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Tch v hng ca hai vect Trn S Tng

CHNG II TCH V HNG CA HAI VECT V NG DNG


I. GI TR LNG GIC CA MT GC BT K T 00 N 1800
1. nh ngha Ly M trn na ng tron n v tam O. Xet goc nhon = xOM . Gia s M(x; y). sin = y (tung o) y cos = x (hoanh o) y tung o (x 0) M tan = y x hoanh o
-1 O x x hoanh o (y 0) cot = y tung o Ch : Nu t th cos < 0, tan < 0, cot < 0. tan ch xc nh khi 900, cot ch xc nh khi 00 v 1800. 2. Tnh cht Gc ph nhau Gc b nhau x1

sin(900 ) = cos cos(900 ) = sin tan(90 0 ) = cot cot(900 ) = tan 3. Gi tr lng gic ca cc gc c bit 00 300 450

sin(1800 ) = sin cos(180 0 ) = cos tan(180 0 ) = tan cot(180 0 ) = cot

600
3 2 1 2 3 3 3

900 1 0
||

1800 0 1 0
||

sin cos tan cot

0 1 0
||

1 2
3 2 3 3 3

2 2 2 2

1 1

4. Cc h thc c bn sin tan = (cos 0) cos cos cot = (sin 0) sin tan .cot = 1 (sin .cos 0)

Ch :

0 sin 1; 1 cos 1 .

sin 2 + cos2 = 1 1 1 + tan 2 = (cos 0) cos2 1 1 + cot 2 = (sin 0) sin 2

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Trn S Tng
Bai 1. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau:

Tch v hng ca hai vect

a) a sin 0 0 + b cos 00 + c sin 900 c) a2 sin 90 0 + b2 cos 90 0 + c2 cos1800

b) a cos 900 + b sin 900 + c sin180 0 d) 3 sin 2 90 0 + 2 cos2 600 3 tan2 450

e) 4a2 sin 2 450 3(a tan 450 )2 + (2a cos 450 )2 Bai 2. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau: a) sin x + cos x khi x bng 00; 450; 600. b) 2 sin x + cos 2 x khi x bng 450; 300. Bai 3. Cho bit mt gi tr lng gic ca mt gc, tnh cc gi tr lng gic cn li: 1 1 a) sin = , nhn. b) cos = c) tan x = 2 2 4 3
Bai 4. Bit sin150 = Bai 5.

a) b)
Bai 6.

6 2 . Tinh cos150 , tan150 , cot150 . 4 Cho bit mt gi tr lng gic ca mt gc, tnh gi tr ca mt biu thc: 1 tan x + 3 cot x + 1 . sin x = , 90 0 < x < 180 0 . Tnh A = 3 tan x + cot x sin cos tan = 2 . Tnh B = sin3 + 3cos3 + 2sin Chng minh cc ng thc sau:
b) sin 4 x + cos4 x = 1 2 sin 2 x.cos2 x

a) (sin x + cos x )2 = 1 + 2 sin x.cos x

c) tan 2 x sin 2 x = tan 2 x.sin 2 x d) sin 6 x + cos6 x = 1 3sin 2 x.cos2 x e) sin x.cos x (1 + tan x )(1 + cot x ) = 1 + 2 sin x.cos x Bai 7. n gin cc biu thc sau: a) cos y + sin y.tan y d)
1 cos2 x
1 sin 2 x

b) 1 + cos b . 1 cos b e)
1 4 sin 2 x.cos2 x (sin x + cos x )2

c) sin a 1 + tan 2 a

+ tan x.cot x

f) sin(900 x ) + cos(180 0 x ) + sin 2 x (1 + tan 2 x ) tan 2 x Bai 8. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau: a) cos2 120 + cos2 780 + cos2 10 + cos2 890 b) sin 2 30 + sin 2 150 + sin 2 750 + sin 2 870

II. TCH V HNG CA HAI VECT

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Tch v hng ca hai vect Trn S Tng

1. Gc gia hai vect Cho a , b 0 . T mt im O bt k v OA = a , OB = b .


Khi ( a , b ) = AOB vi 00 AOB 1800. Ch : + ( a , b ) = 900 a b + ( a , b ) = 00 a , b cng hng + ( a , b ) = 1800 a , b ngc hng

a a

O
b

+ ( a, b ) = ( b , a ) 2. Tch v hng ca hai vect a.b = a . b .cos ( a , b ) . nh ngha:


2

c bit: a.a = a 2 = a . Tnh cht: Vi a , b , c bt k v kR, ta c: + a.b = b .a ; a ( b + c ) = a.b + a.c ;

( ka ) .b = k ( a.b ) = a. ( kb ) ;
2

a 2 0; a 2 = 0 a = 0 .

+ ( a + b ) = a 2 + 2a.b + b 2 ;

a 2 b 2 = ( a b )( a + b ) . + a.b > 0 ( a, b ) nhon


a.b = 0 ( a, b ) vuong.

( a b )2 = a 2 2a.b + b 2 ;
+ a.b < 0 ( a, b ) tu

3. Biu thc to ca tch v hng Cho a = (a1, a2), b = (b1, b2). Khi :
2 2 ; a = a1 + a2

a.b = a1b1 + a2 b2 .

cos(a , b ) =

a1b1 + a2 b2
2 2 2 2 + a2 . b1 + b2 a1

a b a1b1 + a2 b2 = 0

Cho A( x A ; y A ), B( x B ; yB ) . Khi :

AB = ( x B x A )2 + ( yB y A )2 .

Bai 1. Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, AB = a, BC = 2a. Tnh cc tch v hng:

b) AC.CB c) AB.BC a) AB. AC Bai 2. Cho tam gic ABC u cnh bng a. Tnh cc tch v hng: a) AB. AC b) AC.CB c) AB.BC Bai 3. Cho bn im A, B, C, D bt k. a) Chng minh: DA.BC + DB.CA + DC .AB = 0 . b) T suy ra mt cch chng minh nh l: "Ba ng cao trong tam gic ng qui". Bai 4. Cho tam gic ABC vi ba trung tuyn AD, BE, CF. Chng minh: BC. AD + CA.BE + AB.CF = 0 . Bai 5. Cho hai im M, N nm trn ng trn ng knh AB = 2R. Gi I l giao im ca hai ng thng AM v BN. a) Chng minh: AM .AI = AB.AI , BN .BI = BA.BI . b) Tnh AM . AI + BN .BI theo R. Bai 6. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 5, BC = 7, AC = 8. a) Tnh AB. AC , ri suy ra gi tr ca gc A.

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Trn S Tng Tch v hng ca hai vect

b) Tnh CA.CB . c) Gi D l im trn CA sao cho CD = 3. Tnh CD.CB . Bai 7. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a. Tnh gi tr cc biu thc sau: a) AB. AC b) ( AB + AD )(BD + BC ) c) ( AC AB)(2 AD AB) d) AB.BD e) ( AB + AC + AD )(DA + DB + DC ) e) 0 HD: a) a2 b) a2 c) 2a2 d) a2 Bai 8. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 2, BC = 4, CA = 3. a) Tnh AB. AC , ri suy ra cosA. b) Gi G l trng tm ca ABC. Tnh AG.BC . c) Tnh gi tr biu thc S = GA.GB + GB.GC + GC.GA . d) Gi AD l phn gic trong ca gc BAC (D BC). Tnh AD theo AB, AC , suy ra AD. 3 1 5 29 HD: a) AB.AC = , cos A = b) AG.BC = c) S = 2 4 3 6
3 2 AB 54 .DC AD = AB + AC , AD = AC 5 5 5 0 Bai 9. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 2, AC = 3, A = 60 . M l trung im ca BC. a) Tnh BC, AM.

d) S dng tnh cht ng phn gic DB =

b) Tnh IJ, trong I, J c xc nh bi: 2IA + IB = 0, JB = 2 JC . HD: a) BC = 19 , AM =


Bai 10. Cho t gic ABCD.

7 2

b) IJ =

2 133 3

a) Chng minh AB 2 BC 2 + CD 2 DA2 = 2 AC.DB . b) Suy ra iu kin cn v t gic c hai ng cho vung gc l:
AB 2 + CD 2 = BC 2 + DA2 . Bai 11. Cho tam gic ABC c trc tm H, M l trung im ca BC. Chng minh: 1 MH .MA = BC 2 . 4 Bai 12. Cho hnh ch nht ABCD, M l mt im bt k. Chng minh:

a) MA2 + MC 2 = MB 2 + MD 2

b) MA.MC = MB.MD

c) MA2 + MB.MD = 2 MA.MO (O l tm ca hnh ch nht). Bai 13. Cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 1), B(5; 3), C(2; 0). a) Tnh chu vi v nhn dng tam gic ABC. b) Tm to im M bit CM = 2 AB 3 AC . c) Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Bai 14. Cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 2), B(2; 6), C(9; 8). a) Tnh AB. AC . Chng minh tam gic ABC vung ti A. b) Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. c) Tm to trc tm H v trng tm G ca tam gic ABC. d) Tnh chu vi, din tch tam gic ABC. e) Tm to im M trn Oy B, M, A thng hng. f) Tm to im N trn Ox tam gic ANC cn ti N. g) Tm to im D ABDC l hnh ch nht. h) Tm to im K trn Ox AOKB l hnh thang y AO. i) Tm to im T tho TA + 2TB 3TC = 0

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Tch v hng ca hai vect Trn S Tng

k) Tm to im E i xng vi A qua B. l) Tm to im I chn ng phn gic trong ti nh C ca ABC. Bai 15. Cho tam gic ABC. tm tp hp nhng im M sao cho: a) MA2 = 2 MA.MB b) ( MA MB)(2 MB MC ) = 0 c) ( MA + MB)( MB + MC ) = 0 d) 2 MA2 + MA.MB = MA.MC Bai 16. Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a, tm O. Tm tp hp nhng im M sao cho: a) MA.MC + MB.MD = a2 b) MA.MB + MC.MD = 5a2 c) MA2 + MB 2 + MC 2 = 3MD 2 d) ( MA + MB + MC )( MC MB) = 3a2 Bai 17. Cho t gic ABCD, I, J ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD. Tm tp hp im M 1 sao cho: MA.MB + MC.MD = IJ 2 . 2

III. H THC LNG TRONG TAM GIC

Cho ABC c:

di cc cnh: BC = a, CA = b, AB = c

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Trn S Tng Tch v hng ca hai vect
di cc ng trung tuyn v t cc nh A, B, C: ma, mb, mc di cc ng cao v t cc nh A, B, C: ha, hb, hc bn knh ng trn ngoi tip, ni tip tam gic: R, r na chu vi tam gic: p din tch tam gic: S
1. nh l csin
b2 = c 2 + a2 2ca.cos B ; a2 = b2 + c2 2bc.cos A ; 2. nh l sin a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C 3. di trung tuyn c2 = a2 + b2 2 ab.cos C

2(b2 + c2 ) a2 2(a2 + c2 ) b2 2 ; mb = ; 4 4 4. Din tch tam gic 1 1 1 S = aha = bhb = chc 2 2 2 1 1 1 = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C 2 2 2 abc = 4R = pr
2 ma =

2 mc =

2(a2 + b2 ) c2 4

p( p a)( p b)( p c) (cng thc Hrng)

Gii tam gic l tnh cc cnh v cc gc ca tam gic khi bit mt s yu t cho trc.
5. H thc lng trong tam gic vung (nhc li) Cho ABC vung ti A, AH l ng cao.
BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 (nh l Pitago)

AB 2 = BC.BH , AH 2 = BH .CH ,

AH .BC = AB. AC b = a.sin B = a.cos C = c tan B = c cot C ; c = a.sin C = a.cos B = b tan C = b cot C

AC 2 = BC.CH 1 1 1 = + AH 2 AB 2 AC 2

6. H thc lng trong ng trn (b sung) Cho ng trn (O; R) v im M c nh. T M v hai ct tuyn MAB, MCD.
PM/(O) = MA.MB = MC.MD = MO 2 R 2 Nu M ngoi ng trn, v tip tuyn MT.

T B A M C D O R

PM/(O) = MT 2 = MO 2 R 2
Bai 1.

Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta c; b) sin A = sin B cos C + sin C cos B a) a = b.cos C + c.cos B 3 2 2 2 d) ma + mb + mc = (a2 + b2 + c 2 ) c) ha = 2 R sin B sin C 4

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Tch v hng ca hai vect Trn S Tng

2 1 AB 2 . AC 2 ( AB.AC ) 2 Bai 2. Cho tam gic ABC. Chng minh rng: 2 1 1 2 a) Nu b + c = 2a th b) Nu bc = a2 th sin B sin C = sin2 A, hb hc = ha = + ha hb hc

e) S ABC =

2 2 2 c) A vung mb + mc = 5ma

Cho t gic li ABCD, gi l gc hp bi hai ng chp AC v BD. 1 a) Chng minh din tch S ca t gic cho bi cng thc: S = AC.BD.sin . 2 b) Nu kt qu trong trng hp t gic c hai ng cho vung gc. Bai 4. Cho ABC vung A, BC = a, ng cao AH.
Bai 3.

a) Chng minh AH = a.sin B.cos B, BH = a.cos2 B, CH = a.sin2 B . b) T suy ra AB 2 = BC .BH , AH 2 = BH .HC . Cho AOB cn nh O, OH v OK l cc ng cao. t OA = a, AOH = . a) Tnh cc cnh ca OAK theo a v . b) Tnh cc cnh ca cc tam gic OHA v AKB theo a v . c) T tnh sin 2 , cos 2 , tan 2 theo sin , cos , tan . Bai 6. Gii tam gic ABC, bit:
Bai 5.

a) c = 14; A = 60 0 ; B = 40 0 c) c = 35; A = 40 0 ; C = 120 0 Bai 7. Gii tam gic ABC, bit: a) a = 6,3; b = 6,3; C = 540 c) a = 7; b = 23; C = 1300 Bai 8. Gii tam gic ABC, bit: a) a = 14; b = 18; c = 20 c) a = 4; b = 5; c = 7

b) b = 4,5; A = 300 ; C = 750 d) a = 137,5; B = 830 ; C = 570 b) b = 32; c = 45; A = 870 d) b = 14; c = 10; A = 1450 b) a = 6; b = 7,3; c = 4,8 d) a = 2 3; b = 2 2; c = 6 2

BI TP N CHNG II
Bai 1. Chng minh cc ng thc sau:

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Trn S Tng Tch v hng ca hai vect

a)

sin x 1 + cos x 2 + = 1 + cos x sin x sin x


2

b)

sin3 x + cos3 x = 1 sin x.cos x sin x + cos x

tan 2 x 1 1 cos2 x sin 2 x c) d) = 1 + tan2 x = 1 2 2 4 4 2 2 tan x 4 sin x.cos x sin x + cos x sin x 2 2 sin x cos x e) = sin x cos x cos x (1 + tan x ) sin x (1 + cot x ) cos x sin x 1 f) tan x + . cot x + = 1 + sin x 1 + cos x sin x.cos x

g) cos2 x (cos2 x + 2 sin 2 x + sin2 x tan 2 x ) = 1

5 1 . Tnh cos180, sin720, sin1620, cos1620, sin1080, cos1080, tan720. 4 Bai 3. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
Bai 2. Bit sin180 =

a) A = cos4 x cos2 x + sin 2 x b) B = sin 4 x sin 2 x + cos2 x Bai 4. Cho cc vect a , b . a) Tnh gc ( a , b ) , bit a , b 0 v hai vect u = a + 2b , v = 5a 4b vung gc. c) Tnh gc ( a , b ) , bit (a + 3b ) (7a 5b ), (a 4 b ) (7a 2b ) . d) Tnh a b , 2 a + 3b , bit a = 3, b = 2, (a , b ) = 1200 . e) Tnh a , b , bit a + b = 2, a b = 4, (2 a + b ) (a + 3b ) . Bai 5. Cho tam gic ABC c AB = 3, AC = 4, BC = 6. a) Tnh AB. AC v cosA. 2 3 b) M, N l hai im c xc nh bi AM = AB, AN = AC . Tnh MN. 3 4
Bai 6. Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD c AB =

b) Tnh a + b , bit a = 11, b = 23, a b = 30 .

3 , AD = 1, BAD = 60 0 .

b) Tnh di hai ng cho AC v BD. Tnh cos ( AC , BD ) . Bai 7. Cho tam gic ABC c gc A nhn. V pha ngoi tam gic v cc tam gic vung cn nh A l ABD v ACE. Gi I l trung im ca BC. Chng minh AI DE. Bai 8. Cho t gic ABCD c hai ng cho ct nhau ti O. Gi H, K ln lt l trc tm ca cc tam gic ABO v CDO. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im ca AD v BC. Chng minh HK IJ. Bai 9. Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng 1, M l trung im cnh AB. Trn ng cho 3 AC ly im N sao cho AN = AC . 4 a) Chng minh DN vung gc vi MN. b) Tnh tng DN .NC + MN .CB . Bai 10. Cho tam gic ABC. Tm tp hp cc im M sao cho: a) AB.AM AC .AM = 0 b) AB.AM + AC. AM = 0 c) ( MA + MB)( MA + MC ) = 0 d) ( MA + MB + 2 MC )( MA + 2 MB + MC ) = 0 Bai 11. Chng minh rng trong mi tam gic ABC ta c: a) b2 c2 = a(b.cos C c.cos B) b) (b2 c 2 ) cos A = a(c.cos C b.cos B) b) sin A = sin B.cos C + sin C.cos B = sin( B + C )

a) Tnh AB.AD, BA.BC .

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Tch v hng ca hai vect
Bai 12. Cho ABC. Chng minh rng:

Trn S Tng

a) Nu (a + b + c)(b + c a) = 3bc th A = 60 0 . b) Nu

b3 + c3 a3 = a2 th A = 60 0 . b+ca

c) Nu cos( A + C ) + 3 cos B = 1 th B = 60 0 . d) Nu b(b2 a2 ) = c(a2 c 2 ) th A = 60 0 . Bai 13. Cho ABC. Chng minh rng: a) Nu

b2 a2 = b cos A a cos B th ABC cn nh C. 2c sin B b) Nu = 2 cos A th ABC cn nh B. sin C c) Nu a = 2b.cos C th ABC cn nh A. b c a d) Nu + = th ABC vung ti A. cos B cos C sin B.sin C

e) Nu S = 2 R2 sin B.sin C th ABC vung ti A. Bai 14. Cho ABC. Chng minh iu kin cn v hai trung tuyn BM v CN vung gc vi nhau l: b2 + c 2 = 5a2 . Bai 15. Cho ABC. a) C a = 5, b = 6, c = 3. Trn cc on AB, BC ln lt ly cc im M, K sao cho BM = 2, BK = 2. Tnh MK. 5 16 b) C cos A = , im D thuc cnh BC sao cho ABC = DAC , DA = 6, BD = . Tnh 9 3 chu vi tam gic ABC. HD: a) MK =

8 30 15

b) AC = 5, BC =

25 , AB = 10 3

Bai 16. Cho mt tam gic c di cc cnh l: x 2 + x + 1; 2 x + 1; x 2 1 .

a) Tm x tn ti mt tam gic nh trn. b) Khi chng minh tam gic y c mt gc bng 120 0 .
Bai 17. Cho ABC c B < 90 0 , AQ v CP l cc ng cao, S ABC = 9SBPQ .

a) Tnh cosB. b) Cho PQ = 2 2 . Tnh bn knh R ca ng trn ngoi tip ABC. 1 9 HD: a) cos B = b) R = 3 2 Bai 18. Cho ABC. a) C B = 60 0 , R = 2, I l tm ng trn ni tip. Tnh bn knh ca ng trn ngoi tip ACI. b) C A = 90 0 , AB = 3, AC = 4, M l trung im ca AC. Tnh bn knh ng trn ngoi tip BCM. c) C a = 4, b = 3, c = 2, M l trung im ca AB. Tnh bn knh ca ng trn ngoi tip BCM.

5 13 8 23 c) R = 6 3 30 Bai 19. Cho hai ng trn (O1, R) v (O2, r) ct nhau ti hai im A v B. Mt ng thng tip xc vi hai ng trn ti C v D. Gi N l giao im ca AB v CD (B nm gia
HD: a) R = 2 b) R =

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Trn S Tng Tch v hng ca hai vect

A v N). t AO1C = , AO2 D = . a) Tnh AC theo R v ; AD theo r v . b) Tnh bn knh ca ng trn ngoi tip ACD. HD: a) AC = 2 R sin

, AD = 2r sin

b)

Rr .

Bai 20. Cho t gic ABCD ni tip trong ng trn ng knh AC, BD = a, CAB = ,

CAD = . a) Tnh AC.

b) Tnh din tch t gic ABCD theo a, , .

HD:

a) AC =

a
sin( + )

b) S =

a2 cos( ) . 2 sin( + )

Bai 21. Cho ABC cn nh A, A = , AB = m, D l mt im trn cnh BC sao cho BC =

3BD. a) Tnh BC, AD. b) Chng t rng ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic ABD, ACD l bng nhau. Tnh cos 1 bn knh ca chng bng bn knh R ca ng trn ngoi tip ABC. 2 m 11 HD: a) BC = 2m sin , AD = b) cos = . 5 + 4 cos 16 2 3

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