhiu ngi k pht.
52

(i)
c k pht cho hai hoc nhiu ngi hng li.
2. Mt k phiu c th:
(a)
c lp bi hai hoc nhiu ngi lp phiu.
(b)
c thanh ton cho hai hoc nhiu ngi hng li.
3. Nu mt ph ng tin phi tr cho hai hoc nhiu ngi hng li tu nghi la chn,
c th thanh ton cho bt k ngi no trong s nhng ngi y v mt trongnhng
ngi hng li nm gi trong tay bn phng tin c th thc hin cc quyn ca
ngi cm phiu. Trong bt c tr ng hp no khc, phng tin c chi tr cho tt
c nhng ngi y v cc quyn ca ngi cm phiu ch c th c hnh x bi tt
c nhng ngi y.
iu 10
Mt hi phiu c th:
(a)
Pht hnh cho chnh ngi k pht.
(b)
Pht hnh theo lnh ca chnh mnh.
MC 3: B SUNG MT VN KIN CN KHIM KHUYT
iu 11
1. Mt phng tin cn khim khuyt tho mn nhng yu cu trnh by cc tiu
khon (a) v (f) ca khon (2) hoc cc tiu k hon (a) v (f) ca khon (3) ca iu 1
nhng cn thiu nhng yu t thuc mt hoc nhiu y u cu trnh by trong khon (2)
hoc (3) ca iu 1 c th b sung v phng tin b sung nh vy c hiu lc nh
mt hi phiu hoc k phiu.
2. Khi mt phng tin nh vy c b sung khng ph hp vi s tho thun c ghi
vo :
(a) Mt bn tham gia k vo ph ng tin trc khi b sung c th vin dn s
khng tn trng tho thun chng ngi cm phiu, min ngi cm phiu
bit c s khng tn trng tho thun khi ngi y tr thnh ngi cm
phiu.
(b) Mt bn tham gia k vo phng tin sau khi b sung phi chu trch nhim
theo cc iu khon ca phng tin c b sung.

Chng III. CHUYN NHNG

iu 12
Mt phng tin c chuyn nhng:
(a)
Bng cch k hu v giao phng tin t ngi k hu cho ngi c k hu,
hoc
(b)
Bng cch giao n gin phng tin nu ln k hu cui cng l ln k hu
trng.
iu 13
1. Mt k hu phi c vit vo phng tin hoc mt bn nh km theo (bn ni di).
Bn ny phi c k tn.
2. Mt k hu c th:
(a) K hu trng, c ngha l ch bng ch k n c, hoc bng ch k c km theo li
vn c ni dung l phng tin c th thanh ton cho ngi s hu n.
53

(c) c bit bng ch k c km theo ch danh ngi m phng tin phi tr.
iu 14
1. Mt ngi l ngi cm phiu nu ngi y:
(a) L ngi hng li, s hu n; hoc
(b) S hu mt phng tin c k hu cho ngi y, hoc trn phng tin s k
hu cui cng l k hu trng, v trn phng tin th hin mt lot cc k hu lin
tc k c mt k hu no l gi mo hoc do mt i l khng thm quyn k.
2. Khi m t k hu trng c mt k hu khc tip theo, ngi k hu sau c ng c xem
nh
ngi c k hu do vic k hu trng.
3. Mt ngi khng th b t chi l ngi cm phiu v l do phng tin c th c
trong nhng iu kin bao gm mt nng lc hoc gian , cng p hoc sai lm di
mi hnh thc, c th dn n khiu ni hoc bo v theo phng tin y.
iu 15
Ngi cm mt phng tin trn ln k hu sau cng l ln k hu trng c th:
(a) K hu tip theo hoc k hu trng hoc cho mt ngi c nu ch danh; hoc
(b) Chuyn i k hu trng thnh k hu c bit bng cch ghi r phng tin
c tr cho chnh ngi cm phiu hoc mt ngi no khc c nu tn; hoc
(c) Chuyn nhng phng tin theo khon (b) ca iu 12.
iu 16
Khi ngi pht hnh hoc ngi lp phng tin c ghi vo, hoc ngi k hu trong ln k
hu ca mnh, nhng t nh khng th giao dich, khng theo lnh, ch tr cho (X) m
thi, hoc nhng t c ni dung t ng t,ngi th nhng khng th tr th nh ngi cm
phiu tr phi nhm mc ch nh thu.
iu 17
1. Vic k hu phi v iu kin.
2. Mt k hu c iu kin s chuyn nhng phng tin d cho iu kin c c thc
hin hay khng.
iu 19
Khi c hai hoc nhiu k hu, ng i ta xem nh mi k hu u c thc hin theo th t
nh th hin trn phng tin, tr khi c chng minh ngc li.
iu 20
1. Khi mt k hu cha ng nhng t nh thu k gi, tr gi nh thu, theo u
quyn, tr cho mi ngn hng, hoc nhng t c ni dung tng t cho php ngi
c ky hu nh thu phng tin ( k hu nh thu). Ngi c k hu:
(a) Ch c th k hu phng tin cho mc ch nh thu.
(b) C th s dng tt c quyn hn do phng tin pht sinh.
(c) Phi tu thuc mi khiu ni v cc s bin h c th xy ra i vi ngi k hu.
3. Ngi k hu nh thu khng chu trch nhim v phng tin i vi ngi cm
phiu sau .
iu 21
Ngi cm mt phng tin c th chuyn nhng n cho mt bn tham gia trc hoc
cho ngi tr tin theo iu 12; tuy nhin, trong trng hp ngi c chuyn nhng l

54

ngi cm phiu tr c. Khng cn phi k hu na v bt c k hu no ngn cn ngi y

tr thnh ngi cm phiu u c th b xo b.
iu 22
Mt phng tin c th c chuyn nhng theo iu12 sau khi o hn, tr khi bi ng i
tr tin, ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phng tin.
iu 23
1.Nu mt ngi k hu gi mo, bt c bn tham gia no u c quyn i k gi mo v i
ngi m phng tin c k gi mo trc tip chuyn nh ng bi thng cho nhng tn
tht ngi y gnh chu do nhng hnh vi gi mo.
2.Trch nhim ca mt bn tham gia hoc ngi tr tin thanh ton phng tin hoc ca
ngi c k hu nh thu tin, mt phng tin trn c gi mo khng c quy
nh trn bn Quy c ny.
3.Nhm vo mc ch ca iu ny, mt k hu do mt ngi khng c quyn i din hoc
vt ngoi quyn hn ca mnh thc hin trn mt phng tin cng c mt hu qu nh k
hu gi mo.
Chng IV. QUYN HN V TRCH NHIM
MC 1: QUYN HN CA NGI CM PHIU V CA NGI CM PHIU
C BO V.
iu 24
1. Ngi cm mt phng tin c mi quyn hn do ban Quy c ny giao cho i vi cc
bn tham gia.
2. Ngi cm phiu c quyn chuyn nhng theo ng iu 12.
iu 25
1. Mt bn tham gia c th i khng ngi cm phiu khng phi l ngi cm phiu bo v.
(a) Mi s bin h c gi tr theo quy c ny;
(b) Mi s bin h phi da vo s giao dch c bn gia bn tham gia v ngi pht hnh
hoc ngi cm phiu tr c hoc pht sinh t nhng t nh hung a n kt qu khin
ngi ny thnh mt bn tham gia;
(c) Mi s bin h v ngha v hp ng phi da v o s giao dch gia cc b n tham gia
v ngi cm phiu;
a. Nhng quyn hn ca ngi cm phiu khng phi l ngi cm phiu c
bo v i vi mt phng tin phi tu thuc bt k s khiu ni c hiu lc
no ca bt k ai i vi phng tin.
b. Mt bn tham gia khng th nu ln nh s bin h chng ngi cm phiu
khng phi l ngi cm phiu c bo v s kin mt tam nhn c
khiu ni tr khi:
(a) tam nhn y gi khiu ni c hiu lc v phng tin; hoc
(b) Ngi cm phiu th c phng tin bng cch nh cp hoc gi mo ch k ca
ngi c hng li hoc ngi c k hu hoc c tham d vo v nh cp .
iu 26
1. Mt bn tham gia c th khng nu ln s bin h no i vi ngi cm phiu d c bo
v tr khi:
(a) Bin h theo cc iu 29(1), 30,31(1), 32(3),49,53, v 80 ca bn Quy c ny.

55

(b) Bin h da trn s giao dch c bn gia bn tham gia v ngi cm phiu y hoc
pht sinh do bt c hnh vi gian gio ca ngi cm phiu c ch k trn
phng tin ca bn tham gia y;
(c) Bin h da trn s mt nng lc ca bn tham gia y ghnh chu trch nhim v
phng tin hoc s kin bn tham gia y k tn khng nhn chnh thc rng ch k
ca mnh lm thnh bn tham gia vo phng tin, min l s khng nhn thc do
s cu th ca ngi y.
(c) Cc quyn hn i vi mt phng tin ca ngi cm phiu c bo v khng tu
thuc s khiu ni ca bt k ai v phng tin y,tr khi s khiu ni c hiu lc
pht sinh t s giao dch c bn gia ngi cm phiu c bo v v ngi nu ln
s khiu ni hoc pht sinh t bt c hnh vi gian gio no ca ngi cm phiu
c c ch k ca ngi y trn phng tin.
iu 27
1. Vic chuyn nhng mt phng tin bi ngi cm phiu c bo v trao cho bt c
ngi cm phiu k tip no nhng quyn hn v nhng phng tin m ngi cm
phiu c bo v c, tr khi ngi cm phiu k tip tham gia vo mt s giao
dch to ra s khiu ni hoc s phng v v phng tin.
2. Nu mt bn tham gia thanh ton phng tin theo ng iu 66 v phng tin c
chuyn nhng cho ng ngi y, vic chuyn nhng ny khng giao cho bn tham gia
y nhng quyn hn v phng tin m bt c ngi cm phiu c bo v no trc
y c.
iu 28
Mi ngi cm phiu u c xem nh ngi cm phiu c bo v, tr khi c chng
minh ngc li.
MC 2: TRCH NHIM CA CC BN THAM GIA
A.

Nhng quy nh tng qut

iu 29
1.
Th theo cc quy nh ca iu 30 v 32: mt ngi khng chu trch nhim v
phng tin, tr khi ngi y k tn trn phng tin.
2.
Mt ngi k mt tn khng phi ca chnh mnh s chu trch nhim nh th
ngi k tn ca mnh.
iu 30
Mt ch k gi mo khng rng buc ngi b gi mo ch k bt k trch nhim no. Tuy
nhin ngi y phi chu trch nhim nh th chnh ngi y t tay k khi ngi y
minh th hoc mc nhin chp nhn s rng buc do ch k gi mo hoc khai rng ch k
ng l ch k ca mnh.
iu 31
1. Nu mt phng tin b sa i c th:
(a) Cc bn tham gia k su khi c s sa i c th s chu trch nhim trc php
lut v phng tin tu theo vn t ca ni dung b sa i.
(b) Cc bn tham gia k trc khi c s sa i c th s chu trch nhim trc php
lut v phng tin tu theo vn t ca ni dung nguyn gc.

56

Tuy nhin, mt b n tham gia t tay thc hin, cho php ho c ng s sa i c th s

chu trch nhim trc php lut v phng tin theo cc vn t c ni dung b sa i.
2. Nu khng c bng chng ngc li, mt ch k c coi nh c t bt k vo
phng tin sau khi c s sa i c th.
3.
Mi s sa i gi l c th khi n thay i li vn cam kt trn phng tin ca
bt k bn tham gia no v bt k phng tin no.
iu 32
1. Mt phng tin c th c mt ngi i din k.
2. Ch k ca ngi i din do chnh tay ng i y k v i quyn hn ca ngi u quyn v
ghi r trn ph ng tin rng ngi y k tn theo ch c nng ca ngi i din thay cho
ngi u quyn c nu tn, hoc ch k ca ngi ca ngi u quyn c ngi i
din t ln phng tin vi quyn lc ca ngi u quyn, s rng buc trch nhim ca
ngi u quyn ch khng phi ca ngi i din.
3. Mt ch k t ln mt phng tin bi mt ng i vi t cch ai din nhng khng c
thm quyn k tn hoc vt quyn hn, hay bi mt ngi i din c thm quyn k tn
nhng khng ghi r trn ph ng tin rng ngi y k tn theo ch c nng i din nhng
khng nu tn nhn vt m ngi y i din,s rng buc trch nhim ca ng i k tn ch
khng phi trch nhim ca nhn vt m ngi y ng thay mt.
4. Vn t ra cho mt ch k t trn mt phng tin c phi theo chc nng i din hay
khng ch c th xc nh c bng cch tham chiu theo nhng g th hin trn phng
tin.
5. Mt ngi chu trch nhim theo khon (3) v thanh ton phng tin s c cng nhng
quyn hn nh nhn vt m ngi y ng thay mt hnh ng ng l phi c, nu nhn
vt y trc y thanh ton phng tin.
iu 33
Lnh thanh ton ghi trong mt hi phiu t n khng phi l mt chuyn nhng m ngi
pht hnh dnh cho ngi hng th s tin sn sng ngi th tri thanh ton.
B.

Ngi k pht

iu 34
1. Ngi k pht cam kt rng khi c s khc t hi phiu bng khng chp nhn hoc
khng thanh ton, v khi c khng ngh cn thit no, ngi y s thanh t on cho ngi cm
phiu, hoc cho bt c bn tham gia thanh ton hi phiu theo iu 66, tr gi hi phiu v
tin li cng chi ph c th thu hi theo iu 66 v 67.
2. Ngi k pht c th ph nhn hoc hn ch trch nhim ca m nh bng mt khon d liu
minh th trn hi phiu. Khon d liu y ch c hiu lc i vi ngi k pht.
C.

Ngi lp phiu

iu 35
1. Ngi lp phiu cam kt s thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu hoc bt c b n tham gia no
ng theo iu 66 s tin tr gi ca k phiu theo ng cc iu khon ca k phiu v
mi khon li v chi ph c th c thu hi theo iu 66 hoc 67.
2. Ngi lp phiu khng th ph nhn hoc hn ch trch nhim ca mnh bng mt khon
d liu trn k phiu. Mi khon d liu nh vy s khng c hiu lc.
D. Ngi tr tin v ngi chp nhn
57

iu 36
1. Ngi tr tin khng chu trch nhim i vi mt hi phiu cho n khi chp nhn hi
phiu.
2. Ngi chp nhn cam kt s thanh ton cho ng i cm phiu hoc cho bt c b n tham gia
no thanh ton hi phiu theo iu 66 s tin tr gi hi phiu ng theo nhng khon d
liu ca s chp nhn v mi jkhon tin li v chi ph c th c thu hi theo iu 66 hoc
67.
iu 37
Mt s chp nhn phi c vit ln trn hi phiu v c th thc hin:
(a) Bng ch k ca ngi tr tin c km theo t chp nhn hoc nhng t c ni
dung tng t; hoc
(b) Bng ch k n thun ca ngi tr tin m thi.
iu 38
1. Mt phng tin khim khuyt nhng tho mn nhng yu cu nu ra iu 1 (2) (a) c
th c tr tin chp nhn tr c khi ngi k pht k t n, hoc trong khi cn khim khuyt
di dng khc.
2. Mt hi phiu c th c chp nhn trc, vo lc hoc sau khi o hn, hoc sau khi hi
phiu b t chi bng cch khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton.
3. Khi mt hi phiu c pht hnh phi thanh ton vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi
trng thy, hoc mt hi phiu phi c xut trnh chp nhn trc ngy c n nh,
c chp nhn, ngi chp nhn phi ghi r ngy chp nhn ca mnh; nu ngi chp
nhn khng ghi r nh vy, ngi k pht hoc ngi cm phiu c th thm vo ngy
chp nhn.
4. Nu mt hi phiu c pht hnh phi tr vo mt thi gian nht nh sau khi trng thy
b t chi bng khng chp nhn v ngi tr tin sau chp nhn hi phiu, ngi cm
phiu c quyn buc s chp nhn phi c ghi ngy theo ngy hi phiu b t chi.
iu 39
1. S chp nhn phi khng c tnh bo lu. S chp nhn c bo lu nu n c iu kin
hoc thay i ngn t ca hi phiu.
2. Nu ngi tr tin t iu kin trn hi phiu rng s chp nhn ca ngi y c tnh bo
lu:
(a) Ngi y vn b rng buc theo ngn t ca s chp nhn bo lu ca mnh.
(b) Hi phiu b t chi v khng chp nhn.
3. Mt chp nhn ch r rng vic thanh ton s c thc hin ti mt a ch nht nh hoc
do mt i din nht nh khng phi l s thun nhn bo lu, min l:
(a) Ni thc hin vic thanh ton khng thay i;
(b) Hi phiu khng phi k pht cho mt i din khc tr.
E. Ngi k hu
iu 40
1. Ngi k hu cam kt rng nu b t chi khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton, v nu
v c b t k khng ngh cn thit no, ngi y s thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu, hoc
cho bt c bn tham gia no thanh ton theo iu 66, tr gi ca phng tin, v mi
khon li v chi ph c th thu hi theo iu 66 v 67.
58

2.

Ngi k hu c th hn ch hoc ph nhn trch nhim ca mnh bng mt u kin

minh th trn phng tin. iu kin ch c hiu lc i vi ngi k hu.

iu 41
1. Bt c ngi chuyn nhng mt phng tin bng cch giao n gin phi chu trch
nhim vi bt k ngi cm phiu k tip v mi tn tht m ngi cm phiu phi chu
v s kin rng trc s chuyn nhng y.
(a) Ch k l gi mo hoc khng thm quyn; hoc
(b) Phng tin b sa i c th; hoc
(c) Mt bn tham gia c s khiu ni hp l hoc s phng v i vi ngi chuyn
nhng; hoc
(d) Hi phiu b t chi v khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton hoc k phiu b
t chi v khng thanh ton.
2. Cc tn tht c th c bi hon theo khon (1) khng th vt gi tr nu trong iu 66
hoc 67.
3. Trch nhi m v bt k khim khuyt no cp ti khon (1) ch quy kt cho ng i cm
phiu nhn phng tin m khng bit n khim khuyt .
F. Ngi bo lnh
iu 42
1. Vic thanh ton ca mt phng tin d n c chp nhn hay khng,c th c bo
lnh theo ton b hoc mt phn theo gi ca n, cho quyn li ca b n tham gia hoc ngi
tr tin. Vic bo lnh c th thc hin bi bt c ng i no d ngi y tng l bn tham
gia hay cha.
2. Vic bo lnh phi c vit ln phng tin hoc ln mt mnh giy km theo ( phn
ni di)
3. Vic bo lnh c din t bng nhng t c bo lnh, bo m (aval), hoc
nhng t c ni dung tng t km theo ch k ca ngi ng bo lnh.
4. Vic bo lnh c th thc hin bng ch k n thun m thi. Tr phi ni dung i hi
khc hn:
(a) Ch k n c pha trc phng tin khc vi ch k ca ngi k pht hoc
ngi tr tin l s bo lnh;
(b) Ch k n c ca ngi tr tin pha trc phng tin l s chp nhn: v
(c) Ch k n c pha sau phng tin khc vi ch k ca ngi tr tin l s k
hu.
5. Ngi bo lnh c th ghi r ngi m mnh ng bo lnh. Nu khng ghi r nh vy,
ngi m ngi bo lnh ng ra bo l nh l ngi chp nhn hoc ngi tr tin nu l
hi phiu, v ngi lp nu l k phiu.
iu 43
1.Ngi bo lnh chu trch nhim v phng tin n mc nh bn tham gia m ngi y
ng ra bo lnh, tr phi ngi bo lnh quy nh khc trn phng tin.
2.Nu ngi m ngi bo lnh ng ra bo lnh l ngi tr tin, ngi bo lnh cam kt
thanh ton hi phiu khi o hn.
iu 44
Ngi bo lnh thanh ton phng tin c quyn hn v ph ng tin i vi bn tham gia
m ngi y ng ra bo lnh v i vi cc bn tham gia c trch nhim vi bn tham gia v
phng tin.
59

Chng V
XUT TRNH, T CHI KHNG CHP NHN HOC
THANH TON V TRUY I
PHN 1: XUT TRNH CHP NHN V T CHI KHNG CHP NHN
iu 45
1. Mt hi phiu c th c xut trnh chp nhn.
2. Mt hi phiu phi c xut trnh chp nhn:
(a)
Khi ngi pht hnh quy nh trn hi phiu rng hi phiu phi c xut trnh
chp nhn.
(b)
Khi hi phiu c pht hnh vi iu kin phi thanh ton vo thi gian n nh sau
khi trng thy; hoc
(c)
Khi hi phiu c pht hnh vi iu kin phi thanh ton ti ni khc hn c s
hoc tr s giao dch ca ngi tr tin, tr phi hi phiu phi thanh ton theo yu cu.
iu 46
1. Mc d nhng d liu ca iu 45 ngi k pht c th quy nh trn hi phiu rng hi
phiu khng cn xut trnh chp nhn hoc hi phiu khng cn phi xut trnh cho mc
ch y trc mt thi im n nh hoc trc khi xy ra mt s kin n nh.
2. Nu mt hi phiu c xut tr nh chp nhn mc d c khon d liu c php theo
khon (1) v s chp nhn b khc t, hi phiu khng v th b t chi.
3. Nu ngi tr tin chp nhn mt hi phiu bt k c d liu rng hi phiu phi tr c
xut trnh chp nhn, s chp nhn vn c hiu lc.
iu 47
Mt hi phiu c xut trnh hp thc chp nhn nu hi phiu c xut trnh ng theo
nhng quy nh sau y:
(a) Ngi cm phiu phi xut trnh hi phiu cho ngi tr tin vo ngy lm vic v
vo gi hp l
(b) Mt hi phiu pht hnh cho hai hoc nhiu ngi tr tin c th xut trnh cho bt c
ngi no trong s nhng ngi y; tr khi hi phiu nh khc r rng;
(c) Vic xut trnh c chp nhn c th thc hin bi mt ngi hoc mt chc quyn
khc hn ngi tr tin nu ngi y hoc chc quyn y c quyn chp nhn hi
phiu theo lut php hin hnh;
(d) Nu mt hi phiu pht hnh c thanh ton vo mt ngy nht nh, s xut
trnh chp nhn phi c thc hin trc hoc sau ngy o hn;
(e) Mt hi phiu pht hnh c thanh ton theo yu cu hoc vo mt thi gian nht
nh sau khi trng thy phi c xut tr nh chp nhn trong mt n m k t ngy
ca hi phiu.
(f) Mt hi phiu trong ngi pht hnh c ghi m t ngy hoc thi hn cho vic xut
trnh chp nhn phi c xut trnh vo ngy hoc trong thi hn ghi trong hi
phiu.
iu 48
Vic xut trnh bt buc hoc tu chp nhn c min tr:
(a) Nu ngi tr tin qua i hoc khng cn thm quyn t do iu ng cc tch sn
ca mnh v l do v n, hoc l ngi khng c thc, hoc ng i khng c nng lc
chu trch nhim v phng tin nh ngi chp nhn, hoc nu ngi th tri l mt
cng ty hn vn, hip hi hoc hoc php nhn khc chm dt hin hu;
60

(b) Khi, vi s cn mn hp l, vic xut trnh khng th thc hin trong thi gian n
nh cho vic xut trnh chp nhn.
iu 49
Mt hi phiu phi c xut trnh c chp nhn khng c xut trnh cho mc ch
, ngi k pht nhng ngi k pht v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h u khng chu trch
nhim v hi phiu.
iu 50
1. Mt hi phiu c xem l b t chi nu khng chp nhn:
(a) Khi ngi tr tin, vi s xut trnh hp thc, minh th t chi chp nhn hi phiu
hoc s chp nhn khng t c mc d vi s cn mn hp l, hoc khi ngi
cm phiu khng dnh oc s chp nhn m ngi ny c quyn theo bn quy c
ny.
(b) Nu vic xut trnh chp nhn c min tr theo iu 48, tr khi hi phiu c
chp nhn thc ti.
2. Nu mt hi phiu b t chi khng chp nhn, ngi cm phiu c th:
(a) Theo nhng d liu iu 55, thc hin quyn truy i ngay i vi ngi k pht,
nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h;
(b) Thc hin quyn truy i ngay i vi ngi bo lnh ca ngi tr tin.
PHN 2: XUT TRNH THANH TON V T CHI KHNG THANH TON
iu 51
Mt phng tin c xut trnh hp thc thanh ton nu n xut trnh ng theo nhng
quy nh sau:
(a) Ngi cm phiu phi xut trnh phng tin cho ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn
hoc ngi lp phiu vo ngy lm vic v vo gi hp l;
(b) Mt hi phiu pht hnh cho hoc c chp nhn bi hai hoc nhiu ngi tr tin
hoc mt k phiu c hai hoc nhiu ngi lp phiu k t n, c th c xut trnh
cho bt c ngi no trong s nhng ngi y, tr khi n quy nh khc hn mt cch
r rng.
(c) Nu ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu qua i, vic xut trnh
phi thc hin vi ngi theo lut hin hnh l ngi tha k ca h hoc nhng
ngi c giao quyn qun l ti sn ca ngi y.
(d) Vic xut trnh thanh ton c th thc hin vi mt ngi hoc vi nh chc trch
khng phi l ngi tr tin, ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu nu ngi y hoc
nh chc trch y c giao quyn theo lut php hin hnh thanh ton phng
tin.
(e) Mt phng tin khng phi thanh ton theo yu cu phi c xut trnh thanh
ton vo ngy o hn hoc ngy lm vic k tip.
(f) Mt phng tin phi thanh ton theo yu cu phi c xut trnh thanh ton
trong vng mt nm k t ngy ca phng tin .
(g) Mt phng tin phi xut trnh thanh ton;
(i) Ti ni thanh ton n nh trn phng tin; hoc
(ii) Nu khng c n nh ni thanh ton, ti a ch ca ngi tr tin hoc ng i
chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu c ghi trn phng tin; hoc
(iii) Nu khngc n nh ni thanh ton v a ch ca ngi tr tin hoc ngi
chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu cng khng c ghi r, th phi thc hin ti

61

ni giao dch chnh hoc c s thng l ca ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp
nhn hoc ngi lp phiu.
(h) Mt phng tin c th c xut trnh c th c thanh ton ti phng thanh ton
b tr.
iu 52
1. Chm tr trong vic xut trnh thanh ton c tha th khi chm tr c nguy n nhn do
hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm phiu v ngi y khng th trnh c hoc
khng th vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr khng cn tc ng na, vic
xut trnh phi c thc hin vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Vic xut trnh thanh ton c min:
(a) Nu ngi k pht ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh minh th hoc ng t b
vic xut trnh; s t b y:
(i) Nu ngi k pht thc hin trn phng tin, s r ng buc bt c b n tham gia
k tip no v lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu no;
(ii) Nu c mt bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k pht thc hin trn phng
tin, s ch rng buc bn tham gia y m thi nhng lm li cho bt c ngi
cm phiu no;
(iii) Nu thc hin ngoi phng tin s ch rng buc bn tham gia thc hin s t
b v ch lm li cho ngi cm phiu m s t b dnh cho.
(b) Nu mt phng tin khng phi thanh ton theo yu cu, v nguyn nhn ca s
chm tr trong vic xut trnh tip tc ngoi 30 ngy sau khi o hn;
(c) Nu mt phng tin phi thanh ton theo yu cu,v nguyn nhn ca s chm tr
tip tuc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau khi ht hn xut trnh thanh ton;
(d) Nu ngi tr tin, ngi lp phiu hoc ngi chp nhn khng cn quyn t do iu
ng tch sn ca mnh v v n, hoc l mt ngi tng tng hoc mt ngi
khngc nng lc thanh ton, hoc nu ngi tr tin, ngi lp phiu hoc ngi
chp nhn l mt cng ty, hi h n vn, hip hi hoc php nhn khc khng c n hiu
lc na.
(e) Nu khng c a im phng tin phi c xut trnh ng theo iu 51 (g).
3. Vic xut trnh thanh ton cng c min i vi mt hi phiu, nu hi phiu b c
tuyt
v t chi khng chp nhn.
iu 53
1. Nu mt hi phiu khng c xut trnh mt cch hp thc thanh ton, ngi k pht,
nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h s khng chu trch nhim v hi phiu
.
2. Nu mt k phiu khng c xut trnh mt cch hp thc thanh ton, nhng ngi k
hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h s khng chu trch nhim v k phiu .
3. Vic khng xut trnh thanh ton khng min tr trch nhim ca ngi chp nhn hoc
ngi lp phiu hoc ngi bo lnh ca h hoc ngi bo lnh ca ngi th tri.
iu 54
1. Mt phng tin b xem nh b t chi khng thanh ton:
(a) Khi vic thanh ton b khc t trc s xut trnh hp thc hoc khi ngi cm
phiu khng th t c s thanh ton m ngi ny c hng theo bn Quy c
ny.
(b) Nu vic xut trnh thanh ton c min theo iu 52 (2) v phng tin khng
c thanh ton khi o hn.
62

2. Nu mt hi phiu b t chi khng thanh ton, ngi cm phiu c th, theo cc khon d
liu ca iu 55 s dng quyn truy i i vi ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng
ngi bo lnh ca h.
3. Nu mt k phiu b t chi khng thanh ton, ngi cm phiu c th, theo cc khon d
liu ca iu 55 s dng quyn truy i i vi ngng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh
i vi h.
PHN 3: TRUY I
A. Khng ngh
iu 55
Nu mt phng tin b t chi tr tin do khng c chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton,
ngi cm phiu ch c th s dng quyn truy i sau khi phng tin c khng ngh v
khng tr tin theo cc khon d liu ca iu 56 n 58.
iu 56
1. Mt chng th khng ngh l mt vn bn pht biu v s t chi thanh ton lp ti a
im m phng tin b t chi v c k t n v ngy bi mt ngi c lut php
a phng cho php trong vic ny. Vn bn pht biu nu r:
(a) Tn ngi yu cu lp chng t khng ngh
(b) Ni khng ngh , v
(c) Yu cu c nu v cu tr li, nu c, hoc s kin khng t h tm thy ngi tr
tin hoc ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu.
2. Mt chng th khng ngh c th c lp:
(a) Trn chnh bn hoc trn mu giy km phng tin(phn ni di); hoc
(b) Bng mt chng th ring bit, trong trng hp ny, phi nu r phng tin b
chi t.
3. Tr khi quy nh rng chng th khng ngh phi c lp, mt chng th khng ngh c
th c thay th bng li khai vit ln phng tin v k tn v ngy bi ngi tr tin
hoc bi ngi chp nhn hoc bi ngi lp phiu, hoc bi ngi ch danh thanh ton
trong trng hp mt phng tin quy nh ni mt ngi ch danh thanh ton ; li khai
phi nhm mc ch xc nhn t chi chp nhn hoc t chi thanh ton.
4. Mt li khai thc hin theo khon (3) c xem l mt chng th khng ngh theo mc
ch ca bn Quy c ny.
iu 57
1. Chng th khng ngh v t chi mt hi phiu bng khng chp nhn phi c lp v o
ngy hi phiu b t chi hoc vo mt ca hai ngy lm vic sau
2. Chng th khng ngh v t chi mt phng tin khng thanh ton phi c lp vo
ngy phng tin b t chi
iu 58
1. Chm tr trong vic lp chng th khng ngh mt phng tin v t chi c tha th khi
chm tr c nguyn nhn do hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm phiu v ngi y khng
th trnh c. Khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr khng c n tc ng na, chng th khng
ngh phi c lp vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Chng th khng ngh v t chi khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton c min;
(a) Nu ngi pht hnh, mt ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh minh th hoc ng
t b s khng ngh; s t b y:
63

(i) Nu thc hin trn phng tin bi ng i pht hnh s rng buc bt c b n tham gia
k tip no v lm li ch o bt c ngi cm phiu no.
(ii) Nu thc hin trn phng tin bi mt bn tham giakhng phi l ngi pht hnh
ch rng buc bn tham gia y nhng lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu no.
(iii) Nu thc hin ngoi phng tin, ch rng buc bn tham gia thc hin s t b v
ch lm li cho ngi cm phiu m s t b dnh cho;
(b) Nu nguyn nhn chm tr theo khon (1) trong vic lp chng t khng ngh tip tc
tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau ngy t chi.
(c) i vi ngi pht hnh ca mt hi phiu, nu ngi pht hnh v ngi tr tin
hoc ngi chp nhn ch l mt ngi.
(d) Nu s xut trnh chp nhn hoc thanh ton c min theo iu 48 hoc
52(2).
iu 59
1. Nu mt hi phiu m ng l phi lp chng th khng ngh v khng chp nhn hoc
khng thanh ton nhng li khng lp chng th mt cch hp thc, ngi pht hnh, cc
ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h khng chu trch nhim v hi phiu .
2. Nu mt k phiu m ng l phi lp chng th khng ngh v khng thanh ton nhng li
khng lp chng th khng ngh mt cch hp thc, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo
lng ca h khng chu trch nhim v k phiu .
3. Khng lp chng th khng ngh mt phng tin khng min tr trch nhim ca ngi
chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu hoc nhng ngi bo lnh ca h hoc ngi bo lnh ca
ngi tr tin.
B. Thng bo v s t chi
iu 60
1. Ngi cm phiu, khi gp s t chi mt hi phiu khng chp nhn hoc khng thanh
ton, phi thng bo s t chi cho ngi pht hnh, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi
bo lnh ca h.
2. Ngi cm phiu khi gp s t chi mt k phiu khng thanh ton, phi thng bo s t
chi cho nggng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h.
3. Mt ngi k hu hoc mt ng i bo lnh nhn c thng bo phi thng bo v s t
chi cho bn tham gia ngay k trc mnh v c trch nhim v phng tin.
4. Thng bo v s t chi c tc dng cho li ch ca bt c b n tham gia no c quy n truy
i i vi bn tham gia c thng bo.
iu 61
1. Thng bo v s t chi c th thc hin d i bt k hnh thc no v bng vn t no ch
r phng tin v ni rng phng tin b t chi.
2. Thng bo v t chi thc hin hp thc nu n c truyn t hoc gi cho b n tham
gia phi thng bo bng phng tin thch nghi trong cc hon cnh, mc d bn tham gia
y c nhn c hay khng.
3. Trch nhim chng minh rng thng bo c gi mt cch hp thc thuc v ngi
yu cu gi thng bo y.
iu 62
Thng bo v t chi phi c gi trong vng hai ngy lm vic tip theo sau:
(a) Ngy lp chng th khng ngh, hoc nu chng th khng ngh c min ngy t
chi; hoc
64

(b) S tip nhn thng bo do mt bn tham gia khc gi.

iu 63
1. S chm tr trong vic gi thng bo v s t chi c tha th khi s chm tr c nguyn
nhn do hon cnh ngoi mun ngi cm phiu v ngi ny khng th trnh hoc
vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr khng tc ng na, thng bo phi
c gi i vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Thng bo v t chi c min:
(a) Nu sau khi thi hnh s cn mn hp l, thng bo vn khng thc hin c;
(b) Nu ngi k pht,ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh t b thng bo mt cch r
rng hay ng s t b y:
(i) Nu c thc hin trn phng tin bi ngi k pht rng buc hoc bt c bn
tham gia k tip no v lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu no;
(ii) Nu c thc hin trn phng tin bi bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k
pht, ch rng buc bn tham gia y nhng lm li cho bt c ngi cm phiu
no.
(iii) Nu c thc hin trn phng tin th rng bu c bn tham gia ng t b v
ch lm li cho ngi cm phiu m s t b dnh cho.
(c) i vi ngi k pht hi phiu, nu ng i k pht hi phiu v ngi tr tin hoc
ngi chp nhn u l mt ngi.
iu 64
Khng thng bo s t chi lm cho ngi c ngha v t hng bo theo iu 60 cho bn tham
gia c quyn nhn thng bo y phi chu trch nhim v bt c tn tht n o m bn tham
gia y c th chu thit do vic thng bo y, min l nhng tn tht y khng vt qu gi tr
cp ti iu 67 v 68.
PHN 4: S TIN THANH TON
iu 65
Ngi cm phiu c th thc hin cc quyn ca m nh trn phng tin chng li bt c mt
bn tham gia no hoc chng li s ng cc bn tham gia chu trch nhim i vi phng
tin v khng b bt buc tun theo th t m cc bn tham gia b rng buc.
iu 66
1. Ngi cm phiu c th thu hi bt c bn tham gia c trch nhim no.
(a) Khi o hn: tr gi ca phng tin vi tin li, nu tin li c d liu:
(b) Khi o hn:
(i) Tr gi ca phng tin vi tin li, nu tin li c quy nh, tnh ti ngy
o hn;
(ii) Nu tin li c quy nh phi tr sau khi o hn, tin li tnh theo li sut
c quy nh, hoc nu khng c quy nh nh vy, tin li tnh theo li su t n
nh trong khon(2), tnh t ngy xut trnh trn s tin n nh trong khon (1)
(b) (i).
(iii) Mi chi ph v chng th khng ngh v v vic gi thng bo do ngi cm
phiu thc hin;
(c) Trc khi o hn:
(i) Tr gi ca hi phiu vi tin li c quy nh tnh ti ng y thanh ton, chu
mt khon chit khu t ngy thanh ton n ngy o hn, c tnh theo khon
(3)
65

(ii) Mi chi ph v chng th khng ngh v v vic gi thng bo do ngi cm

phiu thc hin.
2. Li sut s l 2 phn trm mt nm so vi li sut chnh thc (li sut ngn hng) hoc li
sut thch hp tng t khc c hiu lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia ni phng
tin phi c thanh ton. Nu khng c li sut nh vy, li sut s l 2 phn trm mi
nm cao hn li sut chnh thc (li sut ngn hng) hoc li sut thch hp tng t khc
c hiu lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia c tin t theo phng tin phi c
thanh ton. Trong tr ng hp khng c l i sut no nh vy, li sut s l phn trm mi
nm.
iu 67
Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin theo ng iu 66 c th thu hi t cc bn
tham gia chu trch nhim vi gi y;
(a) Ton b s tin y bt buc phi theo iu 66 v tr;
(b) Tin li trn s tin y theo li sut n nh ti iu 66, khon (2), k t ngy ngi y
thanh ton;
(c) Mi chi ph v cc thng bo m ngi y thc hin.
Chng VI. MIN NHIM
PHN 1: MIN NHIM THANH TON
iu 68
1. Mt bn tham gia c min tr trch nhim v ph ng tin khi ngi y thanh ton cho
ngi cm phiu, hoc cho mt bn tham gia k tip mnh thanh ton phng tin v
ang c phng tin y trong tay, theo tr gi phi tr theo iu 66 hoc 67;
(a) Vo lc hoc sau khi o hn; hoc
(b) Trc khi o hn theo s t chi khng chp nhn;
2. S thanh ton trc khi o hn, khc vi khon (1)(b) ca iu ny khng min tr trch
nhim v phng tin cho bn tham gia thc hin vic thanh ton tr khi i vi ngi
c thanh ton.
3. Mt bn tham gia khng c min tr trch nhim nu thanh ton cho ng i cm phiu
khng phi l ngi cm phiu c bo v v vo lc thanh ton bit rng mt Tam
Nhn khiu ni hp l v phng tin hoc bit rng ngi cm phiu chim hu
phng tin bng hoc tham gia vo vic nh cp hay gi mo y.
4. (a) Ngi nhn tin thanh ton ca mt phng tin phi giao, tr khi c tho thun
khc:
(i) Phng tin cho ngi tr tin thc hin vic thanh ton y;
(ii) Phng tin, mt giy bin nhn v mi chng th khng ngh cho bt c
ngi no khc thc hin vic thanh ton y.
(b) Ngi c yu cu thanh ton c th khng thanh ton nu ngi yu cu thanh
ton khng giao cho ngi kia. Khng thanh ton trong ho n cnh khng phi l
t chi khng thanh ton theo iu 54.
(c) Nu vic thanh c thc hin nhng ngi thanh ton , khng phi l ngi tr
tin khng chim hu c phng tin ngi y c min nhim nhng s min
nhim y khng th to thnh s phng v chng li ngi cm phiu c bo v.
iu 69
1. Ngi cm phiu khng b rng buc thanh ton tng phn.

66

2. Nu ngi cm phiu c ngh thanh ton tng phn, khng nhn tin thanh ton
tng phn, phng tin b t chi khng thanh ton.
3. Nu ngi cm phiu nhn s thanh ton tng phn ca ngi tr tin hoc ngi chp
nhn hoc ngi lp phiu;
(a) Ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu c min tr trch nhim n mc s tin
c thanh ton; v
(b) Phng tin phi c xem nh l t chi khng thanh ton v phn s tin cha
thanh ton.
4. Nu ngi cm phiu nhn vic thanh ton tng phn ca mt b n tham gia khng phi l
ngi tr tin, ngi chp nhn hoc ngi lp phiu;
(a) Bn tham gia thc hin vic thanh ton c min tr trch nhm n mc s tin
thanh ton ; v
(b) Ngi cm phiu phi trao cho bn tham gia y mt bn sao c th thc ca phng
tin v ca bt c chng th khng ngh cng chng no.
5. Ngi tr tin hoc b n tham gia thanh ton tng phn c th yu cu ghi vic thanh ton
y vo phng tin v mt bin nhn tin thanh ton phi c giao cho ngi y.
6. Nu s tin cn li c thanh ton, ngi nhn tin thanh ton cng l ngi ang
chim hu phng tin phi giao cho ngi thanh ton phng tin c ghi khon tin
thanh ton nhn v mi cng chng th khng ngh.
iu 70
1. Ngi nhn tin thanh ton c th khc t nhn tin thanh ton ti mt ni khng phi l
ni m phng tin c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 51.
2. Nu trong trng hp y, vic thanh ton khng thc hin ti ni c xut trnh thanh
ton theo iu 51, phng tin b xem nh b t chi khng thanh ton.
iu 71
1. Mt phng tin phi c thanh ton bng th tin t ghi trn tr gi ca phng tin.
2. Ngi pht hnh hoc ngi lp phiu c th ghi r trn phng tin rng phng tin
phi c thanh ton bng mt th tin t n inh khng phi th tin t ghi trn gi tr
ca phng tin. Trong trng hp ny:
(a) S tin thanh ton phi c tnh theo t gi hi oi ch nh trn phng tin. Nu
khng ch nh t gi nh vy, s tin thanh ton phi c tnh theo t gi hi oi p
dng cho nhng hi phiu thanh ton ngay (hoc nu khng c t gi , theo t gi
thch hp hin hnh) vo ngy o hn:
(i) ang c p dng ti ni phng tin phi c xut trnh thanh ton theo
iu 51(g), nu loi tin t n nh l loi tin t ca ni y (tin t a phng;
hoc
(ii) Nu loi tin t n nh khng phi l th tin t ca n i y, th tu theo tp qun
ca ni xut trnh ca ni thanh ton theo iu 51 (g)
(b) Nu mt phng tin nh vy b t chi khng chp nhn, gi tr thanh ton phi c
tnh:
(i) Nu t gi hi oi c ghi r trn phng tin, theo t gi ;
(ii) Nu t gi hi oi khng ghi r trn phng tin, tu nhim ca ngi cm
phiu, theo t gi hi oi hin hnh vo ngy t chi hoc vo ngy thanh ton
thc t;
(3) Trong iu ny, khng c g ngn cn to n bt bi thng thit hi gy ra cho ngi cm
phiu do nhng dao ng trong t gi hi oi nu thit hi do s t chi v khng
chp nhn hoc khng thanh ton gy ra.

67

(4) T gi hi oi hin hnh vo mt ngy no l t gi hi oi hin hnh, tu nhim

ca ngi cm phiu, ti ni m phng tin phi c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu
51 (g) hoc ti ni thanh ton thc t.
iu 72
1. Trong bn Quy c ny khng c g ng n cn mt quc gia kt c phi tn trng nhng
th l v kim sot hi oi p dng trong lnh th ca m nh, k c nhng th l phi p
dng theo nhng tho hip quc t m quc gia y l mt thnh vin.
2.
(a) Nu, theo p dng khon (1) ca iu ny, mt phng tin pht hnh bng loi tin t
khng phi tin t ca ni thanh ton phi c thanh ton bng tin t a phng, tr
gi thanh ton phi tnh theo t gi hi oi p dng cho hi phiu tr ngay( hoc, nu
khng c t gi nh vy, theo t gi thch hp hin hnh) vo ngy xut trnh ng
c hiu lc ti ni xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 51(g).
(b)
(i) Nu mt ph ng tin nh vy b t chi khng chp nhn tr gi thanh ton phi
c tnh,tu nhim ca ngi cm phiu, theo t gi hi oi hin hnh vo
ngy t chi hoc vo ngy thanh ton thc t.
(ii) Nu mt phng tin nh vy b t chi khng thanh ton, tr gi phi c tnh,
tu nhim ca ngi cm phiu, theo t gi hi oi hin hnh vo ngy xut
trnh hoc ngy thanh ton thc t.
(iii) Cc khon (3) v (4) ca iu 71 c p dng cho ni no thch hp.
PHN 2: MIN NHIM CA MT BN THAM GIA TRC
iu 73
1. Khi mt bn tham gia c min nhim ton b hoc mt phn trch nhim v phng
tin, bt c bn tham gia no c quyn thay i i vi ngi y cng c min nhim
n cng mt mc .
2. Vic thanh ton to n b hoc mt phn tr gi hi phiu bi ng i tr tin cho ng i cm
phiu, hoc cho bt c bn tham gia no thanh ton theo iu 66, s min tr trch
nhim cho tt c cc bn tham gia n cng mt mc .
Chng VII. CC PHNG TIN B THT THOT
iu 74
1. Khi mt phng tin b tht thot, d do tiu hu, trm cp hay do nguyn nhn khc,
ngi b tht thot, theo nhng d liu ca khon (2) iu ny, c quyn c thanh ton
l ra ngi y phi c khi ngi y s hu phng tin. Bn tham gia c yu cu
thanh ton khng th vin dn s kin ngi yu cu thanh ton khng nm gi phng
tin l nguyn c khc t trch nhim v phng tin .
2.
(a) Ngi yu cu thanh ton mt ph ng tin b tht thot phi n u r bng vn bn gi
cho bn tham gia m ngi y yu cu thanh ton:
(i) Nhng yu t ca ph ng tin b tht tho t thuc v nhng yu cu trnh by ti
iu 1 (2) hoc 1(3); nhm mc ch y ngi yu cu thanh ton mt phng
tin b tht thot c th xut trnh cho bn tham gia y mt bn sao ca phng
tin.
(ii) Nhng s kin cho thy rng, nu ngi y ang nm gi phng tin, tt s c
quyn c thanh ton i vi bn tham gia m ngi y yu cu thanh ton.
(iii) Nhng s kin ngn cn s xut trnh phng tin.
68

(b) Bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton mt phng tin b tht thot c th buc
ngi yu cu thanh ton phi bo m bi thng mi thit hi m bn tham gia y
c th ghnh chu v thanh ton sau ngy phng tin b tht thot.
(c) Tnh cht ca s m bo v cc iu kin bo m phi c n nh theo s tha
hip gia ngi yu cu thanh ton v bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton. Nu
khng t c s tho thun , to n c th quyt nh xem c cn s bo m
khng v, nu cn to n quyt nh tnh cht ca s bo m v cc iu kin bo
m.
(d) Nu khng t c s bo m, to n c th ra lnh cho b n tham gia c yu cu
thanh ton phi k thc s tin ca phng tin b tht thot, v mi khon li v chi
ph c th c yu cu theo iu 66 hoc 67, ti to n hoc bt c chc trch c
thm quyn hay c quan no khc, v c th quyt nh thi gian k thc. Tin k thc
y c xem nh tin thanh ton cho ngi yu cu.
iu 75
1. Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin b tht thot v sau c ngi khc
xut trnh phng tin yu cu thanh ton phi thng bo cho ngi trc y bn
tham gia y thanh ton v s xut trnh .
2. Vic thng bo phi c thc hin vo ngy m phng tin c xut trnh hoc vo
mt trong hai ngy lm vic tip theo v phi nu r tn ca ngi xut trnh v ngy
cng nh ni xut trnh.
3. Vic thng bo lm cho bn tham gia thanh ton phng tin b tht thot phi chu
trch nhim v mi thit hi m ngi c bn tham gia y thanh ton c th chu do
thng bo min l nhng thit hi khng vt qu gi tr cp ti iu 66 hoc 67.
4. Chm tr trong vic thng bo c tha th khi s chm tr c nguyn nhn do hon cnh
ngoi mun ca ngi thanh ton phng tin b tht thot v ngi y khng th trnh
hoc vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn chm tr khng cn tc ng na, phi thng bo
vi s cn mn hp l.
5. Thng bo c min khi nguyn nhn ca s chm tr gi thng bo tip tc tc ng
ngoi 30 ngy cui cng m thng bo ng l phi c gi.
iu 76
1. Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin b tht thot theo ng cc khon d liu
ca iu 74 v sau c yu cu, v thanh ton ph ng tin, hoc ngi no v l do
tht thot v do mt quyn thu hi t bt c bn tham gia no c trch nhim vi ngi
y, c quyn:
(a) Nu s m bo t c, thc hin s bo m, hoc
(b) Nu s tin c k thc ti to n hoc nh chc trch c thm quyn hay c quan
no khc, i li s tin k thc .
(2). Ngi ng ra bo m theo nhng quy nh ca on (2) (b) ca iu 74 c quyn gii
to s bo m khi bn tham gia c hng s bo m khng cn b ri ro v thit hi do
tht thot gy ra.
iu 77
Mt ngi yu cu thanh ton mt phng tin b tht thot thc hin mt cch hp thc vic
lp chng th khng ngh v t chi khng thanh ton bng cch d ng mt vn bn tho mn
nhng iu kin ca iu 74, khon (2) (a).
iu 78

69

Mt ngi nhn tin thanh ton mt ph ng tin b tht thot theo iu 74 phi giao cho b n
tham gia thanh ton vn bn c nh ti iu 74, khon (2) (a), c ngi y k nhn v
mi chng th khng ngh v mt bn thanh ton c ng du tr tin.
iu 79
1. Mt bn tham gia thanh ton mt phng tin b thanh ton theo iu 74 c cng
nhng quyn hn l ra c nu ngi y c nm gi phng tin.
2. Bn tham gai y ch c th s dng quyn ca mnh nu ngi ny s hu chng th c
ng du tr tin cp ti iu 78.

70

Ph lc 3.2. Lut v sc quc t (trch lc)

Lut v Sc Quc t ban h nh bi U ban lut thng mi quc t ca li n hip quc,
k hp th 15, New York, t ngy 26 thng 7 n 6 thng 8 nm 1982 ti liu s A/CN. 9/212
ngy 18 thng 2 nm 1982. (inh Xun Trnh. 1996)
QUYN HN V TRCH NHIM
PHN 1: QUYN HN CA NG I CM SC V NGI CM SC C BO
V
iu 27
1. Mt bn tham gia c th dng i khng ngi cm phiu khng phi l ngi cm sc
c bo v:
(a) Mi s bin h c gi tr theo bn Quy c ny;
(b) Mi s bin h da vo s giao dch c bn gia chnh ngi y v ngi k pht
hoc ngi cm sc trc hoc do hon cnh to cho ngi y tr thnh bn tham gia;
(c) Mi s bin h i vi trch nhim kt c da vo s giao dch gia chnh ng i y
v ngi cm sc;
(d) Mi s bin h da vo s v nng ca bn tham gia y chu trch nhim v sc
hoc da vo s kin bn tham gia y k nhng khng bit rng ch k ca mnh
to thnh mt bn tham gia sc, min l s khng bit y khng do s cu th ca
ngi .
2. Quyn hn ca ngi cm sc khng phi l ngi cm sc c bo v i vi sc l
thuc vo bt c yu sch c gi tr no i vi sc ca bt c ngi no.
3. Mt bn tham gia khng th nu ln nh mt bin h i khng ngi cm sc khng phi
l ngi cm sc c bo v s kin ngi th ba c quyn i vi sc, tr khi:
(a) Ngi th ba a ra khiu ni c gi tr i vi sc, hoc
(b) Ngi cm sc y th c sc bng cch trm cp hoc gi mo ch k ca ng i th
hng hay ca ngi c k hu, hoc tham gia vo s trm cp y.
iu 28
1. Mt bn tham gia khng th nu ln bin h i khng ngi cm sc c bo v, tr
khi:
(a) Nhng bin h theo cc iu 31 (1), 32, 33(1), 34 (3), 45 v 79 ca bn Quy c ny
(b) Nhng s bin h da v o s giao dch c bn gia chnh ngi y v ngi cm sc
hoc pht sinh t hnh vi gian ln v pha ngi cm sc c ch k ca b n tham
gia y trn sc;
(c) Nhng bin h da vo s v nng ca bn tham gia y chu trch nhim v sc
hoc da vo s kin bn tham gia y k nhng khng bit rng ch k ca mnh
to thnh mt bn tham gia sc min l s khng bit y khng do s cu th ca
ngi .
2. Quyn hn ca ngi cm sc c bo v khng l thuc bt c khiu ni no i vi
sc ca bt c ngi no, ngoi tr khiu ni c gi tr pht sinh t giao dch c bn gia
chnh ngi y v ngi nu khiu ni hoc pht sinh t hnh vi gian ln v pha ngi
cm phiu y c ch k ca ngi y trn sc.

71

iu 29
1. Vic chuyn nhng mt tm sc bi ngi cm sc c bo v trao cho bt c ngi
cm sc no sau nhng quyn hn i vi v trn sc m ngi cm sc c bo v
c, tr khi ngi cm sc sau tham gia vo m t s giao dch gy ra khiu t hoc bin
h v t sc.
2. Nu bn tham gia thanh ton sc theo iu 59 v tm sc c chuyn nhng cho ngi
y, vic chuyn nhng nh vy khng trao cho bn tham gia nhng quyn hn i vi
v trn sc m bt c ngi cm sc c bo v trc c.
iu 30
Mi ngi cm sc u c xem l ngi cm sc c bo v tr khi c chng minh ngc
li.
PHN II: TRCH NHIM CA CC BN THAM GIA
A. iu khon tng qut
iu 31
1. Theo cc khon ca cc iu 32 v 34, mt ngi khng chu trch nhim v sc, tr khi
ngi y k sc.
2. Mt ngi k sc vi tn khng phi l tn mnh chu trch nhim nh ngi y k sc
vi tn ca chnh mnh.
iu 32
Ch k gi mo tr n sc khng buc bt c trch nhi m no v sc i vi ngi c ch k
gi mo. Tuy nhin, ngi y chu trch nhim nh chnh ngi y k sc khi ngi y
minh th hoc hm , chp nhn b rng buc bi ch k gi mo hoc cho l ch k y l ca
ngi .
iu 33
1. Nu sc b sa i mt cch c th :
(a) Cc bn tham gia k sc sau t sa i c th u chu trch nhim v sc tu
theo ngn t c nguyn vn c sa i.
(b) Cc bn tham gia k sc tr c khi c s sa i c th chu trch nhim v sc
tu theo ngn t ca nguyn vn u tin c sa i.
2. Khng c bng chng ngc li, mt ch k c xem nh c t bt k vo sc
sau khi c s sa i c th.
3. Mi s sa i l c th khi thay i s cam kt trn sc ca bt k b n tham gia no v
bt k phng din no.
iu 34
1. Mt t sc c th do mt ngi i din k.
2. Ch k ca mt ng i i din t bt k ln sc vi s u quyn ca ng i u nhim v
cho thy trn sc rng ngi y ang k vi t cch i din cho ngi u nhim c
nu, hoc ch k cho ngi u nhim c mt i din theo s u quyn ca ngi y
t vo sc, rng buc trch nhim ca ngi u nhim ch khng phi ca ngi i
din.
3. Ch k do mt ngi nh l i din t ln sc nhng khng c u quyn k hoc
vt ngoi s u quyn ca ngi y hoc do mt i din c u quyn k nhng
khng cho thy trn sc rng ngi ang k vi t cch i din nhng khng nu tn

72

ngi m h i din, rng buc trch nhim ca ngi k i vi sc ch khng phi ca

ngi m ngi ny ng i din.
4. Cu hi t ra cho ch k t ln sc vi t cch i din ch c th xc nh bng cch
tham kho nhng g th hin trn sc.
5. Mt ngi chu trch nhim theo khon (3) v chi tr sc c cng nhng quyn hn ca
ngi m v ngi ny ng y ng hnh ng l ra c nu ngi thanh ton
sc.
iu 35
Lnh chi tr ghi trong sc khng t n trao cho ngi hng th s tin m ngi k pht yu
cu ngi tr tin dnh sn thanh ton.
iu 36
1. Mi pht biu vit trn sc biu th s chng thc, s xc nhn, s thun nhn, s th
thc hoc bt c s din t tng ng no khc ch c hiu lc xc thc s hin hu
ca s tin v ngn nga ngi k pht rt s tin y, hoc ngn nga ngi th tri s
dng s tin y vo nhng mc ch khc hn l thanh ton sc c ghi li pht biu y,
trc khi mn hn xut trnh.
2. Tuy nhin, quc gia k kt quy c c th quy nh rng ngi tr tin c th chp nhn
sc v quyt nh hiu lc php l ca sc . S chp nhn nh vy phi c thc hin
bng ch k ca ngi tr tin km theo chp nhn.
B.Ngi k pht
iu 37
1. Ngi k pht cam kt s thanh ton cho ng i cm sc, hoc cho bn tham gia no sau
thanh ton theo iu 59, s tin ca sc, v mi khon tin li v chi ph c th thu hi
theo iu 50 hoc 60.
2. Ngi k pht khng th loi tr hoc hn ch trch nhim ca chnh mnh bng mt
khon quy nh trn sc. Bt c quy nh no nh vy u khng c hiu lc.
C.Ngi k hu
iu 38
1. Ngi k hu cam kt v iu kin s thanh ton cho ngi cm phiu hoc cho bn tham
gia no sau thanh ton sc theo iu 59 s tin ca sc v mi khon tin li v chi
ph c th thu hi theo iu 59 hoc 60.
2. Ngi k hu c th loi tr hoc hn ch trch nhim ca chnh m nh bng mt quy nh
r rng trn sc. S quy nh ny ch c hiu lc i vi ngi k hu .
iu 39
1. Bt c ngi no chuyn nhng sc bng cch chuyn giao n thun s chu trch
nhim vi bt c ng i cm sc no sau ngi y v mi thit hi m ngi cm sc c
th chu v s kin trc khi c chuyn nhng ny:
(a) Ch k trn sc l gi mo hoc khng c thm quyn; hoc
(b) Sc b sa i c th; hoc
(c) Mt bn tham gia c khiu ni c gi tr hoc bin h chng ngi y; hoc
(d) Sc b t chi v khng thanh ton.
2. Cc thit hi c th c n b theo khon (1) khng th vt qua s tin cp ti iu
59 hoc 60.
73

3. Trch nhim v bt c thiu st n o cp ti khon (1) s ch quy cho ngi cm phiu

nhn sc m khng bit thiu st y ghnh chu.
D. Ngi bo lnh
iu 40
1. Vic thanh ton mt tm sc c th c bo lnh, ton b hoc mt phn s tin ca sc
cho li ch ca mt b n tham gia bi mt ngi no c th hoc khng th tr thnh mt
bn tham gia.
2. S bo lnh phi c vit ln sc hoc trn mt mu giy dn vo t sc(ni di).
3. S bo lnh c din t bng cc t bo lnh, bo m, ng bo lnh hoc
nhng t c ngha tng t, km theo ch k ca ngi bo lnh.
4. S bo lnh c th c hiu lc bng mi mt ch k m thi. Tr khi c ni dung yu cu
khc hn.
(a) Ch mi mt ch k trn mt sc, khng phi ch k ca ngi k pht, l s bo
lnh;
(b) Ch mi mt ch k trn mt sau t sc l k hu, k hu c bit ca mt t sc
thanh ton cho ngi cm sc khng th chuyn i t sc thnh mt phng tin theo
lnh.
5. Ngi bo lnh c th ch r ngi m ngi y ng ra bo lnh. Khng c ch r nh
vy th ngi m ngi y ng ra bo lnh l ngi k pht.
iu 41
Ngi bo lnh chu trch nhim v sc cng mt mc vi bn tham gia m ngi y ng
ra bo lnh, tr khi ngi bo lnh nh khc trn sc.
iu 42
Ngi bo lnh thanh ton sc c nh ng quyn hn v sc i vi bn tham gia m ngi
y ng ra bo lnh v i vi tt c cc bn tham gia c trch nhim v sc vi bn tham gia
kia.
XUT TRNH, T CHI V KHNG THANH TON V TRUY I
iu 43
Sc c xut trnh hp thc thanh ton nu sc c xut trnh theo nhng quy nh sau:
(a) Ngi cm sc xut tr nh sc cho ngi th tri v o ngy ngy lm vi c vo gi hp
l;
(b) Sc phi xut trnh thanh ton trong vng 120 ngy k t ngy ghi trn sc;
(c) Sc phi xut trnh thanh ton:
(i) Ti ni thanh ton ch nh trn sc; hoc
(ii) Nu khng c ch nh ni thanh ton, ti a ch ngi tr tin ghi trn sc; hoc
(iii) Nu khng c ch nh ni thanh ton v cng khng ghi a ch ngi tr tin
th ti tr s chnh ca ngi tr tin;
(d) Sc c th c xut trnh thanh ton ti phng thanh ton b tr.
iu 44
1. Chm tr trong vic xut trnh thanh ton c chm chc khi s chm tr do hon
cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm phiu v ngi ny khng th trnh c. Khi
nguyn nhn gy chm tr khng tc ng na, phi xut trnh vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Xut trnh thanh ton c min tr:
74

(a) Nu ngi k pht, mt ngi k hu hoc mt ngi bo lnh t b vic xut

trnh mt cch r rng hoc hm ; s t b y:
(i) Nu ngi dc k pht ghi tr n sc, rng buc bt c b n tham gia no sau
v lm li cho bt c ngi cm sc no.
(ii) Nu c mt bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k pht ghi trn sc, ch rng
buc bn tham gia y m thi nhng lm li ngi cm phiu m s t b c
lp cho li ch ca ngi y.
(b) Nu nguyn nhn chm tr tip tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau khi mn thi hn dnh
cho xut trnh thanh ton.
iu 45
Nu t sc khng c xut trnh mt cch hp thc thanh ton, ngi k pht nhng
ngi k pht v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h khng chu trch nhim v t sc . Tuy
nhin nu t sc khng c xut trnh hp thc v chm tr trong vic xut trnh, ngi k
pht khng c min tr trch nhim ngoi tr trch nhim ti mc tn tht do chm tr gy
nn.
iu 46
1. Mt t sc c xem nh l b t chi v khng thanh ton:
(a) Khi s thanh ton b khc t theo s xut trnh hp thc, hoc khi ngi cm sc
khng th nhn c tin thanh ton m ng i y c quyn theo bn Quy c ny,
hoc i vi ngi k pht m thi, nu s xut tr nh sc khng hp thc, b ho n li
v t chi thanh ton.
(b) Nu s xut trnh thanh ton c min tr theo iu 44(2) v sc khng c
thanh ton.
2. Nu sc b t chi khng thanh ton, ngi cm sc c th, theo cc khon d liu ca
iu 48, thc hin quyn truy i i vi ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng
ngi bo lnh ca h.
iu 47
Nu sc c xut trnh trc ngy c ghi trn sc, s t chi thanh ton ca ng i tr tin
khng to nn s t chi v khng thanh ton theo.
MC 1: QUYN TRUY I
A. Khng ngh
iu 48
Nu sc b t chi v khng thanh ton, ngi cm sc ch c th s dng quyn truy i
sau khi sc c khng ngh hp thc theo cc khon d liu ca iu 49 n 51.
iu 49
1. Mt chng th khng ngh l mt bn tuyn b v vic sc b t chi thanh ton
c lp ti ni m sc b t chi thanh ton v c mt ngi c thm quyn v vic
ny theo lut php ca ni y k tn v ngy. Bn tuyn b phi ghi r:
(a) Ngi khng ngh t sc b t chi thanh ton;
(b) Ni khng ngh; v
(c) Yu cu nu v cu tr li, nu c, hoc s kin khng th tm thy ngi tr tin.
2. Chng th khng ngh c th c lp:
75

(a) Ngay trn chnh t sc hoc trn mt mu giy dn vo t sc ( ni di); hoc

(b) Thnh mt ti liu ring, trong trng hp ny phi ghi r sc b t chi thanh ton.
3. Tr khi sc quy nh rng chng th khng ngh phi c lp v c th c thay th
bng li khai vit trn sc v c ngi tr tin k tn v ngy; li khai ny ch c
hiu lc khi thanh ton b t chi.
4. Li khai thc hin theo khon (3) c xem nh mt chng th khng ngh theo mc ch
ca bn Quy c ny.
iu 50
Chng th khng ngh v t chi thanh ton sc phi c lp vo ngy m t sc b t chi
thanh ton hoc vo mt ca hai ngy lm vic tip theo.
iu 51
1. Chm tr trong vic lp chng th khng ngh mt t sc v b t chi thanh ton c
chm chc khi s chm tr do ho n cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm phiu gy n n v
ngi y khng th trnh hoc khng th vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhm ca s chm
tr ngng tc ng, chng th khng ngh phi c lp vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Chng th khng ngh v t chi thanh ton c min:
(a) Nu ngi k pht, ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh minh th hoc hm t b
vic lp chng th y; s t b y:
(i) Nu do ngi k pht lp trn sc, rng bu c bt c bn tham gia no sau v
lm li cho bt c ngi cm sc no.
(ii) Nu do mt bn tham gia khng phi l ngi k pht lp tr n sc ch rng buc
bn tham gia y nhng lm li cho bt c ngi cm sc no.
(iii) Nu lp ngoi sc, ch rng buc bn tham gia lp s t b v ch lm li cho
ngi cm sc m s t b c lp cho li ch ca ngi y.
(b) Nu nguyn nhn ca s chm tr theo khon (1) trong vic lp chng th khng ngh
tip tc tc ng ngoi 30 ngy sau ngy t chi thanh ton.
(c) i vi ngi k pht sc, nu ngi k pht v ngi tr tin cng l mt ngi.
(d) Nu s xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 44 (2).
iu 52
1. Nu sc b t chi v khng thanh ton c lp chng th khng ngh mt cch hp thc,
ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h u khng chu trch
nhim v sc .
2. Chm tr trong vic lp chng th khng ngh mt sc v khng thanh ton khng c
min tr trch nhim cho ng i k pht hoc ng i bo lnh ca ngi y ngoi tr trch
nhim n mc thit hi do s chm tr gy ra.
B. Thng bo v s t chi thanh ton
iu 53
1. Ngi cm sc gp s t chi khng thanh ton phi thng bo s t chi thanh ton y
cho ngi k pht, nhng ngi k hu v nhng ngi bo lnh ca h.
2. Ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh nhn c thng bo phi gi thng bo v t chi
thanh ton ngay cho bn tham gia trc ngi y v chu trch nhim v sc.
3. Thng bo v t chi thanh ton c tc dng cho li ch ca mi bn tham gia c quyn
truy i v sc i vi bn tham gia c thng bo.
iu 54
76

1. Thng bo v t chi thanh ton c th c di bt c hnh thc no v bng bt c

ngn t no nhn dng sc v pht biu rng sc b t chi thanh ton. Vic hon tr
sc b t chi thanh ton cng coi l mt thng bo, min l sc c km theo li l ch
r rng sc b t chi thanh ton.
2. Thng bo v t chi thanh ton c gi mt cch hp thc nu c truyn t hoc
gi cho bn tham gia phi c thng bo bng ph ng tin thch hp cho ho n cnh, d
rng bn tham gia y c nhn c hay khng.
3. Trch nhim dn chng rng thng bo c gi hp thc thuc v ngi yu cu
c gi thng bo y.
iu 55
Thng bo v t chi thanh ton phi c gi trong vng hai ngy lm vic tip theo sau:
(a) Ngy lp chng th khng ngh, hoc, nu nh chng th khng ngh ny c min,
ngy t chi thanh ton; hoc
(b) S tip nhn thng bo do bn tham gia khc gi.
iu 56
1. Chm tr trong vic gi thng bo t chi thanh ton c chm chc khi s chm tr
do hon cnh ngoi mun ca ngi cm sc gy ra v ngi y khng th trnh
hoc khng th vt qua c. Khi nguyn nhn chm tr ngng tc ng, thng bo phi
c gi vi s cn mn hp l.
2. Thng bo t chi thanh ton c min:
(a) Nu sau khi vn dng s cn mn hp l m thng bo khng th gi i c;
(b) Nu ngi k pht , mt ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh minh th hoc hm t
b thng bo t chi thanh ton; s t b y:
(i) Nu ngi k pht sc lp ra, th rng buc mi bn tham gia sau v lm li
cho bt c ngi cm sc no;
(ii) Nu bn tham gia khng phi l ngi cm sc lp ra, th ch rng buc bn tham
gia y v lm li cho bt c ngi cm sc no;
(iii) Nu c lp ngoi sc, th ch rng buc bn tham gia lp s t b v ch lm
li cho ngi cm sc m s t b c lp cho li ch ca ngi ny.
(c) i vi ngi k pht sc, nu ngi k pht v ngi tr tin cng l mt ngi.
iu 57
Khng gi thng bo v t chi thanh ton khin cho ngi c yu cu gi thng bo y
theo iu 53 cho b n tham gia c quyn nhn thng bo, chi trch nhim v mi tn tht,
m bn tham gia c th ghnh chu v s thiu st , min l nhng tn tht nh vy
khng vt qu s tin d cp trong iu 59 hoc 60.
MC 2: S TIN PHI THANH TON
iu 58
Ngi cm sc c th thc hin quyn ca mnh v sc vi bt c bn tham gia no, hoc
nhiu hoc tt c cc b n tham gia, chu trch nhim v sc v khng bt buc phi tun theo
th t m cc bn tham gia b rng buc.
iu 59
1. Ngi cm sc c th thu ht bt c bn tham gia no chu trch nhim s tin ca sc.
2. Khi vic thanh ton c thc hin sau khi sc b t chi thanh ton, ngi cm sc c
th thu ca bt c b n tham gia no chu trch nhim s tin c sc c ng vi tin li theo
77

li sut quy nh ti khon (3) tnh t ngy xut trnh n ngy thanh ton v mi khon
thanh ton v chng th khng ngh v v thng bo do ngi ny gi.
3. Li sut s l 2% mi nm trn li sut chnh thc (li sut ngn hng) hoc li sut tng
t thch hp khc c hiu lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia m sc phi thanh ton.
Nu khng c li sut nh vy , li sut s l 2% mi nm trn li sut chnh thc (li sut
ngn hng) hoc li sut tng t khc c hiu lc ti trung tm chnh ca quc gia bng
loi tin t m sc phi tr. Khng c nhng li sut nh vy, li sut s l mi nm.
iu 60
Bn thanh ton sc theo iu 59 c th thu nhng bn tham gia chu trch nhim vi mnh :
(a) Chn s tin ngi y bt buc phi thanh ton theo iu 59 v thanh ton;
(b) Tin li tnh theo s tin y vi li sut c quy nh ti iu 59, khon (3) t ng y
ngi y thanh ton;
(c) Mi khon chi ph ca cc thng bo do ngi y gi.
MIN TR TRCH NHIM
MC 1: MIN TR BNG THANH TON
iu 61
1. Bn tham gia c min tr trch nhim v sc khi ngi y thanh ton cho ngi cm
sc, hoc mt bn tham gia sau ngi y thanh ton v nhn ly sc , s tin phi tr
theo iu 59 hoc 60.
2. Mt bn tham gia c min tr trch nhim nu ng i y thanh ton cho ng i cm sc
khng phi l ngi cm sc c bo v v bit vo thi im thanh ton rng mt ngi
th ba a ra mt yu sch c gi tr i vi sc hoc bit rng ng i cm sc th c
bng trm cp hoc gi mo ch k ca ngi th hng hay ngi k hu , hoc tham
gia vo s trm cp hay gi mo y.
3.
(a) Mt ngi nhn tin thanh ton ca mt sc phi trao cho, tr khi c tho thun ngc
li:
(i)
Ngi tr tin thc hin vic thanh ton y, tm sc;
(ii)
Bt k ngi no khc thc hin vic thanh ton y, tm sc, bn k nhn
tr tin v mi chng th khng ngh.
(b) Ngi c yu cu thanh ton c th gi li s tin thanh t on nu ngi c yu
cu than ton khng giao tm sc cho m nh. Vic khng thanh ton trong tr ng hp
ny khng to thnh s t chi v khng thanh ton theo iu 46.
(c) Nu vic thanh ton c thc hin nhng ngi thanh ton khng phi l ngi tr
tin khng nhn c sc, ngi y c min tr trch nhim nhng s min tr
khng th c nu ln nh mt khc bin i vi ngi cm sc c bo v.
iu 62:
1. Ngi cm sc khng b buc phi nhn thanh ton tng phn.
2. Nu ngi cm sc c ngh thanh ton tng phn khng nhn tin thanh ton, sc b
t chi khng thanh ton.
3. Nu ngi cm sc nhn tin thanh ton tng phn ca ngi th tri, t sc b xem nh
t chi v khng thanh ton v s tin phi thanh ton.
4. Nu ngi cm sc nhn tin thanh ton tng phn ca mt bn tham gia vo sc:
(a) Bn tham gia thc hin thanh ton c min tr trch nhim ca mnh i vi sc
ti mc s tin thanh ton, v
78

(b) Ngi cm sc phi cp cho bn tham gia y mt bn sao tm sc c chng thc v

mi chng th khng ngh.
5. Ngi tr tin hoc b n tham gia thanh ton t ng phn c th yu cu ghi vic thanh ton
y trn sc v yu cu giao cho mnh mt bin nhn.
6. Nu s chnh lch c thanh ton, ngi nhn tin thanh ton v s hu tm sc phi
trao cho ngi thanh ton tm sc c k nhn tr tin v mi chng th khng ngh.
iu 63:
1. Ngi cm sc c th khc t nhn tin thanh ton ti mt n i khng phi l ni t sc
c xut trnh thnah ton theo iu 43.
2. Nu trong trng hp vic thanh ton khng thc hin ti ni sc c xuy trnh
thanh ton theo iu 43, sc c xem nh b t chi v khng thanh ton.
iu 64:
1. Sc phi c thanh ton bng tin t ghi trn s tin ca tm sc.
2. Ngi k phi c th ch r trn sc rng sc phi c thanh ton bng th tin t ch
nh khng phi l tin t ghi trn s tin ca sc. Trong trng hp ny:
(a) Sc phi c thanh ton bng tin t ch nh nh vy;
(b) S tin phi thanh ton c tnh theo t gi hi oi c ghi r trn sc. Khng ch
nh r nh vy, s tin phi thanh ton c tnh theo t gi hi oi p dng cho hi
phiu tr ngay ( hoc nu khng s t gi nh vy, theo t gi hi oi c xc lp
mt cch thch hp) vo ngy xut trnh:
(i) Hin hnh ti ni sc phi c xut trnh xut trnh thanh ton theo iu
43(c), nu tin t c ch nh l tin t ni (tin bn x); hoc
(ii) Nu tin t phi c ch nh khng phi l ni m sc phi c xut trinh
thanh ton theo iu 43 (c).
(c) Nu tm sc nh th b t chi v khng thanh ton, s tin phi tr phi c tnh:
(i) Nu t gi hi oi khng c ghi r trn sc, tu theo nhim ca ng i cm
sc, theo t gi hi oi ;
(ii) Nu t gi hi oi khng c ghi r trn sc, tu theo nhim ca ng i cm
sc, theo t gi hi oi hin hnh vo ngy xut trnh hoc vo ngy thanh ton
thc t ti ni m phi c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 43(c) hoc ni
thanh ton thc t.
3. Trong iu ny khng c iu no ngn cn to n quyt nh bi thng thit hi do thua
l gy ra cho ngi cm sc v nhng bin ng t gia hi oi nu s thua l y do s t
chi v khng thanh ton gy ra.
iu 65:
1. Khng c g trong bn Quy c ny ngn cn mt quc gia kt c buc phi tn trong
nhng th l kim sot hi oi p dng trn lnh th ca mnh , k c th l m quc gia
y buc phi p dng chiu theo nhng tho hip quc t m quc gia y l bn kt c.
2.
(a) Nu chiu theo khon (1) ca iu ny, sc k pht bng lot tin t khng phi tin t
ca ni thanh ton, m phi bng tin t bng tin bn x, s tin chi tr phi c
tnh theo t gi hi oi ca hi phiu tr ngay (hoc nu khng c t gi nh vy,
theo t gi hi oi c xc lp mt cch thch hp) vo ngy xut trnh hin hnh ti
ni sc phi c xut trnh thanh ton theo iu 43(c).
(b) Nu mt tm sc nh vy b t chi v khng thanh ton:
(i) S tin phi c tnh, tu theo nhim ca ng i cm sc, theo t gi hi oi
hin hnh vo ngy xut trnh hoc vo ngy thanh ton thc t;
79

(ii)

Khon (3) ca iu 64 c p dng cho ni no thch hp.

iu 66:
Nu ngi k phi phi hu b lnh thanh ton mt sc k pht cho anh ta, ngi tr c
nhim v khng thanh ton.
MUC 2: MIN TR TRCH NHIM CA BN THAM GIA TRC
iu 67:
1. Khi mt bn tham gia c min tr ton b hoc mt phn trch nhim ca m nh v sc,
bt k bn tham gia no c quyn truy i i vi ngi y cng i min tr trch
nhim cng mt mc nh vy.
2. Vic tr tin than h ton ton b hoc mt phn s tin ca t sc cho ngi cm sc cho
ngi cm sc, hoc cho bt c bn tham gia no thanh ton theo iu 59, min tr
trch nhim cho ton th cc bn tham gia ti cng mc nh vy.
SC GCH CHO V SC THANH TON VO TI KHON
MC 1: SC GCH CHO
iu 68:
1. Sc gch cho l sc c hai ln gch cho song song.
2. Gch cho thng nu n ch gm hai ln m thi hoc nu gia hai ln c ghi v o t v
ngn hng hoc t ng t ng ng hay nhng t v cng ty hoc bt k ch tt no
c ghi vo gia; gch cho c bit nu tn ca ngn hng c ghi vo gia.
3. Sc c th c gch cho thng hoc c bit bi ngi k pht hoc ngi cm sc.
4. Ngi cm sc c th gch cho thng thnh gch cho c bit.
5. Gch cho c bit khng th chuyn i thnh gch cho thng.
6. Ngn hng m sc c gch cho c bit ch nh c th li gch cho thm mt ln
na cho ngn hng khc nh thu.
iu 69:
Nu trn mt sc c co sa gch cho hoc tn ca nh ngn hng m sc c gch cho, s
co sa c xem nh khng xy ra.
iu 70:
1.
(a) Sc c gch cho th ng ch c thanh ton cho ngn hng hoc cho khch hng
ca ngi tr tin.
(b) Sc c gch cho c bit ch c thanh ton cho ngn hng m sc c gch
cho hoc nu ngn hng y l ngi tr tin cho khch hng ca ngn hng.
(c) Ngn hng c th khng nhn sc gch cho, ngoi tr sc ca khch hng ca ngn
hng y hoc ca mt ngn hng khc v khng th nh thu sc y tr khi cho ngi
.
3. Ngi tr tin thanh to n, hoc ngn hng nhn hoc nh thu, mt sc gch cho tri vi
nhng quy nh khon (1) ca iu ny chu trch nhim v mi thit hi m mt ngi
c th chu v kt qu ca s vi phm y, min l nhng thit hi khng vt qu s
tin ca sc.
iu 71:

80

Nu gch cho trn sc c nhng t khng th giao dch ngi c chuyn nhng tr
thnh ngi cm sc nhng khng th tr thnh ngi cm sc c bo v. Tuy nhin ngi
th nhng c th c hng nhng quyn hn ca ngi cm sc c bo v theo iu
29.
MC 2: SC THANH TON VO TI KHON
iu 72:
1.
(a) Ngi k pht hoc ngi cm sc c th cm thanh ton sc bng tin mt bng
cch vit cho trn mt sc nhng t thanh ton vo ti khon hoc nhng t c
ni dung tng t.
(b) Trong trng hp ny, sc ch c c ngi tr tin thanh ton bng cch ghi vo
s sch k ton.
3. Ngi tr tin thanh ton mt sc nh vy khng phi bng cch ghi vo s sch k ton
phi chu trch nhim v mi thit hi m mt ngi c th phi chu do hu qu c a vic
thanh ton , min l nhng thit hi khng vt qu s tin ca sc.
4. Nu sc cho thy trn mt trc ca n c s co sa nhng t thanh ton vo ti
khon, s co sa c xem nh khng c xy ra.

MT SC
iu 73:
1. Khi mt sc b mt, d do tiu hu, trm cp hay do nguyn nhn no khc., ngi mt
sc, theo cc kho n quy nh ca khon (2) v (3) c a iu ny, c quyn hn thanh ton
nh ngi y c nu cn s hu sc. Bn tham gia b yu cu thanh ton khng th nu
s kin ngi yu cu thanh ton khng s hu sc nh l mt khc bin i vi trch
nhim v sc.
2.
(a) Ngi yu cu thanh ton mt sc b mt phi pht biu bng vn bn cho bn tham
gia m ngi y yu cu thanh ton:
(i)
Nhng yu t ca sc b mt thuc v nhng iu kin cn thit nu ra trong
nhng iu 1 (2) , nhm mc ch y ngi yu cu thanh ton sc b mt c
th xut trnh cho bn tham gia y bn sao sc b mt;
(ii)
Nhng s kin cho thy rng, nu ngi y cn s hu sc, ngi y c
quyn c thanh ton i vi bn tham gia m ngi y yu cu thanh ton.
(iii) Nhng s kin ngn tr s xut trnh trn sc.
(b) Bn tham gia b yu cu thanh ton sc mt c th i ngi yu cu thanh ton
bo m bi thng cho bn tham gia y v mi thit hi c th ghnh chu v s
thanh ton sau ca sc b mt.
(c) Tnh cht v iu kin m bo phi c quyt nh bng s tho hip gia ngi
yu cu thanh ton v bn tham gia c yu cu thanh ton.
Khng c s tho hip nh vy, to n c th quyt nh xem c cn phi bo m khng v
nu c th tnh cht v cc iu kin bo m phi nh th no.
(d) Nu khng th c bo m, To n c th ra lnh cho bn tham gia c yu cu
thanh ton k thc s tin ca sc b mt, v mi khon li v chi ph c th phi chu
theo iu 59 hoc 60, ti To n hoc bt k nh chc trch hay c quan c thm

81

quyn no khc, v c th quyt nh thi hn k thc . Khon k thc y phi c

xem nh tin thanh ton cho ngi yu cu thanh ton.
2. Ngi yu cu thanh ton mt sc b mt theo cc khon quy nh ti iu ny khng cn
phi bo m cho ngi k pht ghi vo sc hoc cho ngi k hu ghi vo phn k
hu ca m nh, nhng t nh khng th giao dch, khng th chuyn nhng, khng
theo lnh, ch tr cho (x) m thi, hoc nhng t c ngha tng t.
iu 74:
1. Bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt v sc sau c xut trnh thanh ton bi mt
ngi khc, phi thng bo cho ngi nhn tin thanh ton v s xut trnh y.
2. Vic thng bo phi c thc hin vo ngy sc c xut trnh thanh ton hoc
mt trong hai ngy lm vic tip theo v phi nu tn ngi xut trnh sc v ngy, ni
xut trnh.
3. Vic thng bo lm cho bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt phi chu trch nhim v
mi thit hi m ngi thanh ton c th ghnh chu do khng thng bo. Min l
nhng thit hi khng vt qu s tin cp ti iu 59 hoc 60.
4. Chm tr trong vic thng bo trc khi s chm tr do hon cnh ngoi mun ca
ngi thanh ton sc b mt v ngi y khng th trnh hoc vt qua c. Khi
nguyn nhn gy chm tr ngng tc ng, thng bo phi c thc hin vi s cn mn
hp l.
5. Thng bo c min khi nguyn nhn gy chm tr gi thng bo tip tc tc ng
ngoi 30 ngy sau ngy cui cng thng bo phi c thc hin.
iu 75:
1. Bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt theo cc khon quy nh tai iu 73 v sau c
yu cu, thc s thanh ton sc, hoc v l so m t sc nn mt quyn ca mnh thu tin
ca bt c bn tham gia no c thch nhim vi mnh, c quyn:
(a) Nu c bo m, thu hi s bo m; hoc
(b) Nu s tin c k thc ti to n hoc nh chc trch hay c quan c thm quyn
no khc, i li s tin c k pht.
2. Ngi cung cp bo m thao cc khon quy nh ca 2(b) ca iu 73 c quyn
nhn s gii ta bo m khi bn tham gia m quyn li c bo m khng cn ri ro
thua l na v s kin sc b mt.
iu 76:
Ngi yu cu thanh ton sc b mt thc hin mt cch hp thc vic lp chng th khng
ngh v s t chi thanh ton bng vn bn p ng nhng yu cu ca iu 73, khon 2 (a).
iu 77:
Ngi nhn tin thanh ton ca mt sc b mt theo iu 73 phi giao cho bn tham gia thanh
ton vn bn theo iu 73, khon 2 (a), c ngi y k nhn v mi chng th c tuyt v
bng k nhn tr.
iu 78:
1. Bn tham gia thanh ton sc b mt theo iu 73 c nhng quyn hn nh ngi y
phi c nu s hu sc.
2. Bn tham gia y ch c th thc hin quyn hn ca m nh nu c trong tay bn k nhn
cp tai iu 77.
3.
GII HN (THI HN)
82

iu 79:
1. Quyn hnh ng pht sinh trn sc khng th c s dng lu hn sau bn nm tri
qua:
(a) i khng ngi k pht hoc ngi bo lnh ca h, k t ngy ca sc;
(b) i khng ngi k hu hoc ngi bo lnh ca h, k t ng y chng th khng
ngh v t chi thanh ton hoc, khi chng th khng ngh c min, ngy t chi
thanh ton.
2. Nu bn tham gia thanh ton theo iu 59 hoc 60 trong v ng mt nm trc khi mn
hn thi hn cp ti khon (1) ca iu ny, bn tham gia y c th thc hin quyn
hnh ng ca mnh i vi bn tham gia c trch nhim vi mnh trrong vng mt nm
k t ngay ngi y thanh ton sc.

83

Chng 4
Cc phng thc thanh ton quc t
(11 tit)
Mc tiu ca chng
Gii thiu nhng chng t quan trng trong b chng t thanh ton quc t. Cung
cp nhng khi nim v qui trnh thc hin cc phng thc thanh ton quc t bao gm
phng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s, phng thc nh thu v phng thc tn dng
chng t, trong c bit nhn mnh ph ng thc tn dng chng t. Gii thiu mt cch
khi qut cc vn php l lin quan n cc phng thc ny m ch yu l UCP 500 (Qui
tc v thc hnh thng nht tn dng chng t, bn s 500). Thc h nh mt s bi tp v tnh
hung ng dng.
4.1. Mt s lu khi la chn phng thc thanh ton quc t
Cng nh cc phng ti n thanh ton quc t, vic s dng ph ng thc thanh ton quc
t ny hay mt phng thc thanh ton khc ph thuc vo cc yu t. Th nht, cn xc nh
mc thng xuyn hay khng thng xuyn ca cc mi quan h thng mi. Th hai,
cn xc nh s tn nhim ln nhau cao hay thp. Th ba, quy m c a hp ng thng m i
hoc dch v ln hay nh. Th t, kh nng hng ha ca ngi bn v kh nng ti chnh ca
ngi mua nh th no. Th nm, cn xem xt thn trng t nh hnh chnh tr , kinh t, x hi
ca mi nc tham gia trong hp ng, bi iu n y s nh hng n mc an to n trong
thanh ton.
Cc bn i tc cn cn nhc chn phng thc thanh ton cho thch hp trong mi
hp ng thng mi.
Trong thanh ton quc t cc chng t ng vai tr rt quan trng, do vy chng ta s
xem xt cc loi chng t trong thanh ton quc t, sau s tm hiu v cc phng thc
thanh ton quc t.
4.2. Chng t trong thanh ton quc t
Trong mi phng thc thanh ton u phi s dng n nhng chng t nht nh,
chng ta gi chung l nhng chng t hot ng ngoi thng. l cc loi giy t c
pht hnh lin quan n cc nghip v hng ha. Cc ngn hng s x l cc chng t ny khi
thanh ton ty thuc vo tng phng thc thanh ton khc nhau.
Di y chng ta s ln lt m t nhng chng t quan trng thng gp nht trong
hot ng thng mi.
4.2.1. Ha n (invoice)
Ni n ho n trong thanh ton qu c t ngi ta thng ni n hai loi ho n, l
ho n chnh thc hay cn gi l ho n thng mi, v ho n tm.
Ha n thng mi (commercial invoice): Ha n thng mi gm tt c cc chi tit v
nghip v hng ha, n c gi tr thanh ton v thng bao gm cc yu t sau:
(1) Tn v a ch ngi mua
(2) Tn, a ch v ch k c thm quyn ca ngi bn
(3) Nhn hiu chnh xc ca hng ha cng s lng
(4) iu kin giao hng v thanh ton
(5) Cch ng gi, s lng trong mi n v ng gi v m hiu ca chng
(6) Nhng ghi ch khc (ph chun lnh s, ghi ch ca phng thng mi)
84

Ha n tm (provisional invoice): l m t loi ha n t m thi v thng c pht

hnh trc khi k kt hp ng thng mi cng nh trc khi giao hng ha v thng ng
vai tr nh l mt ti liu ghi nh khi thng lng mua bn hoc dng lm th tc xin
giy php nhp khu, nu cn. Trong nhng trng hp ny, trn ha n tm lun phi ghi
mt mnh "khng d ng cho mc ch thu quan". i vi mt s h ng ha nht nh, ha
n ny c coi nh mt loi chng t c gi tr thanh ton.
4.2.2. Cc loi giy t gi hng
Cc loi giy t gi hng thng bao gm cc loi chng t gi hng tng trng cho
hng ha.
Vn n ng bin: l giy t gi hng bng ng bin th hin vic xc nhn hng
ha c chuyn ch xung tu, ng thi m bo vi ngi s hu vn n v vic
chuyn ch v giao hng, n i din cho hng ha, do vy n l mt giy t c gi truyn
thng. Vn n c th c pht hnh nhiu bn chnh, khi mt bn chnh c xut trnh th
nhng bn chnh cn li mt tnh hiu lc. Ngi ta c th sao vn n thnh cc bn sao,
nhng chng khng c gi tr thanh ton.
Vn n ng sng: Vn n ng sng ch s dng trong vn ti ng sng, nhng
hin nay rt t dng trong thng mi quc t.
Phiu chng nhn nhp kho c th chuyn nhng: loi phiu ny chng nhn hng ha
nhp kho, n ch c pht hnh bi cc hng kho hng t cch ngh nghip.
4.2.3. Cc giy t ch chng nhn vic gi hng
Chng t vn ti li n hip: ngy nay ngnh kinh t vn ti pht trin mt loi k thut
mi l vn ti lin hp vi nhiu hnh thc vn ti khc nhau nh ng sng, ng bin,
ng st, ng hng khng, do vy i hi tt nhin phi c b chng t vn ti lin hp
bao gm tt c cc hnh thc vn ti. V d nh mt vn n vn ti hn hp (combined
transport B/L) hay mt vn n sut (through B/L).
Vn n ng st c bn ph: l chng t bc hng trong giao thng ng st c
ngi gi pht h nh lm nhiu bn, bn chnh s i km hng ha, bn ph c ng d ca
c quan ng st do ngi gi hng gi chng minh l anh ta gi hng theo iu kin
tha thun. Khi no ngi gi hng cn gi bn ph v hng ha cha giao cho ngi nhn
th ngi gi hng cn c quyn quyt nh i vi s hng ha ny.
Vn n hng khng: l chng t vn ti h ng khng c pht hnh lm 3 b n, trong
hng vn chuyn gi bn th nht, bn th hai i cng vi hng ha v bn th ba xc
nhn hng c tip nhn v gi i. Nu ngi chuyn hng gi bn th ba i th anh ta
mt quyn quyt nh i vi hng ha. Khi anh ta cn gi chng t n y cng nh hng ha
cha c giao cho ngi nhn th anh ta cn quyn quyt nh i vi l hng. Tuy nhin
trong thc t iu ny hu nh khng xy ra v thi gian vn chuyn qu ngn. Ng c li,
nhn hng, ngi nhn hng khng cn mt bn vn n no.
Giy chng nhn h ng ca hng vn ti (FCR - For warder's Certificate of Receipt ho c
Frowarding Agent's Certificate of Receipt): l mt loi chng t c s dng trong vn ti
hng ha bng ng b. Giy chng nhn ny xc nhn rng hng ha vn chuyn c
tip nhn. Vi ni dung ca chng t ny ngi bn chng minh vi ngi mua vic gi hng
khng hy ngang ca mnh.
Giy gi h ng bu i n (post-office receipt): giy ny c ng d u ca b u in cng l
bng chng cho vic gi hng. Ngc li vi cc chng t k trn, giy ny ch pht hnh
mt bn, n khng bao gm cc s liu v hng ha v khng ng vai tr g trong trao i
hng ha quc t.
85

Giy bin nhn ca thuyn trng (master's receipt): Chng t ny l bng chng xc
nhn hng ha c gi xung tu trong vn ti ng bin.
Lnh giao hng (dilivery order): Khi hng ha c giao cho nhiu ngi nhn hng
nhng hng c chuyn ch trn cng mt con tu v trong cng mt vn n th ngi
c y quyn ti n c tip nhn hng u tin s c y nhim cung cp tip h ng cho
nhng ngi nhn hng cui cng. Anh ta s nhn c bn chnh vn n v pht hnh cc
lnh giao hng cho php nhng ngi nhn hng n l tip nhn phn hng ha ca mnh ti
ngi c y nhim khi xut trnh lnh trn.
4.2.4. Cc chng t khc
Ngoi cc chng t nu trn, trong b chng t thanh ton cn bao gm cc loi
chng t khc nhng chng ng vai tr rt quan trng.
Giy chng nhn bo him (insurance certificate): l bng chng v quyn c bo him
v vn ti m phm vi ca n bao gm cc loi giy t n l. Nu giy ny c pht hnh
nh mt giy t c gi theo lnh th vic chuyn tip ch c thc hin bng hnh thc
chuyn nhng. Cc giy t bo him c pht hnh lm nhiu bn, nhng trong trng hp
thit hi th vic bi thng ch c thc hin trn c s bn chnh, cc bn cn li s mt
hiu lc.
Giy chng nhn xut x (certificate of origine C/O): Chng t ny xc nhn hng ha
xut x t nc no nh ni sn xut, khai thc .... Chng t ny c bit quan trng i vi
cc c quan chc nng ca nc nhp khu kim tra vic tun th nhng qui nh.
Giy chng nhn kim nghim (inspection certificate): Chng t ny l bng chng v s
kim nghim c thc hin thng qua mt b n th ba - c quan trung gian. Kt qu kim
nghim c nu trong giy chng nhn ny.
Giy chng nhn kim dch (certificate of health): chng t ny i cng vi vic vn
chuyn cc ng vt ti sng, thc vt, thc phm. N c hng nhn v tnh trng min dch
ca cc loi hng ha ny.
Giy chng nhn trng lng (certificate of weight): chng t ny thng do mt c quan
trung gian pht hnh xc nhn trng lng ca hng ha m ngi xut khu gi i.
Giy chng nhn phn tch (analyse certificate): chng nhn ny thng i km trong
vic cung cp hng ha v nguyn liu th hoc cc sn phm ha cht hay sn phm nng
nghip, n th hin kt qu phn tch cc thnh phn ca hng ha.
Giy chng nhn phm cht (quality certificate): chng t xc nhn tnh hon ho v
phm cht ca hng ha ng vi tha thun trong hp ng mua bn.
Bng k chi tit ng gi (packing list): l chng t k danh mc tng kin hng v ni
dung bn trong ca n. Chng t ny c pht hnh khi ngi bn gi hng thng qua b
phn giao hng ca mnh hoc nhn vin bu in.
Giy chng nhn kim tra hng ha ca t chc trung gian (clean report of finding): ngy
nay loi chng t ny c s dng ph bin chng li s la o mt cch hiu qu do t
chc Socit Gnral de Surveillance (SGS), c tr s chnh ti Geneve pht hnh.
4.3. Cc phng thc thanh ton quc t
Trong phn ny chng ti s gii thiu bn phng thc ch yu trong thanh ton
quc t bao gm phng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s hay m ti khon, phng
thc nh thu bao gm nh thu tr n v nh thu km chng t v phng th c tn dng chng
t.

86

4.3.1. Phng thc chuyn tin (Remittance)

nh ngha: Phng thc chuyn tin l phng thc m trong khch hng ngi tr tin - yu cu ngn hng ca mnh chuyn mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi
khc - ngi hng li, mt a im nht nh bng ph ng tin chuyn tin do khch yu
cu.
Cc bn tham gia trong phng thc chuyn tin
Ngi tr tin - ngi mua, ngi mc n - hoc ngi chuyn tin - ngi u t,
kiu bo chuyn tin v nc, ngi chuyn kinh ph ra nc ngoi - l ngi yu cu ngn
hng chuyn tin ra nc ngoi.
Ngi hng li - ngi bn, ch n, ng i tip nhn vn u t - hoc l ngi no
do ngi chuyn tin ch nh.
Ngn hng chuyn tin l ngn hng nc ngi chuyn tin.
Ngn hng i l ca ngn hng chuyn tin l ngn hng nc ngi hng li.
Trnh t thc hin nghip v
Ngn hng
chuyn tin

(3)

(2)

Ngn hng
i l

(4)

Ngi
chuyn tin

Ngi
hng li

(1)

Hnh 4.1. Trnh t nghip v thanh ton chuyn tin

(1) Giao dch thng mi

(2) Ngi chuyn tin vit n yu cu chuyn tin (bng th hoc in) cng y
nhim chi (nu c ti khon m ti Ngn hng)
(3) Ngn hng nhn chuyn tin ra lnh cho ngn h ng i l ca n n c ngoi
chuyn tin cho ngi hng li
(4) Ngn hng i l chuyn tin cho ngi hng li
Cc nghip v ngn hng chuyn tin
i vi ngn hng c hai nghip v chuyn tin i v chuyn tin n.
Khi chuyn tin i, nghip v ngn hng din ra theo 4 b c: (1) tip nhn h s xin
chuyn tin; (2) Kim tra h s chuyn tin i; (3) Lp in chuyn tin v (4) Hch ton Lu h s. (Hnh 4.2.)

87

Tip nhn h s xin chuyn tin

Kim tra h s chuyn tin i

chuyn
tin i tin
Lp
in chuyn

Hch ton - Lu h s
Hnh 4.2. Trnh t

Khi chuyn tin n, ngn hng thc hin thanh ton theo ba bc: (1) Tip nhn lnh
chuyn tin; (2) Thanh ton cho ngi hng li v (3) Lu h s. (Hnh 4.3.)
Tip nhn lnh chuyn tin

Thanh ton cho ngi hng li

Lu h s
Hnh 4.3. Trnh t chuyn tin n

Cc yu cu v chuyn tin
Mun chuyn tin ra nc ngoi phi c giy php ca B ch qun v hoc B Ti
chnh. Chuyn tin thanh ton trong ngoi thng phi c cc giy t sau y:
(1) Hp ng mua bn ngoi thng
(2) B chng t gi hng ca ngi xut khu gi n
(3) Giy php kinh doanh xut nhp khu
(4) y nhim chi ngoi t v ph chuyn tin
Ngi chuyn tin cn vit n chuyn tin gi n VCB hoc mt ngn h ng thng
mi c php thanh ton quc t, trong n cn ghi :
(1) Tn a ch ca ngi hng li, s ti khon nu ngi hng li yu cu
(2) S ngoi t xin chuyn cn ghi r bng s v bng ch, loi ngoi t
(3) L do chuyn tin
(4) Nhng yu cu khc
(5) K tn, ng du
Trng hp chuyn tin c nhn, theo qui nh Qun l ngoi hi ca Ngn h ng Nh
nc Vit Nam cc khon ngoi t mun chuyn ra nc ngoi u phi c ngun gc t
88

nc ngoi a vo v khi mun chuyn ra th ch trong phm vi s tin m thi. Nu

khch hng mun chuyn tin cho nhu cu cc nhn nh hc tp, cng tc v.v. phi c s
ng ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam v h s chuyn tin phi bao gm (1) n xin
chuyn tin; (2) bng thng bo chi ph hc tp hoc vin ph t pha nc ngoi; (3) giy
php xut ngoi hi ca Ngn hng Nh nc v cc chng t khc c lin quan.
Kim tra h s chuyn tin
Thng thng Ngn hng kim tra cc ni dung sau:
(1) Tn v s ti khon ca ngi chuyn tin
(2) Tn v s ti khon ca ngi th hng
(3) S tin xin chuyn
(4) Ph dch v ngn hng phi xc nh r ai s chu chi ph ny, ngi chuyn tin
hay ngi hng li
(5) Ngi ra lnh chuyn tin phi l ch ti khon c ng k ch k v con du ti
ngn hng
(6) Kim tra phng thc thanh ton ghi trong hp ng mua bn
(7) Kim tra s thng nht ca s tin ghi trn hp ng, trn t khai hi quan, trn
ho n v trn n xin chuyn tin
(8) Kim tra b chng t.
Hnh thc chuyn tin
Chuyn tin c th thc hin di hai hnh thc: chuyn bng th (Mail transfer M/T) v chuyn tin bng in (Telegraphic transfer - T/T). Theo hnh thc th nht, ngn
hng thc hin chuyn tin bng cch gi th cho ngn hng i l n c ngoi tr tin cho
ngi hng li. Theo hnh thc ny, chi ph chuyn tin thp, nhng tc chm, do vy d
b nh hng nu c bin ng nhiu v t gi.
Chuyn tin bng in tc l ngn hng thc hin vic chuyn tin bng cch ra lnh
bng in cho ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngoi tr tin cho ngi hng li. Theo
cch ny, chi ph chuyn tin cao hn nhng nhanh chng hn, do vy t b nh hng ca
bin ng t gi.
Thng thng, phng thc chuyn tin c thc hin sau khi giao hng, trn thc t
ngi ta c th thc hin chuyn tin trc khi giao hng trong trng hp ngi mua ng
trc mt phn tin hng cho ngi bn. Khon tin ny thc cht l mt khon tn dng do
ngi mua cp cho ngi bn, hay cng c th coi l mt khon tin t cc to s yn
tm cho bn bn giao hng ng thi rng buc ngi mua phi nhn hng. Trong tnh hung
ny, hai bn cn ghi r trong hp ng mua bn. Ngi ta cng c th vn dng hnh thuc
chuyn tin tr chm mt khong thi gian sau khi giao hng m thc cht y l mt hnh
thc mua bn chu. Ngc li vi tnh hung trn, trong tnh hung ny chnh l ngi bn
cp tn dng cho ngi mua
Nhn xt
Phng thc chuyn tin th tc n gin, nhanh chng, tin li. Ngn hng ch ng
vai tr trung gian thanh ton, vi c tr tin nhanh hay chm hon ton ph thuc vo kh nng
v thin ch ngi chuyn tin hay ngi tr tin, nu trong quan h thng mi th chnh
l ngi mua, ngi nhp khu. Do vy phng thc ny khng m bo quyn li cho ngi
xut khu, tc l ngi hng li, tc thanh ton thng chm.
Trng hp p dng
Do phng thc chuyn tin mc an ton trong thanh ton thp, n ch nn s dng
cho cc mi quan h gia cc i tc tin cy ln nhau hoc quy m thanh ton nh. N
89

thng c p dng cho cc trng hp chuyn vn u t, chuyn tin t nhn, chuyn tin
chnh ph, chuyn li nhun ra nc ngoi hoc cho cc nghip v thanh ton phi mu dch
khc. Tronhg quan h thanh ton mu dch, khng nn s dng trong thanh ton hng xut
khu m ch nn s dng trng thanh ton hng nhp khu.
Thng thng, phng thc chuyn tin c thc hin sau khi giao hng, trn thc t
ngi ta c th thc hin chuyn tin trc khi giao hng trong trng hp ngi mua ng
trc mt phn tin hng cho ngi bn. Khon tin ny thc cht l mt khon tn dng do
ngi mua cp cho ngi bn, hay cng c th coi l mt khon tin t cc to s yn
tm cho bn bn giao hng ng thi rng buc ngi mua phi nhn hng. Trong tnh hung
ny, hai bn cn ghi r trong hp ng mua bn. Ngi ta cng c th vn dng hnh thuc
chuyn tin tr chm mt khong thi gian sau khi giao hng m thc cht y l mt hnh
thc mua bn chu. Ngc li vi tnh hung trn, trong tnh hung ny chnh l ngi bn
cp tn dng cho ngi mua, n c li cho ngi mua.
4.3.2. Phng thc ghi s (Open Account)
nh ngha
Ngi bn m mt ti khon hoc mt quyn s ghi n ngi mua sau khi ngi
bn hon thnh giao hng hay dch v, n tng nh k c th l thng, qu hoc nm
ngi mua tr tin cho ngi bn.
c im ca phng thc ny th hin y l phng thc thanh ton khng c s
tham gia ca cc ngn hng vi chc nng l ngi m ti khon, bn ngi bn ch m ti
khon n bin, khng m ti khon song bin. Nu ngi mua m ti khon ghi, ti
khon y ch l ti khon theo di, khng c gi tr thanh ton gia hai bn.
Trnh t thc hin nghip v
Ngn hng
bn Bn

(3)

(3)

Ngn hng
bn Mua

(3)
(2)

Ngi Bn

(1)

Ngi Mua

Hnh 4.4. Trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton ghi s

(1) Ngi bn giao h ng hoc dch v cng vi gi chng t hng ha cho ngi
mua
(2) Bo n trc tip gia ngi bn v ngi mua
(3) Ngi mua dng phng thc chuyn tin tr tin khi n nh k thanh ton
Nhng iu cn ch khi p dng phng thc ghi s
Vi nhng c im ca phng thc ghi s nu trn, khi s dng phng thc ny
cn lu nhng im sau y:
Th nht, phi quy nh thng nht ng tin ghi trn ti khon.
Th hai, cn c ghi n ca ngi bn thng l ha n giao hng.
Th ba, cn c nhn n ca ngi mua hoc l da vo tr gi ha n giao hng hoc
l da vo kt qu nhn hng ni nhn hng.
Th t, phng thc chuyn tin hoc l bng th hoc l bng in cn phi tha
thun thng nht gia hai bn.
90

Th nm, gi hng trong phng thc ghi s ny thng cao hn gi hng bn tin
ngay, chnh lch ny l tin li pht sinh ra ca s tin ghi s trong khong thi gian bng
nh k thanh ton theo mc li sut c ngi mua chp nhn.
Th su, nh k thanh ton c hai cch quy nh hoc l quy nh X ngy k t ngy
giao hng i vi tng chuyn hng, hoc l quy nh theo mc thi gian ca nin lch. V d:
60 ngy k t ngy k pht ha n thng mi hoc l t ngy ghi trn vn n giao hng,
hoc l cui mi qu thanh ton mt ln.
Th by, vic chuyn tin thanh ton chm ca ng i mua c gii quyt th no, c
pht chm tr khng, mc pht bao nhiu, tnh t lc no?
Th tm, nu pht sinh s khc nhau gia s tin ghi n ca ng i bn v s tin nhn
n ca ngi mua th gii quyt th no?
Nhn xt
Trong phng thc ghi s, thc cht l ngi bn cho ngi mua vay s tin tr chm,
tuy nhin y ngi bn c tnh li trn s tin tr chm n y. Nh vy, hng ho sau khi
giao cho ngi mua th ngi bn mi ch nhn c mt phn s tin hng, do vy mc d
c tnh li trn s tin tr chm th ri ro i vi ng i bn l vn cao. i vi ng i mua th
c th gii quyt c vn thiu vn tc thi, nhng h li phi chu g i cao hn do phi
tr li trn s tin s tr nh k.
Trng hp p dng
Vi c im ca ph ng thc ghi s, n s ph hp trong trng hp nh nhp khu
khan him ngoi t, khi h chp nhn tr gi cao hn, i li h s mua c hng ho. N
cng ph hp trong cc mi quan h mua bn hng i hng hoc hng bn giao lm nhiu
ln. Phng thc ny ch p dng gia cc bn c quan h mua bn th ng xuyn v tin cy
ln nhau, gia ni b cc cng ty vi nhau, gia cng ty m v cng ty con. N c ng c th
c p dng trong cc thanh ton phi mu dch.
4.3.3. Phng thc nh thu (Collection of Payment)
nh ngha
Phng thc nh thu l mt phng thc thanh ton trong ng i bn ho n thnh
ngha v giao h ng hoc cung ng mt dch v cho khch hng y thc cho ngn hng ca
mnh thu h s tin ngi mua trn c s hi phiu ca ngi bn lp ra.
Cc bn tham gia phng thc nh thu
Ngi bn tc l ngi hng li (Principal)
Ngn hng bn bn l ngn hng nhn s y thc ca ngi bn (Remitting Bank)
Ngn hng i l ca ngn hng bn bn l ngn hng nc ngi mua (Collecting
Bank and/or Presenting Bank)
Ngi mua tc l ngi tr tin (Drawee)
Cc loi nh thu
Trn thc t, c hai loi nh thu l nh thu trn v nh thu km chng t.
Nh thu phiu trn (Clean Collection) l phng thc trong ngi bn y thc cho
ngn hng thu h tin ngi mua cn c v o hi phiu do mnh lp ra, cn chng t th gi
thng cho ngi mua khng qua ngn hng
Trnh t tin hnh nghip v ca nh thu phiu trn phi tri qua cc bc sau y
(Hnh 4.5.):

91

Ngn hng phc v

bn Bn

(1)

(2)

Ngn hng phc v

bn Mua

(4)

(4)

Ngi Bn

(4)

(3)

Ngi Mua

Gi hng v
chng t

Hnh 4.5. Trnh t nghip v nh thu trn

(1) Ngi bn sau khi gi hng v chng t gi hng cho ngi mua, lp mt hi phiu i
tin ngi mua v y thc cho ngn hng ca mnh i tin h bng ch th nh thu
(2) Ngn hng phc v bn bn gi ch th nh thu km hi phiu cho ngn hng i l ca
mnh nc ngi mua nh thu itn, cn gi l Ngn hng phc v bn mua
(3) Ngn hng i l yu cu ngi mua tr tin hi phiu nu tr tin ngay hoc chp
nhn tr tin hi phiu nu mua chu
(4) Ngn hng i l chuyn tin thu c cho ngi bn, nu ch l chp nhn hi phiu
th ngn hng gi hi phiu hoc chuyn li cho ngi bn
Nhn xt v trng hp p dng
Phng thc nh thu phiu trn khng c p dng nhiu trong thanh ton v mu
dch, v n khng m bo quyn li cho ngi bn do vic nhn hng ca ngi mua hon
ton tch ri khi khu thanh ton, ng i mua c th nhn h ng v khng tr tin hoc chm
tr tin. i vi ngi mua p dng phng thc ny cng c iu bt li v nu hi phiu
n sm hn chng t, ngi mua phi tr tin ngay trong khi khng bit vic gi ao hng ca
ngi bn c ng hp ng hay khng.
Nh thu km chng t (Documnetary Collection)
Phng thc nh thu km chng t l phng thc trong ngi bn y thc cho
ngn hng thu h tin ng i mua khng nhng cn c v o hi phiu m cn cn c vo b
chng t gi hng km theo vi iu kin l nu ngi mua tr tin hoc chp nhn tr tin
hi phiu th ngn hng mi trao b chng t gi hng cho ngi mua nhn hng.
Trnh t tin hnh nghip v nh thu km chng t cng ging nh nh thu phiu
trn, ch khc khu (1) l lp mt b chng t nh ngn h ng thu h tin. B chng t gm
c hi phiu v cc chng t gi hng km theo, khu (3) l ngn hng i l ch trao cho
ngi mua nu nh ngi mua tr itn hoc chp nhn tr tin hi p hiu. Trong nh thu k m
chng t, ngi y thc cho ngn hng ngoi vic thu h tin c n nh ngn hng khng ch
chng t gi hng i vi ngi mua, nh quyn li ca ngi bn c m bo hn.
y l s khc nhau c bn gia nh thu km chng t v nh thu phiu trn. (Hnh 4.6)
Nhn xt v trng hp p dng
Trong nh thu km chng t, ngi y thc cho ngn h ng ngoi vic thu h tin c n
nh ngn hng khng ch chng t gi h ng i vi ngi mua, nh quyn li ca ng i
bn c m bo hn. y l s khc nhau c bn gia nh thu km chng t v nh thu
phiu trn. Tuy vy, nh thu km chng t c mt s mt yu. Ngi bn thng qua ngn
hng mi khng ch c quyn nh ot hng ha ca ngi mua ch cha khng ch c
vic tr tin ca ngi mua. Ngi mua c th ko di vic tr tin bng cch cha nhn
chng t hoc c th khng tr tin cng c khi tnh hnh th trng bt li vi h. Vic tr
92

tin thng qu chm chp t lc giao hng n lc nhn c tin c th ko di vi thng

hoc na nm. Trong phng thc ny ngn hng ch ng vai tr l ngi trung gian thu tin
h cn khng c trch nhim v vic tr tin ca ngi mua.
Ngn hng phc v
bn Bn

(1)

(2)

Ngn hng phc v

bn Mua

(4)

(4)

Ngi Bn

(4)
Gi hng

(3)

Ngi Mua

Hnh 4.6. Trnh t nghip v nh thu km chng t

Qui trnh nghip v ngn hng trong phng thc nh thu

Trn thc t thanh ton quc t, trong hai phng thc nh thu trn v nh thu km
chng t th cc nh xut nhp khu s dng ph ng thc nh thu k m chng t nhiu hn.
Trong phng thc ny ngn hng ng vai tr l ngi chuyn chng t thng qua ngn
hng i l ca mnh nc ngi nhp khu thu h tin cho nh xut khu. Qui trnh nghip
v ca ngn hng trong trng hp ny th hin trong hnh 4.7 di y.
Tip nhn h s

Kim tra i chiu

Hon thin h s gi nh thu

Gi chng t - x l thng tin

Thng bo khch hng: Thanh

ton hoc chp nhn TT

Lu tr h s
Hnh 4.7. Trnh t nghip v ngn hng trong phng thc nh thu km chng t

93

Nhng vn s dng phng thc nh thu

Th nht, vn bn php l quc t thng dng ca nh thu l Quy tc thng nht v
nh thu s 522 ca Phng Thng mi Quc t, bn sa i nm 1995 (Uniform Rules for the
collection, 1995 Revision N0 522, ICC).
Mun s dng quy tc ny, hai bn mua bn phi thng nht quy nh trong hp ng.
Ngi bn phi lp mt ch th nh thu gi n ngn hng i din ca m nh nh thu
h tin. Trong ch th nh thu ngi bn phi ra nhng iu kin nh thu v c ngn
hng chp nhn. y l chng t php l c th iu chnh quan h gia ngi bn v ngn
hng phc v bn bn.
Th hai, ni dung ch th nh thu thng bao gm:
iu kin tr tin l D/A hay D/P. Theo iu kin D/P (Documentary Against
Payment), ngi mua phi tr tin hi phiu th ngn hng mi trao b chng t gi hng cho
h. Theo iu kin D/A (Documentary Against Acceptance), hnh ng tr tin c thay
bng hnh ng chp nhn tr tin. Tr ng hp ny dng cho vi c bn chu h ng ngn ngy
ca ngi bn cho ngi mua.
Th ba, chi ph nh thu ai chu? V chi ph nh thu c th quy nh nh sau:
Ngi bn chu chi ph v l ph ngn hng nhn y thc, ng i mua chu chi ph cho
ngn hng i l, nu khng quy nh th ngn hng thu h phi gnh chu. Trong tr ng hp
b t chi thanh ton hp l, c khi ngi bn chu lun c chi ph v l ph ca ngn hng i
l. Trong trng hp nh thu bng in (Telegraphic Transfer), ng i bn phi chu th m chi
ph in tn.
Th t, trong trng hp hng n trc chng t, ngi mua c th yu cu ngn
hng cp giy m bo vi hng tu nhn hng. Mun nhn c giy bo m ca ngn
hng, ngi mua phi trao cho ngn h ng giy cam kt i tch (Counter Indemnity). Thuyn
trng ch giao hng cho ngi mua, nu trn giy bo m ca ngn hng (Letter Indemnity)
c hai ch k, mt ca ngn hng, mt ca ngi mua.
Th nm, trong trng hp ngi mua t chi thanh ton v khng nhn hng th cch
gii quyt v l hng nh th no? Trong trng hp ny, u tin l phi y thc ngay
cho c quan no hay cho ngn hng i l lu kho l hng b t chi thanh ton. Nu y
thc chm, ch tu c th lu l hng vo kho ca hng tu, nu ch bng Liner. Kinh
nghim cho thy, hng c lu kho h thng cng cng Hng Kng v Singapore ch u
chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi tu bin. Cch gii quyt l hng ny c th l gim gi hng
bn cho ngi mua, nu nh hng b t chi c cht lng thp hn cht lng k trong
hp ng, giao nhn hng chm nn khng phc v kp thi cho thi v ti u th v.v., hoc c
th nh ngn hng bn cho ngi khc, hoc chuyn hng v nc ngi bn, nu l hng
qu, hoc l c th bn u gi cng khai. y l mt phng thc bn hng c bit, giao
hng cho ngi mua no tr gi cao nht, sau khi trc tip xem hng ha. Ch p dng bn
u gi i vi nhng mt hng cng knh, c gi tr thp, chi ph vn chuyn, lu kho, lu
bi cao.
Quy tc thng nht v nh thu s 522 ca Phng Thng mi Quc t, bn sa i
nm 1995, c hiu lc ngy 1 thng 1 nm 1996 (Uniform Rules for the collection, 1995
Revision N0 522, ICC)
y l vn b n mang tnh cht php l m khi s dng phng thc nh thu cn phi
tm hiu. Vn bn ny bao gm 26 iu, 7 phn, trong :
A. Cc iu khon v quy nh chung (iu 1 - 3)
B. Hnh thc v c cu nh thu (iu 4)
C. Hnh thc xut trnh chng t (iu 5 8)
D. Ngha v v trch nhim (iu 9 15)
E. Thanh ton (iu 16 19)
94

F. Tin li, l ph v cc chi ph (iu 20 21)

G. Cc iu khon khc (iu 22 26)
4.3.4. Phng thc tn dng chng t (Documentary Credit)
Khi nim
Phng thc tn dng chng t l mt s tha thun, trong mt ngn h ng - ngn
hng m th tn dng - theo yu cu ca khch hng - ngi yu cu m th tn dng - s tr
mt s tin nht nh cho mt ngi khc - ngi hng li s tin ca th tn dng - hoc
chp nhn hi phiu d o ngi ny k pht trong ph m vi s tin khi ng i ny xut trnh
cho ngn hng mt b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi nhng quy nh ra trong th tn
dng.
Cc bn tham gia trong phng thc tn dng chng t
Ngi xin m th tn d ng l ngi mua, ngi nhp khu hng ha hoc ngi mua
y thc cho mt ngi khc
Ngn hng m th tn dng l ngn hng i din cho ngi nhp khu, n cp tn
dng cho ngi nhp khu
Ngi hng li th tn dng l ngi bn, ngi xut khu hay bt c ngi no
khc m ngi hng li ch nh
Ngn hng thng bo th tn dng l ngn hng nc ngi hng li.
Ngoi 4 i tng trn, trong phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t cn c th
xut hin thm hai ngn hng, l ngn hng xc nh n nu l loi th tn dng xc nhn v
ngn hng thanh ton n u ngn hng m th tn dng khng trc tip thanh ton m ch nh
mt ngn hng khc thanh ton tin cho nh xut khu.
Trnh t tin hnh nghip v phng thc tn dng chng t

Ngn hng m L/C

(2)
(5)

Ngn hng thng bo

L/C

(6)
(8) (7) (1)

Ngi nhp khu

(6) (5) (3)

(4)

Ngi xut khu

Hnh 4.7. Trnh t nghip v thanh ton tn dng chng t, Ngn hng m L/C ng thi l ngn
hng thanh ton

(1) Ngi nhp khu lm n xin m th tn dng gi n ngn h ng ca mnh yu

cu m mt th tn dng cho ngi xut khu hng
(2) Cn c vo n xin m th tn dng, ngn hng m th tn dng s lp mt th
tn dng v thng qua ngn hng i l ca mnh nc ngi xut khu thng
bo vic m th tn dng v chuyn th tn dng n ngi xut khu
(3) Khi nhn c thng bo ny, ngn hng thng bo s thng bo cho ngi
xut khu ton b ni dung thng bo v vic m th tn d ng , khi nhn c
bn gc th tn dng th chuyn ngay cho ngi xut khu
(4) Ngi xut khu nu chp nhn th tn dng th tin hnh giao hng, nu khng
ngh ngn hng m L/C sa i, b sung th tn dng cho ph hp vi hp
ng
95

(5) Sau khi giao hng, ngi xut khu lp b chng t theo yu cu ca th tn
dng xut trnh thng qua ngn hng thng bo cho ngn hng m th tn dng
xin thanh ton
(6) Ngn hng m th tn d ng kim tra b chng t , nu thy ph hp vi th tn
dng th tin hnh tr tin cho ngi xut khu. Nu thy khng ph hp, ngn
hng t chi thanh ton v gi tr li ton b chng t cho ngi xut khu
(7) Ngn hng m th tn dng i tin ngi nhp khu v chuyn b chng t
cho ngi nhp khu sau khi nhn c tin hoc chp nhn thanh ton
(8) Ngi nhp khu kim tra chng t, nu thy ph hp vi th tn dng th hon
tr tin li cho ngn hng m th tn dng, nu khng th c quyn t chi tr tin
Di y trnh by chi tit hn v qui trnh nghip v ca hai ngn hng khng th
thiu lin quan trong phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t, l ngn hng m L/C v
ngn hng thng bo L/C. (Hnh 4.8 v 4.9.)
Trc ht, i vi ngn hng m L/C, cn c vo n xin m L/C ca ngi nhp
khu pht hnh L/C v tm cch thng bo L/C cng vi vic gi bn gc L/C cho
ngi xut khu. Thng th ng vic thng bo v gi L/C phi thng qua mt ngn h ng i
l ca n nc ngi xut khu. Cng c th ngn hng ny gi thng bn gc L/C cho
ngi xut khu.
Nu c yu cu sa i, b sung ca ngi xin m L/C ca ngi xut khu i vi
L/C, ngn hng tin hnh sae i, b sung khi c vn bn chnh thc ca khch hng gi
n.
Ngn hng c trch nhi m kim tra chn g t ca ngi xut khu gi n, nu chng
t ph hp vi nhng iu quy nh trong L/C v khng mu thun ln nhau th tr tin cho
ngi xut khu v i tin ngi nhp khu, ngc li th t chi thanh ton. Khi kim tra
chng t ca ngi xut khu gi n, ngn hng ch chu trch nhim kim tra b ngoi
ca chng t c ph hp vi L/C hay khng ch khng chu trch nhim v kim tra tnh cht
php l v tnh chnh xc ca chng t v.v.. Mi s tranh chp v tnh cht bn trong ca
chng t l do ngi nhp khu v xut khu t gii quyt.
Ngn hng c min trch nhim trong trng hp ngn hng ri vo ng cc bt
kh khng nh chin tranh, nh cng, ni lan, lt li, ng t v.v.. Nu L/C ht hn gia
lc , ngn hng cng khng chu trch nhim thanh ton nhng b chng t gi n vo
dp , tr khi c nhng quy nh d phng. Mi hu qu sinh ra do li ca mnh, ngn
hng m L/C phi chu trch nhim. Ngn hng c hng mt khon th tc ph m L/C
thng thng t 0,125% n 0,5% tr gi ca L/C.
i vi ngn hng thng bo. Ngn hng thng bo l ngn hng i l ca ngn hng
m L/C nc ngi xut khu. Quyn li v ngha v ch yu ca ngn hng thng bo nh
sau:
Khi nhn c in thng bo L/C ca ngn hng m L/C, ngn hng ny s chuyn
ton b ni dung L/C nhn cho ngi xut khu di hnh thc vn bn.
Ngn hng thng bo ch chu trch nhim chuyn nguy n vn bc in ch khng
chu trch nhim phi dch, din gii cc t chuyn mn ra ti ng a phng. Nu ngn hng
thng bo sai nhng ni dung in nhn c th ngn hng phi chu trch nhim. V vy
trong cui bc th bo L/C bao gi cng c cu Xin lu , chng ti khng chu trch nhim
v bt c mt s li lm hay thiu st trong chuyn v dch bc in ny.
Khi nhn c b chng t ca ngi xut khu gi n, ngn h ng phi chuyn ngay
v nguyn vn b chng t cho ngn hng m L/C.
Ngn hng khng chu trch nhim v nhng hu qu pht sinh do s chm tr
v/hoc mt mt chng t trn ng i n ngn hng m L/C, min l chng minh rng
mnh chuyn nguyn vn v ng hn b chng t qua bu in.
96

Tip nhn n ca
khch hng

nh gi kh nng
khch hng

Xc nh mc k
qu

Thanh ton hoc

ch th thanh ton

Tip nhn & kim

tra BCT

Pht hnh L/C

Bt hp l

Tr li BCT

i tin nh nhp
khu

Ghi N TK nh
nhp khu

Hon tr ngn hng

thng bo/TT

Hnh 4.8. Qui trnh nghip v ngn hng m L/C trong phng thc tn dng chng t

Tip nhn L/C

Kim tra L/C

Thng bo L/C n
nh xut khu
Bt hp l

Tr li BCT cho nh
xut khu

Tip nhn & kim

tra BCT
Hp l

Chuyn BCT n
NH m L/C
Thanh ton

Hnh 4.9. Qui trnh nghip v ngn hng thng bo L/C trong phng thc tn dng chng t

Ngoi hai ngn hng m L/C v ngn hng thng bo L/C, cn c th c ngn hng
xc nhn v ngn hng tr tin.
Ngn hng tr tin l ngn hng m L/C v c th l mt ngn hng khc do ngn
hng m L/C y nhim.
Nu a im tr tin quy nh ti n c ngi xut khu th ngn hng tr tin l ngn
hng thng bo. Trch nhim ca ngn hng tr tin ging nh ngn hng m L/C khi nhn
c b chng t do ngi xut khu gi n.
Ngn hng xc nhn l ngn hng ng ra xc nhn cho ngn hng m L/C theo yu
cu ca n. Ngn hng xc nhn thng l mt ngn hng ln c uy tn trn th trng tn
dng v ti chnh quc t. Ngn hng m L/C phi yu cu mt ngn hng khc xc nhn cho
mnh s lm gim uy tn ca ngn h ng m L/C. Mun xc nhn, ngn h ng m L/C phi tr
th tc ph rt cao v i khi cn phi t trc na, thm tr mc t trc c th bng 100%
tr gi ca th tn dng.
Th tn d ng (Letter of Credit - L/C): Th tn d ng thng mi l mt cng c quan
trng ca phng thc tn dng chng t. Theo Trm Th Xun Hng (2006), th tn dng
l mt bc th (thc cht l mt vn bn)do ngn hng l p theo y u cu ca nh nhp khu
97

cam kt tr tin cho nh xut khu vi iu kin nh xut khu xut trnh b chng t thanh
ton ph hp vi iu khon v iu kin ghi trng th tn dng.
Th tn dng hay L/C l mt vn bn php l quan trng, l cng c ct li ca
phng thc thanh ton tn dng chng t. N bao gm nhng ni dung ch yu sau:
(1) S hiu, a im v ngy m L/C, loi th tn dng. V s hiu, tt c cc th tn
dng u phi c s hiu ri ng ca n c th trao i th t, in tn c lin quan n vic
thc hin th tn dng. C th tn dng ghi ngay u dng bn phi cu ngh ghi tn dng
s .. trn cc th t giao dch. S hiu ca th tn dng cn c dng ghi vo cc chng
t c lin quan.
a im m L/C l ni m ngn hng m L/C vit cam kt tr tin cho ngi xut
khu. a im ny c ngha trong vic chn lut p dng khi xy ra tranh chp nu c xung
t php lut v L/C .
Ngy m L/C l ngy bt u pht sinh cam kt ca ngn h ng m L/C vi ngi xut
khu, l ngy bt u tnh thi hn hiu lc ca L/C v cui cng l cn c ngi xut
khu kim tra xem ngi nhp khu thc hin vic m L/C c ng hn nh quy nh
trong hp ng khng.
V d:
Mt th tn dng m ngy 1/1/1998, trong ni dung ca th tn dng c cu We open
our irrevocable credit in favour of yourselves by order of Mutsumi Tranding Co Ltd Tokyo
for not exceeding the amount of 35,000USD expiring in Hanoi for negociation on 31 st January
1998, tc l Chng ti m tn dng khng th hy ngang cho qu ngi theo lnh ca Cng
ty Thng mi hu hn Mutsumi Tokyo mt s tin khng qu 35,000USD c gi tr n
ngy 31/1/1998 ti H Ni
Nh vy, thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng ny tnh t ngy m, tc l t ngy
1/1/1997 n ngy ht hn l 31/1/1998 l 30 ngy.
C th tn dng quy nh thi hn hiu lc ca n ngay trong nhng dng u tin ca ni
dung L/C, c th tn dng li nu cui cng trong phn ngn hng cam kt tr tin.
Loi th tn dng phi c ch r trong yu cu m th tn dng do ngi nhp khu gi n
ngn hng m L/C.
(2) Tn, a ch ca nhng ngi c lin quan n phng thc tn dng chng t.
Nhng ngi c lin quan n phng thc tn dng chng t ni chung c hai loi,
l cc thng nhn v cc ngn hng.
Cc thng nhn ch bao gm nhng ngi nhp khu, tc l ngi yu cu m L/C;
ngi xut khu l ngi hng li L/C.
Cc ngn hng tham gia trong phng th c tn dng chng t gm c ngn hng m
L/C, ngn hng thng bo, ngn hng tr tin, ngn hng xc nhn v.v..
Ngn hng m L/C l ngn hng thng c hai bn mua bn tha thun la chn v
quy nh trong hp ng, nu cha c s quy nh trc, ngi nhp khu c quyn la chn.
(3) S tin ca th tn dng.
S tin ca th tn dng va c ghi bng s, va c ghi bng ch v thng nht
vi nhau. Khng th chp nhn mt th tn dng c s tin ghi bng s v bng ch mu
thun nhau.
Tn ca n v tin t phi r rng, v cng m t tn gi l la nhng trn th gii c
nhiu loi la khc nhau. Khng nn ghi s tin di dng mt s tuyt i. Cch ghi s tin
tt nht l ghi mt s gii hn m ngi xut khu c th t c d l giao hng c tnh
cht l nguyn ci hay l ri. V d nh ghi .. mt s tin khng qu X USD.. (For a sum or
sums not exeeding a total of X USD..)
Theo bn Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng chng t th nhng t khong
chng, khong hoc nhng t ng tng t c dng ch mc s tin ca th
tn dng c hiu l cho php x dch hn km khng c qu 10% ca tng s tin .
98

Ngoi ra, bn quy tc cn quy nh tr khi th tn dng quy nh s lng hng giao
khng c hn km, cn th s c php c mt khon dung sai trong phm vi hn km
5%, min l tng s tin chi tr lun lun khng c vt qu s tin ca th tn dng.
Khng c p dng dung sai ny khi th tn d ng quy nh s l ng bng n v bao, kin
c ni r hoc tnh bng n v chic.
(4) Thi hn hiu lc, thi hn tr tin v thi hn giao hng ghi trong th tn dng.
Thi hn hiu lc ca th tn d ng l thi hn m ngn hng m L/C cam kt tr tin
cho ngi xut khu, nu ngi xut khu xut trnh b chng t trong thi hn v ph
hp vi nhng iu quy nh trong L/C. Thi hn hiu lc ca L/C bt u tnh t ngy m
L/C n ngy ht hiu lc L/C.
mt s nc quy nh l nu thi hn hiu lc ca L/C di 3 thng th ph thng
bo L/C ch phi chu 0,1%, nu trn 3 thng n 6 thng th l 0,2%. V vy cn xc nh
thi hn hiu lc ca L/C hp l c th va trnh ng vn cho ngi nhp khu va
khng gy kh khn cho vic xut trnh chng t ca ngi xut khu. Vic xc nh ny cn
m bo ngy giao hng phi nm trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C v khng c trng vi
ngy ht hn hiu lc ca L/C, ng y m L/C phi tr c ngy giao hng mt thi gian hp l,
khng c trng vi ngy giao hng. N c tnh ti thiu bng tng s ca s ngy cn
thng bo m L/C, s ngy lu L/C ngn hng thng bo, s ngy chun b hng giao
cho ngi nhp khu. Nu h ng xut khu l mt hng phc tp phi iu ng t xa ra cng
v phi ti ch bin li c khi giao, nu thi im giao hng vo ma m t th s ngy
chun b hng phi nhiu, ngc li nu hng xut khu l sn phm cng nghip th khng
cn thit i hi s ngy chun b qu ln, ngy ht hn hiu lc L/C phi sau ngy giao hng
mt thi gian hp l. N bao gm s ng y chuyn chng t t ni giao hng n c quan ca
ngi xut khu, s ngy lp b chng t, s ngy vn chuyn chng t n ngn hng m
L/C (hay ngn hng tr tin), s ngy lu gi chng t ti ngn hng thng bo v 7 ngy lm
vic ngn hng th hin ch chp nhn hay t chi tr tin.
Thi hn tr tin ca L/C l thi hn tr tin ngay hay tr tin v sau. iu ny hon
ton ph thuc vo quy nh ca hp ng. Nu vic i tin bng hi phiu th thi hn tr
tin c quy nh yu cu k pht hi phiu. Thi hn tr tin c th nm trong thi hn
hiu lc ca L/C nu nh tr tin ngay hoc c th nm ngoi thi hn hiu lc ca L/C nu
nh tr tin c k hn. Nhng iu quan trng l nhng hi phiu c k hn phi c xut
tnh chp nhn trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.
Thi hn giao hng c ghi trong L/C v do hp ng mua bn quy nh. N c quan
h cht ch vi thi hn hiu lc ca L/C.
(5) Nhng ni dung v hng ha nh tn, s lng, trng lng, gi c, quy cch
phm cht, bao b, k m hiu v.v.. cng c ghi vo t tn dng.
(6) Nhng ni dung v vn ti, giao nhn hng ha nh iu kin c s giao hng
(FOB, CIF, CFR), ni gi v ni giao hng, cch vn chuyn v cch giao hng v.v.. cng
c ghi vo th tn dng
(7) Nhng chng t m ngi xut khu phi xut tr nh l mt ni dung then cht ca
th tn dng bi v b chng t quy nh trong th tn dng l mt bng chng ca ngi xut
khu chng minh rng m nh hon thnh ngha v giao hng v lm ng nhng iu quy
nh ca th tn dng, do vy ngn hng m L/C phi da vo tin hnh tr tin cho
ngi xut khu, nu b chng t ph hp vi nhng iu quy nh trong th tn dng.
Ngn hng m L/C thng yu cu ngi xut khu tha mn nhng yu cu v cc
loi chng t m ngi xut khu phi xut tr nh, s lng cc chng t ny nhiu hay t ph
thuc vo yu cu ca ngi nhp khu, m cc yu cu thng c tha thun trong hp
ng v yu cu v vic k pht tng loi chng t nh th no.
(8) Nhng iu khon khc.
Nu c nhng iu khon c bit no khc cn ghi r trong th tn dng.
99

(9) S cam kt tr tin ca ngn hng m L/C

S cam kt ca ngn hng l ni dung quan trng ca th tn dng v n rng buc
trch nhim ca ngn hng m L/C.
Di y trch mt s mu L/C: (inh Xun Trnh. 1996.)
Mu L/C ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam:
We hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of draft(s)
drawn and preented in accordance with the terms of this Credit that the draft(s) shall be duly
honored on presentation
Chng ti cam kt vi nhng ngi k pht, k hu v nhng ngi chn thc cm
hi phiu c k pht v c xut tr nh ph hp vi nhng iu kin ca tn dng ny
rng cc hi phiu s c tr tin khi xut trnh.
Mu L/C ca Mitsui Bank Ltd nh sau:
We engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under
and in compliance with the terms of this credit that the same shall be duly honored on due
presentation and delivery of documents to the drawee.
Chng ti cam kt vi nhng ngi k pht, k hu v chn thc cm hi phiu
c k pht theo v ph h p vi nhng iu kin ca tn dng n y rng cc hi phiu s
c tr tin khi xut trnh ng hn v giao cc chng t cho ngi tr tin.
Qua hai mu cam kt trn ca ngn hng m L/C chng ta nhn thy y l s cam kt
thc s, l s cam kt c iu kin v l s cam kt d ph ng (bo lu) tc l ngn hng ch
cam kt tn trng cc hi phiu xut trnh ng hn v ph hp vi iu kin ca L/C, cn
vic c tr tin hay khng cn ph thuc vo vic xem xt b chng t thanh ton c ph hp
vi L/C hay khng v khng c mu thun vi nhau.
(10) Ch k ca ngn hng m th tn dng
Ch k l ni dung cui cng c th tn dng m nu thiu n th tn dng s hon
ton khng c gi tr . L/C thc cht l mt kh c dn s, do vy ngi k n cng phi l
ngi c y nng lc hnh vi, nng lc php l tham gia v thc hin quan h dn lut.
Nu m L/C bng th, ch k trn n ch L/C phi ng vi ch k c thng bo
cho nhau gia hai ngn hng m L/C v ngn hng thng bo L/C trong tha thun i l
gia hai ngn hng . Nu m L/C bng in, thay v ch k ni trn bng TEST.
Di y l mt L/C ca Ngn hng Mitsui m cho Minexport Vietnam hng theo
yu cu ca ngi nhp khu Daiichi Trading Co. qua Vietcombank: (inh Xun Trnh.
1996.)

100

THE MITSUI BANK LIMITED

Foreign Exchange Department
TOKYO
Date 2nd April 2000
Irrevocable credit N0 46379/58/11009
(This Credit has been advised through Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam, Hanoi)
Dear Sirs,
We hereby open our Irrevocable Credit in your favour for account of Daiichi Trading
Co, Ltd Japan for a sum or sums not exceeding total of Stg 100,000 (say Pound Sterling one
hundred thousand) valid until May, 31st 2000.
Available by your drafts at sight drawn on ourselves in duplicate for 100% invoice
value accompanied by the following documents:
Commercial invoice duly signed in 3 copies indicating import licence No 1370/MS
and 4572/Mt.
Full set of clean on board ocean Bill of Lading made out to order of shipper and blank
endorsed, marked Freight collect notify Daiichi Trading Co. Ltd, Tokyo Japan
Charter party Bills of Lading are acceptable
State Bills of Lading are acceptable
Insurrance to be covered by buyer
Other documents:
Certificate of analysis in 3 copies
Certificate of weight in 3 copies
Ship masters receipt attesting that 2 extra copies of invoice have been forwarded to
accountee by the carrying vessel.
Evidencing shipment from Campha or Hongay to Japan port of about 2.000 metric
tons of Hongay anthracite coal in bulk (specification and unit price are as per attached sheet
FOB trimmed Campha or Hongay.
Partial shipments are permitted
Trashipment is not permitted, shipment must be effected of later than April, 30 1998.
All drafts drawn hereunder must be marked drawn under the Mitsui Bank Ltd.
Foreign Exchange Department Tokyo, irrevocable credit No 46379/58/11009 dated April 2nd
2000.
We engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under
and in compliance with the terms of credit that the same shall be duly honored on due
presentation and delivery of documents to the drawee.
Yours very truly,
For the Mitsui Bank Ltd.
Foreign Exchange Department
Pro. Manager (Signed)

101

NGN HNG HU HN MITSUI

V Ngoi hi
TOKYO
Ngy 2 thng 4 nm 2000
Th tn dng khng th hy b s 46379/58/11009
(Th tn dng ny thng bo qua Ngn hng Ngoi thng H Ni)
Cc ngi knh mn,
Theo y, chng ti m mt tn dng khng th hy b cho qu ng i hng thuc t i
khon ca Cng ty thng mi hu hn Daiichi Nht Bn mt s tin khng qa tng s l
100,000 bng Anh (c mt trm ngh n bng Anh) c gi tr n ngy 31/5/2000, thanh ton
bng hi phiu tr tin ngay ca qu ngi k pht cho chng ti, lp thnh hai bn bng 100%
tr gi ha n km theo nhng chng t sau y:
Ha n thng mi k lm 3 bn ghi r giy php nhp khu s 1370/MS v
4572/MT.
Mt b vn n ng bin hon ho, xp hng ln tu, lm theo lnh ca ngi
gi hng, k hu trng, ghi ch c c ph tr sau v thng bo cho Cng ty thng m i
hu hn Daiichi, Tokyo Nht Bn
Vn n theo hp ng thu tu cng nhn
Vn n n chm cng nhn
Bo him do ngi mua chu
Cc chng t khc:
Giy chng nhn kim nghim 3 bn
Giy chng nhn trng lng 3 bn
Giy chng nhn ca thuyn trng chng nhn rng hai bn ha n thm c
gi theo tu cho ngi nhn hng.
Chng minh rng khong 2.000 tn than anthracite khng bao b c bc t Cm
Ph hoc Hn Gai (quy cch v n gi nh ghi trong giy t gi km theo).
c php giao tng phn, khng c php chuyn ti, phi giao hng chm nht l
ngy 30/4/2000.
Mi hi phiu k pht y phi ghi ch k pht cho ngn h ng hu hn Mitsui, V
Ngoi hi, Tokyo, theo th tn dng khng th hy b s 46379/58/11009 m ngy
2/4/2000.
Chng ti cam kt vi ngi k pht, k hu v chn thc cm hi phiu c k
pht v ph hp vi iu kin ca th tn dng ny rng cc hi phiu s c tn trng
khi xut trnh ng hn v chuyn giao cc chng t cho ngi tr tin.
Cho tin tng.
Ngn hng hu hn Mitsui
V Ngoi hi
Ph Gim c ( k)

102

Cc loi th tn dng thng mi

Trong thanh ton quc t thng thy cc loi th tn dng thng mi sau:
Th tn dng khng th hy b (Irrevocable Letter of Credit): L loi th tn dng sau
khi m ra th ngn hng m L/C khng c sa i, b sung hoc hy b trong thi hn
hiu lc ca n, tr khi c s tha thun khc ca cc b n tham gia th tn dng. y l loi
th tn dng c p dng rng ri nht trong thanh ton quc t v l loi L/C c bn nht.
Th tn d ng khng th hy b c xc nhn (Confirmed Irrevocable L/C): L loi th
tn dng khng th hy b c mt ngn hng khc xc nhn m bo tr tin theo yu cu
ca ngn hng m L/C. Do c hai ngn hng ng ra cam kt tr tin cho ngi xut khu
nn y l loi m bo nht cho ngi xut khu.
Th tn dng khng th hy b, min truy i (Irrevocable without recourse L/C): L
loi L/C m sau khi ngi xut khu c tr tin th ngn hng m L/C khng cn quyn
i li tin ngi xut khu trong bt c trng hp no. Khi s dng loi ny, ngi xut
khu phi ghi cu min truy i ngi k pht ln hi phiu v trong L/C. Loi ny cng
c s dng rng ri trong thanh ton quc t.
Th tn dng chuyn nhng (Transferable L/C): L th tn dng khng th hy b
trong quy nh quyn ca ngi hng li th nht c th yu cu ngn hng m L/C
chuyn nhng ton b hay mt phn s tin ca L/C cho mt hay nhiu ngi khc. L/C
chuyn nhng ch c chuyn nhng mt ln. Chi ph chuyn nhng thng do ngi
hng li u tin chu.
Th tn dng tun hon (Revolving L/C): L loi L/C khng th hy b sau khi s
dng xong hoc ht thi hn hiu lc th n li t ng c gi tr nh c v c nh vy n
tun hon cho n khi no tng gi tr hp ng c thc hin.
Th tn dng tun hon cn ghi r ngy ht hiu lc cui c ng v s ln tun ho n v
gi tr ti thiu ca mi ln . Nu vic tun hon cn c vo thi hn hiu lc trong mi ln
tun hon th phi ghi r c cho php s c ca L/C trc cng dn vo nhng L/C k tip
hay khng, nu cho php th gi n l tun hon tch ly (Cumulative Revolving L/C).
Th tn dng gip lng (Back to back L/C): Sau khi nhn c L/C do ngi nhp
khu m cho m nh hng, ngi xut khu dng L/C ny th chp m mt L/C khc cho
ngi hng li khc vi ni dung gn ging nh L/C ban u, L/C m sau gi l L/C gip
lng.
Ni chung, L/C gc v L/C gip lng ging nhau, nhng xt ring chng c nhng
im cn phi phn bit v s chng t ca L/C gip l ng nhiu hn L/C gc, kim ngch L/C
gip lng phi nh hn L/C gc, khon chnh lch ny do ngi trung gian hng dng tr
chi ph m L/C gip lng v phn hoa hng ca h, thi hn giao hng ca L/C gip lng phi
sm hn L/C gc.
Nghip v th tn dng gip lng rt phc tp, n i hi phi c s kt hp kho lo
v chnh xc cc i u kin ca L/C gc v L/C gip lng, nht l cc vn c lin quan n
vn n v cc chng t hng ha khc.
Th tn dng i ng (Reciprocal L/C): L loi th tn dng ch bt u c hiu lc khi
th tn dng kia i ng vi n m ra. Loi ny thng c dng trong phng thc mua
bn hng i hng.
Th tn dng d phng (Stand - by L/C): m bo quyn li cho ng i nhp khu,
ngn hng ca ngi xut khu s pht hnh mt L/C trong cam kt vi ngi nhp khu
s thanh ton li cho h trong trng hp ngi xut khu khng hon thnh ngha v giao
hng theo L/C ra. L/C nh th gi l L/C d phng. N c p dng ph bin M
trong quan h mt bn l ngi t hng v mt bn l ngi sn xut (ngi bn). Cc khon
tn dng m ngi t hng cp cho ngi sn xut nh tin t cc, tin ng trc, chi ph
m L/C chim t trng 10 - 15% tr gi ca n t hng. Vic bo m hon li s tin
103

cho ngi t hng khi ngi sn xut khng ho n thnh ngha v giao hng c ngha quan
trng.
Th tn dng thanh ton dn dn (Deferred payment L/C): L lo i th tn dng khng
th hy b, trong ngn hng m L/C hay ngn hng xc nhn L/C cam kt vi ngi
hng li s thanh ton dn dn ton b s tin ca L/C trong nhng thi hn quy nh r
trong L/C o. y l mt loi L/C tr chm tng phn.
Nhng vn cn lu khi s dng phng thc tn dng chng t
Th nht l, vn bn php l quc t thng dng ca tn dng chng t l Quy tc &
Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng chng t, bn s 500, bn sa i nm 1993 ca Phng
Thng mi quc t (Uniform Customs and Pratice for Documentary Credits ICC, 1993
Revision, No 500). T y chng ta gi tt l bn Quy tc 500. Bn Quy tc 500 ny mang
tnh cht php l t y , c ngh a l khi p dng n cc b n ng s phi tha thun ghi vo
L/C ng thi c th tha thun khc, min l c dn chiu.
Bn Quy tc ny bao gm 49 iu, chia thnh 7 phn : (Nguyn Trng Thu. 2003)
A. Nhng qui nh chung v nh ngha (iu 1-5)
B. Hnh thc v thng bo th tn dng (iu 6-12)
C. Ngha v v trch nhim (iu 13-19)
D. Cc chng t (iu 20-38)
E. Cc iu qui nh khc (iu 39-47)
F. Tn dng chuyn nhng (iu 48)
G. Chuyn nhng tin thu c (iu 49)
Cn lu rng tn dng chng t l mt giao dch ca ngn hng theo yu cu ca
khch hng nhm thc hin cng on cui c ng ca hng lot giao dch th ng mi quc t
gia hai bn mua v bn, p ng yu cu ca c hai pha: ngi bn giao hng v c tr
tin, ngi mua tr tin v c nhn hng. Ngn hng l ngi bo m thanh ton, tr
thnh nhp cu ni ng tin cy ca nn mu dch cc n c. Tm quan trng ca giao dch tn
dng chng t i hi phi c hnh lang php l cc ngn hng thc hin. Bn Quy tc
500 th hin y thng l v tp qun quc t v c cc ngn hng thng mi trn ton
th gii chp nhn v p d ng. Nhng tn d ng chng t cn l cc giao d ch pht sinh trong
nc, do vy n lun c chi phi bi Lut php quc gia. Nh vy, giao dch tn dng
chng t c tin hnh trn hnh lang php l q uc t v quc gia. Quy tc 500 l tp qun
quc t p dng trn phm vi ton cu, cn lut php quc gia ch p dng trong phm vi ca
mt nc.
Theo Nguyn Trng Thu (2003), n c ta, tt c cc ngn hng thng m i v cc
n v kinh doanh ngoi thng thng nht s dng bn Quy tc 500 nh mt vn bn
php l iu chnh cc loi th tn dng c p dng trong thanh ton quc t gia Vit Nam
v cc nc ngoi. V l thuyt, vic vn dng thng l quc t ti n c ta gn nh tuyt i
m khng b bt c s iu chnh no. y l nt c th ca Vit Nam. i vi cc quc gia
khc, h u c cc vn bn Lut hoc Vn bn di lut qui nh v giao dch tn dng
chng t trn c s thng l quc t c tnh n c th ca quc gia, tp qun ca n c h.
Cc vn bn nh vy l rt cn thit nhm m bo ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca Vit
Nam, tuy nhin nc ta cn cha c.
Th hai l, tnh c lp tng i ca th tn dng. Giao dch tn dng chng t c
lp vi cc giao dch khc. Tr n quan im ca ngn hng, th tn dng c lp vi hp ng
gia ngi m v ngi hng mc d th tn dng c th ho ngha v v quyn li ca hai
bn: bn mua v bn bn, trong bn mua yu cu ngn hng m bo thanh ton cho b n
104

bn, bn bn phi giao hng ng qui nh theo hp ng, ng thi hn, thit lp chng t
hon chnh v hp l, thng bo cho ngi mua v cc iu kin khc tho thun. Tnh c
lp ca th tn dng c th hin iu 4 trong bn Quy tc 500 nh sau: "Trong nghip v
tn dng chng t, tt c cc b n lin quan ch giao dch bng chng t m khng giao d ch
bng hng ho, cc dch v v/hoc cc cng vic khc m chng t c th lin quan".
Tuy nhin trn phng din tng th tnh c lp ca th tn dng ch l tng i, bi v i
vi ngi mua v ngi bn, th tn dng phi l nhng giao dch li n quan cht ch vi cc
giao dch ca hp ng thng mi, mc d trong quan h vi ngn hng h phi tha nhn
hai loi giao dch l tch bit.
Th ba l, lu v yu cu xin m th tn dng nhp khu: Ngi nhp khu Vit
Nam mun m th tn dng cho ngi xut khu hng trc ht phi vit yu cu m th tn
dng gi n Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam hoc ngn hng Thng mi no c
quyn thanh ton quc t.
Vit giy xin m th tn dng nhp khu gi n Ngn hng l mt khu quan
trng ca phng thc tn dng chng t, bi v ch trn c s ca giy ny, ngn hng mi
c cn c m th tn dng cho ngi xut khu hng v sau , ngi xut khu mi
giao hng.
Giy xin m th tn dng nhp khu sau khi c ngn hng ng m th tr
thnh mt kh c dn s gia ngi nhp khu v ngn hng, cn i vi ngi xut khu
nc ngoi, h ch bit ti L/C m ngn hng Vit Nam m cho h hng m thi.
C s php l v ni dung lp giy xin m th tn dng l hp ng mua bn k kt
gia ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
Vit giy xin m th tn dng theo mu in sn ca Ngn hng Vit Nam v theo th
tc hin hnh ca ngn hng quy nh.
H s m ngi nhp khu phi gi n ngn hng m th tn d ng Vit Nam bao
gm:
(1) Yu cu m th tn dng nhp khu, 2 bn
(2) 2 y nhim chi, mt tr th tc ph m L/C, mt k qu m L/C.
(3) Hp ng thng mi (bn sao)
(4) Giy php nhp khu hoc quota i vi nhng hng ho qun l bng hn ngch
(5) Quyt nh b nhim gim c v k ton trng (bn sao)
(6) Giy php kinh doanh (bn sao)
(7) Bo co ti chnh ca n v xin m th tn dng
(8) S d ti khon ngoi t ti ngn hng m L/C ti thiu 500USD hoc ngoi t
tong ng.
(9) Mt s chng t khc c lin quan (tu theo tng ngn hng yu cu khc nhau)

105

Mu yu cu m th tn dng ca Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam (Vietcombank)

YU CU M TH TN DNG
(APPLICATION FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDIT)
Knh gi: Ngn hng Ngoi thng ................... (Vietcombank ....................................)
(Dnh cho Ngn hng
Ngy:
S:
)
Vi mi trch nhim thuc v m nh, chng ti Applicant:
ngh ngn hng m Th tn dng theo loi sau:
address)
Irrevocable
Revocable
Transferable
Confirmed
vi ni dung di y qua ngn hng i l:

(Full

name

and

Terms of shipment:
FOB C and F CIF
Currency, amount in figure and
words:

Beneficiary (Full name and address)

Date and place of expiry:

Available by beneficiary's draft(s) drawn on Vietcombank at ......... days sight/after B/L date
for ........... percent invoice value accompanied by the following documents:
Signed commercial invoice in ............................................................................... copies
Full ( /
) set of Clean "Shipped on boad "Ocean Bill of Lading made out to order of
.................... blank endorsed marked "Freight Prepaid/Collect" and "Notify the accountee"
Clean Airwaybill consigned to ............................. showing flight number, flight date and
number of credit and marked "Freight Prepaid/Collect" and notify ................................
Certificate of origin issued by .................................................. in ......................... copies
Detailed packing list ................................................................. in ......................... copies
Test/Inspection certificate issued by ........................................ in ......................... copies
Certificate of quality/quantity issued by ................................... in ........................ copies
Insurance policy or Certificate in assignable form and endorsed in blank for 110% invoice
value covering ..........showing claim payable at ...................... in invoice currency
Copy of cable advising accountee of particulars of shippment
DHL receipt showing that one set of no-negotiable form documents plus .......................
................................. have been sent to the applicat within .................. days after B/L date
Other documents and conditions (specify):

106

Brief description of goods:

Shipment from:

Shipment to:

Latest date of shipment:

Special conditions:

Partial shipment
Allowed Not allowed

Transhipment
Allowed Not allowed

+ Documents to be presented within ......... days after the date of

insurance the transport document(s) but within the validity of the credit.
+ All bank charges outside Vietnam are for account of
beneficiary/ourselves
+ This L/C is subject to the Uniform Customs and Pratice for
Documentary Credit 2000 revision No 500 published by ICC

Ch th cho Ngn hng m L/C:

y quyn ghi n ti khon ca chng ti s ....................................... ti qu Ngn hng
k qu ......................................................................................................... % tr gi L/C
Tr tin nc ngoi theo cam kt ca chng ti nh km.
Chng ti chp thun qu Ngn hng c ghi N nhng chi ph (Th tc ph, in ph, bu
ph) lin quan n L/C trn.
L/C ny s dng vn vay nc ngoi thuc hip nh vay n ......... s ...... ngy .........
Th tn dng ny c m theo Hp ng thng mi s ...............ngy ...........................
c B Thng Mi chp thun s ............. ngy .........................................................
Khi cn lin h vi ng/B ................................................. in thoi
..................................
K ton trng

..............., ngy............. thng ........ nm 200

Tng Gim c

Th tn d ng c th m bng in hay bng th. Nu m bng th th khi nhn c

in bo, ngn hng thng bo nc ngi xut khu phi xc nhn bng vn bn v bn
gc L/C s chuyn cho ngi xut khu qua ngn hng thng bo bng my bay. Nu m
bng in, ngn hng m L/C s chuyn bn telex hoc fax L/C gc cho ngi hng li,
khng cn thng bo L/C na. L/C m qua ngn hng no th ngi nhp khu phi ghi r
rng, c th v theo s tha thun trong hp ng mua bn, nu ch a c s tha thun trc
th ch ny trong giy xin m L/C b trng Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam la chn
trong s ngn hng i l ca h. Cn c v o quy nh ca hp ng m xc nh loi L/C v
xa b nhng ch khng cn thit. Ghi r tn, a ch y v a ch in tn ca ngi
hng li th tn dng.
S tin ca th tn dng cn phi ghi r loi ngoi t, bng s v bng ch. Thanh ton
bng hi phiu tr tin ngay th xa ch b trng gia ch at ------- sight, cn thanh ton

107

bng hi phiu X ngy th in ch v s vo ch trng , v d at ni nety (90) days after -------

Chng t thanh ton mi loi ti thiu l 3 bn, nu cn nhiu hn th ghi vo Yu cu
m L/C ngn hng a vo iu kin m L/C.
V cc loi chng t cn ch my im sau y:
Vn n ghi Freight to collect i vi gi FOB, ghi Freight prepaid p dng vi
gi CFR hoc CIF. Cc vn n phi lm theo lnh ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
v phi thng bo cho ngi nhp khu nc ta. Ha n thng mi nu cn l ha n
chi tit th phi in thm ch DETAILED trc ch commercial. Bo him n ch cn khi
mua theo gi CIF, nu mua theo gi FOB v CFR th xa i. Cn ghi r iu kin bo him
no, bao nhiu % tr gi ha n, thanh ton bng loi tin no v.v..
Giy chng nhn kim nghim do ai cp, x nghip sn xut, ngi xut khu hay c
quan kim nghim, gim nh ca Nh nc hoc t nhn v.v.. ty theo s tha thun trong
hp ng.
Giy chng nhn xut x thng thng do Phng Thng mi ca nc ngi xut
khu cp hoc c th do ngi xut khu t cp, nhng t thng dng.
Bng k chi tit ng gi bao b thng l do ngi xut khu hay ngi sn xut t
cp, tt nhin cng phi quy nh trong hp ng.
Nhng ni dung v hng ha nh tn hng, trng lng, quy cch phm cht, k m
hiu, gi n v u phi c ghi vo Yu cu m L/C.
Cch vn ti, giao nhn, ni giao hng, ni bc hng v.v.. trong hp ng quy nh
nh th no th ghi vo Yu cu m L/C nh th.
Hp ng mua bn lm c s m th tn dng cn ghi r s hiu, ngy k hp ng
v hai bn k kt.
Cc iu kin khc l nhng iu kin m ngi nhp khu ra i vi ngi xut
khu v yu cu thc hin. Cc iu kin ny thng khng c nu trn hoc l c th
ha nhng iu kin nu trn.
Ch k ca gim c cc n v kinh doanh nhp khu v k ton trng.
Sa i L/C
Vic sa i th tn dng c th xut pht t pha ngi xut khu hoc ngn hng m
L/C, nhng ni dung sa i ch c gi tr thc hin nu tha mn nhng yu cu sau:
(1) Sa i b sung L/C trong thi hn hiu lc ca L/C
(2) Cc ni dung giao dch c lin quan n ni dung sa i hay b sung L/C phi
c tin hnh bng vn bn nh in bo, th t, in tn, telex v.v..
(3) Tt c cc giao dch c lin quan n ni dung sa i hay b sung L/C c th tin
hnh trc tip gia hai ngi xut khu v nhp khu, nhng kt qu cui cng phi c s xc
nhn ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam (Ngn hng m L/C).
Kim tra th tn dng
Kim tra th tn dng l mt khu quan trng i vi ng i xut khu t rong vic thc
hin phng thc tn dng chng t, v nu khng pht hin c s khng ph hp gia L/C
v hp ng m ngi xut khu chp nhn v tin hnh giao hng theo hp ng th ngi
xut khu khng i tin c, ngc li, nu khng giao h ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng
th li vi phm hp ng.
Chp nhn L/C l s tha nhn cam kt ca ngn hng m L/C v ngha v tr tin
ca h cho ngi xut khu, ng thi cng l chp nhn ngha v ca ngi xut khu v
vic hon thnh ngha v giao hng v lp b chng t thanh ton c quy nh trong th tn

108

dng, do vy ngi xut khu phi c thi cn mn, t m, thn trng trong khi kim tra th
tn dng ca ngi nc ngoi gi n.
Khi kim tra th tn dng cn ch my im sau:
(1) C s kim tra L/C: L hp ng mua bn k kt gia hai bn. Th tn dng
phi ph hp vi hp ng v khng c mu thun vi nhng ni dung c bn ca hp
ng. Ngi kim tra L/C phi l cn b nghip v kinh doanh xut khu, thu hiu hp ng
m mnh ang chun b thc hin. Trong tr ng hp kim tra L/C ca mt hp ng b sung
th khng nhng phi cn c vo hp ng ny m cn phi da vo hp ng gc na, v
hp ng b sung ch k nhng iu khon c th m hp ng gc cha cp n.
(2) Phi coi bn Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng ca chng t , bn s 500,
l c s php l quc t iu chnh th tn dng ca bn ny m cho bn kia hng.
(3) Cc ni dung ca L/C phi r rng, khng m h, ti ngha v khng c mu
thun nhau. Ngi m L/C khng th ra nhng yu cu qu cao khin cho ngi xut khu
khng th thc hin c.
Khi pht hin thy ni dung ca th tn dng khng ph hp vi hp ng hoc tri
vi lut l v tp qun m hai nc ang p dng hoc khng c kh nng thc hin, cc cng
ty kinh doanh xut khu ngh sa i hoc b sung th tn dng .
Nhng ni dung L/C cn kim tra k bao gm:
(1) S tin ca th tn d ng: Cn kim tra loi tin c ng quy nh trong hp ng
hay khng, loi tin cn ni r tn ca n v tin t v nc c loi tin t . Ch r tnh
cht ca ng tin , c s dng dung sai i vi s tin ca L/C hay khng?
(2) Ngy v a im ht hn hiu lc ca th tn dng: cn kim tra ngy ht hn ca
L/C trong mi quan h vi ngy giao hng, ngy ho n. a im ht hn hiu lc ca th
tn dng c ngha quan trng. Ngi bn thng mun a im ny ti nc mnh, v h c
th hon ton ch ng trong vic xut trnh chng t thanh ton. Ng c li ngi mua cng
mong mun a im ny nc mnh v h khng phi tr tin sm hn.
(3) Loi th tn dng: Th tn dng c p dng ph bin nht l loi khng hu
nganh (irrevocable) v chng ta l ngi bn nn chn loi ny cng vi iu kin min truy
i v nu c xc nhn th cng tt. Khi s dng L/C xc nhn, ta cn quy nh r chi ph
xc nhn do ngi mua chu.
(4) Thi hn giao hng: Thi hn giao hng l mt ni dung quan trng ca th tn
dng. Cch ghi thi hn giao hng c th nh sau: "Ngy giao hng chm nht hay sm
nht..." hoc "trong vng..., hoc "khong..." hoc mt ngy c th.
(5) Cch giao hng: C nhiu cch giao hng khc nhau m ngi mua c th c th ha
trong th tn dng. V d cho php giao tng phn, giao tng phn nhng quy nh gii hn
trng lng ca mi chuyn, gii hn s chuyn hocgiao tng phn, mi ln s lng nh
nhau.
(5) Cch vn ti: Trong th tn dng c cho php chuyn ti hay khng.
B chng t thng mi
Trong b chng t thanh ton quc t c th c nhiu loi chng t khc nhau , nhng
mt s chng t thng c bao gm Hi phiu - Bill of Exchange, Ha n - Invoice, Vn ti
n - Bill of Loading, n bo him - Insurance Policy.
Khi n v kinh doanh Vit Nam ta l ngi xut khu, Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit
Nam ng vai tr l ngn hng thng bo, v vy ngi xut khu nc ta xut trnh chng t
cho Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
n v kinh doanh xut khu phi xut trnh b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi yu
cu ca L/C th ngn hng m L/C mi tr tin, ngc li ngn hng s t chi thanh ton
Mt b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi yu cu ca L/C th phi t 3 yu cu sau:

109

(1) Cc chng t phi ph hp vi lut l, tp qun m hai nc k kt hp ng ang

p dng
(2) Ni dung v hnh thc ca cc chng t thanh ton phi c lp theo ng yu
cu ra trong L/C, khng c t l m tri cc quy nh . Nu l m tri ngn hng s t
chi thanh ton.
(3) Nhng ni dung v cc s liu lin quan gia cc chng t khng c mu thun
nhau, nu c mu thun lm cho ngi ta khng xc nh mt cch r rng, thng nht nhng
ni dung thuc v tn hng, s lng, trng lng, gi c, tng gi tr, tn ngi hng li
v.v.. th cc chng t s b ngn hng t chi thanh ton v h cho rng b chng t mu
thun nhau.
Nh chng ta bit, ngn hng ch giao dch bng chng t v kim tra tr n b mt
chng t m thi. C nhng iu m ngi hng li ngh l rt n gin v cm thy hon
ton hp l, nhng khi ngn hng kim tra b chng t th hnh ng trn quan im ca
ngn hng ch khng phi theo cch hiu thng thng ca mt ngi no . V d , ngi
xut khu xut trnh vn n c ghi cu "... cng giao hng: cng Si Gn, cng d hng:
Cng Rotterdam..." trong khi th tn dng li qui nh "...gi t mt cng Vit Nam n
cng Rotterdam...". i vi ngi xut trnh th h hiu cng S i Gn ng nhin l Vit
Nam, nhng i vi ngn hng trn th gii h u c bit ht cng ca tt c cc quc gia,
hoc cng Si Gn l thuc Vit Nam m h ch cn c vo chng t do ngi chuyn ch
cp m thi. Trong tr ng hp trn y, ngn hng t chi thanh ton v vn n khng p
ng ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng v cng giao hng. Nu trong tnh hung trn y,
trong vn n ghi l "cng giao hng: Cng Si Gn, Vit Nam ..." th khi vn n li hp
l.
Nhng sai st/bt hp l khi kim tra b chng t
Khi kim tra b chng t, nu pht hin sai st, t y theo mc trm trng m Ngn
hng Ngoi thng cng n v kinh doanh xut khu bn bin php khc phc.
Thng nguyn nhn ca bt hp l c rt nhiu: hiu lc th tn dng, giao hng, chi
tit hng ho, qui cch, phm cht hng ho v.v. Cc bt hp l c th l cc sai st nh c th
sa cha c, cng c th l nhng sai st nng, khng th sa cha c v ngn hng
buc phi t chi thanh ton. Tu v o tng tnh hung c th m c s nhn nhn vn mt
chc khch quan, chnh xc, lgic v phi tnh n gi tr thuc t ca n, khng th my mc
cng nhc mt cch tuyt i theo tng t, tng ch.
Di y chng ta a ra mt tnh hung c th. (Nguyn Trng Thu. 2003)
Trong b chng t xut trnh c cc sai st sau y:
- Ho n ghi sai m ca bu in: 0256, s ng l 2056.
- Vn n hng khng ghi h cua rpha c thng bo l CHAI, trong khi h ng l
CHAN
- Vn n ghi sai a ch ngi hng: Industial Parl, tn ng l Industrial Park.
Phng Thng mi quc t phn tch v kt lun nh sau:
i vi li th nht, khng th coi y l mt bt hp l, bi v n ch l m bu in,
c s dng trng Bu in, khng nh hng n bt c b n no trong th tn d ng. N ch
l con s trong a ch ca ngi pht hnh ho n, n hon ton khng quan tng.
i vi li th hai, h ca ngi c thng bo sai. y l mt bt hp l v iu
ny c th dn n hu qu l mt ngi no trng tn v ngu nhin li mang h l CHAI,
dn n trc trc trong giao dch.
i vi li th ba, li ny khng quan tng v khng nh hng n cc bn v khng
lin quan n giao dch, v ai cng hiu y l li do nh my sai, do vy y khng th coi
l mt bt hp l.

110

Nhn xt v trng hp p dng

Cc chi ph trong phng thc tn dng chng t l rt cao so vi cc phng thc
thanh ton khc. Thng thng c cc loi chi ph nh ph m L/C, ph sa i L/C, ph thc
hin L/C, ph thanh ton L/C, ph thng bo L/C. Tuy nhin y cng l phng thc thanh
ton an ton nht trong bn phng thc trnh by trong chng ny. Ngi bn nu hon
thnh ngha v giao hng v lp c b chng t thanh ton ph hp vi yu cu ca th tn
dng th ngn hng s m bo thanh ton tin hng cho ngi bn. Vic ngi bn giao hng
ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng cng chnh l ngi bn thc hin ng cc iu khon
ca hp ng thng mi, do vy quyn li ca ngi mua cng c m bo v h s nhn
c hng ng theo yu cu ca th tn dng, cng chnh l theo yu cu ca hp ng
thng mi, bi l th tn dng c xc lp da trn cc iu khon ca hp ng thng
mi k gia hai bn.
Phng thc tn dng chng t n n s dng trong cc tr ng hp m bn mua v bn
bn cha c s tin cy ln nhau hoc l nhng giao dch vi quy m thanh ton ln.
4.4. Tho lun nhm
Ch 1: Tnh hung v cc phng thc thanh ton quc t
Ch 2: UCP 500
4.5. Tm tt chng 4
Trong chng 4 tc gi trnh by v cc loi chng t ch yu s dng trong thanh
ton quc t nh ho n, vn n, bo him n, bng k chi ti t ng gi, v.v. Sau tc
gi trnh by v 4 phng thc thanh ton th ng c cc doanh nghip s dng trong cc
nghip v thanh ton quc t bao gm ph ng thc chuyn tin, phng thc ghi s, phng
thc nh thu v phng thc tn dng chng t. Mi phng thc u trnh by v khi nim,
cc bn tham gia, trnh t thc hin nghip v, nhn xt v tnh ri ro/an to n v trng hp
nn p dng. Phng thc tn dng chng t c c bit nhn mnh v y l phng thc
c s dng rng ri nht trong thanh ton quc t hin nay. iu chnh phng thc tn
dng chng t l vn bn UCP 500 do Phng Thng mi quc t ban h nh nm 1993. Vn
bn ny c gii thiu mt cch khi qut v l ch tho lun nhm. Mt s b i tp thc
hnh v tnh hung v cc phng thc thanh ton c thc hin ti lp.
4.6. Bi tp chng 4
Bi tp 4.1
Trn c s hp ng nhp khu d i y, anh/ch hy vit n xin m tn dng khon
nhp khu theo quy nh ca Ngn hng ngoi thng Vit Nam.
Hp ng s D89/037
Mt bn l: Tng cng ty xut nhp khu my H Ni
a ch: S 8, Trng Thi, H Ni, Vit Nam
in tn: Machinoimport Hanoi
Di y gi tt l bn Mua
V mt bn l: Hng Berry
i ch: 92, Ph Volte Pollet Paris
111

in tn: Berrymine
Di y gi tt l bn Bn
Hai bn tha thun mua v bn hng ha theo nhng iu kin di y:
iu 1: Tn hng
My ko chy Diesel kiu 3728 Berry.
iu 2: Quy cch
My ko chy Diesel kiu 3728 Berry phi l nguyn phm hon ton mi sn xut ti
Php ca Hng Berry.
iu 3: S lng
100 my.
iu 4: Gi c
Theo iu kin CFR Hi phng Incoterms 2000.
i 5: Tng tr gi
180,000EUR (Mt trm tm mi ngn euro chn)
iu 6: Bao b
Hm g phi thch hp vi vn chuyn bng ng bin, mi, chc chn, c np g
ngoi v c ai st rng t ng ng vi trng lng mi kin hng, hm ph i c trng lng
d khun vc bng tay. Trong hm phi c lt hai ln giy du chng m. Mi th ng phi
c bi m bo v chng r, xy xt, n mn, bin cht.
iu 7: K m hi
MACHINOIMPORT HAIPHONG
D.60,737
C,89
F.89M-2758
mi hm, ngoi k m hi u cn phi ghi ch s th t kin hng, trng lng tnh,
c b, cng n d dng trong vic nhn hng.
iu 8: Ngy giao hng
Chm nht l ngy 30 thng 3 nm 2001
iu 9: Cng bc hng
Dunkerque (Php), cng d hng: Hi Phng (Vit Nam)
iu 10: iu kin giao hng
a. Cm chuyn ti
b. Vn n ng bin phi ghi "cc ph tr tr c" theo lnh ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng
Vit Nam, H Ni.
c. Giao hng mt ln, ng hn. Nu giao hng chm t ngy th 10 tr i, ng i bn phi
bi thng cho ngi mua 0,1% tng gi tr hp ng trong mi ngy; giao chm qu 30
ngy k t ngy giao hng, nu ngi bn khng giao c th ngi mua c quyn hy
b hp ng v ngi bn b pht 10% tng tr gi hp ng.

112

iu 11: Thanh ton

Chm nht l n ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2001 ngi mua phi m mt th tn dng
khng th hy b cho ngi bn hng ti Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam, Chi nhnh H
Ni qua Ngn hng Thng mi Bc u, Paris bng 100% tng tr gi hp ng, tr ngay
theo nhng chng t sau y:
Ha n thng mi k 3 bn
Mt b y vn n ng bin hon ho, c ghi "cc ph tr trc"
Bn k khai hng ha chi tit 3 bn
Giy chng nhn phm cht do nh sn xut cp, 3 bn
iu 12: Bt kh khng
Nu do bt kh khng m hai bn khng th thc hin c ton b nhng iu khon
ca hp ng ny th hai bn c min trch nhim v ngha v ca mnh.
Nu trng hp bt kh khng c tnh cht tm thi th hp ng vn c y hiu
lc k t trng hp bt kh khng chm dt. Thi gian thi hnh hp ng s c gia hn
tng ng vi thi gian ca trng hp bt kh khng tm thi.
Khi c trng hp bt kh khng xy ra, cc bn phi thng bo cho nhau bng
phng tin nhanh nht.
iu 13: Trng ti
Mi tranh chp nu khng gii quyt c bng thng lng gia hai bn s a ra
trng ti.
Nu bn mua l b co th s x ti H Ni, nu bn bn l b co th s x ti Paris.
Mi bn s ch nh mt trng ti. Nu hai trng ti y khng i n tha thun th h phi ch
nh mt trng ti th ba. Ba trng ti hp thnh Hi ng trng ti. Quyt nh ca Hi ng
trng ti theo nguyn t c biu quyt a s v mang tnh ch t bt buc thi hnh. M i ph tn
trng ti s do bn thua kin chu, nu trong ti khng x khc.
Hp ng ny lm bng ting Anh gm 4 bn c gi tr nh nhau. Mi bn gi hai
bn.
Paris, ngy 27 thng 12 nm 2000
Bn mua
Bn bn
( k)
( k)
Bi tp 4.2
Trn c s hp ng d i y, l ngi bn anh/ch hy kim tra L/C ca ngi mua
m v a ra nhng kin nhn xt ca mnh.
Hp ng bn s 10 NS/NK/2000
-

Hp ng ny lm hm nay do v gia hai bn:

Tng cng ty xut nhp khu cng nghip thc phm Vit Nam. Di y gi l bn bn
V MEIWA TRADING Co. LTD, Tokyo, d i y gi l bn mua, theo bn bn ng
bn v bn mua ng mua hng ha di y theo nhng iu kin nh sau:
iu 1: Tn hng
Sn lt bc v
iu 2: S lng
3000MT 5% ty theo quyn la chn ca ngi thu tu.
iu 3: Quy cch phm cht
Sn bc v do phng php thi ming khi sn c cn ti v phi kh to ra.
m: 14,5 ti a
113

Axit Hydroxitric: 0,005/100 ti a

Bt: 70% ti thiu

iu 4: Gi c
USD 140/MT FOB cng Hi Phng. Tng gi USD 420,000 (bn trm hai mi ngn
la M chn)
iu 5: Bao b
Bao ci hoc bao gai (c th c, khng rch) t 40 n 50kg tnh.
iu 6: Thi hn giao hng
Khng chm qu ngy 15 thng 3 nm 2000
iu 7: Cch giao hng
a) 10 ngy l mun nht tr c ngy giao hng, bn mua phi in cho b n bn bit tn tu,
quc tch, trng ti tu v thi gian tu n cng Hi Phng. Khng qu 3 ngy sau khi
nhn c in ca bn mua, bn bn phi xc nhn bng in cho bn mua nu ng .
b) Xp hng: 600 MT/WWDSEX, IEU
c) Tin pht chm bc hng (600USD mi ngy) v tin thng bc nhanh (300USD mi
ngy) dnh cho bn bn ho c gnh chu, bn mua v bn bn s thanh ton vi nhau bng
hi phiu nh thu km chng t qua ngn hng m L/C v ngn hng thng bo chm
nht l 15 ngy sau khi nhn thy hi phiu.
d) Sau khi giao hng xong, bn bn phi in cho bn mua bit trng lng tnh v trng
lng b ca hng ha v gi tu ri cng Hi Phng bn mua mua bo him cho hng
ha.
iu 8: Thanh ton
20 ngy l mun nht trc ngy giao hng bn mua phi m cho Tng cng ty xut nhp
khu cng nghip thc phm Vit Nam hng mt th tn dng khng th hy b, min
truy i 100% tng tr gi ca hp ng ti ngn hng DAIICHI BANK LTD., TOKYO,
tr ngay. Ngn hng s tr tin cho bn bn khi nhn c nhng chng t sau y:
- Hi phiu tr ngay bng 100% tr gi ha n
- Ha n thng mi k, 4 bn.
- Mt b vn n ng bin y .
- Giy chng nhn phm cht do Tng cng ty Kim nghim v Gim nh Vit Nam cp,
4 bn
- Giy chng nhn xut x do Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam cp, 4 bn.
iu 9: Bt kh khng
Trong trng hp bt kh khng xy ra, hai bn s khng b rng buc bi nhng iu
kin qui nh trong hp ng n y. Bn no gp bt kh khng th phi bo ngay bng phng
tin nhanh nht cho bn kia bit.
iu 10: Trng ti
Cc tranh chp khng th t thng lng gii quyt vi nhau c th s a ra trng ti
gii quyt. Mi bn ch nh mt trng ti. Nu hai trng ti y khng i n tha thun th
h phi ch nh trng ti th ba. Quyt nh ca Ban trng ti ny s ly bng a s phiu.
Nu bn bn l b co th tranh chp s c gii quyt ti H Ni, nu b n mua l b co
th tranh chp s c gii quyt ti Tokyo.
Lm ti H Ni bng ting Anh, 4 bn c gi tr nh nhau, mi bn gi hai bn.
Bn bn
( k)

H Ni, ngy 20 thng 1 nm 2000

Bn mua
( k)
114

Th tn dng khng hy b s 09/IM/2000

Tokyo, ngy 20 thng 2 nm 2000
DAIICHI BANK LTD, TOKYO, JAPAN
Gi: Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam, H Ni
Di y chng ti xin m mt th tn dng khng th hy b s 09/IM/2000 cho
Tng cng ty Xut nhp khu Cng nghip thc phm, H Ni hng theo yu cu ca
MEIWA TRADING Co. LTD, Nh t Bn mt s tin l 420,000 USD (la M , bn trm hai
mi ngn chn). Ngy ht hn th tn dng l 20 thng 3 nm 2000 ti Tokyo.
Thanh ton bng hi phiu tr tin ngay, lp th nh hai bn bng 100% tr gi ha n
k pht i tin ngi xin m th tn dng ny km theo nhng chng t sau y:
Ha n thng mi c k lm 4 bn, ghi s giy php nhp khu s 09/IM2000GP.
2/3 b vn n ng bin hon ho xp hng ln tu, k hu trng, theo lnh
ca ngn hng m th tn dng, ghi ch " cc ph tr sau" gi theo b chng t thanh ton.
1/3 b vn n ng bin ni trn s trao trc tip cho ng Kingi-gi mang h
chiu s 43207/XK do b Ngoi giao Nht Bn cp ng y 20/12/1999 ti Tokyo trong vng 6
ngy lm vic, k t ngy giao hng.
Vn n ng bin theo hp ng thu tu cng nhn
Vn n n chm cng chp nhn
Bo him do bn mua chu
V nhng chng t khc:
+ Giy chng nhn phm cht 4 bn do Tng cng ty Kim nghim v Gim nh nc
CHXHCN Vit Nam cp.
- Chng minh: Bc hng t cng Hi Phng n Nht Bn 3000 MT sn lt bc v FOB
INCOTERMS 1990 cng Hi Phng, mi bao c trng lng tnh t 40kg n/hoc 50kg.
Khng c php giao tng phn
Khng c php chuyn ti
Ngy bc hng l 15/03/2000
-

Cc iu kin khc:
Tt c cc chi ph ngn hng ngoi Tokyo l do pha ngi hng li th tn dng ny
phi chu
Chng ti c th tr tin T/T ngay sau khi ng tr tin chng t ca b n bn xut trnh
ti Tokyo, nhng chi ph chuyn tin do bn hng li th tn dng ny chu
Vic tr tin b chng t ca ngi bn c th c tin hnh ti chi nhnh ngn hng
chng ti ti Hng Kng.
Chng ti cam kt tr tin cho nhng ng i hng li th tn dng ny vi iu kin rng
b chng t phi c xut trnh trong vng 5 ngy lm vic k t sau ng y giao hng v
sau khi c s ng tr tin ca ngi xin m th tn dng ny.
Cho tin tng
DAIICHI, LTD TOKYO - JAPAN
Gim c
( k)

115

Bi tp 4.3
Anh/chi hy kim tra b chng t c xut trnh di y v ch ra nhng bt hp l. Ti
sao li l nhng bt hp l? (Nguyn Ninh Kiu. 1995. Trang 156-161)
Name of Issuing Bank:
Banko Binko
Panam, Republic of Panama

Irrevocable
Documentary Credit

Number
1234

Place and date of Issue: Panama, May 29, 1994

Expiry date and Place for Presentation of

Documents:
Expiry date: June 17, 1994
Place for Presentation: Hong Kong
Applicant:
Reference No:
Beneficiary:
Asian International Bank and Trust Co. Hong Electronic Distributor Associates
Kong
217 Des Voeux Road, Central Hong Kong
Amount:
Approximately USD 110,000 (US dollars one hundred
and ten thounsand only
Partial shipment

allowed

Transhipment

allowed

Insurance covered by buyers

not allowed
not allowed

Credit available with Nominated Bank: freely

negotiable
by payment at sight
by dellered payment at
by acceptance of drafts at
by negociation

Shipment as defined in UCP 500, article 46

Against documents detailed herein
From Port of Hong Kong
and Beneficiary's draft(s) drawn on:
For transportation to Puerto Armuelles, Panama
Banko Binko
Not later than June 9, 1994
Panama, Republic of Panama
Signed commercial invoice
Certificate of origin
Full set of clean ``on board`` ocean bills of lading consigned to Transitorios Panama.
Covering: Televisions, VCRs, Video Recorders and spare parts of Japanese origin and 10,000 VHS
cassettes of Chinese origin as per purchase order 1741-X, CFR Puerto Armuelles, Panams, INCOTERMS
2000
Draft to be marked ``Drawn under Banko Binko, Panama Documentary Credit 1234 issued on May 29,
2001
Name and signature of the issueing Bank
Banko Binko, Panama, Rep. of Panama

DRAFT
USD122,500
Hong Kong, June 18, 1994
Pay to the order of Electronic Distributing Associates
One hundred twenty-two thounsand five hundred US dollars
For value Received and charge same to account of
To:
Banko Binko
Panama

(Signature)
Electronic Distributing Associates

116

ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTING ASSOCIATES

June 17, 1994
Sold to: Importadora Electronica S.A.
Panama, Rep. of Panama

Terms: Documentary Credit

Invoice No: 741

Package
1 container

Contract No 1741
Description
Price (USD)
Televisions, VCRs, Video
100,000
Recorders
VHS cassettes
5,500
FOB Factory
105,500
Handling
150
Freight
16,850
Total C & F Panama
122,500
In words: US dollars one hundred twenty - two thounsand five hundred only
(Signature)
Electronic Distributing Associates
Hong Kong Consolidators Inc., as agents

117

For multimodal transport or port to port shipment

Consigner:

No HK 764187

Electronic Distributing Associates

Hong Kong Consolidators, Inc., as agents
Consignee:
Banko Binko
Panama, Rep. of Panama

Original

CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN
Country of Origin:
JAPAN

Transport details:
Ocean
MV Altamares

The undersigned authority certifies that the goods described above originate in the
country shown above.
PANAMANIAN-HONGKONG CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
Place and date of issue, name and signature of competent authority
June 9, 1994, Hong Kong
(Signature)
Panamanian-Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce

118

For multimodal transport or port to port shipment

...No
Shipper:
Voyage No
Electronic Distributing Associates
59E
7
Hong Kong Consolidators, Inc., as agents
Shipper`s reference:
EDA-PA 4576
Consignee:
Carrier:
LHK Lines
Transitarios Panama
Notify address (carrier nor responsible for Place of receipt (Applicable only when
failure to notify:
document used for MULTIMODAL
Importador Electronicos S.A.
transport):
147, Avenida San Jose
Panama, Rep. of Panama
Place of delivery (Applicable only when
document used for MULTIMODAL
transport):
Ocean Vessel:
Port of loading:
M/V Altamares
Hong Kong
Port of discharge:
Puerto
Armuelles
Panama
Number & type of Gross weight (kg)
package, description
of goods
1 container
TVs, VCRs, Spare
Parts and Cassettes

Measurements

ON BOARD
June 9, 1994
ABOVE
PARTICULARS
AS SHIPPERS
DECLARED BY
Total
No
of Shipper declared
containers/Packages
value
received
by
the USD 122,500
carriers: 1
Mouvement:
Collect
Freight and charge
Collect
Freight payable at:
Place and date of
USD 16,800
issue:
Number of origin Hong Kong - June 9,
1994
issue
1
Signature
XYZ Company as
agents

119

4.7. Cu hi n tp chng 4
1. Cho bit cn lu nhng g khi la chn phng thc thanh ton quc t?
2. K tn cc loi chng t ch yu trong thanh ton quc t.
3. Trnh by khi ni m phng thc chuyn tin, cc b n tham gia trong phng th c ny v
trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton chuyn tin.
4. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc chuyn tin. Nu nhn xt v phng
thc thanh ton ny trn gc l ngi chuyn tin v ngi hng li..
5. Trnh by khi ni m phng thc ghi s, cc b n tham gia trong phng th c ny v trnh
t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc ghi s.
6. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc ghi s. Nu nhn xt v phng thc ny
trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
7. Trnh by khi nim phng thc nh thu trn, cc bn tham gia trong phng th c ny v
trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu trn.
8. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu trn. Nu nhn xt v phng
thc ny trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
9. Trnh by khi nim phng thc nh thu km chng t, cc bn tham gia trong phng
thc ny v trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc nh thu km chng t.
10. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo ph ng thc nh thu km chng t. Nu nhn xt v
phng thc ny trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
Trnh by khi nim phng thc tn dng chng t, cc b n tham gia trong phng thc ny
v trnh t thc hin nghip v thanh ton theo phng thc nh tn dng chng t.
11. Cho mt tnh hung thanh ton theo phng thc tn dng chng t. Nu nhn xt v
phng thc ny trn gc l ngi nhp khu v ngi xut khu.
12. Trnh by nhng ni dung c bn ca bn Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng
chng t, bn s 500 do Phng Thng mi quc t ban hnh nm 1993 (Bn UCP 500 ca
ICC).
4.8. Ti liu c thm (dnh cho sinh vin)
Ph lc 4.1: UCP 500
4.9. Ti liu tham kho chng 4
1. Trm Th Xun Hng. 2006. Thanh ton quc t. NXB Thng k, TP. H Ch Minh.
2. Nguyn Ninh Kiu. 1995. Nhng tnh hung c bit trong thanh ton quc t. NXB
Thng k.
3. Nguyn Trng Thu. 2003. Ton tp UCP 500. Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng
chng t. The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits. NXB Thng k.
4. inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Gio trnh Thanh ton quc t trong ngoi thng. NXB Gio
dc, Trng i hc Ngoi thng H Ni.

120

Ph lc chng 4
Ph lc 4.1
Quy tc & Thc hnh thng nht Tn dng chng t
bn s 500, ca Phng Thngmi Quc t
Hiu lc k t ngy 01/01/1994
The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits - UCP 500, ICC
A. QUY NH CHUNG V NH NGHA
iu 1:
p dng quy tc v thc hnh thng nht:
Quy tc v thc hnh thng nht v tn dng chng t, Ph ng Thng mi Quc t n phm
s 500, s p dng cho tt c cc tn dng chng t (trong chng mc m chng c th c
p dng, bao gm c cc tn dng d phng khi chng c ghi kt hp trong ni dung ca
tn dng. Chng rng buc tt c cc b n tham gia tr phi c qu y nh r rng khc trong tn
dng.
iu 2:
ngha ca tn dng:
Nhm phc v cc mc ch ca nhng iu khon ny, nhng thut ng "Tn dng chng
t" v "Th tn dng d phng" (sau y c gi tt l "Tn dng", c ngha l bt c s dn
xp no, d cho c gi hoc m t nh th no, theo mt ngn hng (Ngn hng pht
hnh) hnh ng theo yu cu v ch th ca mt khch hng (ngi yu cu m Tn dng)
hoc trn danh ngha ca chnh mnh.
i.Phi tin hnh thanh ton cho hoc theo lnh ca mt bn th ba (Ngi th hng), hoc
phi chp nhn v thanh ton Hi phiu do ngi th hng k pht hoc
ii. y nhim cho ngn hng khc tin hnh vic tr tin nh vy, hoc chp nhn v tr tin
Hi phiu nh vy, hoc
iii. Cho php m t ngn hng khc chit khu, trn chng t d' quy nh, min l cc iu
khon v iu kin ca tn dng phi c tun theo.
Nhm mc ch thc hin nhng iu khon ny, cc chi nhnh ca mt ngn hng cc
nc khc s c xem nh l mt ngn hng khc.
iu 3:
Cc tn dng da trn cc hp ng
a. Cc tn dng, bn cht ca chng, l nhng giao dch ring bit vi cc hp ng bn
hng hoc cc hp ng khc, m nhng hp ng ny c th dng lm c s v cc ngn
hng khng h lin quan n hoc khng b r ng buc bi cc hp ng nh vy, cho d
c bt k iu dn chiu n o lin quan n cc hp ng nh vy c ghi vo trong tn
dng. Do , s cam kt ca ngn hng v vic tr tin, chp nhn v thanh ton cc hi
phiu hoc chit khu chng t v /hoc hon thnh bt k ngha v no khc theo th tn
dng, khng ty thuc vo yu sch hoc bin bch ca ng i yu cu m tn dng xut
pht t nhng mi lin h vi ngn hng pht hnh hoc ngi th hng.
b. Trong bt k trng hp no, mt ngi th hng khng c li dng nhng quan h
hp ng ang c gia cc ngn hng hoc gia ngi yu cu m Tn dng vi ngn
hng pht hnh.

121

iu 4:
Chng t i vi hng ha/dch v/cc cng vic khc:
Trong cc nghip v Tn dng, tt c cc b n lin h cho giao dch c n c trn chng t ch
khng cn c vo hng ha, cc dch v v/hoc cng vic khc m cc chng t c th lin
quan n.
iu 5:
Ch th v vic pht hnh/tu chnh cc Tn dng
a. Nhng ch th v vic pht hnh Tn dng, bn thn Tn dng , nhng ch th tu chnh
Tn dng v bn thn nhng tu chnh phi y v chnh xc.
phng mi s ln ln v hiu lm, cc ngn hng phi ngn cn bt k mi khuynh
hng no sau y:
1. a qu nhiu chi tit vo Bn Tn dng hoc bt k bn tu chnh no
2. a ra cc ch th pht hnh, thng bo ho c xc nhn mt Tn dng bng cch dn chiu
mt Tn dng pht hnh trc (Tn dng tng t) m Tn dng trc ny c cc
tu chnh c chp nhn, v/hoc cc tu chnh khng c chp nhn.
b. Tt c cc ch th i vi vic pht hnh mt Tn dng v bn thn Tn dng, khi c th p
dng c, tt c cc ch th cho mt bn tu chnh v bn thn tu chnh phi nu mt
cch chnh xc cc chng t phi c xut trnh vic tr tin, chp nhn hoc chit
khu c thc hin.
B. HNH THC V THNG BO TN DNG
iu 6:
Cc tn dng kh hy v bt kh hy:
a. Cc tn dng c th thuc loi:
i.
kh hy hoc
ii.
bt kh hy
b. V vy tn dng nn ghi r l kh hy hay bt kh hy.
c. Trong trng hp khng c ghi r nh vy th tn dng s c xem l bt kh hy.
iu 7:
Trch nhim ca ngn hng thng bo:
a. Mt tn dng c th c thng bo cho ng i th h ng thng qua mt ngn hng khc
(ngn hng thng bo) m khng c cam k t g v phi Ngn hng thng bo ny, nh ng
ngn hng , nu quyt nh thng bo tn dng, phi kim tra cn thn v tnh xc thc
b ngoi ca tn dng m ngn hng thng bo. Nu ngn hng quyt nh khng
thng bo tn dng, th phi bo ngay cho Ngn hng pht hnh khng c chm tr.
b. Nu Ngn hng thng bo khng th kim tra c s xc thc b ngoi nh vy, ngtb
phi bo li khng c chm tr cho ngn hng m t nhng ch th xem nh nhn
c, rng ngn hng thng bo khng th kim c s xc thc ca tn dng v tuy
nhin nu ngn hng quyt nh s thng bo tn dng th phi bo cho ngi th
hng bit rng ngn hng khng th kim c s xc thwc ca tn dng .
iu 8:
S hy b mt tn dng:
a. Mt tn dng kh hy c th c tu chnh hoc hy b bi ngn hng pht hnh vo bt
k lc no v khng cn bo trc cho ngi th hng.
b. Tuy nhin ngn hng pht hnh phi:
122

i. Bi hon li cho mt ngn hng khc m ti mt tn dng th kh hy c thc hin

bng cch tr tin ngay, bng chp nhn hoc chit khu - i vi bt k s tr tin, chp nhn
hoc thng lng no c thc hin bi ngn hng - trc khi nhn c thng bo
tu chnh hoc hy b, trn c s cc chng t m th hin trn b mt l ph hp vi cc iu
khon v iu kin ca tn dng.
ii. Bi hon li cho mt ngn hng khc m ti mt tn dng kh hy c thc hin
bng cch tr tin sau, nu mt ngn hng nh vy trc khi nhn c thng bo tu chnh
hoc/hy b, nhn c cc chng t m th hin trn b mt ph hp vi cc iu khon
v iu kin ca tn dng.
iu 9:
Trch nhim ca cc ngn hng pht hnh v xc nhn:
a. Mt tn dng bt kh hu l mt cam kt chc chn ca ngn h ng pht hnh mt khi cc
chng t quy nh c xut trnh cho ngn hng c ch nh hoc ngn hng pht hnh
v cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng c thc hin ng:
i. Nu tn dng quy nh tr tin ngay - th phi tr ngay
ii. Nu tn dng quy nh vic tr tin sau - th phi tr vo ngy o hn c xc nh theo
cc quy nh ca tn dng.
iii.
Nu tn dng quy nh vic chp nhn:
- Bi ngn hng pht hnh - th chp nhn Hi phiu do ng i th hng k pht cho ngn
hng pht hnh v n hn phi tr, hoc
- Bi mt ngn hng khc c ch nh thanh ton - th chp nhn v tr tin khi n hn
phi tr cc hi phiu c k pht bi ngi th hng cho ngn hng pht hnh trong
trng hp ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hi phiu quy nh tng tn dng th
khng chp nhn cc hi phiu k pht cho h, hoc thanh ton cc hi phi u c
chp nhn nhng khng c tr tin bi ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hi phiu
nh vy khi n hn;
iv.
Nu tn dng quy nh vic chit khu - th thanh ton mi n truy i nhng ngi k
pht v/hoc ngi cm phiu trung thc, cc hi phiu do ngi th hng k pht
v / hoc cc chng t c xut trnh theo tn dng. Mt tn dng s khng cho php
pht hnh cc hi phiu k pht cho ngi yu cu m tn dng. Tuy nhin nu tn
dng i hi cc hi phiu k pht cho ngi yu cu m tn dng cc ngn hng s
xem cc hi phiu nh vy l cc chng t b sung.
b. Mt s xc nhn ca tn dng bt kh hy bi mt ngn h ng khc (ngn hng xc nhn)
da trn s y quyn hoc yu cu ca ngn hng pht hnh, to nn s cam kt chc chn
v pha ngn hng pht hnh, vi iu kin l cc chng t quy nh c xut tr nh cho
ngn hng xc nhn hoc bt k ngn hng c ch nh no khc v cc iu kon v
iu kin ca tn dng phi c tun theo.
i.
Nu tn dng quy nh tr tin ngay th tr tin ngay;
ii.
Nu tn dng quy nh tr tin sau th phi tr tin vo ngy ng hn quy nh trong
tn dng;
iii.
Nu tn dng quy nh phi chp nhn:
- Bi ngn hng xc nhn th phi chp nhn tr tin hi phiu do ng i hng li k pht
i tin ngn hng xc nhn v phi tr tin khi hi phiu n hn, hoc
- Bi ngn hng tr tin khc th chp nhn v tr tin cc hi phiu n hn do ngi'
hng li k pht i tin ngn hng xc nhn, trong trng hp ngn hng quy nh
trong tn d ng t chi chp nhn hi phiu i tin n hoc phi tr tin hi phiu m n
chp nhn nhng khng tr tin khi hi phiu n hn tr tin.

123

iv.

c.
i.
ii.
d.
i.
ii.

iii.

iv.

Nu tn dng quy nh chit khu th phi chit khu hi phiu do ngi' hng li k
pht v/hoc cc chng t c xut trnh theo tn dng vi iu kin l min truy i
li ngi k pht hi phiu v/hoc nhng ngi chn thc nm hi phiu. Mt tn
dng khng c quy nh hi phiu k pht i tin ngi yu cu m tn dng. Tuy
nhin, nu tn dng quy nh hi phiu k pht i tin ngi yu cu m tn dng th
cc ngn hng s coi hi phiu nh l mt chng t ph.
Nu mt ngn hng khc c ngn hng pht hnh yu cu hoc y nhim xc nhn
mt tn dng m khng sn sng lm vic th phi thng bo ngay cho ngn hng
pht hnh bit.
Tr khi ngn hng pht hnh quy nh mt cch khc trong y nhim hoc yu cu
xc nhn tn dng, ngn hng thng bo c th thng bo tn dng cho ngi hng
li m khng cn ghi thm xc nhn ca mnh vo tn dng.
Tr khi c quy nh ngc li vi iu 48, mt tn dng bt kh hy khng nhng
khng c sa i m cn khng c hy b nu khng c s ng ca ngn
hng pht hnh, ngn hng xc nhn (nu c) v ngi hng li.
Ngn hng pht hnh s b rng buc vo nhng iu sa i tn dng tnh t ngy
tin hnh sa i tn dng .
Mt ngn hng xc nhn c th xc nhn mt sa i v b rng buc tnh t ngy
thng bo s sa i . Tuy nhin, ngn hng thng bo c th thng bo sa i cho
ngi hng li m khng phi xc nhn sa i v nu nh th, n phi thng bo
cho ngn hng pht hnh v ngi hng li mt cch khng chm tr.
Cc iu kin ca mt tn dng gc (hoc ca mt tn dng cu th nh t s sa i
c chp nhn trc ) vn c hiu lc n v ngi hng li cho n khi ngi
hng li thng bo s chp nhn ca mnh n v sa i n ngn hng thng
bo sa i . Ngi hng li phi thng bo s chp nhn hoc t chi sa i .
Nu ngi hng li khng thng bo nh vy th vic xut trnh n ngn hng ch
nh hoc ngn hng pht hnh cc chng t m ph hp vi tn dng v cc sa i
cha c chp nhn th s c coi l thng bo chp nhn sa i ca ngi hng
li v thi im sa i c tnh t khi tn dng c sa i.
Chp nhn sa i tng phn c ghi trong cng mt thng bo sa i s khng
c php v do , s khng c gi tr thc hin.

iu 10
Cc loi tn dng
a. Tt c tn dng phi ch r hoc l tr tin ngay, hoc l tr tin sau, hoc l chp nhn
hoc l chit khu.
b.
i.
Tr khi tn dng quy nh ch c thc hin ti ngn hng pht hnh, tt c cc tn
dng phi ch nh r ngn hng (ngn hng ch nh) c y quyn tr tin, cam kt
tr tin sau, chp nhn hi phiu hoc chit khu. i vi tn dng chit khu t do th
bt c ngn hng no cng c th lngn hng ch nh. Chng t phi c xut trnh
cho ngn hng pht hnh hoc ngn hng xc nhn (nu c) hoc bt c ngn hng ch
nh no khc.
ii.
Chit khu c ngha l nh gi v tr tin hi phiu v/hoc chng t bi mt ngn
hng c y quyn thc hin. Vic kim tra n thun cc chng t m khng c
nh gi tr v tr tin hi phiu hay chng t th khng coi l chit khu.
iii.
Tr khi ngn hng ch nh l ngn hng xc nhn th vic ch nh ca ngn hng
pht hnh khng to nn bt c mt s cam kt no ca ngn hng ch nh phi tr
124

tin, cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn hi phiu hoc chit khu. Tr khi c sj ng
r rng ca ngn hng ch nh v truyn t iu cho ngi hng li th vic
ngn hng ch nh tip nhn v/hoc kim tra, v/hoc chuyn chng t khng lm
cho ngn hng phi chu trch nhim tr tin, cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn hi
phiu hoc chit khu.
c. Khi ngn hng pht hnh ch nh mt ngn hng, hoc ch cho php t n dng c chit
khu bi bt k ngn hng no hoc khi cho php hay yu cu mt ngn hng khc ghi
thm s xc nhn vo tn dng th c ngha l ngn hng pht hnh cho php ngn hng
tr tin, khi c xut trnh cc chng t th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi
cc iu kin ca tn dng v cam kt hon li tin cho ngn hng theo ng cc quy
nh ca iu khon.
iu 11
Tn dng chuyn tin bng in v thng bo s b
a.
i. KHi mt ngn hng pht hnh ch th bng in chuyn cho ng n hng thng bo thng
bo mt tn dng hoc sa i mt tn dng th bc in chuyn ny s c coi nh l mt
vn bn thc hin tn dng hoc mt vn bn thc hin sa i v khng cn phi c xc nhn
bng vn bn gi n bng th.
Ngc li, nu vn bn xc nhn bng th gi n, n s khng c gi tr v ngn hng thng
bo s khng c trch nhim kim tra cc vn bn xc nhn so vi cc vn bn tn dng v
vn bn sa i tn dng gi qua con ng in tn.
iii.
Nu in chuyn ghi r "cc chi tit y gi sau", (hoc nhng t c tc dng
tng t) hoc ghi bng th xc nhn s l vn bn c hiu lc ca tn dng hoc tu
chnh c hiu lc th in chuyn s khng c xem nh l vn bn tn dng c hiu
lc hoc tu chnh c hiu lc. Ngn hng pht hnh phi gi khng chm tr vn bn
chi tit c hiu lc ca tn dng hoc ca tu chnh cho ngn hng thng bo nh th.
b. Nu mt ngn hng s dng cc dch v ca ngn h ng thng bo thng bo tn dng
cho ngi hng li th phi s dng cc dch v ca chnh ngn hng thng co
cc tu chnh.
c. Mt thng bo s b v vic pht hnh hoc tu chnh mt tn dng khng hy ngang (s
bo) ch c gi i bi mt ngn hng pht hnh nu ngn hng chun b pht hnh
tip theo tn dng c hiu lc hoc tu chnh th tn dng c hiu lc thc hin. Tr
khi tng s bo ca ngn hng pht hnh ghi khc i, ngn hng pht hnh giao mt s
bo nh vy s phi b r ng buc mt cch bt kh hy pht hnh hoc tu chnh khng
chm tr tn dng theo cc iu khon khng mu thun vi s bo.
iu 12
Cc ch th khng y hoc khng r rng
Nu nhn c cc ch th khng y hoc khng r rng thng bo, xc nhn hoc tu
chnh mt tn dng th ngn hng c yu cu thc hin nhng ch th nh vy c th s bo
cho ngi hng li bit m thi v khng ch u trch nhim g c. S bo ny phi ghi r
rng rng thng bo c cung cp ch bit v ngn hng thng bo khng chu trch
nhim g c. Trong mi trng hp, ngn hng thng bo p hi thng bo cho ngn h ng pht
hnh v hnh ng thc hin v yu cu ngn hng pht hnh cung cp thng tin cn thit.
Ngn hng pht hnh phi cung cp khng chm tr thng tin cn thit. Tn dng s c
thng bo s c xc nhn hoc s c tu chnh, ch khi cc ch th y v r rng
c nhn v nu ngn hng thng bo khi sn sng thc hin cc ch th.

125

C. NGHA V V TRCH NHIM

iu 13
Tiu chun cho vic kim tra cc chng t
a. Cc ngn hng phi kim tra tt c cc chng t c quy nh trong tn dng vi s thnj
trng hp l xc nh cc chng t c th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi
cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng hay khng. S ph hp trn b mt ca cc
chng t c quy nh theo cc iu khon v cc iu kin ca tn dng phi c xc
nh bng tp qun ngn hng theo tiu chun quc t nh c phn nh trong cc iu
ny. Cc chng t th hin trn b mt ca chng mu thun vi nhau s c xem nh
khng th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi c c iu khon v iu kin ca tn
dng.
Cc chng t khng c quy nh trong tn dng s khng c cc ngn hng kim tra.
Nu cc ngn hng nhn c cc chng t nh vy, h phi tr li cho ngi xut trnh
hoc chuyn i tip m khng chu trch nhim g c.
b. Ngn hng pht hnh, ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, hoc mt ngn hng c ch nh
hnh ng thay mt h, ,i ngn hng nh vy s c mt thi gian hp l, nhng khng
vt qu by ngy nhn chng t, kim tra cc chng t v quyt nh s nhn hay t
chi cc chng t v thng bo cho bn m t ngn hng ny nhn cc chng t
c bit quyt nh .
c. Nu tn dng cha ng cc iu kin m khong ghi chng t phi c xut trnh ph
hp theo , th cc ngn hng s xem nh cc iu kin nh vy l khng c ghi ra v
s khng quan tm n chng.
iu 14
Cc chng t bt hp l v thng bo
a. Khi ngn hng pht hnh cho php mt ngn hng khc thanh ton hay cam kt thanh ton
chm, chp nhn hi phiu, hoc chit khu trn c s cc chng t, xem chng c th
hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng, th
ngn hng pht hnh v ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, b rng buc phi:
i. Bi hon cho ngn hng c ch nh thanh ton hay cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn
hi phiu hoc chit khu.
ii.
Nhn cc chng t
b. Khi nhn c cc chng t, ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c,
hoc ngn hng c ch nh hnh ng thay mt h, phi xc nh r trn c s ch
ring cc chng t, xem chng c th hin trn b mt ca chng l ph hp vi cc iu
khon v iu kin ca tn dng, th cc ngn hng nh vy c th t chi khng nhn cc
chng t.
c. Nu ngn hng pht hnh xc nh r rng cc chng t th hin trn b mt ca chng
khng ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng, ngn h ng ny c th theo
kin ring ca mnh tip xc ngi xin m tn dng v vic chp nhn bt hp l. Tuy
nhin iu ny cng khng ko di hn thi gian nu trong mc 9b ca i 13.
d.
i.
Nu ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn hoc mt ngn hng c ch
nh hnh ng thay mt cho h, quyt nh t chi cc chng t th gi thng bo
vic y bng vin thng hoc nu khng th c th bng cc phng tin nhanh
chng khc, nhng cng khng chm hn thi im kt thc ca ng y lm vic ngn
hng th by k t ngy nhn cc chng t. Thng bo nh vy s c gi cho ngn
hng m t h nhn c cc chng t hoc gi tho ng i hng li nu h
nhn c cc chng t trc tip t ngi ny.
126

ii.

Thng bo nh vy phi nu tt c nhng im bt hp l m theo ngn hng t

chi cc chng t v cng phi ghi r ngn hng c ang gi b chng t hay khng
ty quyn s dng ca ngi xut trnh hoc ang tr chng li cho ngi xut
trnh.
iii.
Ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, s c quyn i ngn hng
chuyn chng t hon tr tin vn cng vi li, v bt c khon bi hon no m
mnh thc hin tr cho ngn hng .
e. Nu ngn hng pht hnh v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, khng hnh ng theo
ng vi qui nh ca iu ny v/hoc khng gi cc chng t li ty quyn s dng
ca ngi xut trnh hoc tr chng cho ngi xut trnh. Ngn hng xut v hoc ngn
hng xc nhn, nu c, s b mt quyn khiu ni l cc chng t khng ph hp vi cc
iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng.
f. Nu ngn hng chuyn chng t lu ngn hng pht hnh v/ho c ngn hng xc nhn,
nu c, v bt k im bt hp l trong chng t hoc thng bo cho ngn hng nh vy
rng mnh thanh ton, cam kt thanh ton sau, chp nhn hi phiu, hoc chit
khu vi s bo l u hoc vi s bo m v nhng im bt hp l, ngn h ng pht hnh
v/hoc ngn hng xc nhn, nu c, s khng phi v th m c min bt c cc ngha
v no ca h theo bt c qui nh no ca iu ny. S bo lu hoc bo m nh vy
ch c lin quan n mi quan h gia ngn hng chuyn chng t v c bo l u hoc
vi ngi ng ra hay ngi c ngi khc thay mt mnh ng ra bo m.
iu 15
T b trch nhim v gi tr hiu lc cc chng t
Cc ngn hng khng c ngh a v hoc chu trch nhim v h nh thc, s hon b, tnh chnh
xc, tnh chn thc, s gi mo hoc hiu lc php l ca bt c cc chng t no hoc v
nhng iu kin chung v/hoc ring c quy nh trong cc chng t hoc c ghi
thm vo, cc ngn hng cng khng chu trch nhim g v s m t hng ha, s lng,
tng lng, trng thi, bao b , vic giao hng, tr gi hoc s tn ti ca h ng ha m bt c
chng t no i din, hoc v thin ch hoc hnh vi v/hoc v nhng thiu st, kh nng
thanh ton, vic thc hin ngha v hoc tn nhim ca nhng ngi gi hng, nhng ngi
chuyn ch, nhng ngi giao nhn, ngi nhn hng hoc nhng bo him hng ha hay ca
bt c ngi no khc.
iu 16
T chi trch nhim trong vic chuyn cc th t thng bo.
Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v khng ch u trch nhim v nhng hu qu pht sinh do
s chm tr v hoc mt mt trn ng vn chuyn bt k cc thng ip, cc th t hoc
cc chng t hoc v s chm tr, ct xn hoc do cc sai st khc xy ra trong vic chuyn
in vin thng. Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v trch nhim v cc sai st trong dch
thut v hoc gii thch cc thut ng chuyn mn, v ginh quyn chuyn m khng cn phi
dch cc iu khon tn dng.
iu 17
Trng hp bt kh khng
Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v khng ch u trch nhim v nhng hu qu pht sinh do
vic gin on nghip v do thin tai, nhng ri lon, nhng cuc dn bin, nhng cuc ni
dy, nhng cuc chin tranh hoc bt c nguyn nhn no khc ngoi kh nng kim sot ca
h, hoc do bt c cc cuc nh cng hay b xng. Tr khi c php r rng, khi cc ngn
hng bt u hot ng kinh doanh tr li, cc ngn hng s khng thanh ton, khng cam kt
127

tr tin sau, chp nhn cc hi phiu hoc chit khu theo cc tn dng ht hiu lc gia
lc hot ng ca ngn hng b gin on nh vy.
iu 18
T b trch nhim v hnh ng ca bn c ch th
a. Khi s dng cc dch v ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng khc thc hin ch th ca ngi
m tn dng th ngn hng u lm vic cho v vi ri ro do ngi m tn dng chu.
b. Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v v chu trch nhim nu nhng ch th do h truyn t
khng c thc hin, ngay c khi bn thn h ch ng la chn cc ngn hng khc .
c.
i. Bn ch th cho pha b n kia thc hin cc dch v phi chu trch nhim v bt c ph tn
no, bao gm hoa hng, ph, chi ph, ph tn pht sinh cho bn nhn c cc ch th lin quan
ca h.
ii.
Khi tn dng qui nh rng cc chi ph nh vy c chu bi mt bn khc hn bn ra
ch th, m cc ph tn khng th thu c, th cui cng pha bn ra ch th vn c bn
phn phi thanh ton li cc chi ph .
d. Ngi m tn dng b rng buc v chu trch nhim bi thng cho cc ngn hng v
nhng hu qu c th xy ra do mi ngha v v trch nhim c p t bi php lut v
tp qun nc ngoi.
iu 19
Cc tha thun bi hon gia cc ngn hng vi ngn hng
a. Nu ngn hng pht hnh c nh rng khon tin bi hon m ngn hng thanh ton,
ngn hng chp nhn hoc ngn hng chit khu c hng s thu c bi ngn hng
(Ngn hng i tin), bng vic i tin mt bn khc (Ngn hng bi hon) th ngn
hng pht hnh phi cung cp c ho ngn hng b i hon vo ng thi im vi cc ch
th thch hp hoc cho php thi hnh cc yu cu bi hon .
b. Cc ngn hng pht hnh khng c yu cu ngn hng i tin cung cp mt s xc
nhn chng t ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin ca tn dng cho ngn hng bi
hon.
c. Phong ph s khng c min tr bt c ngha v n o ca mnh v vic bi ho n v khi
khon bi hon khng c ngn hng i tin nhn c t ngn hng bi hon.
d. Ngn hng pht hnh s phi chu trch nhim vi ngn hng i tin v bt k thit hi
no v tin li nu khon bi ho n khng c ngn hng bi hon cung cp ngay t lc
c yu cu u tin hoc theo bt k cch n o khc c qui nh trong tn dng hoc do
i bn tha thun, ty trng hp.
e. Cc chi ph ca ngn hng bi hon s c tnh cho ngn hng pht hnh. Tuy nhin,
trong nhng trng hp m cc chi ph c tnh cho phi b n khc, th trch nhim ca
ngn hng pht hnh l ch nh r iu trong th tn dng gc v trong lnh cho php
bi hon. Trong cc trng hp m cc chi ph ca ngn hng bi hon c tnh cho mt
bn khc, chng s c thu t ngn hng i tin khi m tn dng khng c k pht
(khng c s dng) cc chi ph ca ngn hng bi hon vn cn l ngha v ca ngn
hng pht hnh.
D. CC CHNG T
iu 20
Nhng trng hp khng r ngha v ngi lp cc chng t

128

a. Khng nn dng cc t nh "hng nht", "ni ting", "c tnh a phng" v nhng t
tng t miu t t cch ca ngi lp bt c chng t no xut trnh theo tn dng.
Nu nhng thut ng c c a vo tn d ng cc ngn hng s chp nhn chng t c
lin quan c xut trnh, vi iu kin l cc chng t ny th hin trn b mt ca
chng t ph hp vi cc iu khon v iu kin khc ca tn dng v khng phi l do
ngi hng li cp pht.
b. Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng cng s chp nhn nh l cc
bn chnh chng t c lp hoc th hin l c lp:
i.
Bng phng php sao chp, t ng hoc in ton.
ii.
Bng bn than vi iu kin l chng c nh du l bn gc v khi cn thit chng
t phi c ch k. Chng t c th c k bng tay, bng ch k qua Fax, bng con
du, bng k hiu hoc bng bt c ph ng php chng thc no bng my hoc in
t.
c.
i.
Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn l cc bn sao,
cc chng t c nh du l bn sao hoc khng c nh du l bn gc cc bn
sao khng cn phi c k.
ii.
Cc tn dng yu cu chng t c lm thnh nhiu bn nh "lm thnh hai bn",
"gp hai ln", "hai bn sao" v nhng t tng t nh vy c th xut trnh mt bn
chnh, cn s bn cn li l bn sao, tr khi bn thn chng t th hin khc i.
c. Tr khi c s quy nh khc trong tn dng, mt iu kin ca tn dng quy nh i vi
chng t phi c nhn thc, c hiu lc, c th thc, c chng thc hay qui nh
tng t s tho mn bng bt k ch k, nhn hiu, k hiu no trn cc chng t ,
min l xt trn b mt ca chng t th hin l p ng vi cc iu kin ni trn.
iu 21
Khng quy nh ngi lp v ni dung ca cc chng t
Tr cc chng t vn ti, bo him v ha n thng mi, khi cc chng t c yu cu
xut trnh th tn dng phi nu r cc chng t do ai lp v ni dung s liu ca cc chng
t . Nu tn dng khng qui nh nh vy, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc chng t nh
xut trnh min l ni dung s liu khng mu thun nhau.
iu 22
Ngy pht hnh v ngy tn dng
Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t c ghi
ngy pht hnh n trc ngy m tn dng min l cc chng t phi c xut trnh trong
thi hn qui nh trong tn dng v trong cc iu khon ny.
iu 23
Vn ti n ng bin/hng hi
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, nu mt tn dng yu cu mt vn n t
cng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t d c gi tn nh th no, m:
i.
Trn b mt ca vn n ghi r tn ca ngi chuyn ch v k tn hoc c
chng thc.
- Bi ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi i l ch danh hoc i din ca ngi chuyn ch,
hoc
- Bi thuyn trng hoc mt ngi i l ch danh hoc i din thuyn trng.
Bt c ch k hay chng thc no ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ca thuyn trng phi c
nhn bit h ch thc l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng. Ty tng trng hp mt
129

ngi i l khi k t n hoc chng thc thay cho ng i chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng cng
phi ghi r tn v nng lc ca h l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng, m ngi i l
thay mt hnh ng
V
ii. Ghi r hng ha c bc ln tu hoc c giao ln mt con tu ch danh.
Bc hng ln tu ho c giao hng ln mt con tu ch danh c th c th hin bng mt t
in trc trn mt vn ti n v phi ch r rng hng bc xong ln tu hoc giao trn mt
con tu ch danh. Trng hp ny ngy pht hnh vn n c coi l ngy bc hng ln tu
v l ngy giao hng.
Trong tt c cc tr ng hp khc, bc h ng ln mt con tu ch danh phi c chng minh
bng mt s ghi ch trn vn ti n v ngy ghi ch bc hng ln con tu ch danh c coi
l ngy giao hng.
Nu vn ti n c ghi :con tu d nh" hoc mt t tng t c lin quan n tu chuyn
ch, vic bc hng ln con tu ch danh phi c ghi ch trn vn ti n, ngoi vic ghi r
ngy m hng c bc ln tu cn phi ghi tn ca con tu , thmj tr c ngay khi hng
ha c bcs ln mt con tu gi l "con tu d nh".
Nu vn ti n ghi nhn hng hoc ni nhn hng gi khc vi cng bc hng, vic ghi
ch hng bc ln tu cng phi ghi r cng qui nh trn tn dng v tn tu nhn hng,
thm tr ngay c khi hng ha c bc xong tr n con tu c ghi tn vn ti n. iu
khon ny cng c p dng ngay c khi tr n vn ti n in trc ch hng bc xong
ln tu,
V
iii.
Ch r cng bc v cng d hng trong tn dng, d cho:
- Vn n ghi ni nhnj hng gi khc vi cng bc h ng v/hoc ni hng n cui cng
khc vi cng d hng v/hoc
- Vn n ghi ch "cng d nh" hoc mt t t ng t c lin quan n cng bc v/hoc
cng d hng, minx l chng t cng phi ghi cng v /hoc cng d hng qui nh trong
tn dng,
V
iv.
Ch r mt vn n chnh hoc, nu s vn ti n pht hnh nhiu bn chnh, th phi
gm trn b y vn n chnh c lp,
V
v.
Th hin tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt v i iu kin chuyn ch bng
cch dn chiu n mt ngun hay mt chng t khng phi l vn ti n (vn n
rt gn hoc vn n trng lng); cc ngn hng s khng kim tra ni dung ca cc
iu kin ,
V
vi.
Khng c ghi rng, chng t ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu v/hoc khng c ghi l
tu ch hng chy bng bum
V
vii.
Cn cc mt khc phi p ng cc quy nh trong tn dng
b. Nhm phc v cho iu khon ny, chuyn ti c ngha l d hng xung v bc li hng
t con tu ny sang con tu khc trong mt hnh trnh vn ti bin t cng bc hng ti
cng d hng qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Tr khi cc iu kin ghi trong tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc
vn n c ghi hng ha s c chuyn ti, min l ton b hnh trnh chuyn ch ng
bin ch c dng cng mt vn ti n.
d. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt vn n, trn :

130

i.
ii.

C ghi l s chuyn ti chng no m nhng hng ha lin quan c chuyn ch

bng container, cc moc v/hoc cc s lan LASH ghi trn vn ti n, min l
ton b hnh trnh ng bin ch dng cng mt vn ti n m thi, v/hoc
C ghi iu khon ngi chuyn ch c quyn chuyn ti.

iu 24
Giy gi hng c bin khng chuyn nhng c.
a. Nu tn dng yu cu non-negotiable sea waybill t cng ti cng, tr khi c qui nh
khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc chng t, d c gi tn nh th
no, m:
i.
Trn b mt ca chng t phi ghi r tn cu ngi chuyn ch v h k tn v
c chng thc bi:
- Ngi chuyn ch hoc hng i l ch danh ca (hoc) i din cho ngi chuyn ch,
hoc
- Thuyn trng hoc hng i l ch danh ca (hoc) i din cho thuyn trng.
Bt c vic k hoc chng thc no ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ca thuyn trng phi xc
nh r h ch thc l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn tr ng ty trng hp c th. Vic k
ca hangg i l hay vic chng thc ca ng i chuyn ch hay thuyn trng cng phi ghi
r tn v nng lc ca h, tc l ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng m hng i l c
y quyn.
ii.
Ch r rng hng ha c bc ln tu hoc bc xong trn mt con tu ch danh.
Bc hng ln tu hoc bc xong tr n mt con t u ch danh c th c ghi r bng cch in
trc trn non-negotiable sea waybill chng minh rng hng c bc l n tu c a con
tu ch danh, hoc bc xong trn con tu ch danh trong trng hp ny, ngy pht hnh sea
waybill c coi l ngy bc xong hng ln tu v l ngy giao hng.
Trong tt c cc trng hp khc, bc hng ln con tu ch danh phi c chng thc b mt
ghi ch trn sea waybill v ngy m hng ha c bc xong ln tu, trong trng hp
ny, ngy ghi ch hng bc xong ln tu c coi l ngy giao hng.
Nu sea waybill c ghi ch "con tu d nh" hoc mt t tng t ch con tu ch hng
th vic bc hng xong ln con tu ch danh phi c ghi ch hng bc xong trn sea
waybill v ngoi vic ghi ngy bc xong, cn phi ghi r tn tu chuyn ch, ngay c khi
hng ha c bc xong trn mt con tu gi l "d nh".
Nu sea waybill ghi ni nhn hng v ni nhn hng gi khc vi cng bc h ng, th vic
ghi ch hng bc xong cng phi ghi r tn cng bc c quy nh trong tn dng, tn con
tu chuyn ch hng ha, ngay c khi hng ha c bc xong trn con tu ghi r trn sea
waybill. iu khon ny cng p dng i vi sea waybill m trn in sn ch hng
bc ln tu, v
iii.
Ghi tn cng bc v cng d hng trong tn dng, mc d chng t:
- Ghi ni nhn hng gi khc vi cng bc hng v/hoc ni hng n cui cng khc
vi ni d hng xung, v/hoc
- C ghi t "d nh" hoc mt t tng t c lin quan n cng bc hoc cng d h ng,
min l trn chng t vn phi ghi r cng bc v/hoc cng d hng qui nh trong tn
dng; v
iv.
Gm ch mt bn sea waybill chnh hoc nu pht h nh nhiu hn th gm trn b sea
waybill chnh c lp, v
v.
Th hin tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt vi iu kin chuyn ch bng
cch dn chiu tn mt ngun hoc mt chng t khng phi non-negotiable sea
waybill (loi rt gn hoc trng lng), cc ngn hng s khng kim tra cc ni dung
ca cc iu kin , v

131

vi.

Khng ghi l chng t ph thuc v o hp ng thu tu v/hoc khng ghi ch l tu

ch chy bng bum, v
vii.
Cn cc mt khc th phi p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Nhm phc v cho iu khon ny, chuyn ti c ngha l d hng xung v bc hng t
con tu ny sang con tu khc trong m t hnh trnh vn ti bin t cng bc hng ti cng
d hng qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Tr khi c cc iu kin ghi trong tn dng l cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn
non-negotiable sea waybill trn ghi hng ha c chuyn ti, min l ton b hnh
trnh chuyn ch ch dng cng mt sea waybill m thi.
d. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt sea waybill:
i.
Trn ghi s c chuyn ti chng no m hng ha lin quan c chuyn ch
bng container, cc moc v/hoc s lan LASH m sea waybill ghi r, min l ton
b hnh trnh vn ti bin ch dng cng mt non-negotiable sea waybill, v/hoc
ii.
C iu khon ghi ngi chuyn ch c quyn chuyn ti.
iu 25
Vn ti n hp ng thu tu
a. Nu tn dng yu cu hoc cho php mt vn n theo hp ng thu tu, th cc ngn
hng, tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, s chp nhn mt vn n ny, d c
gi tn nh th no, m:
i.
C ghi l ph thuc vo hp ng thu tu, v
ii.
Th hin trn b mt ca chng t l c k tn hoc c chng thc bi:
- THuyn trng hoc hng i l ch danh ca (hoc) thay mt thuyn trng, hoc
- Ch tu hoc hng i l ch danh ca hoc thay mt ch tu.
Bt c vic k hoc xc nhn thuyn trng hoc ch tu phi c chng minh r l ca
thuyn trng hay ch tu ty mi trng hp. Vic k ca hng i l hoc vic xc nhn
ca thuyn trng hoc ch tu cng phi ghi r tn v nng lc ca h, tc l ghi r l
thuyn trng hoc ch tu m hng i l ca h c y quyn
iii.
Ghi r hoc khng ghi tn ca ngi chuyn ch.
iv.
Ni r hng ha c bc ln tu hoc bc xong ln mt con tu ch danh. Bc
hng ln tu hoc bc xong trn con tu ch danh c th c ch r bng ch in
trc trn vn ti n l hng c bc ln con tu ch danh hoc c giao
ln con tu ch danh, trong trng hp ny, ngy pht hnh vn ti n c coi l
ngy bc hng v l ngy giao hng.
Trong tt c cc tr ng hp lhc, bc h ng ln mt con t u ch danh phi c chng thc
bng mt ghi ch trn vn ti n v ngy ghi ch bc hng ln con tu hc danh c coi l
ngy giao hng, v
v.
Ghi r cng bc v cng d qui nh trn tn dng, v
vi.
Gm ch mt vn n chnh, ho c nu pht hnh nhiu vn n, th gm trn b y
vn n chnh c lp, v
vii.
Cn cc iu kin khc th phi p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Ngay c khi tn dng yu cu xut tr nh mt hp ng thu tu c lin quan n vn n
theo hp ng thu tu, th cc ngn hng s khng kim tra hp ng thu tu , nhng
s chuyn n cho ngi nhn hng m khng chu trhc nhim g.
iu 26
Chng t vn ti lin hp
a. Nu tn dng yu cu mt chng t vn ti dng cho t nht ca hai phng thc vn ti
(vn ti lin hp), tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt
chng t, d cho n c gi nh th no, min l:
132

i.

Ghi r tn ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp v c k hoc

c chng thc bi:
- Ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp hoc h ng i l ch danh hot
ng thay mt hoc nhn danh ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ca ngi khai thc vn ti
lin hp, hoc
- Thuyn trng hoc hng i l ch danh ca thuyn trng.
Bt k ch k hay chng thc no ca ngi chuyn ch, ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp,
ty tng trng hp hoc thuyn trng phi c nhn bit l ch th ngi chuyn ch,
ngi khai thc vn ti lin hp, ty tng trng hp. Mt ngi i l khi k tn hoc
chngs thc thay cho ngi chuyn ch, ngi khai thc vn ti li n hp hoc thuyn tr ng
cng phi ch r tn v nng lc ca h, tc l ngi chuyn ch, ngi khai thc vn ti lin
hp, hoc thuyn trng m hng i l thay mt cho h hot ng. V
ii.
Ghi r rng hng ha c gi i, nhn gi hoc c bc ln tu.
Gi hng, nhn gi hoc bc h ng ln tu c th c ghi ch bng ch tr n chng t vn
ti lin hp v ngy pht hnh chng t c coi l ngy gi hng, nhn hng gi hoc
bc hng ln tu v l ngy giao hng.
Tuy nhin, nu c ng bng du hoc mt cch khc th ngy gi hng, ngy nhn hng
gi hoc ngy bc hng ln tu c coi l ngy giao hng. V
iii.
a. Ghi ni nhn hng gi qui nh trong tn dng c th l khc vi cng, sn bay, hoc
ni bc hng v ni hng n cui cng qui nh trong tn dng c th l khc vi cng
sn bay hoc ni hng n, v/hoc
b. C t "d nh" hoc mt t tng t c lin quan n tu v/hoc cng bc hng v/hoc
cng d hng, v
iv.Gm ch mt bn chnh chng t vn ti li n hp hoc nu pht h nh lm nhiu bn chnh
th gm trn b y cc bn chnh .
v.Th hin tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt vi iu kin nh th c dn chiu n
mt ngun hoc mt chng t khng phi l chng t vn ti lin hp (bn rt gn hoc trng
lng), cc ngn hng s khng kim tra cc ni dung ca cc iu kin . V
vi.Khng c ghi l ph thuc vo mt hp ng thu tu v/hoc khng c ghi l tu ch chy
bng bum, v
vii.Cn tt c cc iu kin khc u p ng cc iu kin qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti
lin hp trn ghi r chuyn ti s hoc c th tin hnh, min l ton b hnh trnh
chuyn ch ch s dng mt chng t vn ti lin hp.
iu 27
Chng t vn ti hng khng
a. Nu tn dng yu cu mt vn ti n hng khng, tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn
dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt vn n, nu nh trn :
i.
Ghi r tn ca ngi chuyn ch v k hoc chng thc bng cch khc bi:
- Ngi chuyn ch, hoc
- Hng i l ch danh ca ngi chuyn ch.
Bt c vic k hoc mt chng thc ca ng i chuyn ch phi c ghi r l ngi chuyn
ch. Mt ngi i l khi k tn hay chng thc thay ngi chuyn ch cng phi ghi r tn
v nng lc ca h, tc l ngi chuyn ch m mnh thay mt hot ng, v
ii.
Ghi r hng ha nhn chuyn ch. V
iii.
Nu tn dng yu cu ghi r ngy gi hng thwc t th phi qui nh rng trn vn
n hng khng phi ghi ch r rng v ngy gi hng v coi ngy l ngy giao
hng.
133

 thc hin mc ch ny, cc thti ghi trong khung ca vn n hng khng (nh ch dng
cho ngi chuyn ch hoc mt t tng t) dn chiu n nag v s chuyn bay s khng
c coi l s ghi ch c th v ngy gi hng .
Trong cc trng hp khc, ngy pht hnh vn n hng khng s khng c coi l ngy
giao hng.
iv.
Ghi r sn bay khi hnh v sn bay n c qui nh trn tn dng. V
v.
Ghi r vn n chnh cho ngi gi hng, ch hng ngay c khi khi tn dng qui nh
mt b y cc bn chnh hoc mt t tng t, v
vi.
Ghi r tt c cc iu kin chuyn ch hoc mt s iu kin chuyn ch c tham
chiu n mt ngun hoc mt chng t khng phi l chng t vn ti hng khng,
cc ngn hng s khng kim tra cc ni dung ca cc iu kin , v
vii.
Cn tt c cc iu kin khc u p ng qui nh trong tn dng.
b. nhm mc ch phc v iu khon ny, chuyn ti c hiu l s d hng xung v
bc li hng ln t mt my bay sang mt my bay khc trong mt h nh trnh chuyn ch
t sn bay khi hnh ti sn bay hng n qui nh trong tn dng.
c. Ngay c khi tn dng cm chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn vn n hng khng
trn ghi chuyn ti s hoc c th c tin hnh, min l ton b hnh trnh chuyn
ch cng chung mt vn n hng khng.
iu 28
Cc chng t vn ti c sng hoc ng st, ng b.
a. Nu tn dng yu cu vn n ng sng, ng b, ng st, tr khi c qui nh khc,
cc ngn hng s chp nhn vn n cc loi ni trn, nhng phi:
i.
Ghi r tn ca ngi chuyn ch, c k hoc c chng thc bng cch khc
ca ngi chuyn ch, hoc hng i l ch danh i din cho ngi chuyn ch,
v/hoc th hin bng con du tip nhn hoc mt chng ch tip nhn khc ca ng i
chuyn ch hoc hng i l hot ng cho hoc nhn danh ngi chuyn ch.
Bt c ch k, chng thc, con du tip nhn hoc mt chng ch tip nhn no ca ngi
chuyn ch phi do chnh ngi chuyn ch thc hin. Mt hng i l khi k tn hoc chng
thc thay ngi chuyn ch phi ghi r tn v nng lc ca h nh l ngi chuyn ch, m
hng i l hot ng nhn danh ngi chuyn ch. V
ii.
Ghi r hng c nhn ch, gi hoc chuyn ch hoc mt chng t t ng.
Ngy pht hnh cc chng t vn ti c coi l ngy giao hng tr khi trn chng t
vn ti ng con du nhn hng, trong trng hp ny, ngy ng du c coi l
ngy giao hng. V
iii.
Ghi r theo tn dng ni gi hng v ni hng n. V
iv.
Cn cc iu kin khc u p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Nu trn vn n khng ghi s lng bn pht hnh th cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc
chng t vn ti xut tr nh nh l mt b y . Cc ngn h ng s chp nhn cc chng
t vn ti l bn chnh d cho c c ghi l chnh hay khng.
c. Nhm phc v cho mc ch ca iu khon ny, chuyn ti c hiu l d hng xung
v bc li hng ln t mt phng tin vn ti ny sang mt phng tin vn ti khc
trong mt hnh trnh chuyn ch t ni gi hnh n ni hng n theo qui nh trong tn
dng.
d. Ngay c khi tn dng ngn cm vic chuyn ti, cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc vn n
ng sng, ng st, ng b trn ghi r chuyn ti s hoc c th xy ra, min l ,
ton b hnh trnh chuyn ch ch dng chung mt vn n v trn cng mt phng thc
vn ti.
iu 29
134

Bin lai bu in
a. Nu tn dng yu cu bin lai bu in hoc giy bin nhn bu in, th tr khi c qui
nh ngc li, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt bin lai bu in hoc giy bin nhn bu
in, trn :
i.
ng du hoc chng thc bng cch khc v c ghi ngy ti ni m tn dng
qui nh hng ha phi c giao hoc gi i ngy c coi l ngy giao hng hoc
ngy gi hng, v
ii.
Tt c cc iu khc u p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
b. Nu mt tn dng yu cu mt chng t do b u in hoc cng ty dch v giao h ng pht
hnh chng minh nhn hng ha gi i tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng,
cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t, nu trn ghi r:
i.
Tn ca bu in/cng ty dch v v c ng du, k hoc c chng thc
bng cch khc bi bu in/cng ty dch v (tr khi tn dng qui nh c bit mt
chng t do bu in/cng ty dch v ch danh pht hnh ra cac ngn hng s chp
nhn mt chng t do bt c bu in/cng ty dch v no pht hnh). V
ii.
Ghi r ngy ly hoc nhn hng hoc mt t t ng t, ngy c coi l ngy giao
hng hoc ngy gi hng i.
iii.
Cn cc iu kin khc phi p ng cc qui nh trong tn dng.
iu 30
Chng t vn ti do ngi giao nhn pht hnh
Tr khi c s y quyn khc qui nh trong tn dng cc ngn hng s ch chp nhn mt
chng t vn ti do ngi giao nhn pht hnh, nu nh trn b mt ca chng t ghi
r:
i.
Tn ca ngi giao nhn vi t cch l ngi chuyn ch hoc l ngi vn ti lin
hp v c k hoc c chng thc bng cch khc ca ngi giao nhn vi t
cch l ngi chuyn ch hoc l ngi vn ti lin hp, hoc
ii.
Tn ca ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi vn ti lin hp v c k hoc c
chng thc bng cch khc ca ngi giao nhn vi t cch mt hng i l ch danh
hot ng cho hoc nhn danh ngi chuyn ch hoc ngi vn ti lin hp.
iu 31
"Trn boong", "Ngi gi hng bc v m", Tn ca ngi gi hng
Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti m:
i.
Trong trng hp chuyn ch bng ng bin hoc bng nhiu phng tin vn ti,
trong c chuyn ch bng ng bin, khng ghi l hng ha c xp hoc s d'
xp trn boong.
Tuy nhin, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti c ghi iu khon ni rng hng
ha c th chuyn ch trn boong, min l chng t khng ghi c th l hng ha c
hoc s c xp trn boong, v/hoc
ii.
C ghi mt trc iu khon nh "m v xp hng ca ngi gi hng" hoc
"ngi gi hng khai gm c" hoc nhng ni dung tng t, v/hoc
iii.
C ghi rng ngi gi hng l mt ngi khc khng phi l ngi hng li tn
dng.
iu 32
Cc chng t vn ti hon ho
a. Chng t vn ti ho n ho l mt chng t khng c iu khon hoc ghi ch ni r rng
tnh trng c khuyt tt ca hng ha v/hoc ca bao b.
135

b. Cc ngn hng s khng chp nhn cc chng t vn ti c ghi cc iu khon hoc ghi
ch nh vy, tr khi tn dng qui nh r nhng iu khon v ghi ch no c th c
chp nhn.
c. Nu mt chng t vn ti p ng cc yu cu ca iu khon ny v ca cc iu 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28 v 30 th cc chng t s c cc ngn hng coi l ph hp vi cc yu
cu ca mt tn dng i hi chng t vn ti phi c iu ghi ch "hon ho bc
hng".
iu 33
Cc chng t vn ti cc ph s tr/tr trc
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, hoc tr khi c s mu thun vi bt c chng
t no c xut trnh theo tn dng, cc ngn h ng s chp nhn nhng chng t vn ti
c ghi l cc hoc cc ph vn ti (di y gi chung l cc ph) cha c tr.
b. Nu mt tn dng qui nh rng chng t vn ti phi ghi r l cc ph c tr hoc
c tr trc, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt chng t vn ti trn ch ghi r
rng l cc ph c tr hoc c tr trc bng cch ng du hoc bng cch
khc trn chng t vic tr hoc tr tr c cc ph c th hin bng cch khc. Nu
tn dng qui nh chi ph b u in phi c thanh ton hoc thanh ton tr c, cc ngn
hng cng s chp nhn chng t vn ti do b u in hoc cng ty dch v giao hng pht
hnh trn ghi rng vic thanh ton ph ny tnh vo ngi gi hng.
c. Nhng t "cc ph c th tr tr c" hoc "cc ph phi tr tr c" hoc nhng ni dung
tng t, nu c ghi trn chng t vn ti s khng c chp nhn l bng chng ca
vic thanh ton cc ph.
d. Cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc chng t vn ti c dn chiu n bng cch ng du
hoc cc chc khc cc ph ph thm vo cc ph nh: cc chi ph hoc cc khon chi tr
lin quan n bc d hng hoc n cc nghip v tng t, tr khi cc iu kin ca tn
dng r rng cm vic dn chiu ny.
iu 34
Cc chng t bo him
a. Cc chng t bo him phi do cng ty bo him hoc ng i bo him hoc i l ca h
pht hnh v k.
b. Nu chng t bo him ch r rng n c pht hnh nhiu bn chnh, th tt c cc bn
chnh phi c xut trnh, tr khi c s qui nh ngc li trong tn dng.
c. Cc phiu bo him tm thi do ngi mi gii bo him cp s khng c chp nhn
tr khi c s cho php c th trong tn dng.
d. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt giy chng
nhn bo him hoc t khai bo him bao do cng ty bo him hoc ng i bo him hoc
i l ca h k trc. Nu tn dng yu cu giy chng nhn bo him hoc t khai
bo him bao, cc ngn hng s chp nhn mt n bo him thay th cho cc chng t
.
e. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng hoc tr khi cc chng t bo him qui nh
rng bo him c hiu lc chm nht k t ngy bc hng rng bo him c hiu lc chm
nht k t ngy bc hng ln tu hoc t ngy gi hng hoc t ngy nhn hng gi,
cc ngn hng s t chi mt chng t bo him tr n ghi ngy pht hnh sau ngy b c
hng ln tu hoc gi hng hoc nhn hng gi nh ghi trn chng t vn ti.
f.
i.
Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, loi tin ghi trn chng t bo him phi l
loi tin ghi trn tn dng.

136

ii.

Tr khi c qui nh khc trong tn dng, s tin ti thiu ghi trn chng t bo him
phi theo gi CIF (gi hng, ph b o him, cc ph cng n qui nh) hoc gi CIP
(cc ph v bo him tr ti ni hng n qui nh) ca hng ha, ty tng trng
hp, cng vi 10%, nh ng ch khi no gi CIF ho c CIP c th nh r trn chng t.
Ngc li, cc ngn hng s chp nhn s tin ln hn gia 110% ca s tin phi tr,
chp nhn hoc chit khu vi 110% ca tng s tin ha n thng mi coi nh l
s tin ti thiu .

iu 35
Loi bo him
a. Cc tn dng u phi qui nh loi bo him phi mua v nu cn gm c nhng ri ro
ph phi mua bo him. KHng nn dng cc t khng r rng nh "ri ro thng thng"
hoc "ri ro tp qun". Nu nhng t y c dng th cc ngn hng s chp nhn cc
chng t bo him nh xut trnh m khng chu trch nhim v bt c ri ro n o khng
c bo him.
b. Nu trong tn dng khng c nhng ch th c th, cc ngn h ng s chp nhn cc c hng
t nh xut trnh m khng chu trch nhim v bt k ri ro no khng c bo
him.
c. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng s chp nhn chng t bo
him ghi r bo him c mc min bi thng c tr hoc mc min bi thng khng
c tr.
iu 36
Bo him mi ri ro
Trong trng hp tn dng qui nh "bo him mi ri ro", cc ngn hng s chp nhn chng
t bo him c bt k ghi ch hoc iu khon "mi ri ro" d c hay khng c ghi tiu
"mi ri ro" ngay c khi c ghi l mt s ri ro n o khng c bo him m khng ch u
trch nhim v bt k ri ro no khng c bo him.
iu 37
Ha n thng mi
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ha n thng mi:
i.
Phi th hin trn b mt ca chng l c pht hnh bi ngi hng li c ghi
r trong tn dng (tr trng hp c qui nh trong iu 48), v
ii.
Phi c lp ra ng tn ngi xin m tn dng (tr iu 48 mc b), v
iii.
Khng cn thit phi k
b. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc ngn hng c th t chi cc ha n
thng mi ghi s tin vt qu s tin ghi trong tn dng cho php. Tuy nhi n, nyu mt
ngn hng c php tr tin, cam kt tr tin sau, chp nhn hi phiu hoc chit khu
theo mt tn dng ang chp nhn ha n , th quyt nh ca ngn hng ny s rng
buc tt c cc bn, min l ngn hng ny khng tr tin, khng cam kt tr tin sau,
khng chp nhn cc hi phiu hay chit khu vi s tin vt qu s tin tn dng cho
php.
c. M t hng ha trong ha n thng mi phi ph hp vi m t hng ha trong tn
dng. Trong tt c cc chng t khc, h ng ha c th c m t mt cch chung chung
khng mu thun vi m t hng ha trong tn dng.
iu 38
Cc chng t khc

137

Nu mt tn dng yu cu phi c s nhn thc hoc chng nhn trng lng trong trng
hp khng pah l chuyn ch bng ng bin, th cc ngn hng s chp nhn con du trng
lng hoc li khai trng lng m ngi chuyn ch hay i l ca ngi ny ghi ln chng
t vn ti, tr khi tn dng qui nh r rng l vic nhn thc hoc s chng nhn trng l ng
phi c lp bng mt chng t ring bit.
E. CC IU QUI NH KHC
iu 39
Dung sai s tin, s lng v n gi trong tn dng
a. Nhng t "vo khong", "c chng", " chng" hoc nhng t tng t c dng
ni v s tin ca tn dng hoc s l ng hoc n gi ghi trong tn dng phi c hiu
l cho php mt s x dch hn km khng qu 10% so vi s tin hoc s lng hoc
n gi m nhng t y ni n.
b. Tr khi mt tn dng qui nh khng c giao hng nhiu hn hay t h n s lng hng
qui nh, th mt dung sai 5% hn hoc km c th chp nhn c, min l lc no s
tin ca cc ln thanh ton khng vt qu s tin ca tn dng. Dung sai ny khng p
dng khi tn dng qui nh s lng tnh bng mt s n v bao kin hoc mt s n v
chic.
c. Tr khi mt tn dng cm giao hng tng phn c qui nh ngc li hoc tr khi iu ph
"b" trn c p dng th cho php m t dung sai 5% gim bt ca s tin thanh ton s
c p dng, min l nu tn dng qui nh s lng hng ha phi c giao v nu
tn dng qui nh mt n gi th gi khng c chit gi. iu khon ny khng p
dng cc t nu trong iu ph "a" trn c s dng trong tn dng.
iu 40
Tr tin/giao hng tng phn
a. Tr khi tn dng qui nh ngc li, thanh ton v giao hng tng phn c php p
dng.
b. Cc chng t vn ti ghi r hng ha c chuyn ch trn cng nhiu phng tin vn
ti v cng chung mt hnh trnh chuyn ch min l c cng mt ni hng n khng
c coi l giao hng khc nhau v/hoc cc cng bc hng, cc ni giao nhn hng
gi hoc cc ni gi hng khc nhau.
c. Nhng vic gi hng bng bu in hoc bng ng th s khng c coi l giao hng
tng phn, nu bin lai bu in hoc bin lai ca ngi chuyn ch, giy nhn gi bu
in hoc giy gi hng c ng du hoc c k hoc c xc nhn bng cch
khc cngf mt ngy ti ni m tn dng qui nh hng ha phi c gi i t .
iu 41
Tr tin/giao hng nhiu ln
Nu tn dng qui nh thanh ton v/hoc gi hng lm nhiu ln trong nhng thi k nht
nh m mt ln no khng thanh ton v/hoc khng gi hng trong thi k dnh cho ln
th tn dng khng cn c gi tr i vi cc ln tip theo, tr khi tn dng qui nh khc.
iu 42
Ngy ht hn v ni xut trnh cc chng t
a. Tt c cc tn dng phi qui nh ngy ht hn v ni xut trnh chng t thanh ton,
chp nhn hoc qui nh ni xut trnh chng t chit khu, tr trng hp tn dng
c chit khu t do. Ngy ht hn thanh ton, chp nhn hoc chit khu c hiu l
ngy ht hn xut trnh chng t.

138

b. Tr trng hp c qui nh trong iu 44-a, chng t phi c xut trnh trong hoc
trc ngy ht hn hiu lc tn dng .
c. Nu ngn hng pht hnh qui nh tn dng coa hiu lc trong "mt thng" hoc "su
thng" ... nhng khng qui nh tnh t ngy no, th ngy pht hnh tn dng s c xem
nh ngy bt u tnh thi hn hiu lc . Cc ngn hng nn ngn chn cch qui nh
thi hn hiu lc nh vy.
iu 43
Gia hn v ngy ht hn
a. Nu ngy ht hiu lc ca tn dng v /hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut tr nh chng
t qui nh trong tn dng hoc c xc nh r rng tnh t ngy giao hng m trong
thi hn chng t vn ti phi c xut trnh ph hp vi cc iu kin ca tn dng.
Nu khng qui nh mt thi hn nh vy, cc ngn hng s t chi cc chng t c
xut trnh cho ngn hng sau 21 ngy k t ngy giao hng. Trong b t c trng hp no,
cc chng t khng th c xut trnh sau ngy ht hn hiu lc ca tn dng.
b. Trong trng hp p dng iu 40-b, ngy giao hng s c coi l ngy gi hng chm
nht ghi trn bt c chng t vn ti no c xut trnh.
iu 44
Gia hn ca ngy ht hn
a. Nu ngy ht hn hiu lc ca tn dng v/hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut trnh
chng t qui nh trong tn dng hoc c xc nh trong iu 43 trng vo ngy m m
vo ngy ngn hng ngh vic v l do khng phi l l do ni iu 17, th ngy ht
hn hiu lc c qui nh v/hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut trnh chng t k
t ngy giao hng ty trng hp, s c gia hn cho n ngy lm vic u tin tip sau
.
b. Ngy giao hng chm nht s khng c gia hn bi l do gia hn ngy ht hn hiu lc
v/hoc ngy cui cng ca thi hn xut trnh chng t tnh t ngy giao hng qui nh
iu ph (a) trn. Nu ngy giao hng chm nht khng qui nh trong tn dng hoc
trong cc sa i tn dng th cc ngn hng s t chi cc chng t vn ti trn ghi
ngy giao hng sau ngy ht hn hiu lc ca tn dng qui nh trong tn dng hoc trong
sa i tn dng.
c. Ngn hng m chng t c xut trnh vo ngy lm vic u tin sau ngy ngh vic
nh vy phi ghi vo chng t li xc nhn l cc chng t c xut trnh trong thi
hn gia hn theo iu 44 (a) ca bn UCP sa i 1993, ICC xut bn s 500.
iu 45
Gi xut trnh
Cc ngn hng khng c ngha v phi nhn cc chng t ngoi gi lm vic ca mnh
iu 46
Cc t chung v cc ngy giao hng
a. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, cc t "gi hng" c dng ch ngy gi
hng sm nht v/hoc ngy gi hng chm nht s c hiu l bao gm cc t nh "bc
hng ln tu", "gi hng", "nhn hng gi", "ngy bin lai b u in", "ngy nhn hng
gi bu in" v cng gii thch nh vy trong trng hp tn dng yu cu cc chng t
vn ti lin hp v t "nhn hng gi i".
b. Cc t "nhanh", "ngay lp tc", "cng sm cng tt" v nhng t tng t s khng c
s dng. Nu s dng, cc ngn hng s khng xem xt n.

139

c. Nu t "vo ngy hoc vo khong ngy" v nhng t tng t c s dng, th cc

ngn hng s gii thch chng l vic giao hng phi c thc hin trong thi gian 5
ngy trc n 5 ngy sau ngy qui nh phi giao hng bao gm c ngy u v ngy
cui.
iu 47
Cc t v ngy dng cho thi hn giao hng
a. Nhng t "n ngy", "cho n ngy", "t ngy" v nhng t tng t c dng ni
v bt c ngy hoc thi hn no qui nh trong tn dng ni v ngy giao hng s
c hiu l bao gm c ngy .
b. T "sau ngy" s c hiu l khng tnh ngy .
c. Nhng t "na u", "na cui" ca mt thng s c hiu tng ng l k t ngy 1
n ngy 15 v tq ngy 16 n ngy cui ca thng , bao gm c ngy .
d. Nhng t "u", "gia" hoc "cui" mt thng s c hiu tng ng l t ngy 1 n
ngy 10, t 11 n 20 v t ngy 21 n ngy cui ca mt thng.
F. TN DNG CHUYN NHNG
iu 48
Tn dng chuyn nhng
a. Mt tn dng chuyn nhng l mt tn dng m ngi hng li (ngi hng li u
tin) c th yu cu ngn hng thc hin vic tr tin, cam kt tr sau, chp nhn hay chit
khu (ngn hng chuyn nhng) hoc trong trng hp tn dng chuyn nhng t do,
ngn hng c y quyn trong tn dng l ngn hng chuyn nhng, chuyn nhng
ton b hay mt phn s tin cho mt hay nhiu ngi hng li khc (cc ngi hng
li th hai).
b. Mt tn dng ch c th c chuyn nhng khi no ngn hng pht hnh ch r l "c
th chuyn nhng c". Nhng t nh "c th chia nh", "c th chia nhiu phn", "c
th chuyn nhng" v "c th chuyn" khng th lm cho tn dng c th chuyn nhng
c. Nu nhng t c s dng, ngn hng s khng xem xt n.
c. Ngn hng chuyn nhng s khng c ngha v tin hnh vic chuyn nhng , tr
khi ngn hng ny ng mc v phng thc chuyn nhng.
d. Trong thi gian yu cu chuyn nhng v trc khi chuyn nhng tn dng, ngi
hng li th nht phi ch th cho ngn h ng chuyn nhng c hay khng c quyn bo
lu t chi vic cho php ngn hng chuyn nhng thng bo cc sa i chuyn
nhng cho cc ngi hng li th hai. Nu ngn hng chuyn nhng ng chuyn
nhng theo iu kin nh th, khi chuyn nhng n phi thng bo cho cc ngi
hng li th hai ch th ca ngi hng li th nht v cc sa i lnh chuyn nhng.
e. Nu mt tn dng c chuyn nhng cho nhiu ngi hng li th hai, vic t chi
sa i chuyn nhng ca mt hay nhiu ngi hng li th hai khng c gi tr chp
nhn vi nhng ngi hng li th hai khc. i vi ngi hng li th hai m t
chi sa i th tn dng vn gi nguyn, khng sa i.
f. Ph ngn hng chuyn nhng v vic chuyn nhng tn dng bao gm hoa hng, l ph
hoc cc chi ph s do ngi hng li th nht thanh ton , tr khi c s tha thun khc.
Nu ngn hng chuyn nhng tha thun chuyn nh ng tn dng, n s khng c ngha
v thc hin vic chuyn nhng, chng no cc chi ph cha c thanh ton.
g. Tr khi c s qui nh khc trong tn dng, mt tn dng ch uyn nhng ch c th c
chuyn nhng mt ln. V vy, tn dng khng th c chuyn nhng theo yu cu
ca ngi hng li th hai cho bt k ngi hng li th ba no. thc hin dikhi
ny, cho php ti chuyn nhng cho ngi hng li th nht.
140

Nhng phn ca mt tn dng chuyn nhng (khng c vt qu tng s tin ca tn

dng) c th c chuyn nhng ring r, min l khng ngn cm vic giao hng v/hoc
thanh ton tng phn v tng s cc ln chuyn nhng nh th s c coi nh l mt ln
chuyn nhng tn dng.
h. Tn dng ch c th c chuyn nhng theo cc iu kin qui nh trong tn dng gc,
ngoi tr:
- S tin ca tn dng
- n gi ghi trong tn dng
- Thi hn hiu lc
- Ngy chm nht phi xut trnh chng t theo qui nh ca iu 43
- Thi hn gi hng
Tt c hoc bt c cc ngoi tr n u trn c th gim bt i. T l phi c bo him c th
tng ln t ti s tin bo him qui nh trong tn dng gc hoc trong cc iu khon
ny. Ngai ra, tn ca ngi hng li th nht c th thay th cho ngi yu cu m tn
dng, nhng nu tn dng gc i hi tn ca ngi yu cu m tn dng phi c ghi trn
bt c chng t no, tr ha n, th yu cu phi c thc hin.
i. Ngi hng li th nht c quyn thay cc ha n v cc hi phiu ca mnh cho cc ha
n v cc hi phiu ca ngi hng li th hai vi s tin khng c vt qu s tin gc
qui nh trong tn dng v vi n gi gc nu c ghi trong tn dng v khi thay ha n
(v hi phiu) nh vy, ngi hng li th nht c th thanh ton phn ch nh lch, nu c,
gia s tin trong ha n ca mnh vi s tin trong ha n ca ngi hng li th hai.
Khi mt tn dng c chuyn nhng v ngi hng li th nht phi cung cp ha n
(v hi phiu) ca ngi hng li th hai, nh ng khng lm nh vy ngay khi c yu cu
ln u, th ngn hng chuyn nhng c quyn giao cho ngn hng pht hnh cc chng t
nhn c theo tn dng gm c ha n (v hi phiu) ca ngi hng li th hai m
khng chu trch nhim g na i vi ngi hng li th hai.
i. Ngi hng li th nht c th y u cu thanh ton hoc chit khu cho cc ng i hng
li th hai ti ni m tn dng c chuyn nhng n cho n ht hn hiu lc ca tn
dng, tr khi tn dng gc qui nh rng khng c php thanh ton hay chit khu ti
ni khc hn l ni m tn dng qui nh. iu ny khng lm phng hi ti quyn
ca ngi hng li th nht thy th ha n (v hi phiu) ca mnh cho ha n v hi
phiu ca ngi hng li th hai v i tr mi khon chnh lch m mnh c hng.
G. NHNG TIN THU C
iu 49
Chuyn nhng tin thu c
Vic mt tn dng khng c ghi l c th chuyn nhng khng nh hng n quyn ca
ngi hng li c chuyn nhng mi khon tin m mnh thu c hay c th nhn
c theo nh tn dng cn c vo nhng qui nh ca lut p dng. iu khon ny ch
lin quan ti vic chuyn nhng s tin thu c ch khng lin quan ti vic chuyn
nhng quyn thc hin bn thn tn dng.

141

Chng 5
Cc iu kin thanh ton quc t
(10 tit)
Mc tiu ca chng
Cung cp cho ngi hc nhngkin thc c bn v cc iu kin thanh ton quc t
bao gm iu kin v tin t, iu kin a im thanh ton, kk thI gian thanh ton v iu
kin v phng thc thanh ton. Trong ch ng ny c bit lu v Nhng iu kin thng
mI quc t (Incoterms 2000) v mt s tnh hung vn dng vn bn php l ny.
Trong quan h thanh ton quc t gia cc nc, cc vn c lin quan n quyn
li v ngha v m i bn phi ra gii quyt v thc hin c quy nh li thnh
nhng iu kin gi l iu kin thanh ton quc t.
Cc iu kin l:
- iu kin v tin t
- iu kin v a im
- iu kin v thi gian
- iu kin v phng thc thanh ton
Nghip v thanh ton quc t l s vn dng tng hp cc iu kin thanh ton quc
t. Nhng iu kin na c th hin ra trong cc iu khon thanh ton ca cc hip nh
thng mi, cc hip nh tr tin k kt gia cc nc, ca cc hp ng mua bn ngoi
thng k kt gia ngi mua v ngi bn.
Chng ta phi nghin cu k cc iu kin thanh ton quc t c th vn dng
chng mt cch tt nht trong vic k kt v thc hin cc hp ng mua bn ngoi thng
nhm phc tng cc yu cu chnh sch kinh t i ngoi v t c cc yu cu c th sau
y:
Khi xut khu:
- Bo m chc chn thu c ng, , kp thi tin hng, thu v cng nhanh cng tt
- Bo m gi vng gi tr thc t ca s thu nhp ngoi t khi c nhng bin ng ca tin t
xy ra
- Gp phn y mnh xut khu, cng c v m rng th trng v pht trin thm th trng
mi.
Khi nhp khu:
- Bo m chc chn nhp khu c hng ng s lng v cht lng, ng thi hn
- Trong cc iu kin khc khng thay i th tr tin cng chm cng tt
- Gp phn lm cho vic nhp khu theo ng yu cu pht trin ca nn kinh t quc dn
mt cch thun li.
5.1. iu kin tin t
Trong thanh ton quc t, cc b n phi s dng n v tin t nht nh ca mt n c
no , v vy trong hp ng v cc hip nh u c quy nh iu kin tin t.
iu kin tin t l ch vic s dng loi tin t no tnh ton v thanh ton trong
cc hp ng v hip nh k kt gia cc nc, ng thi quy nh cch x l khi gi tr
ng tin bin ng.
142

5.1.1. Phn loi tin t trong thanh ton quc t

Theo Trm Th Xun Hng (2006), hin nay cc nc trn th gii khng p dng
mt ch tin t thng nht, k t nm 1971 khi ch bn v dollar sp , khng c ng
tin "chun" nh trc y. Tu theo tho thun gia cc nc m s dng ng tin no l
ph hp nh ng USD, EUR, GBP, JPY v.v.
Hu ht cc nc hin nay s dng tin giy khng chuyn i ra vng, gi tr ng
tin ca mi nc bin ng theo cung cu ngoi t trn th trng.
phn loi tin t c th c nhiu cch nh cn c vo phm vi s dng ng tin,
cn c vo tnh cht chuyn i ca tin t, cn c v o v tr v vai tr c a ng tin, cn c
vo hnh thc tn ti ca tin t hoc mc ch s dng ca tin t.
Trc ht, cn c vo phm vi s dng tin t chia lm 3 loi sau y:
Tin t th gii (world currency) l vng. Hin nay cha c mt vt no khc c th
thay th c vng trong thc hin chc nng tin t th gii
Tin t quc t (international currency) l cc ng tin hip nh thuc khi kinh t
v ti chnh quc t nh SDR, EUR v.v.
Tin t quc gia (national currency) l tin t ca tng nc nh USD, GBP, VND
v.v..
Cn c vo tnh cht chuyn i, tin t chia lm 3 loi sau:
Tin t t do chuyn i (free convertible currency) l nhng ng tin quc gia c th
c chuyn i t do ra cc ng tin khc. C 2 loi tin t t do chuyn i l t do
chuyn i ton b v t do chuyn i tng phn.
ng tin chuyn i t do tng phn l ng tin m vic chuyn i ca n ph
thuc vo mt trong 3 iu kin: Ch th chuyn i, mc chuyn i hoc ngun thu
nhp tin t t u ra.
Tin t chuyn nhng (transferable currency) l tin t c quyn chuyn nhng t
ngi ny qua ngi khc qua h thng ti khon m ti ngn hng.
Tin t ghi trn ti khon (clearing currency) l tin t ghi trn ti khon v khng
c chuyn dch sang mt ti khon khc.
Cn c vo hnh thc tn ti, tin t chia lm 2 loi sau:
Tin mt (cash) l tin giy ca tng quc gia ring bit. T trng tin mt trong thanh
ton quc t khng ng k
Tin tn dng (credit currency) l tin ti khon, tin ghi s. Hnh thc tn ti ca tin
tn dng l cc phng tin thanh ton quc t nh hi phiu, sc, v.v.. Tin tn dng chim t
trng rt ln trong thanh ton quc t.
Cn c vo v tr v vai tr ca tin t, tin t chia thnh ngoi t mnh v ngoi t
yu.
Ngoi t mnh l tin t c nng lc trao i cao, c th i ly bt c loi hng ho,
dch v no, bt c th trng no trn th gii. V d ng tin ca cc n c pht trin nh
gn USD ca M, ng GBP ca Anh, ng EUR ca khi Cng ng chung Chu u v.v.
Ngoi t yu l ng tin quc gia m n khng c gi tr g khi mang ra khI nc
v hu nh khng c n c no chp nhn s dng ng tin n y trong thanh ton qu c t. V
d nh ng tin ca cc nc km pht trin.
Cn c vo mc ch s dng, tin t trong thanh ton chia lm 2 loi sau:
Tin t tnh ton (account currency) l tin t c dng th hin gi tr hp ng
Tin t thanh ton (payment currency) l tin t c dng thanh ton n nn,
thanh ton trong hp ng mua bn ngoi thng.
Vic s dng ng tin no trong thanh ton cc hp ng mua bn ngoi th ng ni
chung ph thuc vo cc yu t nh s so snh lc lng ca hai bn mua v bn, v tr ca
ng tin trn th trng quc t, tp qun s dng ng tin thanh ton tr n th gii, ng
tin thanh ton thng nht trong cc khu vc kinh t trn th gii.
143

5.1.2. iu kin m bo hi oi
Tin t ca cc nc thng xuyn bin ng, v vy mun m bo cc khon thu
nhp cho b n xut khu cng nh cc kho n chi ra ca b n nhp khu, do trong hp ng
cn phi tha thun cc iu kin m bo hi oi nh bo m vng, m bo ngoi t, m
bo r tin t.
iu kin bo m vng
iu kin m bo vng n gin nht l gi c hng ha v tng gi tr hp ng
c trc tip quy nh bng mt s lng vng nht nh. V d: Tng gi tr ca hp ng
1000 tn ng c quy bng 65 kg vng nguyn cht. Trong thc t mu dch quc t
ngi ta khng s dng hnh thc ny, v ngy nay ngi ta dng ngoi t hch ton gi c
v dng cc phng tin thanh ton quc t thanh ton b tr ch khng dng vng.
Hnh thc thng dng ca iu kin bo m vng l gi c hng ha v tng gi tr
hp ng mua bn c quy nh bng mt ng tin no v xc nh gi tr vng ca
ng tin ny. Nu gi tr vng ca ng tin ny thay i th gi c ca hng ha v tng gi
tr hp ng mua bn phi c iu chnh li mt cch tng ng. Gi tr vng ca tin t
c biu hin qua hm lng vng v gi vng trn th trng, v vy c 2 cch m bo
khc nhau.
Theo cch th nht, gi c hng ha v t ng gi tr hp ng u dng mt ng tin
tnh ton v thanh ton, ng thi quy nh h m lng vng ca ng tin , khi tr tin,
nu hm lng vng ca ng tin thay i th gi c hng ha v tng gi tr hp ng
cng c iu chnh mt cch tng ng. Cch bo m ny ch c th p dng i vi
nhng ng tin cng b hm lng vng v ch c tc dng trong tr ng hp chnh ph
cng b chnh thc nh st h m lng vng ca ng tin xung. Trong iu kin hin nay,
cch bo m ny t c dng v tin t khng c t do chuyn i ra v ng, do gi tr
thc t ca ng tin khng phi hon ton do hm l ng vng quyt nh, hn na mc
nh st hm lng vng ca chnh ph thng khng phn nh ng mc st gi ca
ng tin.
Theo cch th hai, gi c hng ha v tng gi tr hp ng mua bn u dng mt
ng tin tnh ton v thanh ton, ng thi quy nh gi vng lc trn th trng nht
nh lm c s m bo. Khi thanh ton, nu gi v ng trn th trng thay i n mt t
l nht nh hoc vi bt k mt t l no so v i gi vng lc k kt, th gi c hng ha v
tng gi tr hp ng mua bn cng c iu chnh mt cch tng ng.
iu kin m bo ngoi hi
iu kin m bo ngoi hi l la chn mt ng tin tng i n nh, xc nh
mi quan h t gi vi ng tin thanh ton m bo gi tr ca tin t thanh ton. iu
kin m bo ngoi hi c 2 cch quy nh.
Cch th nht l trong hp ng quy nh ng tin tin tnh ton v ng tin thanh
ton l mt loi tin, ng thi xc nh t gi gia ng tin vi mt ng tin khc. n
khi thanh ton, n u t gi thay i th gi c hng ha v tng gi tr hp ng phi c
iu chnh mt cch tng ng.
Cch th hai l trong hp ng quy nh ng tin tnh ton l mt ng tin v thanh
ton bng ng tin khc. Khi tr tin cn c v o t gi gia ng tin tnh ton v ng tin
thanh ton tnh ra s tin phi tr l bao nhiu.
Trong hai cch m bo ny, cn ch ti vn t gi lc thanh ton cn c vo t
gi no. Thng l ly t gi trung bnh gia t gi cao v t gi thp vo ngy hm trc
hm tr tin. Trong trng hp 2 ng tin cng st gi mt mc nh nhau th iu kin
m bo ngoi hi ny mt tc dng.
144

iu kin m bo theo r tin t

Do iu kin ngy nay hm lng vng ca tin t khng cn ngha thit thc i
vi vic xc nh t gi hi oi, h thng t gi c nh di mi hnh thc b tan v, t
gi hi oi trn th trng th gii b bin ng d di v th ni t do, sc mua ca tin t
nhiu nc gim st nghim trng nn vic p dng cc iu kin m bo hi oi ni tr n
khng cn c ngh a. khc phc t nh hnh trn, ngi ta phi da v o nhiu ngoi t ca
nhiu nc m bo gi tr thc t ca cc khon thu nhp bng ngoi t trn hp ng.
cch m bo gi l m bo theo r ngoi t c chn.
Khi p dng iu kin m bo n y, cc bn ph i thng nht la chn s l ng ngoi
t a vo r v cch ly t gi hi oi ca cc ngoi t so vi ng tin c m bo
vo lc k kt hp ng v lc thanh ton, iu chnh tng gi tr ca hp ng .
m bo hi oi theo r tin t c th c thc hin bng hai cch:
Cch th nht l tng gi tr hp ng c iu chnh cn c vo mc bnh qun t
l bin ng ca t gi hi oi c r tin t.
Mt cch tng qut, chng hn chng ta la chn n ng tin k hiu ln l t l A, B,
C, D n N a vo r tin t, t gi so vi mt ng tin tng i n nh, chng hn
nh so vi ng USD, vo hai thi im l thi im k hp ng t 0 v thi im thanh ton
t1 tng ng ln lt l A 0 v A1, B0 v B 1, C0 v C1, D 0 v D 1 .. N 0 v N 1. Chng ta thit lp
bng sau phn tch.
Tn ngoi t
A
B
C
D

N
C r

T gi USD
Ngy k hp ng t0 Ngy thanh ton t1
A0
A1
B0
B1
C0
C1
D0
D1
N0
T0

N1
T1

T l bin ng Dt
USD (%)
DA
DB
DC
DD
DN
DT

Cc k hiu tng ng nh sau:

Bin ng t gi cc ng tin trong r:
DA = [(A1 - A0)/A0]*100
DB = [(B1 - B0)/B0]*100
DC = [(C1 - C0)/C0]*100
DD = [(D1 - D0)/D0]*100
DN = [(N1 - N0)/N0]*100
Mc bnh qun t l bin ng ca t gi c r tin t l:
DT = (DA + DB + DC + DD + + DN)/n
Nh vy, v l thuyt c th c 3 tnh hung xy ra:
Nu DT > 0, cn iu chnh gi tr hp ng tng ln theo t l phn trm tng ng,
nu DT < 0, cn iu chnh gi tr hp ng tng ln theo t l phn trm tng ng,
nu DT = 0, mt cch trung b nh t gi ca cc ng tin trong r tin t khng c s
thay i no vo thi im thanh ton so vi thi im k kt hp ng, do vy khng cn
iu chnh gi t hp ng. Hay ni cch khc, vi cc ng tin la chn a vo r tin t
bin ng t gi ca cc ng tin trong r trit tiu ln nhau do c mt s ng tin t gi
tng ln, mt s ng tin khc t gi li gim xung v tc ng tng hp ca tt c cc
ng tin ny l bng khng.

145

Chng ta xem xt m t v d c th sau y. Chng hn chng ta chn 3 ng tin a

vo r tin t bao gm HKD, JPY v THB, gi tr hp ng l 100,000USD. T gi cc ng
tin ny vo thi im k hp ng t0 v thi im thanh ton t1 nh sau:
Tn ngoi t
HKD
JPY
THB
C r

T gi USD
Ngy k hp ng
Ngy thanh ton
7.7460
7.3771
121.8
129.1
389.2
396.9
172.92
177.79

T l bin ng Dt
USD (%)
-4.8
+6.0
+2.0
+0.8

Mc bnh qun t l bin ng ca t gi hi oi c r tin t trong tr ng hp ny

l +0.8, nh vy tng gi tr hp ng s c iu chnh gim i 0.8 %, tc l tng ng
800USD, c ngha l gi tr hp ng vo lc thanh ton s l 99,200USD.
Cch th hai l tng gi tr hp ng c iu chnh cn c vo t l bin ng ca
bnh qun t gi hi oi ca c r tin t vo lc thanh ton so vi lc k kt hp ng.
Trc ht tnh bnh qun t gi hi oi ca c r tin t vo lc k kt hp ng:
T0 = (A0 + B0 + C0 + D0 + N0)/n
Sau tnh bnh qun t gi hi oi ca c r tin t vo lc thanh ton:
T1 = (A1 + B1 + C1 + D1 + N1)/n
tin t vo lc thanh ton so vi lc k kt hp ng l:
T = 100 - {(T1/T0) x 100}
Nu T > 0, cn iu chnh tng gi tr hp ng theo t l phn trm t ng ng, nu
ngc li cn iu chnh gim gi tr hp ng theo t l phn trm t ng ng, nu t l bin
ng bnh qun t gi hi oi ca c r tin t bng 0, gi tr hp ng khng phI iu
chnh.
Trong trng hp nu trn, chng ta tnh c t l bin ng bnh qun t gi hi
oi ca c r l -2.8%, nh vy cn iu chnh gim gi tr hp ng i 2.8%, hay
2,800USD v gi tr hp ng thanh ton s l 97,200USD.
iu kin m bo cn c vo tin t quc t: SDR, EUR .
Tng gi tr hp ng c tnh ton v thanh ton bng mt ngoi t no , ng
thi chn SDR (hay EUR) lm tin t m bo ng tin ca hp ng. Tng gi tr hp ng
s c iu chnh cn c vo mc chnh lch gia t gi ca SDR (hay EUR) v ng tin
hp ng vo ngy thanh ton so vi ngy k kt hp ng.
V d:
Tng gi tr hp ng l 100,000USD
T gi k kt hp ng SDR/USD = 1.20
T gi thanh ton SDR/USD = 1.8
Tng gi tr hp ng c iu chnh:
(100,000 x 1.8)/1.2 = 150,000USD
iu kin m bo cn c vo s bin ng ca gi c:
iu kin m bo v ng v ngoi hi khng th m bo gi tr thc t ca ng t in
thu v trong t nh hnh t gi v hm lng vng c quy nh mt cch gi to. V vy,
m bo gi tr thc t ca ng tin thanh ton trong hp ng cn c th dng hai cch.

146

Cch th nht, s tin phi tr cn c vo tnh hnh bin ng ca ch s gi c m

thay i mt cch tng ng. Trong ngoi thng t dng cch ny bi v ch s gi c thay
i khng bao gi phn nh y v chnh xc s bin ng tin t.
Cch th hai, s tin phi tr cn c vo tnh hnh bin ng ca gi c hng trn
th trng hay ca gi thnh sn xut loi hng . Trong tnh hnh lm pht tin t thng
xuyn v ph bin cc nc hin nay, iu kin m bo ny ch m bo quyn li ca
ngi xut khu, c bit l trong vic k kt hp ng di hn, nhng khng c li cho
ngi nhp khu.
5.2. iu kin a im thanh ton
Trong thanh ton quc t gia cc nc, bn no cng mun tr tin ti nc mnh,
ly nc mnh lm i im thanh ton v c nhng iu li sau:
(1) C th n ngy tr tin mi phi chi tin ra, ng vn nu l ngi nhp khu
hoc c th thu tin v nhanh chng nn lun chuyn vn nhanh nu l ngi xut khu
(2) Ngn hng nc mnh thu c l ph nghip v
(3) C th to iu kin nng cao c a v ca th trng tin t nc mnh trn th
gii.
Trong thanh ton ngoi thng, a im thanh ton c th nc ngi nhp khu
hoc nc ngi xut khu hoc nc th ba. Nhng trong thc t, vic xc nh a
im thanh ton l do s so snh lc lng gia hai b n quyt nh, ng thi cng thy rng
dng ng tin thanh ton ca nc no th a im thanh ton thng l nc y.
5.3. iu kin phng thc thanh ton
Phng thc thanh ton l iu kin quan trng nht trong cc iu kin thanh ton
quc t. Phng thc thanh ton ch r ngi bn dng cch no thu tin v, ngi mua
dng cch no tr tin. Ngi ta c th c nhiu phng thc thanh ton khc nhau, nhng
vic la chn phng thc no phi xut pht t yu cu ca ngi bn l thu tin nhanh, y
, ng v t yu cu ca ngi mua l nhp hng s lng, cht lng v ng hn.
Phng thc chuyn tin thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau:
(1) Tr tin hng nhp khu vi nc ngoi. Khi s dng phng thc ny cn ch :
Thi im chuyn tin: Thng l sau khi nhn xong hng ha, hoc l sau khi nhn
chng t gi hng
S tin cchuyn da vo: gi tr ca ha n thng mi hoc kt qu ca vic
nhn hng v s lng v cht lng quy ra s tin phi chuyn.
Chuyn tin bng th hay bng in, nu chuyn bng th chm hn chuyn tin bng
in
Khng p dng trong thanh ton hng xut khu vi nc ngoi v d b ngi mua
chim dng vn.
(2) Thanh ton trong lnh vc thng mi v cc chi ph c lin quan n xut nhp
khu
(3) Chuyn vn ra bn ngoi u t hoc chi tiu ph thng mi
(4) Chuyn kiu hi

147

Phng thc ghi s thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau:

(1) Thanh ton ni a
(2) Hai bn mua, bn phi thc s tin cy ln nhau
(3) Dng cho phng thc mua bn hng i hng, nhiu ln, thng xxuyn trong mt
thi gian nht nh (6 thng, 1 nm). Phng thc ny ch c li cho ngi mua
(4) Dng trong thanh ton tin gi bn hng nc ngoi
(5) Dng trong thanh ton phi m u dch nh tin cc ph vn ti, tin ph bo him, tin
hoa hng trong nghip v mi gii, y thc, tin li cho vay v u t.
Phng thc nh thu trn
Phng thc ny thng ch c p dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
(1) Ngi bn v ngi mua tin cy ln nhau hoc l c quan h lin doanh vi nhau gia
cng ty m, cng ty con hoc chi nhnh ca nhau
(2) Thanh ton v cc dch v c lin quan ti xut nhp khu hng ha, v vic thanh
ton ny khng cn thit phi km theo chng t nh tin cc ph vn ti, bo him, pht bi
thng v.v..
Phng thc nh thu km chng t
Phng thc nh thu km chng t tuy c nhiu u im so vi phng thc nh thu
trn, tuy vy n cng c mt s mt yu m chng ta cn ch khi s dng ph ng thc ny
nh vic tr tin chm chp v ngi mua c th ko di hoc khng tr tin khi th trng
khng c li cho h. Do vy
Phng thc tn dng chng t
y l phng thc hin ang c s dng ph bin trong thanh ton quc t, tuy nhin
khi s dng phng thc ny trong giao dch cn nghin cu k cc vn bn php l quc t
c lin quan v khi p dng n cc bn ng s phi tha thun ghi vo L/C ng thi c th
tha thun khc, min l c dn chiu.
5.4. iu kin thi gian thanh ton
iu kin thi gian thanh ton c quan h cht ch ti vic lun chuyn vn, li tc,
kh nng c th trnh c nhng bin ng v tin t thanh ton, do n l vn quan
trng v thng xuyn xy ra tranh chp gia cc bn trong m phn k kt hp ng.
Trong thanh ton quc t, iu kin thi gian thanh ton cc nghip v ngoi thng
phc tp hn c. Thng c ba cch quy nh bao gm thi gian tr tin tr c, thI gian tr
tin ngay v thI gian tr tin sau.
4.4.1 Thi gian tr tin trc
Tr tin trc l sau khi k hp ng hoc sau khi bn xut khu chp nhn n t
hng ca bn nhp khu, nhng trc khi giao hng th bn nhp khu tr cho bn xut
khu ton b hay mt phn s tin hng.
Tr tin trc c th l vi mc ch ca ng i nhp khu cp tn dng ngn hn cho
ngi xut khu. Nhng cng c loi tr tin trc vi mc ch nhm m bo thc hin hp
ng ca ngi nhp khu. Thi gian tr tr c thng c quy nh th ng l mt s ngy
nht nh sau ngy k hp ng hoc sau ng y hp ng c hiu lc. Cn phn tch thi gian
tr trc v thi gian cp tn dng ng tr c ny. Thi gian cp tn dng tnh t ng y bt u
ng trc tin n ngy ngi bn ho n tr tin ng tr c. S tin tr tr c ln hay nh ph
thuc vo nhu cu vay ca ngi bn v kh nng cp tn dng ca ngi mua.

148

Ngi mua c th tr tin trc cho ngi bn X ngy trc ngy giao hng. Ngy
giao hng ny thng c hiu l ngy giao hng chuy n u tin quy nh trong hp ng.
Mc ch ca loi tr trc ny l nhm m bo thc hin hp ng nhp khu. Thi gian tr
tin trc ny thng l rt ngn, c th t 10 n 15 ngy. Ngi bn ch giao hng khi nhn
c bo C s tin ng trc. C th v thng thng l khng tnh li vi s tin ng trc.
Trong trng hp ngi bn khng tin tng vo kh nng thanh ton ca ngi
mua, h cng thng bt ngi mua tr tin ng trc mt s tin nht nh.
5.4.2. Thi gian tr tin sau
Vic ngi mua tr tin c thc hin sau khi giao hng mt thi gian nht nh.
Thc cht, y l tnh hung m ngi bn cp tn dng cho ngi mua.
Vic tr tin ny c th tin hnh mt s ngy nht nh sau khi ngi mua nhn c
thng bo ca ngi bn hon thnh ngha v giao hng ti ni qui nh, c th l sau thi
im nhn b chng t mt thi gian nht nh, c th l sau mt s ngy nht nh k t
ngy chp nhn hi phiu hoc k t ngy nhn hng.
5.4.3. Thi gian tr ngay
Thi gian tr ngay tc l ngi bn tin hnh thanh ton ngay sau khi giao hng. Khi
no l thi im m ngi bn hon thnh ngha v giao hng cho ngi mua tu thuc v o
cch giao hng, hay cn gi l iu kin giao hng m chng ta s tm hiu sau y.
Trn thc t, ngi ta c th phi hp cc cch tr tin tr n y cho ph h p vi tng
hp ng mua bn c th.
5.4.4. Gii thiu v Incoterms 2000
Incoterms l g?
Incoterms 2000 l Nhng iu kin thng mi quc t do Phng thng mi quc t
(ICC) xut bn v c hiu lc k t ngy 01/01/2000 (Nguyn Thnh Ln & T Bnh Minh.
2000). Mc ch ca Incoterms l cung cp mt h thng trn vn cc qui tc quc t gii
thch cc iu kin thng mi thng c s dng rng ri nht trng ngoi thng. Nh
vy c th trnh c s thiu nht qun trong vic gii thch cc iu kin ny cc nc
khc nhau hoc t nht c th gim mt mc ng k.
Incoterms c Phng Thng mi quc t ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1936, lp tc
n c nhiu nh doanh nghip ca nhiu nc tha nhn v p dng v tnh r rng, d
hiu, phn nh c cc tp qun thng mi ph bin trong bun bn quc t. Khi mi
trng v iu kin kinh doanh quc t thay i, Incoterms cng c hon thin v i mi
theo biu hin tnh nng ng v thuc tin. T khi ra i n nay Incoterms tri qua 6 ln
sa i nhm ph hp nhng iu kin ny vi thc tin thng mi quc t hn. Cc ln sa
i c tin hnh nm 1953, 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 v l n gn y nht l vo nm 2000.
vn bn ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1936, Incoterms ch qui nh 7 iu kin thng
mi, n Incoterms 1953 gm 9 iu kin , Incoterms 1967 gm 11 iu kin, Incoterms 1980
gm 13 iu kin, Incoterms 1990 v 2000 u bao gm c 13 iu kin hay cn gi l 13
cch giao hng.
Trong Incoterms 2000, cc iu kin thng mi trnh by ngha v ca ngi bn v
ngi mua theo 10 n hm mt cch i ng trn cng mt trang sch. iu ny cho php thy
mt cch d d ng v r rng m i ngha v p t i vi bn ny s gii phng cho i tc
chnh ngha v .

149

Mt s khuyn co khi s dng Incoterms 2000

Th nht, phm vi p dng ca Incoterms ch gii hn i vi hng ho hu hnh,
khng p dng khi mua bn hng ho v hnh.
Th hai, cc iu kin thng mi ca Incoterms ch cp nhng ngha v ch yu c
lin quan n mua bn hng ho nh: giao nhn hng, ngha v v vn ti hng ho, nhn cc
chng t, th tc xut nhp khu, chuyn ri ro v hng ho. Do vy Incoterms khng th
thay th c cc hp ng thng mi.
Th ba, Do Incoterms khng ch a ng nhng tp qun th ng mi ring r c hiu
mt cch khc nhau, v vy khi s dng Incoterms cc dn nn qui nh r trong hp ng
ngoI thng v chi ph bc d, san, xp h ng, thu tu, a im chuyn ri ro nu mun p
dng khc i so vI qui nh ca Incoterms.
Th t, Incoterms ch l nhng iu kin thng mi c tp hp v nh by mt cch
khoa hc v c h thng, n l mt vn bn mang tnh cht php l tu , khuyn khch cc
doanh nghip p dng ch khng phi l vn bn lut mang tnh cht bt buc, v vy nu hai
bn mua bn ng s dng Incoterms th phi dn chiu r trong hp ng km theo nm
sa i ca bn Incoterms m hai bn dn chiu v cho n nay c 6 ln sa i
Incoterms. Hai bn c quyn thc hin hon ton hoc khng hon ton mt iu kin no
qui nh trong Incoterms, trong trng hp ny hai bn phi ghi r trng hp ng thng mi.
c bit cc bn i tc cn lu , theo tp qun thng mi ring bit p dng trn thc t c
ti 4 gi FOB v 9 gi CIF khc nhau.
Kt cu v ni dung ca Incoterms 2000
Incoterms 2000 gm c 13 iu kin giao hng mu, chia thnh 4 nhm: C, D, E, F.
Trong , nhm E gm 1 iu kin (EXW), nhm F gm 3 iu kin (FCA, FAS, FOB),
nhm C gm 4 iu kin (CFR, CIF, CPT, CIP) v nhm D gm 5 iu kin (DAF, DES,
DEQ, DDU, DDP). Cc iu kin giao hng c sp theo t nhm E n nhm D theo
ngha v ca ngi bn tng dn, ngc li ngha v ca ngi mua gim dn. Nu iu
kin nhm E ngi bn chu ngha v thp nht v ngi mua chu ngha v cao nht th
ngc li iu kin nhm D ng i mua chu ngha v thp nht v ngi bn chu ngha v
cao nht.
Ni dung quan trng nht ca Incoterms 2000 m chng ta cn quan tm l thi im
chuyn ri ro t ngi bn sang ngi mua trnh nhng tranh chp c th pht sinh sau
ny lin quan n hp ng mua bn k.
Sau y chng ti trnh by khi qut 13 cch giao hng theo Incoterms 2000.
Nhm E: gm 1 iu kin
1. EXW (Giao ti xng)
Nhn xt: ngi bn chu chi ph ti thiu, giao h ng ti xng, ti kho ca mnh l ht
ngha v, a im chuyn ri ro t ngi bn sang ngi mua l nc ngi bn, nc xp
hng.
Nhm F: gm 3 iu kin
2. FCA (Giao cho ngi chuyn ch, ti a im qui nh nc xut khu)
3. FAS (Giao dc mn tu, ti cng xp hng qui nh)
4. FOB (Giao ln tu, ti cng xp hng qui nh)
Nhn xt: ngi bn khng tr cc ph vn ti chnh, a im chuyn ri ro t ng i
bn sang ngi mua l nc ngi bn, nc xp hng.
Nhm C: gm 4 iu kin
150

5. CFR (Tin hng v cc ph, cng ch qui nh)

6. CIF (Tin hng, bo him v cc ph, cng ch qui nh)
7. CPT (Cc ph tr ti, ni ch qui nh)
8. CIP (Cc ph v ph bo him tr ti, ni ch qui nh)
Nhn xt: ngi bn phi tr cc ph vn ti chnh, a im chuyn ri ro t ngi
bn sang ngi mua l nc ngi bn, nc xp hng.
Nhm D: gm 5 iu kin
9. DAF (Giao ti bin gii, a im qui nh)
10. DES (Giao ti tu, ti cng ch qui nh)
11. DEQ (Giao ti cu cng, ti cng ch qui nh)
12. DDU (Giao hng cha np thu, ti ni ch qui nh)
13. DDP (Giao hng np thu, ti ni ch qui nh)
Nhn xt: ngi bn chu mi chi ph a hng n a im ch qui nh, a im
chuyn ri ro t ngi bn sang ngi mua l nc ngi mua, nc d hng.
S dng Incoterms Vit Nam
Theo V Thanh Thu & on Th Hng Vn (2002), hin nay khong trn 80% cc
thng v, doanh nghip Vit Nam la chn gi FOB khi xut khu v gi CIF hoc CFR khi
nhp khu. Nguyn nhn l do:
Th nht l cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hiu khng ng v cc qui nh ca Incoterms
v cho rng khi xut khu dng gi FOB s mau chuyn ri ro sang cho ngi mua, nhp
khu theo gi CIF hoc CFR s an ton hn v ngi bn s chu ri ro n tn cng nhp
khu. Trn thc t, chng ta thy i vi c 3 iu kin FOB, CIF hay CFR, a im chuyn
ri ro u l nc ngi xp hng.
Th hai l do am hi u v nghip v thu phng tin vn ti v mua b o him ca cc
doanh nghip Vit Nam cn km, trnh sinh ng cng yu lm nh hng n vic la
chn iu kin giao hng ca cc doanh nghip ny.
Th ba l do vic mua bn ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam th ng thc hin qua trung
gian nc ngoi.
Th t l do th v lc trong kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn yu nh
thiu vn, hng ho xut khu cht lng cha cao v.v.
Vi vic la chn cc iu kin th ng mi nh vy s c nhiu bt li c tm v m
v vi m. i vi nh nc s tht thu ngoi t do xut khu gi thp m nhp khu gi cao,
khng to iu kin gia tng doanh s dch v cho cc hng tu v hng bo him ca Vit
Nam. i vi cc doanh nghip, vic la chn n y lm gim kh nng t cn i ngoi t do
nhp khu chu chi ph nhiu, xut khu thu g i thp, doanh nghip b ng vi phng tin
vn ti, gp kh khn trong vic khiu ni i bi thng nu xy ra tranh chp vi cc h ng
tu v bo him nc ngoi.
Do vy, ci thin tnh hnh bt li ny, cc doanh nghip Vit Nam phi nng cao
trnh nghip v kinh doanh xut nhp khu cng nh trnh sinh ng, hiu ng v cc
iu kin giao hng qui nh trong Incoterms, nng cao th v lc trong kinh doanh gi nh
c quyn ch ng trng la chn iu kin thng mi c li cho m nh. Khi cc doanh
nghip nn chn iu kin nhm C khi xut khu v ngc li cc iu kin nhm F khi nhp
khu, nh vy s bn c vi gi cao v mua vi gi thp hn, ng thi to iu kin gia
tng hot ng cho cc hng tu v hng bo him ca Vit nam.

151

5.5. Tho lun nhm

Ch : Incoterms 2000
5.6. Tm tt chng 5
Chng 5 cp cc vn v iu kin trong thanh ton quc t nhm m bo quyn
li/ngha v ca cc bn tham gia trong thanh ton quc t. Cc iu kin v tin t nhm
gim thiu ri ro khi gi tr cc ng tin s dng trong thanh ton thay i. Cc iu kin v
a im, thi gian v phng thc thanh ton gip cc b n thanh ton nhanh v an ton v i
mc chi ph hp l nht. Chng ny c bit nhn mnh v Incoterms 2000 bi v y l mt
vn bn php l quan trng do Phng Thng mi quc t ban hnh gip cc bn i tc
trong thanh ton d hiu nhau h n. HIn nay n c s dng rt rng ri trn th gii
gii thch cc iu kin thng mi v nh vy trnh c s thiu nht qun trong cch hiu
cc iu kin ny cc nc khc nhau.
5.7. Bi tp chng 5
Bi tp 5.1
c li cc hp ng thng mi trong cc bi tp thuc chng 4 v ch r cc iu
kin thanh ton quc t c cc bn mua v bn bn vn dng nh th no trong cc hp
ng ny v cho bit nhn xt ca mnh.
Bi tp 5.2
Hy phn tch cc tnh hung sau y da trn cc iu kin thng mi theo Incoterms
2000:
1. VN xut khu 10,000 tn go cho Php theo iu kin FOB cng Hi Phng, giao ln
tu, tri ma, mt ca hm tu khng kp ng lm 300 tn go b t. Ai chu ri ro ny?
2. Cng ty ABC ca VN nhp khu mt l h ng ca c, theo iu kin CIF, trn ng vn
chuyn do phi trnh bo nn i vng mt nhiu ngy, cht lng hng gim. Hi Cng ty
ABC c th t chi nhn hng khng?
3. Cng ty dc TTH nhp khu mt l h ng ca M theo iu kin DDU Kho 125 L L i,
Hu , khi lm th tc hi quan Cng Nng th gp trc trc khng thng quan nhp
khu c. Ai l ngi chu ri ro?
5.8. Cu hi n tp chng 5
1. Th no l iu kin thanh ton quc t?
2. Trnh by iu kin tin t trong thanh ton quc t?
3. Trnh by iu kin a im thanh ton v phng thc thanh ton?
4. Trnh by iu kin thi gian thanh ton?
5. Incoterms l g? Trnh by khi qut ni dung ca Incoterms 2000?
6. Khi s dng Incoterms 2000, cn lu nhng im no?
7. Ti sao cc doanh nghip Vit Nam li thng s dng hai iu FOB khi xut khu v iu
kin CIF khi nhp khu? iu n y c li cho cc doanh nghip khng? Ti sao? Cch n o
ci thin tnh hnh ny?

152

5.9. Ti liu c thm (dnh cho sinh vin)

Ph lc 5.1. Incoterms 2000 (Trch lc)
5.10. Ti liu tham kho chng 5
1. Nguyn Thnh Ln, T Bnh Minh. 2000. Nhng iu kin Thng mi Quc t. Incoterms
2000. Song ng Anh - Vit. NXB Khoa hc k thut.
2. V Thanh Thu, on Th Hng Vn. 2002.Incoterms 2000 & hi p v Incoterms. NXB
Thng k.
3. inh Xun Trnh. 1996. Gio trnh Thanh ton quc t trong ngoi thng. NXB Gio dc,
Trng i hc Ngoi thng H Ni.

153

Ph lc chng 5
Ph lc 5.1. Incoterms 2000 - Bn trch lc.
EXW (Giao ti xng)
Ngi bn phi

Ngi mua phi

- Cung cp hng v ha n
thng mi hoc nhng thng ip in
- Tr tin hng nh quy nh trong hp ng
t tng ng, theo ng hp ng
mua bn;
mua bn v cung cp mi bng chng
v vic nu hp ng yu cu;
- Gip ngi mua xin giy
- Chu ri ro v chi ph v vic xin giy php
php xut khu hoc s cho php chnh xut khu v nhp khu hoc s cho php chnh
thc khc, nu c quy nh, bt buc thc khc, nu c quy nh, mi th tc hi quan
phi c i vi vic xut khu hng ho; i vi vic xut khu hng ho;
- khng c ngha v k Hp ng
- khng c ngha v k Hp ng vn ti,
vn ti, hp ng bo him
hp ng bo him
- t hng ho di quyn
nhot ca ngi mua ti a im
giao hng quy nh, cha bc ln
phng tin tip nhn, vo ngy hoc
- Nhn hng khi hng c giao nh quy
trong thi hn quy nh hoc, nu nh
khng c quy nh v thi gian nh vy, nh.
vo thi im thng thng cho vic
giao s hng . Nu khng c quy nh
v im giao hng c th , v nu a
im quy nh c mt s im c th
giao hng , th ngi bn c th chn
im giao hng ph hp nht cho mnh.

- Chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i
vi hng ho
+ T thi im hng c giao nh quy
-- Chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc
nh;
h hi i vi hng ho cho n thi
+ T ngy quy nh hoc ngy cui cng ca
im hng c giao nh quy nh.
thi
hn
quy nh cho vic nhn hng.Trng hp
Tr mi chi ph li n quan t hng
ho cho n thi im hng ho c xy ra khi ngi mua khng thng bo nh quy
nh, tuy nhin vi iu kin l hng ho c
giao
c bit ho r rng l thuc hp ng, tc l c
tch ring ra hoc c xc nh bng cch khc l
hng ho ca hp ng.
Tr:
Tr:mi chi ph lin quan n
-mi chi ph lin quan n hng ho k t
hng ho cho n thi im hng ho
thi
im
hng ho c giao nh quy nh; v
c giao nh quy nh
- mi chi ph pht sinh thm do ngi mua
154

khng nhn hng khi hng ho c t di

quyn nh ot ca ngi mua, hoc do khng
thng bo thchs hp nh quy nh, tuy nhin vi
iu kin l hng ho c c bit ha r rng l
thuc hp ng, ngha l c tch ring ra hoc
c xc nh bng cch khc l hng ca hp
ng.
- nu c quy nh, tt c cc loi thu quan,
thu v l ph khc cng nh cc chi ph lm th
tc hi quan phi np khi xut khu. Phi hon tr
cho ngi bn mi chi ph v l ph m ngi bn
gnh chu khi gip ngi mua.
- Thng bo y cho ngi v thi - trong trng hp ngi mua c quyn quyt nh
hn v a im m hng ho s c trong thi hn quy nh v/hoc a im nhn hng
t di quyn nh ot ca ngi
th phi thng bo y cho ngi bn v cc chi
mua.
tit .
-Khng c ngh v phi cung cp bng
- cung cp cho ngi bn bng chng thch hp v
chng ca vic giao hng, chng t vn
vic chp nhn vic giao hng.
ti hoc thng ip vnti tng ng.
-Tr ph tn cho hot ng kim tra
(kim tra cht lng, o lng, cn
ong, tnh m) bt buc phi c i
vict hng ho di quyn nh ot
ca ngi mua, bng chi ph ca mnh
- tr ph tn cho mi gim nh trc khi gi hng
ng gi hng ho bt buc phi c i
k c vic kim tra c tin hnh theo lnh ca
vi vic vn chuyn hng ho, trong
cc c quan c thm quyn ca nc xut khu.
phm vi cc tnh hung lin quan ti
vic vn chuyn c ngi bn bit
trc khi k hp ng mua bn. B
ng hng phi c ghi k m hiu
ph hp.
Ngha v khc:
- Gip ngi mua theo yu cu ca
ngi mua ly cc chng t hoc
thng ip in t tng ng c
k pht hoc truyn i nc gi hng - tr mi ph tn v l ph pht sinh ly cc
v/hoc nc xut x m ngi mua
chng t hoc thng ip in t tng ng v
cn c xut khu v/hoc nhp khu hon tr cho ngi bn nhng ph tn m ngi bn
hng ho, v nu cn thit , qu cnh chu khi gip ngi mua nh quy nh.
qua nc khc.
- Cung cp cho ngi mua, theo yu
cu ca ngi mua cc thng tin cn
thit mua bo him cho hng ho.

155

FCA (Giao cho ngi chuyn ch)

Ngi bn phi:
Ngi mua phi
- Cung cp hng v ha n thng mi
hoc thng bo in t tng ng
theo quy nh ca hp ng bn hng v - Tr tin hng theo ng cam kt trong hp ng;
bt k bng chng no khc v vic ny
m hp ng i hi;
- Xin giy php nhp khu hoc giy php chnh
- Chu ri ro v ph tn xin giy php
thc khc v lm y cc th tc hi quan cn
xut khu hoc giy php chnh thc
thit cho vic nhp hng v, nu cn thit, hng
khc v hon thnh cc th tc hi quan
qu cnh mt nc th ba, v chu ri ro v ph tn
cn thit cho vic xut khu hng;
v nhng vic ;
- Giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch do
ngi mua ch nh hoc do ngi bn
la chn ti a im c ch nh vo
- Nhn hng theo quy nh;
ngy hoc trong thi hn quy nh cho
vic giao hng, theo cch tha thun
hoc theo cch thng thng ti ni ;
CIF (Tin hng, bo him v cc ph)
Ngi bn phi:
- Cung cp hng v ha n thng mi hoc
thng ip in t tng ng, theo ng
hp ng mua bn v cung cp mi bng
chng v vic nu hp ng yu cu;
- chu ri ro v chi ph xin giy php xut
khu hoc s cho php chnh thc khc v
thc hin, nu c quy nh, mi th tc hi
quan bt buc phi c i vi vic xut khu
hng ho;
- Bng chi ph ca mnh, k hp ng vn ti
vi iu kin thng thng chuyn ch
hng ho ti cng n quy nh theo tuyn
ng thng thng bng mt chic tu i
bin, loi thng dng chuyn ch hng
ho ca hp ng.

Ngi mua phi

- Tr tin hng nh quy nh trong hp ng
mua bn;
- chu ri ro v chi ph ly giy php
nhp khu hoc s cho php chnh thc
khcv thc hin, nu c quy nh, mi th
tc hi quan i vi vic nhp khu hng
ho v qu cnh qua nc khc.

-chu chi ph mua loi bo him hng ho nh

- khng c ngha v k hp ng vn
tho thun trong hp ng ngi mua, hoc
ti,hp ng bo him.
bt k ngi no khc c li t hng ho c
bo him, c quyn kin i bi thng trc
tip t ngi bo him, v cung cp cho ngi
mua hp ng bo him hoc bng chng
khc v vic mua bo him.
- Bo him phi c mua ngi bo him
hoc cng ty bo him c uy tn v mc bo
156

him ti thiu.Thi hn bo him phi ph

hp vi lc nhn hng v gnh chu ri ro,
Mc bo him ti thiu phi bao gm tin
hng quy nh trong hp ng cng vi 10%
(ngha l 110%) v phi c mua bng ng
tin dng trong hp ng mua bn.
- chp nhn vic giao hng khi hng ho
- Giao hng ln tu ti cng gi hng vo ngy
c giao nh quy nh v nhn hng ho t
hoc trong thi hn quy nh
ngi chuyn ch ti cng n quy nh.
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i
vi hng ho k t thi im hng qua lan
can tu ti cng gi hng.
- Nu khng thng bo cho ngi bn nh
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i quy nh, ngi mua phi chu mi ri ro v
vi hng ho cho n thi im hng ho qua mt mt hoc h hi i vi hng ho k t
lan can tu ti cng gi hng.
ngy quy nh hoc ngy cui cng ca thi
hn quy nh cho vic gi hng, tuy nhin
vi iu kin l hng ho c c bit
ha r rng l thuc hp ng, ngha l
c tch ring ra hoc c xc nh bng
cch khc l hng ca hp ng.
Tr:
Tr:

-mi chi ph lin quan n hng ho k t

thi im hng ho c giao nh quy
- mi chi ph lin quan n hng ho cho n nh khi giao hng; v
thi im hng ho c giao nh quy
nh; v
-mi chi ph v l ph lin quan n hng
ho trong qu trnh chuyn ch cho ti khi
-cc ph v mi chi ph khc pht sinh t hp hng ti cng n, tr khi cc chi ph v l
ng vn ti v hp ng bo him bao gm ph do ngi bn phi tr theo hp ng
chi ph bc hng ln tu; v
vn ti; v
-chi ph v bo him pht sinh t hp ng
vn ti v hp ng bo him; v

- cc chi ph d hng , k c ph lng hng

v ph cu cng, tr khi cc chi ph v l ph
do ngi bn phi tr theo hp ng vn
- bt k khon l ph no d hng quy nh ti; v
m ngi bn phi tr theo hp ng vn ti;
v
- cc chi ph pht sinh thm do ngi mua
khng thng bo cho ngi bn nh quy
- nu c quy nh, chi ph v cc th tc hi nh , v hng ho k t ngy quy nh hoc
quan bt buc phi c i vi vic xut khu ngy ht thi hn quy nh cho vic gi
hng , tuy nhin vi iu kin l hng ho
cng nh mi thu quan, thu v cc l ph
khc phi np khi xut khu v qu cnh qua c c bit ha r rng l thuc hp
nc khc, nu nhng chi ph ny l do ngi ng, ngha l c tch ring ra hoc c
bn phi tr theo hp ng vn ti.
xc nh bng cch khc l hng ca hp
ng; v

157

- nu c quy nh tt c cc loi thu quan,

thu v l ph khc cng nh cc chi ph lm
th tc hi quan phi np khi nhp khu
hng ho, v nu cn qu cnh qua nc
khc tr khi c tnh vo cc ph ca
hp ng vn ti.
- Thng bo y cho ngi mua bit hng
ho c giao nh quy nh, cng nh mi
thng bo khc, khi c yu cu, to iu
kin cho ngi mua tin hnh cc bin php
cn thit nhn hng.
-Bng chi ph ca mnh, cung cp ngay cho
ngi mua chng t vn ti thng dng cho
cng n quy nh.

- trong trng hp ngi mua c quyn

quyt nh v thi gian gi hng v/hoc
cng n th phi thng bo y cho
ngi bn v cc chi tit .

-Chng t ny phi bao hm hng ho trong

hp ng, c ghi ngy trong thi hn quy nh
cho vic gi hng, gip ngi mua nhn
c hng ho t ngi chuyn ch cng
n, tr khi c tho thun khc, ngi mua
bn c hng ho ang trong qu trnh vn
- phi chp nhn chng t vn ti nh quy
chuyn bng cch chuyn giao chng t vn
nh khi giao hng nu chng t ph hp
ti cho mt ngi mua tip theo hoc bng
vi hp ng.
cch thng bo cho ngi chuyn ch.
-Khi mt chng t vn ti nh vy c k
pht vi nhiu bn gc, ngi bn phi xut
trnh mt b bn gc y cho ngi mua.
- Nu ngi bn v ngi mua tho thun trao
i thng tin bng in t, chng t ni trn
c th c thay th bng mt thng ip in
t tng ng
-Tr ph tn cho hot ng kim tra (kim tra
cht lng, o lng, cn ong, tnh m) bt
buc phi c i vic giao hng nh quy inh
- tr ph tn cho mi gim nh trc khi
khi giao hng.
gi hng tr khi vic gim nh c tin
hnh theo lnh ca cc c quan c thm
Bng chi ph ca mnh, ng gi hng ho bt
quyn ca nc xut khu.
buc phi c i vi vic chuyn ch hng
ho do mnh thu xp. B ng hng phi c
ghi k m hiu ph hp.
Ngha v khc:
- tr mi ph tn v l ph pht sinh ly
cc chng t hoc thng ip in t tng
- Gip ngi mua theo yu cu ca ngi ng v hon tr cho ngi bn nhng ph
mua ly cc chng t hoc thng ip in tn m ngi bn chu khi gip ngi
t tng ng c k pht hoc truyn i mua nh quy nh.
ti nc gi hng v/hoc nc xut x m
ngi mua cn c nhp khu hng ho, v - cung cp cho ngi bn khi c yu cu
158

nu cn thit , qu cnh qua nc khc.

cc thng tin cn thit mua bo him.

- Cung cp cho ngi mua, theo yu cu ca

ngi mua cc thng tin cn thit mua thm
bo him cho hng ho.
CPT (Cc ph tr ti)
Ngi bn phi:
Ngi mua phi
- Cung cp hng ho v ha n thng mi,
hoc thng ip in t tng ng, theo ng - Tr tin hng nh quy nh trong hp
hp ng mua bn v cung cp mi bng chng ng mua bn;
v vic nu hp ng yu cu;
- chu ri ro v chi ph ly giy php
- chu ri ro v chi ph xin giy php xut
nhp khu hoc s cho php chnh thc
khu hoc s cho php chnh thc khc v thc khc v thc hin, nu c quy nh, mi
hin, nu c quy nh, mi th tc hi quan bt th tc hi quan bt buc phi c i vi
buc phi c i vi vic xut khu hng ho; vic nhp khu hng ho v qu cnh qua
nc khc;
-Bng chi ph ca mnh, k hp ng vn ti vi
iu kin thng thng n im tho thun
ni n quy nh theo mt tuyn ng thng
thng v cch thc thng thng. Nu khng
- khng c ngha v k hp ng vn
th tho thun, hoc xc nh c im n
ti,hp ng bo him
trn thc t th ngi bn c th chn mt im
ni n quy nh ph hp nht cho mnh.
- Khng c ngha v k hp ng bo him.
- Giao hng cho ngi chuyn ch c k hp
ng nh quy nh hp ng vn ti v hp
- Chp nhn vic giao hng khi hng ho
ng bo him, hoc nu c nhng ngi
c giao nh quy nh v nhn hng t
chuyn ch tip sau, vn chuyn hng ho ti
ngi chuyn ch ni n quy nh.
im tho thun ni n quy nh vo ngy
hoc trong thi hn quy nh.
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi
i vi hng ho k t thi im hng ho
c giao nh quy nh khi giao hng.
- Nu khng thng bo cho ngi bn nh
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i vi quy nh, ngi mua phi chu mi ri ro
hng ho cho n thi im hng ho c v mt mt hoc h hi i vi hng ho
giao nh quy nh khi giao hng.
k t ngy quy nh hoc ngy cui cng
ca thi hn quy nh cho vic giao hng,
tuy nhin vi iu kin l hng ho
c c bit ha r rng l thuc hp ng,
ngha l c tch ring ra hoc c xc
nh bng cch khc l hng ca hp ng.
Tr:
Tr:
159

- mi chi ph lin quan n hng ho cho n

thi im hng ho c giao nh quy nh
cng nh cc ph v mi chi ph khc pht
sinh theo quy nh ca hp ng vn ti v hp
ng bo him, bao gm chi ph bc hng ln
tu v bt k chi ph no d hng ni n
m ngi bn phi tr theo hp ng vn ti; v
- nu c quy nh, chi ph v cc th tc hi
quan bt buc phi c i vi vic xut khu
cng nh thu quan, thu v cc l ph khc
phi np khi xut khu v qu cnh qua nc
khc, nu nhng chi ph ny l do ngi bn
phi tr theo hp ng vn ti.

-mi chi ph lin quan n hng ho k t

thi im hng ho c giao nh quy
nh khi giao hng; v
-mi chi ph v l ph lin quan n hng
ho trong qu trnh vn chuyn cho ti ni
n quy nh, tr khi nhng chi ph v l
ph do ngi bn phi tr theo hp ng
vn ti; v
- chi ph d hng tr khi nhng chi ph v
l ph do ngi bn phi tr theo hp
ng vn ti; v
- cc chi ph pht sinh thm do ngi mua
khng thng bo cho ngi bn nh quy
nh , v hng ho k t ngy quy nh
hoc ht thi hn quy nh cho vic gi
hng , tuy nhin vi iu kin l hng ho
c c bit ha r rng l thuc hp
ng, ngha l c tch ring ra hoc
c xc nh bng cch khc l hng ca
hp ng; v
- nu c quy nh tt c cc loi thu quan,
thu v l ph khc cng nh cc chi ph
lm th tc hi quan phi np khi nhp
khu hng ho, v qu cnh qua nc
khc tr khi c tnh vo cc ph
trong hp ng vn ti.

- Thng bo y cho ngi mua bit i hng

- trong trng hp ngi mua c quyn
ho c giao nh quy nh, cng nh mi
quyt nh v thi im gi hng v/hoc
thng bo khc, khi c yu cu, to iu
ni n th phi thng bo y cho
kin cho ngi mua tin hnh cc bin php cn
ngi bn v cc chi tit .
thit nhn hng.
-Bng chi ph ca mnh, cung cp cho ngi
mua chng t vn ti thng thng nu theo tp
qun l nh vy, chng t hoc mt chng t v
vic chuyn ch c k hp ng theo nh
quy nh trong hp ng vn ti v hp ng
- phi chp nhn chng t vn ti nh quy
bo him.
nh khi giao hng nu chng t ph
hp vi hp ng.
- Nu ngi bn v ngi mua tho thun trao
i thng tin bng in t, chng t ni trn c
th c thay th bng mt thng ip in t
tng ng
-Tr ph tn cho hot ng kim tra (kim tra - tr ph tn cho mi gim nh trc khi
cht lng, o lng, cn ong, tnh m) bt gi hng tr khi vic gim nh l lnh
160

buc phi c i vic giao hng nh quy nh

khi giao hng.

ca cc c quan c thm quyn ca nc

xut khu.

Bng chi ph ca mnh, ng gi hng ho bt

buc phi c i vi vic chuyen ch hng ho
do mnh thu xp. B ng hng phi c ghi k
m hiu ph hp.
Ngha v khc:
- Gip ngi mua theo yu cu ca ngi
mua ly cc chng t hoc thng ip in t
- tr mi ph tn v l ph pht sinh ly
tng ng c k pht hoc truyn i ti
cc chng t hoc thng ip in t tng
nc gi hng v/hoc nc xut x m ngi
ng v hon tr cho ngi bn nhng
mua cn c nhp khu hng ho, v nu cn
ph tn m ngi bn chu khi gip
thit , qu cnh qua nc khc.
ngi mua nh quy nh.
- Cung cp cho ngi mua, theo yu cu ca
ngi mua cc thng tin cn thit mua bo
him cho hng ho.
DAF (Giao ti bin gii)
Ngi bn phi:
Ngi mua phi
- Cung cp hng ho v ha n thng mi hoc
- Tr tin hng nh quy nh trong hp
thng ip in t tng ng, theo ng hp
ng mua bn v cung cp mi bng chng v vic ng mua bn.
nu hp ng yu cu.
- chu ri ro v chi ph xin giy php xut khu
hoc s cho php chnh thc khc hoc chng t
- chu ri ro v chi ph ly giy php
khc bt buc phi c t hng ho di quyn
nhp khu hoc s cho php chnh thc
nh ot ca ngi mua.
khc hoc cc chng t khc v thc hin,
nu c quy nh, mi th tc hi quan i
- phi thc hin, nu c quy nh, mi th tc hi
vi vic nhp khu hng ho v vn chuyn
quan bt buc phi c i vi vic xut khu hng
tip theo.
ho n ni giao hng quy nh ti bin gii v
qu cnh qua nc khc.
-Bng chi ph ca mnh, k hp ng vn ti
chuyn ch hng ho ti im quy nh, nu c
ni giao hng ti bin gii. Nu khng tho thun
c hoc khng xc nh c mt im giao
hng ti bin gii trn thc t, ngi bn c th
chn mt im ni giao hng quy nh ph hp
- khng c ngha v k hp ng vn ti,
nht cho mnh.
hp ng bo him.
- Tuy nhin, nu c ngi mua yu cu ngi
bn c th tho thun k hp ng vn ti theo
nhng iu kin thng thng vi ri ro v chi ph
do ngi mua chiu tip tc ch hng ho vt
qua a im quy nh ti bin gii ti ni n
161

cui cng bn trong nc nhp khu do ngi mua

ch nh. Ngi bn c th t chi k hp ng
nh vy, v nu t chi phi thng bo kp thi
cho bn mua bit.
- khng c ngha v k hp ng bo him.
- t hng ho di quyn nh ot ca ngi
mua trn phng tin vn ti ch n v cha d - nhn hng khi hng ho c giao nh
ra ni giao hng quy nh ti bin gii vo ngy quy nh giao hng.
hoc trong thi hn quy nh.
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i
vi hng ho c giao nh quy nh
giao hng
- Nu khng thng bo cho ngi bn nh
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i vi quy nh, ngi mua phi chu mi ri ro v
hng ho cho n thi im hng ho c giao mt mt hoc h hi i vi hng ho k t
nh quy nh giao hng.
ngy quy nh hoc ngy cui cng ca thi
hn quy nh cho vic giao hng vi iu
kin l hng ho c c bit ha r rng
l thuc hp ng, ngha l c tch ring
ra hoc c xc nh bng cch khc l
hng ca hp ng.
Tr:
-mi chi ph lin quan n hng ho k t
thi im hng ho c giao nh quy
nh hp ng vn ti v hp ng bo
Tr:
him bao gm chi ph d hng cn thit
nhn hng ho t phng tin vn ti ch
-Ngoi chi ph pht sinh nh quy nh hp dng n ti a im quy nh ti bin gii;
vn ti v hp ng bo him, mi chi ph lin
quan n hng ho cho n thi im hng ho - mi chi ph pht sinh thm nu ngi mua
c giao nh quy nh; v
khng nhn hng ho khi giao nh quy
nh hp ng vn ti v hp ng bo
- nu c quy nh, chi ph v cc th tc hi quan him, hoc khng gi thng bo cho ngi
bt buc phi c i vi vic xut khu cng nh bn nh quy nh, vi iu kin l hng ho
c c bit ha r rng l thuc hp
mi thu quan, thu v cc l ph khc phi np
khi xut khu v qu cnh qua nc khctrc khi ng, ngha l c tch ring ra hoc c
giao hng nh quy nh hp ng vn ti v hp xc nh bng cch khc l hng ca hp
ng bo him.
ng.
- nu c quy nh, chi ph v th tc hi
quan cng nh mi loi thu v cc l ph
khc phi np khi nhp khu hng ho v
vn chuyn tip theo.
- Thng bo y cho ngi mua bit vic gi - trong trng hp ngi mua c quyn
hng ho ti ni quy nh ti bin gii cng nh quyt nh v thi im trong thi hn quy
mi thng bo khc, khi c yu cu, to iu nh v/hoc im nhn hng ti ni quy
162

kin cho ngi mua tin hnh cc bin php cn nh th phi thng bo y cho ngi
thit nhn hng.
bn v cc chi tit .
-Bng chi ph ca mnh, cung cp cho ngi mua
cc chng thng thng hoc bng chng khc v
vic gia hng ni quy nh ti bin gii nh quy
nh hp ng vn ti v hp ng bo him.
- Nu cc bin tho thun tip tc vn chuyn hng
- phi chp nhn chng t vn ti v/hoc
ho qua bin gii nh quy nh hp ng vn ti
bng chng khv vic giao hng nh quy
v hp ng bo him th cung cp cho ngi mua
nh.
khi ngi mua yu cu chng t vn ti ch sut
thng ly c nc gi hng dng cho vic
chuyn ch hng ho vi cc iu khon thng
thng t a eim gi hng nc ti ni
n cui cng nc nhp khu do ngi mua ch
nh.
-Tr ph tn cho hot ng kim tra (kim tra cht
lng, o lng, cn ong, tnh m) bt buc
phi c i vic giao hng nh quy nh khi giao
hng.
- tr ph tn cho mi gim nh trc khi
gi hng tr khi vic gim nh c
- Bng chi ph ca mnh, ng gi hng ho bt
tin hnh theo lnh ca cc c quan c thm
buc phi c i vi vic giao hng ti bin gii v
quyn ca nc xut khu.
vn chuyn tip theo trong phm vi cc tnh hung
lin quan n vic vn chuyn c ngi bn
bit trc khi k hp ng mua bn. B ng hng
phi c ghi k m hiu ph hp.
- tr mi ph tn v l ph pht sinh ly
Ngha v khc:
cc chng t hoc thng ip in t tng
ng v hon tr cho ngi bn nhng ph
- Gip ngi mua theo yu cu ca ngi mua tn m ngi bn chu khi gip ngi
ly cc chng t hoc thng ip in t tng mua nh quy nh.
ng c k pht hoc truyn i ti nc gi
hng v/hoc nc xut x m ngi mua cn c - Nu cn thit, cung cp cho ngi bn khi
nhp khu hng ho, v nu cn thit , qu c yu cu, cc giy php, chng t khc
cnh qua nc khc.
ch php trao i ngoi hi
- Cung cp cho ngi mua, theo yu cu ca ngi hoc bn sao c chng nhn v vic ,
mua cc thng tin cn thit mua bo him cho hoc a ch ni n cui cng ca hng ho
hng ho.
nc nhp khu ly c chng t vn
ti ch sut hoc bt k chng t no khc.

163

DES (Giao ti tu)

Ngi bn phi:
- Cung cp hng v ha n thng mi hoc th
in t tng ng theo quy nh ca hp ng
bn hng v bt k bng chng no khc v vic
ny m hp ng yu cu;
- Xin giy php xut khu hoc giy php chnh
thc khc, lm cc th tc hi quan cn thit
cho vic xut khu hng v, nu cn thit hng
qu cnh mt nc th ba, v chu mi ri ro v
ph tn v nhng vic ;
- K hp ng vn ti vi nhng iu kin thng
thng v chu ph tn vn chuyn hng theo
tuyn ng thng thng v theo tp qun cho
n ni c ch nh ti cng n ni quy nh.
Nu khng quy nh a im giao hng c th ti
bin gii hoc cng khng xc nh r tp qun,
ngi bn c th la chn a im thun li nht
ti cng n quy nh. - Khng c ngha v dn
xp hp ng bo him cho hng ha ca hp
ng.
- t hng (cha lm th tc hi quan v nhp
khu) di s nh ot ca ngi mua trn tu
im d hng thng l ca cng n quy nh,
vo ngy hoc thi hn quy nh trong hp ng
bn hng, ngi mua c th ly hng khi tu
bng nhng phng tin ph hp vi tnh cht ca
hng.

Ngi mua phi

- Tr tin hng theo quy nh trong hp
ng bn hng;
- Xin giy php nhp khu hoc giy php
chnh thc khc v lm cc th tc hi
quan cn thit nhp hng, v chu ri ro
v ph tn v nhng vic ;

- Khng c ngha v k hp ng vn ti

- Nhn hng khi hng c t di s

nh ot ca mnh theo nh quy nh.

- Nu khng thng bo cho ngi bn

theo quy nh, ngi mua phi chu mi
ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi hng k t
ngy quy nh giao hng hoc ngy ht
thi hn quy nh lm vic , vi iu
kin hng c c bit ha, ngha l
c tch ring hoc phn bit theo
cch khc l hng ca hp ng.

- Chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i vi
hng cho n khi hng c giao theo quy nh.

DEQ (Giao ti cu cng)

Ngi bn phi:
- Cung cp hng v ha n thng mi hoc
th in t tng ng theo quy nh ca hp
ng bn hng v bt k bng chng no khc
v vic ny m hp ng yu cu;
- xin giy php xut khu hoc giy php chnh
thc khc, lm cc th tc hi quan cn thit
xut khu v nhp khu hng v, nu cn
thit hng qu cnh mt nc th ba, v chu

Ngi mua phi

- Tr tin hng theo quy nh trong hp ng
bn hng;
- Theo yu cu ca ngi bn v do ngi
bn chu ri ro v ph tn, gip ngi bn
xin giy php nhp khu hoc giy php
chnh thc khc cho vic nhp hng.

164

mi ri ro v ph tn v nhng vic ;
- k hp ng vn ti vi nhng iu kin thng
thng v chu ph tn vn chuyn hng,
theo tuyn ng thng l v theo tp qun,
n cu cng cng n quy nh. Nu khng
- khng c ngha v k hp ng vn ti
quy nh a im giao hng c th hoc cng
khng xc nh r tp qun, ngi bn c th
la chn a im thun li nht ti cng n
quy nh.
- t hng di s nh ot ca ngi mua trn
- nhn hng khi hng c t di s
cu cng ti cng n quy nh vo ngy hoc
nh ot ca mnh theo nh quy nh.
thi hn quy nh trong hp ng.
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi
hng k t thi im hng c t di s
nh ot ca mnh theo nh quy nh. - Nu
khng thng bo cho ngi bn theo quy
nh, ngi mua phi chu mi ri ro v mt
- chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i vi
mt hoc h hi hng k t ngy quy nh
hng cho n khi hng c giao theo quy nh.
nhn hng hoc ngy ht thi hn quy nh
lm vic , vi iu kin hng c
c bit ha, ngha l c tch ring hoc
phn bit theo cch khc l hng ca hp
ng.
DDU (Giao hng cha np thu)
Ngi bn phi:
Ngi mua phi
- Cung cp hng v ha n thng mi hoc
th in t tng ng theo quy nh ca hp - Tr tin hng theo quy nh trong hp
ng bn hng v bt k bng chng no khc ng bn hng;
v vic ny m hp ng yu cu;
- Xin giy php xut khu hoc giy php chnh
- Xin giy php nhp khu hoc giy php
thc khc, lm cc th tc hi quan cn thit
chnh thc khc, lm cc th tc hi quan
xut khu v nhp khu hng v, nu cn
cn thit nhp hng, v chu mi ri ro
thit hng qu cnh mt nc th ba, v chu
v ph tn v nhng vic .
mi ri ro v ph tn v nhng vic ;
- K hp ng vn ti vi nhng iu kin
thng thng v chu ph tn vn chuyn
hng, theo tuyn ng thng l v theo tp
qun, n a im quy nh ti ni n quy
- Khng c ngha v k hp ng vn ti
nh. Nu khng quy nh a im giao hng
c th hoc cng khng xc nh r tp qun,
ngi bn c th la chn a im thun li
nht ti ni n quy nh.
- t hng di s nh ot ca ngi mua
- Nhn hng khi hng c t di s
trn cu cng ti cng n quy nh vo ngy
nh ot ca mnh theo nh quy nh.
hoc thi hn quy nh trong hp ng.
- Chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi i
- Chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi
165

vi hng cho n khi hng c giao theo quy hng k t thi im hng c t di
nh.
s nh ot ca mnh theo nh quy nh. Nu khng lm y cc ngha v ca
mnh theo quy nh, ngi mua phi chu
mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi hng do
vic gy ra v, nu ngi mua khng
thng bo cho ngi bn theo quy nh,
chu mi ri ro v mt mt hoc h hi
hng k t ngy quy nh nhn hng
hoc ngy ht thi hn quy nh lm
vic , vi iu kin hng c c bit
ha, ngha l c tch ring hoc phn
bit theo cch khc l hng ca hp ng.

166