U.S.

Supreme Court
POINDEXTER v. GREENHOW, 114 U.S. 270 (1885)
114 U.S. 270 POINDEXTER v. GREENHOW, Treas rer, e!". 1 #$r%& 20, 1885 [114 U.S. 270, 272] A. H. Garland, R. T. Merri !, and ". S. #lair, Att$. Gen., %or de%endant in error. &m. '. Ro$all, (. H. C)am*erlain, &m. M. +,art-, and &a.er S/a$ne, %or plainti%% in error. [114 U.S. 270, 270] MATTH+&S, 1. T)e plainti%% in error, /)o /a- al-o plainti%% *elo/, *rou.)t )i- a tion in detinue on t)e t/ent$2-i3t) da$ o% April, 1440, a.ain-t Samuel C. Green)o/, %or t)e re o,er$ o% -pe i%i per-onal propert$, to2/it, one o%%i e de-! o% t)e ,alue o% 500, *e%ore a poli e 6u-ti e in t)e it$ o% Ri )mond, /)o di-mi--ed t)e -ame %or /ant o% 1uri-di tion. An appeal /a- ta!en *$ t)e plainti%% to t)e )u-tin.- ourt %or t)e it$ o% Ri )mond, /)ere t)e %a t- /ere %ound *$ a.reement o% partie- to *e a- %ollo/-7 T)at t)e plainti%% /aa re-ident o% t)e it$ o% Ri )mond, in t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia9 t)at )e o/ed to t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, %or ta3e- on propert$ o/ned *$ )im in -aid it$ %or t)e $ear 1442, 512.4:, /)i ) -aid t 3e- /ere due and le,ia*le %or, under t)e la/- o% 8ir.inia, on t)e %ir-t da$ o% (e em*er, 14429 t)at t)e de%endant, Samuel C. Green)o/, /a- t)e trea-urer o% t)e it$ o% Ri )mond, and a- -u ) i- )ar.ed *$ la/ /it) t)e dut$ o% olle tin. ta3e- due to t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia *$ all re-ident- o% -aid it$9 t)at on t)e t/ent$2%i%t) da$ o% April, 1440, t)e de%endant, a- -u ) trea-urer and olle tor o% ta3e-, made upon t)e plainti%% demand %or t)e pa$ment o% t)e ta3e- due *$ )im to t)e -tate a- a%ore-aid9 t)at t)e plainti%%, /)en demand /a-o made %or pa$ment o% )i- ta3e-, tendered to t)e de%endant in pa$ment t)ereo% 4: ent- in la/%ul mone$ o% t)e United State-, and oupon- i--ued *$ t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia under t)e pro,i-ion- o% t)e a t o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% t)at -tate o% Mar ) 00, 1471, entitled ;An a t to pro,ide %or t)e %undin. and pa$ment o% t)e pu*li de*t9; t)at -aid oupon- -o tendered *$ plainti%% /ere all due and pa-t maturit$, and amounted in t)e a..re.ate to 512, and /ere all ut %rom *ond- i--ued *$ t)e -aid -tate o% 8ir.inia under t)e pro,i-ion- o% t)e -aid a t o% Mar ) 00, 14719 t)at t)e -aid oupon- and mone$ -o tendered *$ t)e plainti%% amounted to.et)er to e3a tl$ t)e -um -o due t)e -tate *$ t)e plainti%% %or ta3e-9 t)at t)e de%endant re%u-ed to re ei,e t)e -aid oupon- and mone$ -o tendered in pa$ment o% t)e plainti%%;ta3e-9 t)at t)e de%endant, a%ter -aid tender /a- made, a- )e deemed )im-el% re<uired to do *$ t)e a to% a--em*l$ o% 8ir.inia, entered t)e plainti%%;- pla e o% *u-ine-- in -aid it$, [114 U.S. 270, 274] and le,ied upon, and too! po--e--ion o% t)e de-!, t)e propert$ o% t)e plainti%% no/ -ued %or, %or t)e purpo-e o% -ellin. t)e -ame to pa$ t)e ta3e- due %rom )im9 and t)at t)e -aid de-! i- o% t)e ,alue o% 500, and -till remain- in po--e--ion o% t)e de%endant %or t)e purpo-e a%ore-aid, )e )a,in. re%u-ed to return t)e -ame to t)e plainti%% on demand. T)e )u-tin.- ourt /a- o% t)e opinion t)at t)e poli e 6u-ti e erred in de idin. t)at )e )ad no 6uri-di tion, and t)at t)e i--ue in t)e a tion mi.)t )a,e *een tried *$ )im, and t)at it -)ould *e tried *$ t)at ourt on t)e appeal9 *ut it /a- al-o o% t)e opinion t)at in tenderin. to t)e de%endant, a- part o% t)e tender in pa$ment o% t)e plainti%%;- ta3e-, t)e oupon- mentioned and de- ri*ed, t)e plainti%% did not tender /)at t)e la/ re<uired, nor /)at t)e de%endant /a-, a- trea-urer, o*li.ed to or -)ould )a,e re ei,ed in pa$ment o% t)e plainti%%;- ta3e-, under t)e pro,i-ion- o% t)e a t o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o, 8ir.inia, appro,ed 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, entitled ;An a t to pro,ide %or t)e more e%%i ient olle tion o% t)e re,enue to -upport .o,ernment, maintain t)e pu*li - )ool-, and to pa$ intere-t on t)e pu*li de*t9; t)at t)e plainti%%;- remed$ %or t)e %ailure o% t)e de%endant, a- trea-urer, to re ei,e oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e-, /a- to *e %ound in t)e pro,i-ion- o% -aid a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 14429 and t)at, t)ere%ore, t)e de%endant doe- not unla/%ull$ or /ron.%ull$ detain t)e plainti%%;- propert$ le,ied on *$ t)e de%endant, a- trea-urer o% t)e it$ o% Ri )mond, %or t)e plainti%%;- ta3e-9 and 6ud.ment /a- a ordin.l$ rendered %or t)e de%endant.

>t appear- %rom t)e re ord t)at t)ere /a- dra/n in <ue-tion t)e ,alidit$ o% t)e -aid a t o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% 8ir.inia, appro,ed 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, and o% t)e ei.)teent) -e tion o% t)e a t o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, appro,ed April 1, 147?, /)i ) aut)ori@e- t)e olle tion o% delin<uent ta3e- *$ di-traint o% per-onal propert$, upon t)e .round t)at t)e-e a t- are repu.nant to -e tion 10 o% arti le 1 o% t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, /)i ) de lare- t)at no -tate -)all pa-an$ la/ impairin. t)e o*li.ation o% ontra t-, t)e 6ud.ment o% t)e ourt *ein. in %a,or o% t)e ,alidit$ o% -aid a t- and a.ain-t t)e ri.)t- laimed *$ t)e plainti%% under t)e [114 U.S. 270, 27:] on-titution o% t)e United State-. T)e )u-tin.- ourt i- t)e )i.)e-t ourt o% t)e -tate to /)i ) t)e -aid au-e ould *e ta!en. T)e a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, t)e ,alidit$ o% /)i ) i- t)u- <ue-tioned, i- a- ollo/-7 ;#e it ena ted *$ t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, t)at t)e -e,eral ta3 olle tor- o% t)iommon/ealt) -)all re ei,e, in di- )ar.e o% t)e ta3e-, li en-e ta3e-, and ot)er due-, .old, -il,er, United State- trea-ur$ note-, national *an! urren $, and not)in. el-e9 pro,ided t)at in all a-e- in /)i ) an o%%i er )ar.ed *$ la/ /it) t)e olle tion o% re,enue due t)e -tate, -)all ta!e an$ -tep- %or t)e olle tion o% -ame, laimed to *e due %rom an$ iti@en or ta32pa$er, -u ) per-on a.ain-t /)om -u ) -tep i- ta!en, i% )e on ei,e- t)e -ame to *e un6u-t or ille.al, or a.ain-t an$ -tatute, or to *e un on-titutional, ma$ pa$ t)e -ame under prote-t, and under -u ) pa$ment t)e o%%i er olle tin. t)e -ame -)all pa$ -u ) re,enue into t)e -tate trea-ur$, .i,in. noti e at t)e time o% -u ) pa$ment to t)e trea-urer t)at t)e -ame /a- paid under prote-t. T)e per-on -o pa$in. -u ) re,enue ma$, at an$ time /it)in 00 da$- a%ter ma!in. -u ) pa$ment, and not lon.er t)erea%ter, -ue t)e -aid o%%i er -o olle tin. -u ) re,enue in t)e ourt )a,in. 6uri-di tion o% t)e partie- and amount-. ;>% it *e determined t)at t)e -ame /a- /ron.%ull$ olle ted, %or an$ rea-on .oin. to t)e merit- o% t)e -ame, t)en t)e ourt tr$in. t)e a-e ma$ erti%$ o% re ord t)at t)e -ame /a- /ron.%ull$ paid and ou.)t to *e re%unded9 and, t)ereupon, t)e auditor o% pu*li a ount- -)all i--ue )i- proper /arrant %or t)e -ame, /)i ) -)all *e paid in pre%eren e to ot)er laim- on t)e trea-ur$, e3 ept -u ) a- )a,e priorit$ *$ on-titutional re<uirement. ;T)ere -)all *e no ot)er remed$ in an$ a-e o% t)e olle tion o% re,enue, or t)e attempt to olle t re,enue- ille.all$, or t)e attempt to olle t re,enue in %und- onl$ re ei,a*le *$ -aid o%%i er- under t)ila/, t)e -ame *ein. ot)er and di%%erent %und- t)an t)e ta32pa$er ma$ tender or laim t)e ri.)t to pa$, t)an -u ) a- are )erein pro,ided9 and no /rit %or t)e pre,ention o% an$ re,enue laim, or to )inder or dela$ t)e olle tion [114 U.S. 270, 27=] o% t)e -ame, -)all in an$/i-e i--ue, eit)er in6un tion, -uper-edea-, mandamu-, pro)i*ition, or an$ ot)er /rit or pro e-- /)ate,er9 *ut in all a-e-, i%, %or an$ rea-on, an$ per-on -)all laim t)at t)e re,enue -o olle ted o% )im /a- /ron.%ull$ or ille.all$ olle ted, t)e remed$ %or -u ) per-on -)all *e a- a*o,e pro,ided, and in no ot)er manner. >n all -u ) a-e- >% t)e ourt erti%$ o% re ord t)at t)e o%%i er de%endant a ted in .ood %ait) and dili.entl$ de%ended t)e a tion, t)e ne e--ar$ o-t- in urred *$ )im -)all *e ta3ed to and paid *$ t)e -tate, a- in riminal a-e-. T)e ommon/ealt) attorne$ %or t)e ount$ or orporation in /)i ) -uit i- *rou.)t, -)all appear and repre-ent t)e de%en-e. >n e,er$ a-e /)ere 6ud.ment i- rendered %or t)e de%endant, a %ee o% %i,e dollar- -)all *e ta3ed in %a,or o% -aid attorne$ and a.ain-t t)e plainti%%9 and /)ene,er t)e ourt -)all re%u-e to erti%$ t)e .ood %ait) and dili.en e o% t)e o%%i er de%endin. t)e a-e, a li!e %ee o% %i,e dollar- -)all *e ta3ed a.ain-t -aid o%%i er. An$ o%%i er )ar.ed /it) t)e olle tion o% re,enue, /)o -)all re ei,e pa$ment t)ereo% in an$t)in. ot)er t)an t)at )erein*e%ore pro,ided, -)all *e deemed .uilt$ o% a mi-demeanor, and %ined not le-- t)an one )undred nor more t)an %i,e )undred dollar-, in t)e di- retion o% t)e ourt9 *ut not)in. )erein ontained -)all *e on-trued to -u*6e t an$ o%%i er o% t)e -tate to an$ -uit, ot)er t)an a- )erein*e%ore pro,ided, %or an$ re%u-al on )i- part to a ept in pa$ment o% re,enue due t)e -tate an$ !ind or de- ription o% %und-, -e urit$, or paper not aut)ori@ed *$ t)i- a t. ;A2B T)i- a t -)all *e in %or e %rom and a%ter t)e %ir-t da$ o% (e em*er, ei.)teen )undred and ei.)t$2 t/o.; T)e ei.)teent) -e tion o% t)e a t o% April 1, 147?, AA t- 147427?, p. 014,B -o %ar a- material, i- t)at ;it -)all *e t)e dut$ o% t)e trea-urer, a%ter t)e %ir-t da$ o% (e em*er, to all upon ea ) per-on )ar.ea*le /it) ta3e- and le,ie-, /)o )a- not paid t)e -ame prior to t)at time, or upon t)e a.ent o% -u ) per-on re-ident /it)in t)e ount$ or orporat on, and, upon %ailure or re%u-al o% -u ) per-on or a.ent to pa$ t)e -ame, )e -)all pro eed to olle t *$ di-tre-- or ot)er/i-e.; Good- and )attel- di-trained *$ an o%%i er, *$ pro,i-ion- o% ot)er -tatute- t)en in %or e, /ere re<uired to *e -old at pu*li -ale a%ter due noti e, a- pre- ri*ed. [114 U.S. 270, 277] T)e a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, /a- amended *$ an a t /)i ) /a- pa--ed and too! e%%e t Mar ) 10, 1444, *$ t)e addition o% t)e %ollo/in. -e tion-7

;Se . 2. &)ene,er an$ paper-, purportin. to *e oupon- ut %rom *ond- o% t)i- -tate, -)all *e tendered to t)e olle tin. o%%i er in pa$ment o% an$ ta3e- due to t)e -tate *$ an$ part$ de-irin. to *rin. a -uit under t)i- -tatute, it -)all *e t)e dut$ o% t)e olle tin. o%%i er to pla e t)e oupon- -o tendered in an en,elope, to -eal t)e -aid en,elope, /rite )i- name a ro-- t)e -eal t)ereo%, indor-e it /it) t)e num*ero% t)e oupon- in lo-ed, and return it to t)e ta3pa$er. Upon t)e trial o% an$ pro eedin. under t)i- a t, t)e -aid oupon-, in lo-ed in t)e -aid en,elope -o -ealed and indor-ed, mu-t *e produ ed in e,iden e to pro,e t)e tender. >% t)e ourt -)all erti%$ t)at t)e mone$ paid under prote-t ou.)t to *e re%unded, t)e -aid oupon- -)all *e deli,ered to t)e auditor o% pu*li a ount-, to *e an eled -imltaneou-l$ /it) t)e i--ue o% )i- /arrant. ;Se . 0. Co a tion o% tre-pa-- or tre-pa-- on t)e a-e -)all *e *rou.)t or maintained a.ain-t an$ olle tin. o%%i er %or le,$in. upon t)e propert$ o% an$ ta32pa$er /)o ma$ )a,e tendered in pa$ment, in /)ole or in part, an$ oupon, or paper purportin. to *e a oupon, ut %rom *ond- o% t)i- -tate %or -u ) ta3e-, and /)o -)all re%u-e to pa$ )i- ta3e- in .old, -il,er, United State- trea-ur$ note-, or national *an!2note-. T)e -uit ontemplated *$ t)i- a t -)all *e ommen ed *$ a petition %iled at rule-, upon /)i ) a -ummon- -)all *e i--ued to t)e olle tin. o%%i er9 and t)e -aid -uit -)all *e re.ularl$ matured li!e ot)er a tion- at la/, and t)e oupon- tendered -)all *e %iled /it) -aid petition.; T)e ontra t /)i ) t)e plainti%% in error alle.e- )a- *een ,iolated i- /it) t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, and iontained in t)e a t o% Mar ) 00, 1471, !no/n a- t)e ;"undin. A t.; entitled ;An a t to pro,ide %or t)e %undin. and pa$ment o% t)e pu*li de*t,; and in t)e *ond- and oupon- i--ued under it- aut)orit$. >t pro,ided %or t)e %undin. o% t/o2t)ird- o% t)e e3i-tin. -tate de*t, and o% t/o2t)ird- o% t)e intere-t a rued t)ereon to 1ul$ 1, 1471, in ne/ = per ent. *ond-, to run 04 $ear-, t)e *ond-, oupon or re.i-tered, pa$a*le to [114 U.S. 270, 274] order or *earer, and t)e oupon- to *earer, and de lared t)at t)e oupon- -)ould *e pa$a*le -emi2annuall$, and ;*e re ei,a*le at and a%ter maturit$ %or all ta3e-, de*t-, due-, and demand- due t)e -tate,; and t)at t)i- -)ould *e e3pre--ed on t)eir %a e. "or t)e remainin. one2t)ird, erti%i ate- /ere to *e i--ued to t)e reditor- to )old a- laim- a.ain-t t)e -tate o% &e-t 8ir.inia, t)at *ein. a--umed a- )er 6u-t proportion o% t)e entire de*t. ;Under t)i- a t,; it /a-aid *$ t)i- ourt, in Hartman ,. Green)o/, 102 U.S. =72 , =7?, ;a lar.e num*er o% t)e reditor- o% t)e -tate, )oldin. *ond- amountin., in ludin. intere-t t)ereon, to a*out t)irt$ million- o% dollar-, -urrendered t)em and too! ne/ *ond- /it) intere-t oupon- anne3ed %or t/o2t)ird- o% t)eir amount, and erti%i ate- %or t)e *alan e. A ontra t /a- t)u- on-ummated *et/een t)e -tate and t)e )oldero% t)e ne/ *ond- and t)e )older- o% t)e oupon-, %rom t)e o*li.ation o% /)i ) -)e ould not, /it)out t)eir on-ent, relea-e )er-el% *$ an$ -u*-e<uent le.i-lation. S)e t)u- *ound )er-el%, not onl$ to pa$ t)e *ond- /)en t)e$ *e ame due, *ut to re ei,e t)e intere-t oupon- %rom t)e *earer at and a%ter t)eir maturit$, to t)eir %ull amount, %or an$ ta3e- or due- *$ )im to t)e -tate. T)i- re ei,a*ilit$ o% t)e oupon- %or -u ) ta3e- and due- /a- /ritten on t)eir %a e, and a ompanied t)em in /)ate,er )andt)e$ pa--ed. >t on-tituted t)eir )ie% ,alue, and /a- t)e main on-ideration o%%ered to t)e )older- % t)e old *ond- to -urrender t)em and a ept ne/ *ond- %or t/o2t)ird- o% t)eir amount.; T)e -ame ,ie/ )ad *een ta!en *$ t)e -upreme ourt o% appeal- o% 8ir.inia in t)e a-e- o% Antoni ,. &ri.)t, 22 Grat. 4009 &i-e ,. Ro.er-, 24 Grat. 1=?9 and Clar!e ,. T$ler, 00 Grat. 1049 in t)e la-t o% /)i ) a-e- it /a- de lared to *e t)e -ettled la/ o% t)e -tate. >t /a- repeated *$ t)i- ourt in Antoni ,. Green)o/, 107 U.S. 7=? , S. C. 2 SUD. CT. R+D. ?1, /)ere it /a- -aid, Apa.e 77:7B ;T)e ri.)t o% t)e oupon2)older i- to )a,e )i- oupon re ei,ed %or ta3e- /)en o%%ered9; and Apa.e 771B ;an$ a t o% t)e -tate /)i ) %or*id- t)e re eipt o% t)e-e oupon- %or ta3e- i- a ,iolation o% t)e ontra t, and ,oid aa.ain-t oupon2)older-.; Upon t)e-e propo-ition- t)ere /a- an entire a.reement *et/een t)e ma6orit$ and minorit$ o% t)e ourt in t)at a-e. [114 U.S. 270, 27?] T)e nature and ,alue o% t)i- ontra t ri.)t to t)e oupon2)older de-er,e to *e %urt)er e3plained. >t /a- e,identl$ a part o% t)e on-ideration on /)i ) t)e reditor- o% t)e -tate /ere indu ed to a ept, under t)e a t o% Mar ) 00, 1471, %rom t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, ne/ o*li.ation- %or t/o2t)ird- o% t)eir laim, in e3 )an.e %or t)e -urrender o% t)e ori.inal *ond-. T)e latter depended %or t)eir pa$ment, a- to *ot) prin iple and intere-t, upon t)e ontinued .ood %ait) o% t)e -tate in ma!in., %rom time to time, ne e--ar$ appropriation- out o% t)e pu*li trea-ur$, to meet it- re urrin. lia*ilitie-, *$ po-iti,e le.i-lation to t)at e%%e t. >n a-e o% de%ault, t)ere /a- no remed$ *$ le.al pro e--. T)e -tate it-el% ould not *e -ued. >t- *are promi-e- to pa$ )ad no -an tion *ut t)e pu*li -en-e o% dut$ to t)e pu*li reditor-. T)e onl$ -e urit$ %or t)eir per%orman e /a- t)e pu*li %ait). #ut immediatel$ on t)e pa--a.e o% t)e a t o% Mar ) 00, 1471, and t)erea%ter, o a-ional or ontinued de%ault in t)e pa$ment o% intere-t on t)e *ond- i--ued in pur-uan e o% it- pro,i-ion- *$ rea-on o% %ailure- to pro,ide *$ la/- ne e--ar$ appropriation- %or it- pa$ment, /a- met, i% not o*,iated, *$ a -el%2e3e utin. remed$ lod.ed *$ t)e la/ in t)e )and- o% t)e reditor )im-el%. "or, %rom t)at time it *e ame t)e le.al dut$ o% e,er$ ta3 olle tor to re ei,e oupon- %rom t)e-e *ond-, o%%ered %or t)at

purpo-e *$ ta32pa$er-, in pa$ment o% ta3e-, upon an e<ual %ootin., at an e<ual ,alue, and /it) e<ual e%%e t, a- t)ou.) t)e$ /ere .old or -il,er or le.al2tender trea-ur$ note-. T)e$ /ere *$ t)at a t redu ed, in e%%e t, into mone$, and, a- *et/een t)e -tate and it- ta32pa$er-, /ere a le.al tender a- mone$. And, *ein. not onl$ a la/, *ut a ontra t, it *e ame, *$ %or e o% t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, irrepeala*le, and t)ere%ore i- to2da$, /)at it /a- /)en %ir-t ena ted, t)e un )an.ea*le la/ o% 8ir.inia. A%ter a tender o% -u ) oupon- *$ a ta32pa$er in pa$ment o% ta3e-, and a re%u-al *$ a ta3 olle tor to re ei,e t)em, t)e -ituation and ri.)t- o% t)e ta32pa$er and oupon2)older /ere pre i-el$ /)at t)e$ /ould )a,e *een i% )e )ad made a li!e tender in .old oin and it )ad *een re%u-ed. &)at t)e$ /ould *e /e -)all )a,e o a-ion pre-entl$ to in<uire. >n t)e mean time, it i- lear t)at t)e on2 [114 U.S. 270, 240] tra t o*li.ation em*odied in t)e <ualit$ imparted *$ la/ to t)e-e oupon-, o% *ein. re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% ta3e-, i- a di-tin t, ollateral, and real -e urit$, pla ed in t)e )and- o% t)e reditor, intended to ena*le )im to olle t t)em /it)out pro e-- o% la/. A- lon. a- t)e annual ta3e- o% t)e -tate are -u%%i ient in amount to a*-or* all oupon- t)at are o,erdue and unpaid, a ertain mar!et i- reated %or t)em /)i ) /ill maintain t)em at or near t)eir par ,alue. >n t)e )and- o% t)e ta32pa$er /)o *u$t)em %or tender, t)e$ are pra ti all$ no lon.er )o-e- in a tion, *ut e<ual in ,alue and <ualit$ to mone$, and e<ui,alent to re eipt- %or ta3e- alread$ paid. At t)e time o% t)e pa--a.e o% t)e a t o% Mar ) 00, 1471, t)ere e3i-ted a remed$ *$ mandamu-, in a-e a ta3 olle tor re%u-ed to re ei,e t)e oupon-, i--ued under t)at a t tendered in pa$ment o% ta3e-, to ompel )im -pe i%i all$ to do -o. T)e a-e o% Hartman ,. Green)o/, 102 U.S. =72 , /a- one in /)i ) t)at relie% /a- admini-tered9 and in Antoni ,. Green)o/, 107 U.S. 7=? , S. C. 2 SUD. CT. R+D. ?1, it i-tated to )a,e *een t)e -ettled pra ti e o% t)e -upreme ourt o% appeal- o% 8ir.inia to entertain -uit%or -imilar relie%. #$ an a t o% 1anuar$ 14, 1442, t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% t)at -tate modi%ied t)e pro eedin.- in mandamu- i- -u ) a-e- -o a- to re<uire t)e ta32pa$er %ir-t to pa$ )i- ta3e- in mone$, and t)en t)e oupon- endered )a,in., in anot)er pro eedin., *een determined to *e .enuine, )e /aentitled to a 6ud.ment upon t)e mandamu-, re<uirin. t)em to *e re ei,ed in pa$ment o% t)e ta3e-, and t)e mone$ pre,iou-l$ paid re%unded. T)e ,alidit$ o% t)i- a t *e ame t)e <ue-tion in Antoni ,. Green)o/, u*i -upra, and it /a- a%%irmed on t)e .round t)at, %or t)e purpo-e o% -pe i%i all$ en%or in. t)e ri.)t to )a,e t)e oupon- re ei,ed in pa$ment o% ta3e-, t)e ne/ remed$ /a- -u*-tantiall$ e<ui,alent to t)e old one. T)e ourt /ere not /illin. to de ide t)at it /a- a -uit a.ain-t t)e -tate in /)i ) t)e mode o% pro eedin. ould *e modi%ied, or t)e remed$ ta!en a/a$ alto.et)er, at t)e plea-ure o% t)e -tate. And it a%%irmed t)e ri.)t o% t)e oupon2)older to )a,e )i- oupon re ei,ed %or ta3e- /)en o%%ered. ;T)e <ue-tion )ere,; -aid t)e ourt, ;i- not a- to t)at ri.)t, *ut a- to t)e remed$ t)e )older )a%or it- en%or ement /)en denied.; ;T)e <ue-2 [114 U.S. 270, 241] tion,; -aid t)e )ie% 6u-ti e, deli,erin. t)e opinion o% t)e ourt, ;/e are no/ to on-ider i- not /)et)er, i% t)e oupon tendered i- in %a t .enuine and -u ) a- ou.)t under t)e ontra t to *e re ei,ed, and t)e tender i- !ept .ood, t)e trea-urer an pro eed to olle t t)e ta3 *$ di-traint, or -u ) ot)er pro e-- a- t)e la/ allo/-, /it)out ma!in. )im-el% per-onall$ re-pon-i*le %or an$ tre-pa-- )e ma$ ommit, *ut /)et)er t)e a t o% 1442 ,iolate- an$ implied o*li.ation o% t)e -tate in re-pe t to t)e remedie- t)at ma$ *e emplo$ed %or t)e en%or ement o% it- ontra t, i% t)e olle tor re%u-e- to ta!e t)e oupon.; T)at /a- a a-e in /)i ) it /a- -ou.)t, *$ mandamu-, -pe i%i all$ to en%or e t)e ontra t o% t)e -tate /it) t)e oupon2)older, *$ ompellin., *$ a%%irmati,e a tion and pro e-- o% la/ t)e olle tor a tuall$ to re ei,e t)e oupon- tendered in -ati-%a tion o% ta3e-. >t le%t una%%e ted t)e ri.)t o% t)e oupon2 )older and ta32pa$er, a%ter )i- tender )ad *een unla/%ull$ re%u-ed, to -tand upon )i- ontra t and t)e la/, in de%en-e o% )i- ri.)t-, *ot) o% per-on and propert$, a.ain-t all unla/%ul a--ault- and -ei@ure-. >n t)e %ormer )e /a- an a tor, -ee!in. a%%irmati,e relie%, to ompel t)e -pe i%i per%orman e o% t)e ontra t. >n t)e latter )e i- a de%endant, pa--i,el$ re-tin. on )i- ri.)t-, and re-i-tin. oln$ demandand e3a tion- -ou.)t to *e en%or ed a.ain-t )im in denial o% t)em. He )a- )im-el%, in all t)in.-, per%ormed t)e ontra t on )i- part, and o*e$ed t)e la/, and -impl$ in-i-t- t)at i% more i- ille.all$ e3a ted and ta!en %rom )im, )e -)all )a,e t)e remed$ /)i ) t)e la/ .i,e- to e,er$ ot)er iti@en, not )im-el% in de%ault, a.ain-t t)e /ron.doer, /)o, under olor o% la/, *ut /it)out la/, di-tur*- or di-po--e--e- )im. A- /e )a,e -een, t)e oupon2 )older, /)o-e tender o% .enuine oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e- )a- *een re%u-ed, -tand- upon t)e -ame %ootin., in t)i- re-pe t, a- t)ou.) )e )ad tendered .old oin in -imilar ir um-tan e- and /it) li!e re-ult. T)e <ue-tion ne3t in order i- /)et)er )e )a- an$, and, i% an$, /)at remed$ %or t)e re o,er$ o% propert$ di-trained to pa$ t)e -ame ta3 /)i ) )e )a- t)u- alread$ o%%ered and attempted to pa$ in mone$ or it- e<ui,alent. >t i- /ell -ettled *$ man$ de i-ion- o% t)i- ourt t)at, %or t)e purpo-e o% a%%e t2 [114 U.S. 270, 242] in. pro eedin.- to en%or e t)e pa$ment o% ta3e-, a la/%ul tender o% pa$ment i- e<ui,alent to a tual pa$ment, eit)er *ein. -u%%i ient to depri,e t)e olle tin. o%%i er o% all

aut)orit$ %or %urt)er a tion, and ma!in. e,er$ -u*-e<uent -tep ille.al and ,oid. >n &oodru%% ,. Trapnall, 10 Ho/. 1?0, 204, it /a- )eld t)at a tender o% t)e note- o% t)e *an! o% t)e -tate o% Ar!an-a-, *$ la/ and a ontra t /it) t)e note )older- made re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% pu*li due- to t)e -tate, /a- e<ui,alent to pa$ment, in e3tin.ui-)in. t)e 6ud.ment in -ati-%a tion o% /)i ) t)e$ /ere o%%ered. T)e ourt -aid7 ;T)e la/ o% tender /)i ) a,oid- %uture intere-t and o-t- )a- no appli ation in t)ia-e. T)e ri.)t to ma!e pa$ment to t)e -tate in t)i- paper ari-e- out o% a ontinuin. ontra t, /)i ) ilimited in time *$ t)e ir ulation o% t)e note- to *e re ei,ed T)e$ ma$ *e o%%ered in pa$ment o% de*tdue to t)e -tate, in it- o/n ri.)t, *e%ore or a%ter 6ud.ment, and /it)out re.ard to t)e au-e o% inde*tment.; >n t)e a-e o% U. S. ,. 'ee, 10= U.S. 1?= , S. C. 1 SUD. CT. R+D. 240, it /a- )eld t)at a erti%i ate o% a -ale o% land %or ta3e-, made *$ ommi--ioner-, /)i ) *$ la/ /a- rendered impea )a*le *$ proo% t)at t)e ta3e- )ad *een paid pre,iou- to -ale, /a- rendered ,oid *$ proo% t)at t)e ommi--ioner- )ad re%u-ed to re ei,e t)e ta3e-, /it)out proo% o% an a tual tender, /)ere t)e ommi--ioner- )ad /ai,ed it *$ a pre,iou- noti e t)at t)e$ /ould not a ept it. >n t)e opinion o% t)e ourt it i- -aid7 ;T)i- ourt )a-, in a -erie- o% a-e-, e-ta*li-)ed t)e propo-ition t)at /)ere t)e ommi--ioner- re%u-ed to re ei,e -u ) ta3e-, t)eir a tion in t)u- pre,entin. pa$ment /a- t)e e<ui,alent o% pa$ment in it- e%%e t upon t)e erti%i ate o% -ale9; itin. #ennett ,. Hunter, ? &all. 02=9 Ta e$ ,. >r/in, 14 &all. :4?9 At/ood ,. &eem-, ?? U.S. 140 9 and Hill- ,. +3 )an.e #an!, 10: U.S. 01? . T)e a-e, t)en, o% t)e plainti%% *elo/ i- redu ed to t)i-7 He )ad paid t)e ta3e- demanded o% )im *$ a la/%ul tender. T)e de%endant )ad no aut)orit$ o% la/ t)erea%ter to attempt to en%or e ot)er pa$ment *$ -ei@in. )i- propert$. >n doin. -o )e ea-ed to *e an o%%i er o% t)e la/, and *e ame a pri,ate /ron.doer. >t i- t)e -imple a-e in /)i ) t)e de%endant, a natural pri,ate per-on, )a- unla/%ull$, /it) %or e and arm-, -ei@ed, [114 U.S. 270, 240] ta!en, and detained t)e per-onal propert$ o% anot)er. T)at an a tion o% detinue /ill lie in -u ) a a-e, a ordin. to t)e la/ o% 8ir.inia, )a- not *een <ue-tioned. T)e ri.)t o% re o,er$ /ould -eem to *e omplete, unle-- t)i- a-e an *e met and o,ert)ro/n on -ome o% t)e .round- maintained in ar.ument *$ oun-el %or t)e de%endant in error. T)e-e /e pro eed no/ to e3amine in t)eir order. >t i- o*6e ted, in t)e %ir-t pla e, t)at t)e la/ and ontra t, *$ /)i ) t)e <ualit$ o% *ein. re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% ta3e- to t)e -tate i- imputed to t)e oupon-, i- it-el% in ,iolation o% t)at lau-e o% t)e on-titution o% t)e United State- Aarti le 1, 10B /)i ) de lare- t)at no -tate -)all ;emit *ill- o% redit,; and i- t)ere%ore ,oid. T)e oupon- in <ue-tion are in t)e ordinar$ %orm, and one o% t)em read- a%ollo/-7 ;Re ei,a*le at and a%ter maturit$ %or all ta3e-, de*t-, and demand- due t)e -tate. ;T)e ommon/ealt) o% 8ir.inia /ill pa$ t)e *earer t)irt$ dollar-, intere-t due %ir-t 1anuar$, 1444, on *ond Co. 2,701. ;Coupon Co. 20. G+E. RF+, Trea-urer.; >t i- ontended t)at t)i- i- a *ill o% redit in t)e -en-e o% t)e on-titution, *e au-e, *ein. re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% de*t- due t)e -tate, and ne.otia*le *$ deli,er$ merel$, it /a- intended to pa-- %rom )and to )and and ir ulate a- mone$. T)e meanin. o% t)e term ;*ill- o% redit,; a- u-ed in t)e on-titution, )a- *een -ettled *$ de i-ion- o% t)i- ourt. #$ a -ound rule o% interpretation it )a- *een on-trued in t)e li.)t o% t)e )i-tori al ir um-tan e- /)i ) are !no/n to )a,e led to t)e adoption o% t)e lau-e pro)i*itin. t)eir emi--ion *$ t)e -tate-, and in ,ie/ o% t)e .reat pu*li and pri,ate mi- )ie%e3perien ed durin. and prior to t)e period o% t)e /ar o% independen e, in on-e<uen e o% unre-trained i--ue-, *$ t)e olonial and -tate .o,ernment-, o% paper mone$, *a-ed alone upon redit. T)e de%inition t)u- dedu ed /a- not %ounded on t)e a*-tra t meanin. o% t)e /ord-, -o a- to in lude e,er$t)in. in t)e[114 U.S. 270, 244] nature o% an o*li.ation to pa$ mone$, repo-in. on t)e pu*li %ait), and -u*6e t to %uture redemption, *ut /a- limited to t)o-e parti ular %orm- o% e,iden e- o% de*t /)i ) )ad *een -o a*u-ed to t)e detriment o% *ot) pri,ate and pu*li intere-t-. A ordin.l$, C)ie% 1u-ti e MARSHA'', in Crai. ,. Mi--ouri, 4 Det. 410, 402, -aid t)at ;*ill- o% redit -i.ni%$ a paper medium intended to ir ulate *et/een indi,idual-, and *et/een .o,ernment and indi,idual-, %or t)e ordinar$ purpo-e- o% -o iet$.; T)i- de%inition /a- made more e3a t *$ merel$ e3pre--in., )o/e,er, itimpli ation-, in #ri- oe ,. #an! o% Gentu !$, 11 Det. 2:7, 014, /)ere it /a- -aid7 ;T)e de%iniion, t)en, /)i ) doe- in lude all la--e- o% *ill- o% redit, emitted *$ t)e olonie- or -tate-, i- a paper i--ued *$ t)e -o,erei.n po/er, ontainin. a pled.e o% it- %ait) and de-i.ned to ir ulate a- mone$.; And a.ain, pa.e 0147 ;To on-titute a *ill o% redit, /it)in t)e on-titution, it mu-t *e i--ued *$ a -tate, on t)e %ait) o% t)e -tate, and *e de-i.ned to ir ulate a- mone$. >t mu-t *e a paper /)i ) ir ulate- on t)e

redit o% t)e -tate, and i- -o re ei,ed and u-ed in t)e ordinar$ *u-ine-- o% li%e.; T)e de%inition /arepeated in (arrin.ton ,. #an! o% Ala*ama, 10 Ho/. 12. >t i- ,er$ plain to u- t)at t)e oupon- in <ue-tion are not em*ra ed /it)in t)e-e term-. T)e$ are not *ill- o% redit in t)e -en-e o% t)i- on-titutional pro)i*ition. T)e$ are i--ued *$ t)e -tate, >t i- ,er$ plain to u- t)at t)e oupon- pa$ mone$. T)eir pa$ment and redemption are *a-ed on t)e redit o% t)e -tate, *ut t)e$ /ere not emitted *$ t)e -tate in t)e -en-e in /)i ) a .o,ernment emit- ittrea-ur$ note-, or a *an! it- *an!2note-2a ir ulatin. medium or paper urren $2a- a -u*-titute %or mone$. And t)ere i- not)in. on t)e %a e o% t)e in-trument-, nor in t)eir %orm or nature, nor in t)e term- o% t)e la/ /)i ) aut)ori@e t)eir i--ue, nor in t)e ir um-tan e- o% t)eir reation or u-e, a-)o/n *$ t)e re ord, on /)i ) to %ound an in%eren e t)at t)e-e oupon- /ere de-i.ned to ir ulate in t)e ommon tran-a tion- o% *u-ine--, a- mone$, nor t)at in %a t t)e$ /ere -o u-ed. T)e onl$ %eature relied on to -)o/ -u ) a de-i.n or to pro,e -u ) a u-e i- t)at t)e$ are made re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% ta3e- and ot)er due- to t)e -tate. "rom t)i-, [114 U.S. 270, 24:] it i- ar.ued t)at t)e$ /ould o*tain -u ) a ir ulation %rom )and to )and a- mone$ a- t)e demand %or t)em, *a-ed upon -u ) a <ualit$, /ould naturall$ .i,e. #ut t)i- %all- %ar -)ort o% t)eir %itne-- %or .eneral ir ulation in t)e ommunit$, a- a repre-entati,e and -u*-titute %or mone$, in t)e ommon tran-a tion- o% *u-ine--, /)i ) ine e--ar$ to *rin. t)em /it)in t)e on-titutional pro)i*ition a.ain-t *ill- o% redit. T)e note- o% t)e *an! o% t)e -tate o% Ar!an-a-, /)i ) /ere t)e -u*6e t o% ontro,er-$ in &oodru%% ,. Trapnall, 10 Ho/. 1?0, /ere, *$ la/, re ei,a*le *$ t)e -tate in pa$ment o% all due- to it, and t)i- ir um-tan e /a- not -uppo-ed to ma!e t)em *ill- o% redit. >t i- true, )o/e,er, t)at in t)at a-e it /a- )eld t)e$ /ere not -o *e au-e t)e$ /ere not i--ued *$ t)e -tate and in it- name, alt)ou.) t)e entire -to ! o% t)e *an! /ao/ned *$ t)e -tate, /)i ) %urni-)ed t)e /)ole apital, and /a- entitled to all t)e pro%it-. >n t)i- a-e t)e oupon- /ere i--ued *$ t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia and in it- name, and /ere o*li.ation- *a-ed on itredit, and /)i ) it )ad a.reed, a- one mode o% redemption, to re ei,e in pa$ment o% all due- to it-el% in t)e )and- o% an$ )older9 *ut t)e$ /ere not i--ued a- and %or mone$, nor /a- t)i- <ualit$ impre--ed upon t)em to %it t)em %or u-e a- mone$, or /it) t)e de-i.n to %a ilitate t)eir ir ulation a- -u ). >t /aon%erred, a- i- apparent %rom all t)e ir um-tan e- o% t)eir reation and i--ue, merel$ a- an a--uran e, *$ /a$ o% ontra t /it) t)e )older, o% t)e ertaint$ o% t)eir due redemption in t)e ordinar$ tran-a tion- *et/een t)e -tate trea-ur$ nd t)e ta32pa$er-. T)e$ do not *e ome re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% ta3e- till t)e$ are due, and t)e de-i.n, /e are *ound to pre-ume, /a- t)at t)e$ /ould *e paid at maturit$. T)i- ne e--aril$ e3 lude- t)e idea t)at t)e$ /ere intended %or ir ulation at all. >t i- ne3t o*6e ted t)at t)e -uit o% t)e plainti%% *elo/ ould not *e maintained, *e au-e it i-u*-tantiall$ an a tion a.ain-t t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, to /)i ) it )a- not a--ented. >t i- -aid t)at t)e ta3 olle tor /)o i- -ued, /a- an o%%i er and a.ent o% t)e -tate, en.a.ed in olle tin. it- re,enue under a ,alid la/, and t)at t)e ta3 )e -ou.)t to olle t %rom t)e plainti%% /a- la/%ull$ due9 t)at, on-e<uentl$, )e /a- .uilt$ o% no per-onal /ron., *ut a ted onl$ in an o%%i ial apa it$ repre-entin. [114 U.S. 270, 24=] t)e -tate, and, in re%u-in. to re ei,e t)e oupon- tendered, -impl$ o*e$ed t)e ommand- o% )iprin ipal /)om )e /a- la/%ull$ *ound to o*e$9 and t)at i% an$ /ron. )a- *een done, it )a- *een done *$ t)e -tate in re%u-in. to per%orm it- ontra t, and %or t)at /ron. t)e -tate i- alone lia*le, *ut ie3empted %rom -uit *$ t)e ele,ent) arti le o% amendment to t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, /)i ) de lare- t)at ;t)e 6udi ial po/er o% t)e United State- -)all not *e on-trued to e3tend to an$ -uit in la/ or e<uit$, ommen ed or pro-e uted a.ain-t one o% t)e United State- *$ iti@en- o% anot)er -tate, or *$ iti@en- or -u*6e t- o% an$ %orei.n -tate.; T)i- immunit$ %rom -uit -e ured to t)e -tate-, i- undou*tedl$ a part o% t)e on-titution o% e<ual aut)orit$ /it) e,er$ ot)er, *ut no .reater, and to *e on-trued and applied in )armon$ /it) all t)e pro,i-ion- o% t)at in-trument. T)at immunit$, )o/e,er, doe- not e3empt t)e -tate %rom t)e operation o% t)e on-titutional pro,i-ion t)at no -tate -)all pa-- an$ la/ impairin. t)e o*li.ation o% ontra t-9 %or it )a- lon. *een -ettled t)at ontra t- *et/een a -tate and an indi,idual are a- %ull$ prote ted *$ t)e on-titution a- ontra t- *et/een t/o indi,idual-. >t i- true t)at no remed$ %or a *rea ) o% itontra t *$ a -tate, *$ /a$ o% dama.e- a- ompen-ation, or *$ mean- o% pro e-- to ompel itper%orman e, i- open under t)e on-titution in t)e ourt- o% t)e United State- *$ a dire t -uit a.ain-t t)e -tate it-el%, on t)e part o% t)e in6ured part$, *ein. a iti@en o% anot)er -tate, or a iti@en or -u*6e t o% a %orei.n -tate. #ut it i- e<uall$ true t)at /)ene,er, in a ontro,er-$ *et/een partie- to a -uit, o% /)i ) t)e-e ourt- )a,e 6uri-di tion, t)e <ue-tion ari-e- upon t)e ,alidit$ o% a la/ *$ a -tate impairin. t)e o*li.ation o% it- ontra t, t)e 6uri-di tion i- not t)ere*$ ou-ted, *ut mu-t *e e3er i-ed /it) /)ate,er le.al on-e<uen e- to t)e ri.)t- o% t)e liti.ant-, ma$ *e t)e re-ult o% t)e determination. T)e a-e- e-ta*li-)in. t)e-e propo-ition-, /)i ) )a,e *een de ided *$ t)i- ourt -in e t)e adoption o% t)e

ele,ent) amendment to t)e on-titution, are numerou-. "let )er ,. De !, = Cran ), 479 Ce/ 1er-e$ ,. &il-on, 7 Cran ), 1=49 Green ,. #iddle, 4 &)eat. 1, 449 Dro,iden e #an! ,. #illin.-, 4 Det. :149 &oodru%% ,. Trapnall, 10 [114 U.S. 270, 247] Ho/. 1?09 &ol%% ,. Ce/ Erlean-, 100 U.S. 0:4 9 1e%%er-on #ran ) #an! ,. S!ell$, 1 #la !, 40=. >t i- al-o true t)at t)e <ue-tion /)et)er a -uit i- /it)in t)e pro)i*itin. o% t)e ele,ent) amendment inot al/a$- determined *$ re%eren e to t)e nominal partie- on t)e re ord. T)e pro,i-ion i- to *e -u*-tantiall$ applied in %urt)eran e o% it- intention, and not to *e e,aded *$ te )ni al and tri,ial -u*tletie-. A ordin.l$, it /a- )eld in Ce/ Hamp-)ire ,. 'oui-iana, and Ce/ For! ,. 'oui-iana, 104 U.S. 7= , S. C. 2 SUD. CT. R+D. 17=, t)at, alt)ou.) t)e 6udi ial po/er o% t)e United State- e3tend- to ; ontro,er-ie- *et/een t/o or more -tate-,; it did not em*ra e a -uit in /)i ), alt)ou.) nominall$ *et/een t/o -tate-, t)e plainti%% -tate )ad merel$ permitted t)e u-e o% it- name %or t)e *ene%it o% ititi@en- in t)e pro-e ution o% t)eir laim-, %or t)e en%or ement o% /)i ) t)e$ ould not -ue in t)eir o/n name-. So, on t)e ot)er )and, in Cunnin.)am ,. Ma on H #. R. Co. 10? U.S. 44= , S. C. 0 SUD. CT. R+D. 2?2, =0?, /)ere t)e -tate o% Geor.ia /a- not nominall$ a part$ on t)e re ord, it /a- )eld t)at, ait learl$ appeared t)at t)e -tate /a- -o intere-ted in t)e propert$ t)at %inal relie% ould not *e .ranted /it)out ma!in. it a part$, t)e ourt /a- /it)out 6uri-di tion. >n t)at a-e, t)e .eneral <ue-tion /adi- u--ed in t)e li.)t o% t)e aut)oritie-, and t)e a-e- in /)i ) t)e ourt )a- ta!en 6uri-di tion, /)en t)e o*6e tion )a- *een interpo-ed, t)at a -tate /a- a ne e--ar$ part$ to ena*le t)e ourt to .rant relie%, /ere e3amined and la--i%ied. T)e -e ond )ead o% t)at la--i%i ation i- t)u- de- ri*ed7 ;Anot)er la-o% a-e- i- /)ere an indi,idual i- -ued in tort %or -ome a t in6uriou- to anot)er in re.ard to per-on or propert$, to /)i ) )i- de%en-e i- t)at )e )a- a ted under t)e order- o% t)e .o,ernment. >n t)e-e a-e)e i- not -ued a-, or *e au-e )e i-, t)e o%%i er o% t)e .o,ernment, *ut a- an indi,idual, and t)e ourt inot ou-ted o% 6uri-di tion *e au-e )e a--ert- aut)orit$ a- -u ) o%%i er. To ma!e out )i- de%en-e )e mu-t -)o/ t)at )i- aut)orit$ /a- -u%%i ient in la/ to prote t )im.; And in illu-tration o% t)i- prin iple re%eren e /a- made to Mit )ell ,. Harmon$, 10 Ho/. 11:9 #ate- ,. Clar!, ?: U.S. 204 9 Mei.- ,. M Clun.;- 'e--ee, ? Cran ), 119 &il o3 ,. 1a !-on, 10 Det. 4?49 #ro/n ,. Hu.er, 21 Ho/. 01:9 [114 U.S. 270, 244] Gri-ar ,. M (o/ell, = &all. 0=09 and U. S. , 'ee, 10= U.S. 1?= 9 S. C. 1 SUD. CT. R+D. 240. T)e ratio de idendi in t)i- la-- o% a-e- i- ,er$ plain. A de%endant -ued a- a /ron.2doer, /)o -ee!- to -u*-titute t)e -tate in )i- pla e, or to 6u-ti%$ *$ t)e aut)orit$ o% t)e -tate, or to de%end on t)e .round t)at t)e -tate )a- adopted )i- a t and e3onerated )im, annot re-t on t)e *are a--ertion o% )i- de%en-e. He i- *ound to e-ta*li-) it. T)e -tate i- a politi al orporate *od$, an a t onl$ t)rou.) a.ent-, and an ommand onl$ *$ la/-. >t i- ne e--ar$, t)ere%ore, %or -u ) a de%endant, in order to omplete )ide%en-e, to produ e a la/ o% t)e -tate /)i ) on-titute- )i- ommi--ion a- it- a.ent, and a /arrant %or )i- a t. T)i- t)e de%endant, in t)e pre-ent a-e, undertoo! to do. He relied on t)e a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, re<uirin. )im to olle t ta3e- in .old, -il,er, United State- trea-ur$ note-, national *an! urren $, and not)in. el-e, and t)u- %or*iddin. )i- re eipt o% oupon- in lieu o% mone$. T)at, it itrue, i- a le.i-lati,e a t o% t)e .o,ernment o% 8ir.inia, *ut it i- not a la/ o% t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia. T)e -tate )a- pa--ed no -u ) la/, %or it annot9 and /)at it annot do, it ertainl$, in ontemplation o% la/, )a- not done. T)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, and it- o/n ontra t, *ot) irrepeala*le *$ an$ a t on it- part, are t)e la/ o% 8ir.inia9 and t)at la/ made it t)e dut$ o% t)e de%endant to re ei,e t)e oupon- tendered in pa$ment o% ta3e-, and de lared e,er$ -tep to en%or e t)e ta3, t)erea%ter ta!en, to *e /it)out /arrant o% la/, and t)ere%ore a /ron.. He -tand-, t)en, -tripped o% )i- o%%i ial )ara ter, and, on%e--in. a per-onal ,iolation o% t)e plainti%%;- ri.)t-, %or /)i ) )e mu-t per-onall$ an-/er, )e i/it)out de%en-e. Co *etter illu-tration o% t)i- prin iple an *e %ound t)an t)an /)i ) i- %urni-)ed *$ t)e a-e o% U. S. ,. 'ee, 10= U.S. 1?= , S. C. 1 SUD. CT. R+D. 240, in /)i ) it /a- applied to a laim made on *e)al% o% t)e national .o,ernment. T)e a tion /a- one in e6e tment, to re o,er po--e--ion o% land-, to /)i ) t)e plainti%% laimed title. T)e de%endant- /ere natural per-on-, /)o-e de%en-e /a- t)at t)e$ /ere in po--e--ion a- o%%i er- o% t)e United State- under t)e order- o% t)e .o,ernment and %or it- [114 U.S. 270, 24?] u-e-. T)e attorne$ .eneral alled t)i- a-pe t o% t)e a-e to t)e attention o% t)e ourt, *ut /it)out ma!in. t)e United State- a part$ de%endant. >t /a- de ided *$ t)i- ourt t)at to -u-tain t)e de%en-e, and to d %eat t)e plainti%%;- au-e o% a tion, it /a- ne e--ar$ to -)o/ t)at t)e de%endant- /ere in po--e--ion under t)e United State-, and on t)eir *e)al%, *$ ,irtue o% -ome ,alid aut)orit$. A- t)iould not *e -)o/n, t)e ontrar$ learl$ appearin., po--e--ion o% land-, a tuall$ in u-e a- a national emeter$, /a- ad6ud.ed to t)e plainti%%-. T)e de i-ion in t)at a-e /a- re-ted lar.el$ upon t)e aut)orit$ o% E-*orn ,. #an! o% U. S. ? &)eat. 704, /)i ) /a- a -uit in e<uit$ a.ain-t an o%%i er o% t)e -tate o% E)io, /)o -ou.)t to en%or e one o% )er -tatute- /)i ) /a- in ,iolation o% ri.)t- -e ured to t)e

*an! *$ t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-. T)e de%endant-, E-*orn and ot)er-, denied t)e 6uri-di tion o% t)e ourt, upon t)e .round t)at t)e -tate /a- t)e real part$ in intere-t and ould not *e -ued, and t)at a -uit a.ain-t )er o%%i er-, /)o /ere e3e utin. )er /ill, /a- in ,iolation o% t)e ele,ent) amendment o% t)e on-titution. To t)i- o*6e tion, C)ie% 1u-ti e MARSHA'' replied7 ;>% t)e -tate o% E)io ould )a,e *een made a part$ de%endant, it an - ar el$ *e denied t)at t)i- /ould *e a -tron. a-e %or an in6un tion. T)e o*6e tion i- t)at, a- t)e real part$ annot *e *rou.)t *e%ore t)e ourt, a -uit annot *e -u-tained a.ain-t t)e a.ent- o% t)at part$9 and a-e- )a,e *een ited to -)o/ t)at a ourt o% )an er$ /ill not ma!e a de ree unle-- all t)o-e /)o are -u*-tantiall$ intere-ted *e made partie- to t)e -uit. T)i- i- ertainl$ true /)ere it i- in t)e po/er o% t)e plainti%% to ma!e t)em partie-9 *ut i% t)e per-on /)o i- t)e real prin ipal,2t)e per-on /)o i- t)e true -our e o% t)e mi- )ie%, *$ /)o-e po/er and %or /)o-e ad,anta.e it i- done, *e )im-el% a*o,e t)e la/, *e e3empt %rom all 6udi ial pro e--, it /ould *e -u*,er-i,e o% t)e *e-t2 e-ta*li-)ed prin iple- to -a$ t)at t)e la/- ould not a%%ord t)e -ame remedie- a.ain-t t)e a.ent emplo$ed in doin. t)e /ron. /)i ) t)e$ /ould a%%ord a.ain-t )im ould )i- prin ipal *e 6oined in t)e -uit.; T)i- lan.ua.e, it ma$ *e o*-er,ed, /a- <uoted /it) appro,al in U. S. ,. 'ee. T)e prin iple /)i ) it enun iate- on2 [114 U.S. 270, 2?0] -titute- t)e ,er$ %oundation upon /)i ) t)e de i-ion in t)at a-e re-ted. >n t)e di- u--ion o% -u ) <ue-tion-, t)e di-tin tion *et/een t)e .o,ernment o% a -tate and t)e -tate it-el% i- important, and -)ould *e o*-er,ed. >n ommon -pee ) and ommon appre)en-ion t)e$ are u-uall$ re.arded a- identi al9 and a- ordinaril$ t)e a t- o% t)e .o,ernment are t)e a t- o% t)e -tate, *e au-e /it)in t)e limit- o% it- dele.ation o% po/er, t)e .o,ernment o% t)e -tate i- .enerall$ on%ounded /it) t)e -tate it-el%, and o%ten t)e %ormer i- meant /)en t)e latter i- mentioned. T)e -tate it-el% i- an ideal per-on, intan.i*le, in,i-i*le, immuta*le. T)e .o,ernment i- an a.ent, and, /it)in t)e -p)ere o% t)e a.en $, a per%e t repre-entati,e9 *ut out-ide o% t)at, it i- a la/le-- u-urpation. T)e on-titution o% t)e -tate i- t)e limit o% t)e aut)orit$ o% it- .o,ernment, and *ot) .o,ernment and -tate are -u*6e t to t)e -uprema $ o% t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, and o% t)e la/- made in pur-uan e t)ereo%. So t)at, /)ile it i- true in re-pe t to t)e .o,ernment o% a -tate, a- /a- -aid in 'an.%ord ,. U. S. 101 U.S. 041 , t)at t)e ma3im, t)at t)e !in. an do no /ron., )a- no pla e in our -$-tem o% .o,ernment9 $et it i- al-o true, in re-pe t to t)e -tate it-el%, t)at /)ate,er /ron. iattempted in it- name i- imputa*le to it- .o,ernment, and not to t)e -tate, %or, a- it an -pea! and a t onl$ *$ la/, /)ate,er it doe- -a$ and do mu-t *e la/%ul. T)at /)i ), t)ere%ore, i- unla/%ul *e au-e made -o *$ t)e -upreme la/, t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, i- not t)e /ord or deed o% t)e -tate, *ut i- t)e mere /ron. and tre-pa-- o% t)o-e indi,idual per-on- /)o %al-el$ -pea! and a t in it- name. >t /a- upon t)e .round o% t)i- important di-tin tion t)at t)i- ourt pro eeded in t)e a-e o% Te3a- ,. &)ite, 7 &all. 700, /)en it ad6ud.ed t)at t)e a t- o% -e e--ion, /)i ) on-tituted t)e i,il /ar o% 14=1, /ere t)e unla/%ul a t- o% u-urpin. -tate .o,ernment-, and not t)e a t- o% t)e -tate- t)em-el,e-, ina-mu ) a- ;t)e on-titution, in all it- pro,i-ion-, loo!- to an inde-tru ti*le Union, ompo-ed o% inde-tru ti*le -tate-9; and t)at, on-e<uentl$, t)e /ar it-el% /a- not a /ar *et/een t)e -tate-, nor a /ar o% t)e United State- a.ain-t -tate-, *ut a /ar o% t)e United State- a.ain-t [114 U.S. 270, 2?1] unla/%ul and u-urpin. .o,ernment-, repre-entin. not t)e -tate-, *ut a re*ellion a.ain-t t)e United State-. T)i- i-, in -u*-tan e, /)at /a- -aid *$ C)ie% 1u-ti e CHAS+, deli,erin. t)e opinion o% t)e ourt in T)orin.ton ,. Smit), 4 &all. 1, ?, /)en )e de lared, -pea!in. o% t)e on%ederate .o,ernment, t)at ;it /a- re.arded a- -impl$ t)e militar$ repre-entati,e o% t)e in-urre tion a.ain-t t)e aut)orit$ o% t)e United State-.; T)e -ame di-tin tion /a- de lared and en%or ed in &illiam- ,. #ru%%$, ?= U.S. 17= , 1?2, and in Horn ,. 'o !)art, 17 &all. :70, *ot) o% /)i ) /ere re%erred to and appro,ed in Geit) ,. Clar!, ?7 U.S. 4:4 , 4=:. T)i- di-tin tion i- e--ential to t)e idea o% on-titutional .o,ernment. To den$ it or *lot it out o*literate- t)e line o% demar ation t)at -eparate- on-titutional .o,ernment %rom a*-oluti-m, %ree -el%2 .o,ernment *a-ed on t)e -o,erei.nt$ o% t)e people %rom t)at de-poti-m, /)et)er o% t)e one or t)e man$, /)i ) ena*le- t)e a.ent o% t)e -tate to de lare and de ree t)at )e i- t)e -tate9 to -a$ ;';+tat, ;e-t moi.; E% /)at a,ail are /ritten on-titution-, /)o-e *ill- o% ri.)t, %or t)e -e urit$ o% indi,idual li*ert$, )a,e *een /ritten too o%ten /it) t)e *lood o% mart$r- -)ed upon t)e *attle2%ield and t)e - a%%old, i% t)eir limitation- and re-traint- upon po/er ma$ *e o,erpa--ed /it) impunit$ *$ t)e ,er$ a.en ie- reated and appointed to .uard, de%end, and en%or e t)em9 and t)at, too, /it) t)e -a red aut)orit$ o% la/, not onl$ ompellin. o*edien e, *ut entitled to re-pe tI And )o/ el-e an t)e-e prin iple- o% indi,idual li*ert$ and ri.)t *e maintained, i%, /)en ,iolated, t)e 6udi ial tri*unal- are %or*idden to ,i-it penaltie- upon indi,idual o%%ender-, /)o are t)e in-trument- o% /ron., /)ene,er t)e$ interpo-e t)e -)ield o% t)e -tateI T)e do trine i- not to *e tolerated. T)e /)ole %rame and - )eme o% t)e politi al in-titution- o% t)i- ountr$, -tate and %ederal, prote-t a.ain-t it. T)eir ontinued

e3i-ten e i- not ompati*le /it) it. >t i- t)e do trine o% a*-oluti-m, pure, -imple, and na!ed, and o% ommuni-m /)i ) i- it- t/in, t)e dou*le pro.en$ o% t)e -ame e,il *irt). >t /a- -aid *$ C)ie% 1u-ti e CHAS+, -pea!in. %or t)e /)ole ourt in 'ane Co. ,. Ere.on, 7 &all. 71, 7=, t)at t)e peo2 [114 U.S. 270, 2?2] ple, t)rou.) t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, ;e-ta*li-)ed a more per%e t union *$ -u*-titutin. a national .o,ernment, a tin., /it) ample po/er, dire tl$ upon t)e iti@en-, in-tead o% t)e on%ederate .o,ernment, /)i ) a ted /it) po/er-, .reatl$ re-tri ted, onl$ upon t)e -tate-.; >n no ot)er /a$ an t)e -uprema $ o% t)at on-titution *e maintained. >t reate- a .o,ernment in %a t a- /ell a- in name, *e au-e it- on-titution i- t)e -upreme la/ o% t)e land, ;an$t)in. in t)e on-titution or la/- o% an$ -tate to t)e ontrar$ not/it)-tandin.9; and it- aut)orit$ ien%or ed *$ it- po/er to re.ulate and .o,ern t)e ondu t o% indi,idual-, e,en /)ere it- pro)i*itionare laid onl$ upon t)e -tate- t)em-el,e-. T)e mandate o% t)e -tate a%%ord- no 6u-ti%i ation %or t)e in,a-ion o% ri.)t- -e ured *$ t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-9 ot)er/i-e, t)at on-titution /ould not *e t)e -upreme la/ o% t)e land. &)en, t)ere%ore, an indi,idual de%endant plead- a -tatute o% a -tate, /)i ) i- in ,iolation o% t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, a- )i- aut)orit$ %or ta!in. or )oldin. propert$, to /)i ) t)e iti@en a--ert- title, and %or t)e prote tion or po--e--ion o% /)i ) )e appeal- to t)e ourt-, to -a$ t)at t)e 6udi ial en%or ement o% t)e -upreme la/ o% t)e land, a- *et/een t)e indi,idual partie-, i- to oer e t)e -tate, i.nore- t)e %undamental prin iple- on /)i ) t)e on-titution re-t , a- ontra-ted /it) t)e arti le- o% on%ederation, /)i ) it di-pla ed, and pra ti all$ ma!e- t)e -tatute- o% t)e -tate- t)e -upreme la/ o% t)e land /it)in t)eir re-pe ti,e limit-. &)en, t)ere%ore, *$ t)e a t o% Mar ) 00, 1471, t)e ontra t /a- made, *$ /)i ) it /a- a.reed t)at t)e oupon- i--ued under t)at a t -)ould t)erea%ter *e re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% ta3e-, it /a- t)e ontra t o% t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, *e au-e, t)ou.) made *$ t)e a.en $ o% t)e .o,ernment, %or t)e time *ein., o% t)e -tate, t)at .o,ernment /a- a tin. /it)in t)e - ope o% it- aut)orit$, and -po!e /it) it- ,oi e a- ittrue repre-entati,e9 and ina-mu ) a-, *$ t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-, /)i ) i- al-o t)e -upreme la/ o% 8ir.inia, t)at ontra t, /)en made, *e ame t)ere*$ un )an.ea*le and irrepeala*le *$ t)e -tate, t)e -u*-e<uent a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, and all ot)er li!e a t-, /)i ) den$ t)e o*li.ation o% t)atJ on2 [114 U.S. 270, 2?0] tra t and %or*id it- per%orman e, are not t)e a t- o% t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia. T)e true and real ommon/ealt) /)i ) ontra ted t)e o*li.ation i- in apa*le in la/ o% doin. an$t)in. in dero.ation o% it. &)ate,er )a,in. t)at e%%e t, i% operati,e, )a- *een attempted or done, it)e /or! o% it- .o,ernment a tin. /it)out aut)orit$, in ,iolation o% it- %undamental la/, and mu-t *e loo!ed upon, in all ourt- o% 6u-ti e, a- i% it /ere not and ne,er )ad *een. T)e ar.ument, t)ere%ore, /)i ) -ee!- to de%eat t)e pre-ent a tion, %or t)e rea-on t)at it i- a -uit a.ain-t t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, *e au-e t)e nominal de%endant i- merel$ it- o%%i er and a.ent, a tin. in it- *e)al%, in it- name, and %or it- intere-t, and amena*le onl$ to it, %all- to t)e .round, *e au-e it- )ie% po-tulate %ail-. T)e -tate o% 8ir.inia )a- done none o% t)e-e t)in.- /it) /)i ) t)i- de%en-e )ar.e- )er. T)e de%endant in error inot )er o%%i er, )er a.ent, or )er repre-entati,e, in t)e matter omplained o%9 %or )e )a- a ted not onl$ /it)out )er aut)orit$, *ut ontrar$ to )er e3pre-- ommand-. T)e plainti%% in error, in %a t and in la/, i- repre-entin. )er a- )e -ee!- to e-ta*li-) )er la/, and ,indi ate- )er inte.rit$ a- )e maintain- )io/n ri.)t. Tried *$ e,er$ te-t /)i ) )a- *een 6udi iall$ -u..e-ted %or t)e determination o% t)e <ue-tion, t)iannot *e on-idered to *e a -uit a.ain-t t)e -tate. T)e -tate i- not named a- a part$ in t)e re ord9 t)e a tion i- not dire tl$ upon t)e ontra t9 it i- not %or t)e purpo-e o% ontrollin. t)e di- retion o% e3e uti,e o%%i er-, or admini-terin. %und- a tuall$ in t)e pu*li trea-ur$, a- /a- )eld to *e t)e a-e in 'oui-iana ,. 1umel, 107 U.S. 711 9 S. C. 2 SUD. CT. R+D. 1249 it i- not an attempt to ompel o%%i er- o% t)e -tate to do t)e a t- /)i ) on-titute a per%orman e o% it- ontra t *$ t)e -tate, a- -u..e-ted *$ a minorit$ o% t)e ourt in Antoni ,. Green)o/, 107 U.S. 7=? , 7409 S. C. 2 SUD. CT. R+D. ?19 nor i- it a a-e /)ere t)e -tate i- a ne e--ar$ part$, t)at t)e de%endant ma$ *e prote ted %rom lia*ilit$ to it, a%ter )a,in. an-/ered to t)e pre-ent plainti%%. "or, on t)i- -uppo-ition, i% t)e a ountin. o%%i er- o% t)e -tate .o,ernment re%u-e to redit t)e ta3 olle tor /it) oupon- re ei,ed *$ )im in pa$ment o% ta3e-, or -ee! to )old )im re-pon-i*le %or a %ailure to e3e ute t)e ,oid -tatute, /)i ) re<uired )im to re%u-e oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e-, in an$ a tion or [114 U.S. 270, 2?4] pro-e ution *rou.)t a.ain-t )im in t)e name o% t)e -tate, t)e .round- o% t)e 6ud.ment rendered in %a,or o% t)e pre-ent plainti%% /ill on-titute )i- per%e t de%en-e. And a- t)at de%en-e, made in an$ au-e, t)ou.) *rou.)t in a -tate ourt, /ould pre-ent a <ue-tion ari-in. under t)e on-titution and la/- o% t)e United State-, it /ould *e /it)in t)e 6uri-di tion o% t)i- ourt to .i,e it e%%e t, upon a /rit o% error, /it)out re.ard to t)e amount or ,alue in di-pute.

>n t)e a-e o% E-*orn ,. #an! o% U. S. ? &)eat, 704, 4:0, C)ie% 1u-ti e MARSHA'' put, *$ /a$ o% ar.ument and illu-tration, t)e ,er$ a-e /e are no/ on-iderin.. He -aid7 ;Contro,er-ie- re-pe tin. *oundar$ )a,e l tel$ e3i-ted *et/een 8ir.inia and Tenne--ee, *et/een Gentu !$ and Tenne--ee, and no/ e3i-t *et/een Ce/ For! and Ce/ 1er-e$. Suppo-e, /)ile -u ) a ontro,er-$ i- pendin., t)e olle tin. o%%i er o% one -tate -)ould -ei@e propert$ %or ta3e- *elon.in. to a man /)o -uppo-e- )im-el% to re-ide in t)e ot)er -tate, and /)o -ee!- redre-- in t)e %ederal ourt o% t)at -tate in /)i ) t)e o%%i er re-ide-. T)e intere-t o% t)e -tate i- o*,iou-. Fet it i- admitted t)at in -u ) a a-e t)e a tion /ould lie, *e au-e t)e o%%i er mi.)t *e treated a- a tre-pa--er, and t)e ,erdi t and 6ud.ment a.ain-t )im /ould not a t dire tl$ on t)e propert$ o% t)e -tate. T)at it /ould not -o a t, ma$, per)ap-, depend on ir um-tan e-. T)e o%%i er ma$ retain t)e amount o% t)e ta3e- in )i- )and-, and, on t)e pro eedin.- o% t)e -tate a.ain-t )im, ma$ plead in *ar t)e 6ud.ment o% a ourt o% ompetent 6uri-di tion. >% t)i- plea ou.)t to *e -u-tained, and it i- %ar %rom *ein. ertain t)at it ou.)t not, t)e 6ud.ment -o pleaded /ould )a,e a ted dire tl$ on t)e re,enue o% t)e -tate in t)e )and- o% it- o%%i er-. And $et t)e ar.ument admitt)at t)e a tion, in -u ) a a-e, /ould *e -u-tained. #ut -uppo-e, in -u ) a a-e, t)e part$ on ei,in. )im-el% to *e in6ured, in-tead o% *rin.in. an a tion -oundin. in dama.e-, -)ould -ue %or t)e -pe i%i t)in., /)ile $et in po--e--ion o% t)e -ei@in. o%%i er. >t *ein. admitted, in ar.ument, t)at t)e a tion -oundin. in dama.e- /ould lie, /e are una*le to per ei,e t)e line o% di-tin tion *et/een t)at and t)e a tion o% detinue. Fet t)e latter a tion /ould laim t)e -pe i%i arti le -ei@ed %or t)e ta3, [114 U.S. 270, 2?:] and /ould o*tain it, -)ould t)e -ei@ure *e deemed unla/%ul.; Alt)ou.) t)e plainti%% *elo/ /a- nominall$ t)e a tor, t)e a tion it-el% i- purel$ de%en-i,e. >t- o*6e t imerel$ to re-i-t an attempted /ron., and to re-tore t)e -tatu- in <uo a- it /a- /)en t)e ri.)t to *e ,indi ated /a- in,aded. >n t)i- re-pe t, it i- upon t)e -ame %ootin. /it) t)e pre,enti,e remed$ o% in6un tion in e<uit$, /)en t)at 6uri-di tion i- in,o!ed, and o% /)i ) a on-pi uou- e3ample, on-tantl$ %ollo/ed in t)e ourt- o% t)e United State-, /a- t)e a-e o% E-*orn ,. #an! o% U. S., u*i -upra. >n t)at a-e t)e ta3in. po/er o% t)e -tate /a- re-i-ted on t)e .round t)at it- e3er i-e t)reatened to depri,e t)e omplainant o% a ri.)t on%erred *$ t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-. T)e 6uri-idi tion )a- *een on-tantl$ e3erted *$ t)e ourt- o% t)e United State- to pre,ent t)e ille.al ta3ation o% national *an!- *$ t)e o%%i er- o% t)e -tate-. And in Cummin.- ,. Cational #an!, 101 U.S. 1:0 , 1:7, it /a- laid do/n a- a .eneral prin iple o% e<uit$ 6uri-idi tion ;t)at /)en a rule or -$-tem o% ,aluation i- adopted *$ t)o-e /)o-e dut$ it i- to ma!e t)e a--e--ment, /)i ) i- de-i.ned to operate une<uall$ and to ,iolate a %undamental prin iple o% t)e on-titution, and /)en t)i- rule i- applied not -olel$ to one indi,idual, *ut to a lar.e la-- o% indi,idual- or orporation-, e<uit$ ma$ properl$ inter%ere to re-train t)e operation o% t)i- un on-titutional e3er i-e o% po/er.; And it i- no o*6e tion to t)e remed$ in -u ) a-e- t)at t)e -tatute, /)o-e appli ation in t)e parti ular a-e i- -ou.)t to *e re-trained i- not ,oid on it- %a e, *ut i- omplained o% onl$ *e au-e it- operation in t)e parti ular in-tan e /or!- a ,iolation o% a on-titutional ri.)t9 %or t)e a-e- are numerou- /)ere t)e ta3 la/- o% a -tate, /)i ) in t)eir .eneral and proper appli ation are per%e tl$ ,alid, )a,e *een )eld to *e ome ,oid in parti ular a-e-, eit)er a- un on-titutional re.ulation- o% ommer e, or a- ,iolation- o% ontra tpro)i*ited *$ t)e on-titution, or *e au-e in -ome ot)er /a$ t)e$ operate to depri,e t)e part$ omplainin. o% a ri.)t -e ured to )im *$ t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-. At t)e pre-ent term o% t)i- ourt, at lea-t t)ree a-e- )a,e *een de ided, in /)i ) railroad ompanie- [114 U.S. 270, 2?=] )a,e *een omplaint- in e<uit$, -ee!in. to re-train o%%i er- o% -tate- %rom olle tin. ta3e-, on t)e .round o% an e3em tion *$ ontra t, and no <ue-tion o% 6uri-di tion )a- *een rai-ed. T)e pra ti e )a- *e ome ommon, and i- /ell -ettled on in onte-ta*le prin iple- o% e<uit$ pro edure. Memp)i- R. R. ,. Railroad Com;r-, 112 U.S. =0? 9 S. C. ante, 2??9 St. 'oui-, et ., R$. Co. ,. #err$, 110 U.S. 4=: 9 S. C. ante, :2?9 C)e-apea!e H E. R. R. Co. ,. Miller, 114 U. S. 229 S. C. ante, 410. >t i- -till ur.ed upon u-, )o/e,er, in ar.ument, t)at, not/it)-tandin. all t)at )a- *een or an *e -aid, it -till remain- t)at t)e ontro,er-$ di- lo-ed *$ t)e re ord i- *et/een an indi,idual and t)e -tate9 t)at t)e -tate alone )a- an$ real intere-t in it- determination9 t)at t)e pra ti al e%%e t o% -u ) determination i- to ontrol t)e a tion o% t)e -tate in t)e re.ular and orderl$ admini-tration o% itpu*li a%%air-9 and t)at, t)ere%ore, t)e -uit i- and mu-t *e re.arded a- a -uit a.ain-t t)e -tate, /it)in t)e pro)i*ition o% t)e ele,ent) amendment to t)e on-titution. Emittin. %or t)e time *ein. t)e on-ideration alread$ en%or ed, o% t)e %alla $ t)at lie- at t)e *ottom o% t)i- o*6e tion, ari-in. %rom t)e di-tin tion to *e !ept in ,ie/ *et/een t)e .o,ernment o% a -tate and t)e -tate it-el%, t)e premi-e/)i ) it a--ume- ma$ all *e admitted, *ut t)e on lu-ion /ould not %ollo/. T)e -ame ar.ument /aemplo$ed in t)e name o% t)e United State- in t)e 'ee Ca-e, and did not pre,ail. >t /a- pre--ed /it) t)e .reate-t %or e o% /)i ) it /a- -u- epti*le in t)e a-e o% E-*orn ,. #an! o% U. S., and /a- met and o,er ome *$ t)e ma-terl$ rea-onin. o% C)ie% 1u-ti e MARSHA''. >t appeared earl$ in t)e )i-tor$ o% t)i- ourt, in 17??, in t)e a-e o% "o/ler ,. 'ind-e$, 0 (all. 411, in /)i ) t)at a*le ma.i-trate, Mr.

1u-ti e &ASH>CGTEC, pronoun ed )i- %ir-t reported opinion. En a motion to remo,e t)e au-e *$ ertiorari %rom t)e ir uit ourt, on t)e .round t)at it /a- a -uit in /)i ) a -tate /a- a part$, it *ein. an e6e tment %or land-, t)e title to /)i ) /a- laimed under .rant- %rom di%%erent -tate-, )e -aid7 ;A a-e /)i ) *elon.- to t)e 6uri-di tion o% t)e -upreme ourt on a ount o% t)e intere-t t)at a -tate )ain t)e ontro,er-$ mu-t *e a a-e in /)i ) a -tate i- eit)er nominall$ or -u*-tantiall$ t)e part$. [114 U.S. 270, 2?7] >t i- not -u%%i ient t)at a -tate ma$ *e on-e<uentiall$ a%%e ted, %or in -u ) a-e Aa/)ere t)e .rant- o% di%%erent -tate- are *rou.)t into liti.ationB t)e ir uit ourt )a- learl$ a 6uri-di tion. And t)i- remar! %urni-)e- an an-/er to t)e -u..e-tion- t)at )a,e *een %ounded on t)e remote intere-t o% t)e -tate in ma!in. retri*ution to )er .rantee- upon t)e e,ent o% an e,i tion.; T)e t)in. pro)i*ited *$ t)e ele,ent) amendment i- t)e e3er i-e o% 6uri-idi tion in a ;-uit in la/ or e<uit$ ommen ed or pro-e uted a.ain-t one o% t)e United State- *$ iti@en- o% anot)er -tate, or *$ iti@en- or -u*6e t- o% an$ %orei.n -tate.; Cot)in. el-e i- tou )ed9 and -uit- *et/een indi,idual-, unle-t)e -tate i- t)e part$, in a -u*-tantial -en-e, are le%t untou )ed, no matter )o/ mu ) t)eir determination ma$ in identall$ and on-e<uentiall$ a%%e t t)e intere-t- o% a -tate, or t)e operation- o% it- .o,ernment. T)e %an ied in on,enien e o% an inter%eren e /it) t)e olle tion o% it- ta3e- *$ t)e .o,ernment o% 8ir.inia, *$ -uit- a.ain-t it- ta3 olle tor-, ,ani-)e- at on e upon t)e -u..e-tion t)at -u ) inter%eren e i- not po--i*le, e3 ept /)en t)at .o,ernment -ee!- to en%or e t)e olle tion o% itta3e- ontrar$ to t)e la/ and ontra t o% t)e -tate, and in ,iolation o% t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-. T)e immunit$ %rom -uit *$ t)e -tate, no/ in,o!ed, ,ainl$, to prote t t)e indi,idual /ron.2 doer-, %ind- no /arrant in t)e ele,ent) amendment to t)e on-titution, and i-, in %a t, a prote-t a.ain-t t)e en%or ement o% t)at ot)er pro,i-ion /)i ) %or*id- an$ -tate %rom pa--in. la/- impairin. t)e o*li.ation o% ontra t-. To a ompli-) t)at re-ult re<uire- a ne/ amendment, /)i ) /ould not %or*id an$ -tate %rom pa--in. la/- impairin. t)e o*li.ation o% it- o/n ontra t-. &)at /e are a !ed to do i-, in e%%e t, to o,errule t)e do trine in "let )er ,. De !, = Cran ), 47, and )old t)at a -tate i- not under a on-titutional o*li.ation to per%orm it- ontra t-, %or it i- e<ui,alent to t)at to -a$ t)at it i- not -u*6e t to t)e on-e<uen e- /)en t)at on-titutional pro)i*ition i- applied to -uit- *et/een indi,idual-. &e ould not -top t)ere. &e -)ould *e re<uired to .o -till %urt)er, and re,er-e t)e do trine on /)i ) t)at on-titutional pro,i-ion re-t-, -tated *$ C)ie% 1u-ti e MAR2 [114 U.S. 270, 2?4] SHA'' in t)at a-e, /)en )e -aid7 ;&)en, t)en, a la/ i- in it- nature a ontra t, /)en a*-olute ri.)t- )a,e ,e-ted under t)at ontra t, a repeal o% t)e la/ annot di,e-t t)o-e ri.)t-9 and t)e a t o% annullin. t)em, i% le.itimate, i- rendered -o *$ a po/er appli a*le to t)e a-e o% e,er$ indi,idual in t)e ommunit$. >t ma$ /ell *e dou*ted /)et)er t)e nature o% -o iet$ and o% .o,ernment doe- not pre- ri*e -ome limit- to t)e le.i-lati,e po/er9 and, i% an$ *e pre- ri*ed, /)ere are t)e$ to *e %ound i% t)e propert$ o% an indi,idual, %airl$ and )one-tl$ a <uired, ma$ *e -ei@ed /it)out ompen-ationI To t)e le.i-lature all le.i-lati,e po/er i- .ranted9 *ut t)e <ue-tion, /)et)er t)e a t o% tran-%errin. t)e propert$ o% an indi,idual to t)e pu*li *e in t)e nature o% le.i-lati,e po/er, i- /ell /ort)$ o% -erioure%le tion.; And in ,ie/ o% -u ) a ontention, /e ma$ /ell add t)e impre--i,e and /ei.)t$ /ord- o% t)e -ame illu-triou- man, /)en )e -aid, in Mar*ur$ ,. Madi-on, 1 Cran ), 1077 ;T)e .o,ernment o% t)e United State- )a- *een emp)ati all$ termed a .o,ernment o% la/- and not o% men. >t /ill ertainl$ ea-e to de-er,e t)i- )i.) appellation i% t)e la/- %urni-) no remed$ %or t)e ,iolation o% a ,e-ted le.al ri.)t.; >t i- ontended, )o/e,er, in *e)al% o% t)e de%endant in error, t)at t)e a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, under /)i ) )e 6u-ti%ied )i- re%u-al o% t)e tender o% oupon-, doe- not impair t)e o*li.ation o% t)e ontra t *et/een t)e oupon)older and t)e -tate o% 8ir.inia, ina-mu ) a- it -e ure- to )im a remed$ e<ual in le.al ,alue to all t)at it ta!e- a/a$, and t)at, on-e<uentl$, a- t)e -tate ma$ la/%ull$ le.i-late *$ )an.in. remedie- -o t)at it doe- not de-tro$ ri.)t-, t)e remed$ t)u- pro,ided i- e3 lu-i,e, and mu-t de%eat t)e plainti%%;- a tion. T)e remed$ t)u- -u*-tituted and de lared e3 lu-i,e i- one t)at re<uiret)e ta32pa$er demandin. to )a,e oupon- re ei,ed in pa$ment o% ta3e-, %ir-t, to pa$ t)e ta3e- due %rom )im in mone$, under prote-t, /)en, /it)in t)irt$ da$- t)erea%ter, )e ma$ -ue t)e o%%i er to re o,er *a ! t)e amount paid, /)i ), on o*tainin. 6ud.ment t)ere%or, -)all *e re%unded *$ t)e auditor o% pu*li a ount- out o% t)e trea-ur$. #$ t)e amendment pa--ed Mar ) 10, 1444, t)e oupontendered are re<uired to [114 U.S. 270, 2??] *e -ealed up and mar!ed %or identi%i ation, %iled /it) t)e petition at t)e ommen ement o% t)e -uit, produ ed on t)e trial a- e,iden e o% t)e tender, and deli,ered to t)e auditor o% pu*li a ount-, to *e an eled /)en )e i--ue- )i- /arrant %or t)e amount o% t)e 6ud.ment. >t i- ontended t)at, in ,ie/ o% t)i- remed$, t)e a-e i- ruled *$ t)e de i-ion o% t)i- ourt in Antoni ,. Green)o/, 107 U.S. 7=? 9 S. C. 2 SUD. CT. R+D. ?1. &e )a,e, )o/e,er, alread$ -)o/n, *$ e3tra t-

%rom t)e opinion o% t)e ourt in t)at a-e, t)at t)e <ue-tion in,ol,ed in t)e pre-ent pro eedin. /anot o,ered *$ t)at 6ud.ment. >n t)at a-e t)e plainti%% in error /a- -ee!in. to ompel t)e o%%i er -pe i%i all$ to re ei,e )i- oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e- *$ mandamu-, on t)e .round t)at )e /aentitled to t)at remed$ /)en t)e ontra t /a- made *$ t)e la/ o% Mar ) 00, 1471. T)e la/ .i,in. t)at remed$ /a- -u*-e<uentl$ amended, re<uirin. t)e petitioner to pa$ t)e ta3e- in mone$ in t)e %ir-t in-tan e, and permittin. t)e /rit to i--ue onl$ a%ter a trial, in /)i ) t)e .enuinene-- o% t)e oupontendered )ad *een e-ta*li-)ed. T)e ourt )eld t)at )e mi.)t )a,e *een put to t)e -ame proo% in t)e %ormer mode o% pro eedin., and t)at t)e amendment did not de-tro$ t)e e%% ien $ o% t)e remed$. #ut )ere t)e plainti%% did not -ee! an$ ompul-or$ pro e-- a.ain-t t)e o%%i er to re<uire )im -pe i%i all$ to re ei,e t)e oupon- tendered. He o%%ered t)em and t)e$ /ere re%u-ed. He )o-e to -tand upon t)e de%en-i,e, and maintain )i- ri.)t- a- t)e$ mi.)t *e a--ailed. Hi- ri.)t /a- to )a,e )ioupon re ei,ed %or ta3e- /)en o%%ered. T)at /a- t)e ontra t. To re%u-e to re ei,e t)em /a- an open *rea ) o% it- o*li.ation. >t i- no remed$ %or t)i- t)at )e ma$ a <uie- e in t)e /ron., pa$ )i- ta3e- in mone$ /)i ) )e /a- entitled to pa$ in oupon-, and *rin. -uit to re o,er it *a !. Hi- tender, a- /e )a,e alread$ -een, /a- e<ui,alent to pa$ment, -o %ar a- on ern- t)e le.alit$ o% all -u*-e<uent -tep- *$ t)e olle tor to en%or e pa$ment *$ di-traint o% )i- propert$. He )a- t)e ri.)t to -a$ )e /ill not pa$ t)e amount a -e ond time, e,en %or t)e pri,ile.e o% re o,erin. it *a !. And i% )e )oo-e- to -tand upon a la/%ul pa$ment on e made, )e a-!- no remed$ to re o,er *a ! ta3e- ille.all$ olle ted, *ut ma$ re-i-t t)e e3a tion, and treat [114 U.S. 270, 000] a- a /ron.doer t)e o%%i er /)o -ei@e- )i- propert$ to en%or e it. >t i- -u..e-ted t)at t)e ri.)t to )a,e oupon- re ei,ed in pa$ment o% ta3e- i- a mere ri.)t o% -et2o%%, and i- it-el% *ut a remed$ -u*6e t to t)e ontrol o% le.i-lation. Erdinaril$, it i- true, t)e ri.)t to -et o%% mutual independent de*t-, *$ /a$ o% ompen-ation and -ati-%a tion, i- dependent on t)e .eneral la/, doe- not enter into t)e ontra t, alt)ou.) it ma$ *e t)e le3 lo i ontra tu-, and i- dependent %or iten%or ement upon t)e le3 %ori, /)en -uit i- *rou.)t, and on-e<uentl$ ma$ *e )an.ed *$ t)e le.i-lature, /it)out impairin. ,e-ted ri.)t-. #ut in -u ) a-e- t)e ri.)t i- entirel$ dependent upon t)e .eneral la/, and )an.e- /it) it. >t i- de%%erent, /)en, a- in man$ a-e- o% e<uita*le -et2o%%, it in)erein t)e tran-a tion, or ari-e- out o% t)e relation- o% t)e partie-9 and it ma$ in an$ a-e, a- it /a- in t)i-, *e made t)e -u*6e t o% ontra t *et/een partie-. &)en t)i- i- done, it -tand- upon t)e %ootin. o% e,er$ ot)er la/%ul ontra t, upon ,alua*le on-ideration, t)e o*li.ation o% /)i ) annot *e impaired *$ -u*-e<uent le.i-lation. >t i- ur.ed upon u-, )o/e,er, t)at in a re,enue -$-tem, a pro,i-ion o% la/ /)i ) .i,e- to a part$ omplainin. o% an ille.al e3a tion o% ta3e-, t)e ri.)t to re o,er *a ! t)e amount in di-pute onl$ a%ter pre,iou- pa$ment under prote-t, a- t)e -ole remed$, a.ain-t eit)er t)e o%%i er or t)e .o,ernment, i- a 6u-t and rea-ona*le rule, -u%%i ientl$ -e urin. pri,ate ri.)t-, and on,enient, i% not ne e--ar$, to t)e intere-t- o% t)e pu*li . &e are re%erred to t)e re,enue la/- o% t)e United State- %or illu-tration and e3ample, and t)e <ue-tion i- put, /)$ a -imilar pro,i-ion, a- it i- a--umed to *e, -)ould not *e on-idered ade<uate a- a remed$ %or t)e )older- o% oupon- in 8ir.inia, /)o )a,e *een denied t)e ri.)t to u-e t)em in pa$ment o% ta3e-. T)e an-/er i- o*,iou- and omplete. 8ir.inia, *$ a ontra t /)i ) t)e on-titution o% t)e United State- di-a*le- )er %rom impairin., )a- *ound )er-el% t)at it -)all *e ot)er/i-e. T)e -tate )a- a.reed t)at t)e oupon- ut %rom )er *ond- -)all *e re ei,ed in pa$ment o% ta3e- due to )er, a- t)ou.) t)e$ /ere mone$. &)en t)e ta32pa$er )a- tendered -u ) oupon-, )e )a- omplied /it) t)e a.reement, and in le.al ontemplation [114 U.S. 270, 001] )a- paid t)e de*t )e o/ed t)e -tate. So %ar a- t)at ta3 i- on erned, and e,er$ -tep ta!en %or en%or in. it- pa$ment in di-re.ard o% t)at tender, t)e oupon2 )older i- /it) dra/n %rom t)e po/er and 6uri-di tion o% t)e -tate. He i- %ree %rom all %urt)er di-tur*an e, and i- -e urel$ -)ielded *$ t)e on-titution in )i- immunit$. Co pro eedin., /)ate,er itprete3t, /)i ) doe- not re-pe t t)i- ri.)t, an *e 6udi iall$ up)eld. T)e <ue-tion i- not o% t)e rea-ona*lene-- o% a remed$ %or a *rea ) o% t)e ontra t to re ei,e t)e tendered oupon- in pa$ment o% t)e ta39 it i- /)et)er t)e ri.)t to )a,e t)em -o re ei,ed, and t)e u-e o% t)at ri.)t a- a de%en-e a ain-t all %urt)er e%%ort- to e3a t and ompel pa$ment o% t)e ta3, in denial and de%ian e o% t)at ri.)t, an *e ta!en a/a$ /it)out a ,iolation o% t)at pro,i-ion o% t)e on-titution /)i ) pro)i*it- t)e -tate- %rom pa--in. la/- /)i ) impair t)e o*li.ation o% ontra t-. Certainl$, a la/ /)i ) ta!e- %rom t)e part$ )i/)ole ontra t, and all t)e ri.)t- /)i ) it /a- intended to on%er, mu-t *e re.arded a- a la/ impairin. it- o*li.ation.

Anot)er point remain- %or on-ideration. Se tion 721, Re,. St., pro,ide- t)at ;t)e la/- o% t)e -e,eral -tate-, e3 ept /)ere t)e on-titution, treatie-, or -tatute- o% t)e United State- ot)er/i-e re<uire or pro,ide, -)all *e re.arded a- rule- o% de i-ion in trial- at ommon la/, in t)e ourt- o% t)e United State-, in a-e- /)ere t)e$ appl$9; and -e tion ?14, Re,. St., de lare- t)at ;t)e pra ti e, pleadin.-, and %orm- and mode- o% pro eedin. in i,il au-e-, ot)er t)at e<uit$ and admiralt$ au-e-, in t)e ir uit and di-tri t ourt-, -)all on%orm, a- near a- ma$ *e, to t)e pra ti e, pleadin.-, and %orm- and modeo% pro eedin. e3i-tin. at t)e time in li!e au-e- in t)e ourt- o% re ord o% t)e -tate /it)in /)i ) -u ) ir uit or di-tri t ourt- are )eld, an$ rule o% ourt to t)e ontrar$ not/it)-tandin..; Upon t)e-e -e tion- it i- ar.ued t)at, admittin. t)e a t- o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% 8ir.inia o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, and t)e amendment *$ t)e a t o% Mar ) 10, 1444, to *e un on-titutional and ,oid, -o %ar a- t)e$ %or*id ta3 olle tor- %rom re ei,in. oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e-, ne,ert)ele--, a- t)e -tate )a- ontrol o,er t)e %orm- o% a tion and mode- o% pro eedin. *$ /a$ o% remed$, and )a- %or*idden, in a-e- /)ere t)e ta3 olle tor )a- re%u-ed [114 U.S. 270, 002] oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e-, an$ per-onal a tion a.ain-t )im ot)er t)an t)e -uit to re o,er *a ! t)e ta3 demanded and paid under prote-t, t)e -ame la/, *$ %or e o% t)e Re,i-ed Statute- o% t)e United State-, mu-t .o,ern in t)e ourt- o% t)e United State-. >t i- not entirel$ lear, on t)e %a e o% t)e a t o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, t)at it doe- %or*id a tion- a.ain-t t)e o%%i er %or ille.all$ le,$in. upon t)e propert$ o% t)e oupon2)older %or t)e ta3 /)i ) )e )a- o%%ered to pa$. T)e lan.ua.e o% t)e a t -eem- to em*ra e onl$ -u ) -uit- a- are %ramed /it) t)e dire t o*6e t o% pre,entin. or re-trainin. )im %rom ta!in. -tep- to olle t t)e ta3. And t)i- un ertaint$ i- not made lear *$ t)e amendator$ a t o% Mar ) 10, 1444, /)i ), *$ e3pre--l$ %or*iddin. a tion- o% tre-pa-- or tre-pa-- on t)e a-e to *e *rou.)t or maintained a.ain-t an$ olle tin. o%%i er %or le,$in. upon t)e propert$ o% an$ ta32pa$er /)o ma$ )a,e tendered oupon- in pa$ment o% t)e ta3 demanded, /ould -eem to )a,e le%t t)e a tion o% detinue, /)i ) /a- aut)ori@ed in -u ) a-e- *$ t)e pre,iou-l$ e3i-tin. la/ o% 8ir.inia, untou )ed *$ t)e pro)i*ition. &e -)all a--ume, )o/e,er, %or t)e purpo-e- o% t)iopinion, t)at t)e-e a t- o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% 8ir.inia /ere intended to and do %or*id e,er$ a tion, o% /)ate,er !ind, a.ain-t t)e olle tin. o%%i er, %or t)e re o,er$ o% -pe i%i propert$ ta!en *$ di-traint, or o% dama.e- %or it- aption or detention, and lea,e- to t)e oupon2)older, a- )i- -ole ri.)t o% a tion, t)e -uit to re o,er *a ! t)e mone$ ille.all$ olle ted %rom )im. T)i- a tion, a- /e )a,e alread$ -een, i- no remed$ /)ate,er %or t)e lo-- o% t)e -pe i%i ri.)t o% pa$in. )i- ta3e- /it) oupon-. >t doe- not e,en pro%e-- -o to *e. Ceit)er i- it a remed$ %or t)e lo-- o% t)e ri.)t -ou.)t to *e ,indi ated in t)i- and ot)er per-onal a tion- a.ain-t t)e olle tor %or unla/%ull$ ta!in. %rom t)e plainti%% )i- propert$. And, upon t)e -uppo-ition made, t)i- /ron. i- /it)out remed$ *$ an$ la/ o% 8ir.inia. T)e dire t re-ult, t)en, o% .i,in. e%%e t to t)e-e pro,i-ion- o% t)e a t in <ue-tion i- to de%eat entirel$ t)e ri.)t o% t)e [114 U.S. 270, 000] oupon2)older to pa$ )i- ta3e- /it) )i- oupon-, /)i ) /e )a,e alread$ -aid a,oid- t)at part o% t)e a t- in <ue-tion /)i ) %or*id- it in term-, and to ta!e %rom )im t)at ri.)t a- a de%en-e a.ain-t t)e /ron.- and tre-pa--e- ommitted upon )im and )ipropert$ in denial and de%ian e o% it. All per-on-, /)o-e propert$ i- unla/%ull$ ta!en, ot)er/i-e t)an to en%or e pa$ment o% ta3e-, are -e ured in t)eir ri.)t o% -e tion %or redre--. #ut t)e oupon2)older, to /)om t)e on-titution o% t)e United State- .uarantie- t)e ri.)t, on%erred upon )im *$ t)e la/ and ontra t o% 8ir.inia, to pa$ )i- ta3e- in oupon-, i- e3 epted. T)e di- rimination i- made a.ain-t )im in order to depri,e )im o% t)at ri.)t, and, i% permitted, /ill )a,e t)e e%%e t o% den$in. to )im all redre-- %or a depri,ation o% a ri.)t -e ured to )im *$ t)e on-titution. To ta!e a/a$ all remed$ %or t)e en%or ement o% a ri.)t i- to ta!e a/a$ t)e ri.)t it-el%. #ut t)at i- not /it)in t)e po/er o% t)e -tate. Se tion 721, Re,. St., it /ill *e o*-er,ed, ma!e- an e3pre-- e3 eption, in re%eren e to t)e adoption o% -tate la/- a- rule- o% de i-ion, o% a-e- /)ere t)e on-titution ot)er/i-e re<uire-, /)i ) it doe/)ere,er t)e adoption o% t)e -tate la/ depri,e- a omplainin. part$ o% a remed$ e--ential to t)e ,indi ation o% a ri.)t, and t)at ri.)t i- deri,ed %rom or prote ted *$ t)e on-titution o% t)e United State-. T)e -ame e3 eption i- implied in -e tion ?14, t)e lan.ua.e o% /)i ), indeed, i- not imperati,e, a- t)e on%ormit$ re<uired in t)e pra ti e and pro edure o% t)e ourt- o% t)e United State- /it) t)at o% t)e -tate ourt- need- onl$ to *e ;a- near a- ma$ *e.; Co one /ould ontend t)at a la/ o% a -tate, %or*iddin. all redre-- *$ a tion- at la/ %or in6urie- to propert$, /ould *e up)eld in t)e ourt- o% t)e United State-, %or t)at /ould *e to depri,e one o% )i- propert$ /it)out due pro e-- o% la/. T)i- ie3a tl$ /)at t)e -tatute- in <ue-tion underta!e to do, in re-pe t to t)at la-- o% per-on- /)o-e propert$ i- ta!en %rom t)em %or t)e o%%en-e o% a--ertin., under t)e prote tion o% t)e on-titution, t)e ri.)t to pa$ t)eir ta3e- in oupon-. T)e ontra t /it) 8ir.inia /a- not onl$ t)at t)e oupon- -)ould *e re ei,ed in pa$ment o% ta3e-, *ut, *$ ne e--ar$ impli ation, t)at t)e ta32 pa$er ma!in. -u ) a tender -)ould not *e mole-ted %urt)er, a- t)ou.) )e /ere a [114 U.S. 270, 004] delin<uent, and t)at %or

e,er$ ille.al attempt -u*-e<uentl$ to en%or e t)e olle tion o% t)e ta3, *$ t)e -ei@ure o% propert$, )e -)ould )a,e t)e remedie- o% t)e la/ in %or e /)en t)e ontra t /a- made, %or redre--, or ot)ere<uall$ e%%e ti,e. ;T)e o*li.ation o% a ontra t,; -aid t)i- ourt, in M Cra !en ,. Ha$/ard, 2 Ho/. =04, =12, ; on-i-t- in it- *indin. %or e on t)e part$ /)o ma!e- it. T)i- depend- on t)e la/- in e3i-ten e /)en it i- made. T)e-e are ne e--aril$ re%erred to in all ontra t-, and %ormin. a part o% t)em, a- t)e mea-ure o% t)e o*li.ation to per%orm t)em *$ t)e one part$ and t)e ri.)t a <uired *$ t)e ot)er. T)ere an *e no ot)er -tandard *$ /)i ) to a- ertain t)e e3tent o% eit)er t)an t)at /)i ) t)e term- o% t)e ontra t indi ate, a ordin. to t)eir -ettled le.al meanin.9 /)en it *e ome- on-ummated, t)e la/ de%ine- t)e dut$ and t)e ri.)t, ompel- one part$ to per%orm t)e t)in. ontra ted %or, and .i,e- t)e ot)er a ri.)t to en%or e t)e per%orman e *$ t)e remedie- t)en in %or e. >% an$ -u*-e<uent la/ a%%e t to dimini-) t)e dut$ or to impair t)e ri.)t, it ne e--aril$ *ear- on t)e o*li.ation o% t)e ontra t, in %a,or o% one part$ to t)e in6ur$ o% t)e ot)er9 )en e an$ la/ /)i ) in it- operation amount- to a denial or o*-tru tion o% t)e ri.)t- a ruin. *$ a ontra t, t)ou.) pro%e--in. to a t onl$ on t)e remed$, idire tl$ o*no3iou- to t)e pro)i*ition o% t)e on-titution.; T)e a t- o% a--em*l$ in <ue-tion mu-t *e ta!en to.et)er, a- one i- *ut ar amendment to t)e ot)er. T)e - )eme o% t)e /)ole i- indi,i-i*le. >t annot *e -eparated into part-. >t mu-t -tand or %all to.et)er. T)e -u*-tanti,e part o% it, /)i ) %or*id- t)e ta3 olle tor to re ei,e oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e-, a- /e )a,e alread$ de lared, a-, indeed, on all -ide- i- admitted, annot -tand, *e au-e it i- not on-i-tent /it) t)e on-titution. T)at /)i ) i- merel$ au3iliar$ to t)e main de-i.n mu-t al-o %all /it) t)e prin i al o% /)i ) it i- merel$ an in ident9 and it %ollo/- t)at t)e a t- in <ue-tion are not la/- o% 8ir.inia, and are t)ere%ore not /it)in t)e -e tion- o% t)e Re,i-ed Statute- re%erred to, nor o*li.ator$ upon t)e ourt- o% t)e United State-. >t i- undou*tedl$ true t)at t)ere ma$ *e a-e- /)ere one part o% a -tatute ma$ *e en%or ed aon-titutional, and anot)er [114 U.S. 270, 00:] *e de lared inoperati,e and ,oid, *e au-e un on-titutional9 *ut t)e-e are a-e- /)ere t)e part- are -o di-tin tl$ -epara*le t)at ea ) an -tand alone, and /)ere t)e ourt i- a*le to -ee, and to de lare, t)at t)e intention o% t)e le.i-lature /a- t)at t)e part pronoun ed ,alid -)ould *e en%or ea*le, e,en t)ou.) t)e ot)er part -)ould %ail. To )old ot)er/i-e /ould *e to -u*-titute %or t)e la/ intended *$ t)e le.i-lature one t)e$ ma$ ne,er )a,e *een /illin. *$ it-el% to ena t. An illu-tration o% t)i- prin iple i- %ound in t)e Trade2mar! Ca-e-, 100 U.S. 42 , /)ere an a t o% on.re--, /)i ), it /a- laimed, /ould )a,e *een ,alid a- a re.ulation o% ommer e /it) %orei.n nation- and amon. t)e -tate-, /a- )eld to *e ,oid alto.et)er, *e au-e it em*ra ed all ommer e, in ludin. t)at *et/een iti@en- o% t)e -ame -tate, /)i ) /a- not /it)in t)e 6uri-di tion o% on.re--, and it- lan.ua.e ould not *e re-trained to t)at /)i ) /a- -u*6e t to t)e ontrol o% on.re--. ;>% /e -)ould,; -aid t)e ourt in t)at a-e, Apa.e ??,B ;in t)e a-e *e%ore uunderta!e to ma!e, *$ 6udi ial on-tru tion, a la/ /)i ) on.re-- did not ma!e, it i- <uite pro*a*le /e -)ould do /)at, i% t)e matter /ere no/ *e%ore t)at *od$, it /ould *e un /illin. to do.; >ndeed, it i- <uite mani%e-t %rom t)e %a e o% t)e la/- t)em-el,e- t)at t)e$ are to.et)er *ut part- o% a lar.er /)ole. #$ an a t o% t)e .eneral a--em*l$ o% 8ir.inia, pa--ed "e*ruar$ 14, 1442, t)e le.i-lature re-tated t)e a ount *et/een t)e -tate and it- reditor- on a *a-i- o% read6u-tment /)i ) redu ed it to t)e -um o% 521,00:,077.1:, in ludin. intere-t in arrear- to 1ul$ 1, 1442, /)i ) /a- t)ere*$ de lared to *e )er e<uita*le -)are o% t)e de*t o% t)e old and entire -tate, and on /)i ) it /a- al-o de lared t)at t)e -tate /a- not a*le to pa$ intere-t %or t)e %uture at a lar.er rate t)an 0 per ent. per annum. T)e out-tandin. de*t, o% /)i ) t)i- /a- a redu tion, /a- t)en la--i%ied, and *ond- o% t)e -tate /ere aut)ori@ed to *e i--ued, *earin. intere-t at t)e rate o% 0 per ent. per annum, in e3 )an.e %or out-tandin. *ond- o% t)e di%%erent la--e-, - aled at rate- o% :0 per ent., =0 per ent., =? per ent., =0 per ent., and, a- to one la--, a- )i.) a- 40 per ent., /)i ) /ere to *e retired [114 U.S. 270, 00=] and an eled. T)e oupon- on t)e ne/ *ond- /ere not made re ei,a*le in pa$ment o% ta3e-. To oer e reditor- )oldin. *ond- i--ued under t)e a t o% Mar ) 00, 1471, to e3 )an.e t)em %or t)e-e ne/ *ond-, at t)e-e redu ed rate-, and /it) t)em to .i,e up t)eir -e urit$ %or t)e pa$ment o% intere-t ari-in. out o% t)e re ei,a*ilit$ o% oupon- in pa$ment o% ta3e-, i- t)e e,ident purpo-e o% t)e a t- o% 1anuar$ 2=, 1442, and o% Mar ) 10, 1444, and all to.et)er %orm a -in.le - )eme, t)e undi-.ui-ed o*6e t o% /)i ) i- to ena*le t)e -tate to rid it-el% o% a on-idera*le portion o% it- pu*li de*t, and to pla e t)e remainder on term- to -uit it- o/n on,enien e, /it)out re.ard to t)e o*li.ation it o/e- to it- reditor-. T)e /)ole le.i-lation, in all it- part-, a- to reditor- a%%e ted *$ it and not on-entin. to it, mu-t *e pronoun ed null and ,oid. Su ) i- t)e -enten e o% t)e on-titution it-el%, t)e %undamental and -upreme la/ %or 8ir.inia, a- %or all t)e -tate- and %or all t)e people, *ot) o% t)e -tate- -eparatel$ and o%

t)e United State-, and /)i ) -pea!- /it) -o,erei.n and ommandin. ,oi e, e3pe tin. and re ei,in. read$ and )eer%ul o*edien e, not -o mu ) %or t)e di-pla$ o% it- po/er, a- on a ount o% t)e ma6e-t$ o% it- aut)orit$ and t)e 6u-ti e o% it- mandate-. T)e 6ud.ment o% t)e )u-tin.- ourt o% t)e it$ o% Ri )mond i- a ordin.l$ re,er-ed, and t)e au-e /ill *e remanded, /it) dire tion- to re der 6ud.ment upon t)e a.reed -tatement o% %a t- in %a,or o% t)e plainti%%9 and it i- -o ordered.

'((!)(!es
[ "ootnote 1 ] See di--entin. opinion, po-t, ?=2.[ Doinde3ter ,. Green)o/ 114 U.S. 270 A144:B ]