You are on page 1of 38

MiCOM P12X

High Impedance Protection

Application Notes

Safety Section

P12x/EN SS/E11

SAFETY SECTION

P12x/EN SS/E11

Safety Section

Safety Section

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 1

CONTENTS
1. 2. 3.
3.1 3.2

INTRODUCTION HEALTH AND SAFETY SYMBOLS AND EXTERNAL LABELS ON THE EQUIPMENT
Symbols Labels

3 3 4
4 4

4. 5. 6.
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

INSTALLING, COMMISSIONING AND SERVICING DE-COMMISSIONING AND DISPOSAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY
Protective fuse rating Protective class Installation category Environment

4 7 7
7 7 7 7

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 2

Safety Section

Safety Section

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 3

STANDARD SAFETY STATEMENTS AND EXTERNAL LABEL INFORMATION FOR AREVA T&D EQUIPMENT 1. INTRODUCTION
This Safety Section and the relevant equipment documentation provide full information on safe handling, commissioning and testing of this equipment. This Safety Section also includes reference to typical equipment label markings. The technical data in this Safety Section is typical only, see the technical data section of the relevant equipment documentation for data specific to a particular equipment. Before carrying out any work on the equipment the user should be familiar with the contents of this Safety Section and the ratings on the equipments rating label. Reference should be made to the external connection diagram before the equipment is installed, commissioned or serviced. Language specific, self-adhesive User Interface labels are provided in a bag for some equipment.

2.

HEALTH AND SAFETY


The information in the Safety Section of the equipment documentation is intended to ensure that equipment is properly installed and handled in order to maintain it in a safe condition. It is assumed that everyone who will be associated with the equipment will be familiar with the contents of this Safety Section, or the Safety Guide (SFTY/4L M). When electrical equipment is in operation, dangerous voltages will be present in certain parts of the equipment. Failure to observe warning notices, incorrect use, or improper use may endanger personnel and equipment and also cause personal injury or physical damage. Before working in the terminal strip area, the equipment must be isolated. Proper and safe operation of the equipment depends on appropriate shipping and handling, proper storage, installation and commissioning, and on careful operation, maintenance and servicing. For this reason only qualified personnel may work on or operate the equipment. Qualified personnel are individuals who: Are familiar with the installation, commissioning, and operation of the equipment and of the system to which it is being connected; Are able to safely perform switching operations in accordance with accepted safety engineering practices and are authorized to energize and de-energize equipment and to isolate, ground, and label it; Are trained in the care and use of safety apparatus in accordance with safety engineering practices; Are trained in emergency procedures (first aid).

The equipment documentation gives instructions for its installation, commissioning, and operation. However, the manuals cannot cover all conceivable circumstances or include detailed information on all topics. In the event of questions or specific problems, do not take any action without proper authorization. Contact the appropriate AREVA technical sales office and request the necessary information.

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 4

Safety Section

3.

SYMBOLS AND LABELS ON THE EQUIPMENT


For safety reasons the following symbols which may be used on the equipment or referred to in the equipment documentation, should be understood before it is installed or commissioned.

3.1

Symbols

Caution: refer to equipment documentation

Caution: risk of electric shock

Protective Conductor (*Earth) terminal

Functional/Protective Conductor (*Earth) terminal Note: This symbol may also be used for a Protective Conductor (Earth) terminal if that terminal is part of a terminal block or sub-assembly e.g. power supply. *NOTE: THE TERM EARTH USED THROUGHOUT THIS TECHNICAL MANUAL IS THE DIRECT EQUIVALENT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN TERM GROUND.

3.2

Labels See Safety Guide (SFTY/4L M) for typical equipment labeling information.

4.

INSTALLING, COMMISSIONING AND SERVICING


Equipment connections Personnel undertaking installation, commissioning or servicing work for this equipment should be aware of the correct working procedures to ensure safety. The equipment documentation should commissioning, or servicing the equipment. be consulted before installing,

Terminals exposed during installation, commissioning and maintenance may present a hazardous voltage unless the equipment is electrically isolated. Any disassembly of the equipment may expose parts at hazardous voltage, also electronic parts may be damaged if suitable electrostatic voltage discharge (ESD) precautions are not taken. If there is unlocked access to the rear of the equipment, care should be taken by all personnel to avoid electric shock or energy hazards. Voltage and current connections should be made using insulated crimp terminations to ensure that terminal block insulation requirements are maintained for safety. Watchdog (self-monitoring) contacts are provided in numerical relays to indicate the health of the device. AREVA T&D strongly recommends that these contacts are hardwired into the substation's automation system, for alarm purposes.

Safety Section

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 5 To ensure that wires are correctly terminated the correct crimp terminal and tool for the wire size should be used. The equipment must be connected in accordance with the appropriate connection diagram. Protection Class I Equipment Before energizing the equipment it must be earthed using the protective conductor terminal, if provided, or the appropriate termination of the supply plug in the case of plug connected equipment. The protective conductor (earth) connection must not be removed since the protection against electric shock provided by the equipment would be lost. When the protective (earth) conductor terminal (PCT) is also used to terminate cable screens, etc., it is essential that the integrity of the protective (earth) conductor is checked after the addition or removal of such functional earth connections. For M4 stud PCTs the integrity of the protective (earth) connections should be ensured by use of a locknut or similar.

The recommended minimum protective conductor (earth) wire size is 2.5 mm (3.3 mm for North America) unless otherwise stated in the technical data section of the equipment documentation, or otherwise required by local or country wiring regulations. The protective conductor (earth) connection must be low-inductance and as short as possible. All connections to the equipment must have a defined potential. Connections that are pre-wired, but not used, should preferably be grounded when binary inputs and output relays are isolated. When binary inputs and output relays are connected to common potential, the pre-wired but unused connections should be connected to the common potential of the grouped connections. Before energizing the equipment, the following should be checked: Voltage rating/polarity (rating label/equipment documentation); CT circuit rating (rating label) and integrity of connections; Protective fuse rating; Integrity of applicable); the protective conductor (earth) connection (where

Voltage and current rating of external wiring, applicable to the application.

Accidental touching of exposed terminals If working in an area of restricted space, such as a cubicle, where there is a risk of electric shock due to accidental touching of terminals which do not comply with IP20 rating, then a suitable protective barrier should be provided. Equipment use If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired. Removal of the equipment front panel/cover Removal of the equipment front panel/cover may expose hazardous live parts, which must not be touched until the electrical power is removed. UL and CSA listed or recognized equipment To maintain UL and CSA approvals the equipment should be installed using UL and/or CSA listed or recognized parts of the following type: connection cables, protective fuses/fuseholders or circuit breakers, insulation crimp terminals, and replacement internal battery, as specified in the equipment documentation.

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 6 Equipment operating conditions

Safety Section

The equipment should be operated within the specified electrical and environmental limits. Current transformer circuits Do not open the secondary circuit of a live CT since the high voltage produced may be lethal to personnel and could damage insulation. Generally, for safety, the secondary of the line CT must be shorted before opening any connections to it. For most equipment with ring-terminal connections, the threaded terminal block for current transformer termination has automatic CT shorting on removal of the module. Therefore external shorting of the CTs may not be required, the equipment documentation should be checked to see if this applies. For equipment with pin-terminal connections, the threaded terminal block for current transformer termination does NOT have automatic CT shorting on removal of the module. External resistors, including voltage dependent resistors (VDRs) Where external resistors, including voltage dependent resistors (VDRs), are fitted to the equipment, these may present a risk of electric shock or burns, if touched. Battery replacement Where internal batteries are fitted they should be replaced with the recommended type and be installed with the correct polarity to avoid possible damage to the equipment, buildings and persons. Insulation and dielectric strength testing Insulation testing may leave capacitors charged up to a hazardous voltage. At the end of each part of the test, the voltage should be gradually reduced to zero, to discharge capacitors, before the test leads are disconnected. Insertion of modules and pcb cards Modules and PCB cards must not be inserted into or withdrawn from the equipment whilst it is energized, since this may result in damage. Insertion and withdrawal of extender cards Extender cards are available for some equipment. If an extender card is used, this should not be inserted or withdrawn from the equipment whilst it is energized. This is to avoid possible shock or damage hazards. Hazardous live voltages may be accessible on the extender card. External test blocks and test plugs Great care should be taken when using external test blocks and test plugs such as the MMLG, MMLB and MiCOM P990 types, hazardous voltages may be accessible when using these. *CT shorting links must be in place before the insertion or removal of MMLB test plugs, to avoid potentially lethal voltages. *Note: When a MiCOM P992 Test Plug is inserted into the MiCOM P991 Test Block, the secondaries of the line CTs are automatically shorted, making them safe. Fiber optic communication Where fiber optic communication devices are fitted, these should not be viewed directly. Optical power meters should be used to determine the operation or signal level of the device. Cleaning The equipment may be cleaned using a lint free cloth dampened with clean water, when no connections are energized. Contact fingers of test plugs are normally protected by petroleum jelly, which should not be removed.

Safety Section

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 7

5.

DE-COMMISSIONING AND DISPOSAL


De-commissioning The supply input (auxiliary) for the equipment may include capacitors across the supply or to earth. To avoid electric shock or energy hazards, after completely isolating the supplies to the equipment (both poles of any dc supply), the capacitors should be safely discharged via the external terminals prior to de-commissioning.

Disposal It is recommended that incineration and disposal to water courses is avoided. The equipment should be disposed of in a safe manner. Any equipment containing batteries should have them removed before disposal, taking precautions to avoid short circuits. Particular regulations within the country of operation, may apply to the disposal of the equipment.

6.
6.1

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY


Unless otherwise stated in the equipment technical manual, the following data is applicable. Protective fuse rating The recommended maximum rating of the external protective fuse for equipments is 16A, high rupture capacity (HRC) Red Spot type NIT, or TIA, or equivalent. The protective fuse should be located as close to the unit as possible. DANGER - CTs must NOT be fused since open circuiting them may produce lethal hazardous voltages.

6.2

Protective class IEC 60255-27: 2005 EN 60255-27: 2005 Class I (unless otherwise specified in the EN 6025 equipment documentation). This equipment requires a protective conductor (earth) connection to ensure user safety.

6.3

Installation category IEC 60255-27: 2005 EN 60255-27: 2005 Installation category III (Overvoltage Category III): Distribution level, fixed installation. Equipment in this category is qualification tested at 5 kV peak, 1.2/50 s, 500 , 0.5 J, between all supply circuits and earth and also between independent circuits.

6.4

Environment The equipment is intended for indoor installation and use only. If it is required for use in an outdoor environment then it must be mounted in a specific cabinet of housing which will enable it to meet the requirements of IEC 60529 with the classification of degree of protection IP54 (dust and splashing water protected). Pollution Degree - Pollution Degree 2 Altitude - Operation up to 2000m IEC 60255-27:2005 EN 60255-27: 2005 Compliance is demonstrated by reference to safety standards.

P12x/EN SS/E11 (SS) - 8

Safety Section

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00

APPLICATION NOTES FOR MICOM P12X HIGH IMPEDANCE PROTECTION

Date:

May 2007

P12x/EN AP/C00

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 1

CONTENTS

1.
1.1 1.2

INTRODUCTION
Theory of high impedance protection Use of non-linear resistors

3
3 4

2.
2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2

APPLYING THE MICOM P12X RANGE


Restricted earth fault (REF or [87N]) applications Three phase ([87]) applications Buswire supervision Typical operating times Advanced application requirements Recommended non-linear resistors Metrosils Integrated non-linear resistor and resistors

6
7 9 11 11 12 12 12 13

3.
3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 3.3

SETTING EXAMPLES
Restricted earth fault application Stability voltage Stabilizing resistor Current transformer requirements Non-linear resistor requirements Busbar applications Stability voltage Discriminating zone effective setting Check zone effective setting Stabilizing resistor Current transformer requirements Non-linear resistor requirements Busbar supervision Integrated non-linear resistor and resistors Advanced application requirements Motor / generator applications

16
16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20 21 21

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 2

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

FIGURES
Figure 1: Figure 2: Principle of high impedance protection Restricted earth fault protection of a 3 phase, 3 wire system applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at generator/transformer starpoint. 3

Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5:

Balanced or restricted earth fault protection for the delta winding of a power transformer with supply system earthed 8 Restricted earth fault protection of a 3 phase, 4 wire system applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at switchboard Restricted earth fault protection of a 3 phase, 4 wire system applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at generator/transformer starpoint. Phase and earth fault differential protection for generators, motors or reactors 8

9 10

Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16:

Phase and earth fault differential protection for an auto-transformer with CTs at the neutral star point 10 A simple, single zone phase and earth fault busbar protection scheme with buswire supervision X2/DVZ3R connections for 500 stabilizing resistance X2/DVZ3R connections for 1000 stabilizing resistance X2/DVZ3R connections for 2000 stabilizing resistance Characteristic of the non-linear resistors used in the X2/DVZ3R 11 13 13 14 14

Example connection of the X2/DVZ3R with the entire differential path short-circuited following operation. 15 Example connection of the X2/DVZ3R with the stabilizing resistor short- circuited following operation. Restricted earth fault protection on a transformer Three phase and earth fault protection of a double busbar generating station 15 16 18

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 3

1.
1.1

INTRODUCTION
Theory of high impedance protection The application of the P12x numerical overcurrent relays as differential protection for machines, power transformers and busbar installations is based on the high impedance differential principle, offering stability for any type of fault occurring outside the protected zone and satisfactory operation for faults within the zone. A high impedance relay is defined as a relay or relay circuit whose voltage setting is not less than the calculated maximum voltage which can appear across its terminals under the assigned maximum through fault current condition. It can be seen from Figure 1 that during an external fault the through fault current should circulate between the current transformer secondarys. The only current that can flow through the relay circuit is that due to any difference in the current transformer outputs for the same primary current. Magnetic saturation will reduce the output of a current transformer and the most extreme case for stability will be if one current transformer is completely saturated and the other unaffected.
CTA CTB

Protected unit

Z MA R CTA R CTB

Z MB

RL

RL R RELAY CIRCUIT

RL

RL

P1518ENa

Figure 1:

Principle of high impedance protection

Calculations based on the above extreme case for stability have become accepted in lieu of conjunctive scheme testing as being a satisfactory basis for application. At one end the current transformer can be considered fully saturated, with its magnetizing impedance ZMB short circuited while the current transformer at the other end, being unaffected, delivers its full current output. This current will then divide between the relay and the saturated current transformer. This division will be in the inverse ratio of RRELAY CIRCUIT to (RCTB + 2RL) and, if RRELAY CIRCUIT is high compared with RCTB + 2RL, the relay will be prevented from undesirable operation, as most of the current will pass through the saturated current transformer. To achieve stability for external faults, the stability voltage for the protection (VS) must be determined in accordance with equation [1]. The setting will be dependent upon the maximum current transformer secondary current for an external fault (If) and also on the highest loop resistance value from the relaying point (RCT + 2RL). The stability of the scheme is also affected by the characteristics of the differential relay and the application (e.g. restricted earth fault, busbar etc). The value of K in the expression takes account of both of these considerations. One particular characteristic that affects the stability of the scheme is the operating time of the differential relay. The slower the relay operates the longer the spill current can exceed its setting before operation occurs and the higher the spill current that can be tolerated. VS K IF (RCT+2RL) -----[1]

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 4 Where:

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

RCT = current transformer secondary winding resistance RL = maximum lead resistance from the current transformer to the relaying point IF = maximum secondary external fault current K = a constant affected by the dynamic response of the relay and the application NOTE: When high impedance differential protection is applied to motors or shunt reactors, the external fault current contribution from the motor/reactor is much smaller than the internal fault current. In these cases, the locked rotor current or starting current of the motor, or reactor inrush current, should be used in place of the external fault current used for stability calculations.

To obtain high speed operation for internal faults, the knee point voltage, VK, of the CTs must be significantly higher than the stability voltage, VS. This is essential so that the operating current through the relay is a sufficient multiple of the applied current setting. The kneepoint voltage of a current transformer marks the upper limit of the roughly linear portion of the secondary winding excitation characteristic. This is defined exactly in the IEC standards as that point on the excitation curve where a 10% increase in exciting voltage produces a 50% increase in exciting current. The current transformers should be of equal ratio, of similar magnetizing characteristics and of low reactance construction. In cases where low reactance current transformers are not available and high reactance ones must be used, it is essential to use the reactance of the current transformer in the calculations for the voltage setting. Thus, the current transformer impedance is expressed as a complex number in the form RCT + jXCT. It is also necessary to ensure that the exciting impedance of the current transformer is large in comparison with its secondary ohmic impedance at the relay setting voltage. In the case of the high impedance relay, the operating current is adjustable in discrete steps. The primary operating current (IOP) will be a function of the current transformer ratio, the relay operating current (Ir), the number of current transformers in parallel with a relay element (n) and the magnetizing current of each current transformer (Ie) at the stability voltage (VS). This relationship can be expressed as follows: Iop = CT ratio x (Ir+n Ie -----[2]

In order to achieve the required primary operating current with the current transformers that are used, a current setting (Ir) must be selected for the high impedance relay, as detailed above. The setting of the stabilizing resistor (RST) must be calculated in the following manner, where the setting is a function of the relay ohmic impedance at setting (Rr), the required stability voltage setting (VS) and the relay current setting (Ir).

R ST =

VS - Rr Ir

-----[3]

The ohmic impedance of auxiliary powered numerical relays such as the P12x is extremely small and so Rr may be ignored in equation [3]. The standard resistors that can be supplied for use in the high impedance application are wire-wound, continuously adjustable and have a continuous rating of 145W based upon AREVA conjunctive testing. NOTE: The resistors should not be adjusted below 60% of their nominal ohmic value otherwise there is a risk that the power dissipation during faults will be insufficient.

1.2

Use of non-linear resistors When the maximum through fault current is limited by the protected circuit impedance, such as in the case of generator differential and power transformer restricted earth fault protection, it is generally found unnecessary to use non-linear voltage limiting resistors (Metrosils). However, when the maximum through fault current is high, such as in busbar protection, it is more common to use a non-linear resistor (Metrosil) across the relay circuit (relay and stabilizing resistor). Metrosils are used to limit the peak voltage developed by the

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 5

current transformers under internal fault conditions, to a value below the insulation level of the current transformers, relay and interconnecting leads, which are typically able to withstand approximately 3000V peak. The following formulae should be used to estimate the peak transient voltage that could be produced for an internal fault. This voltage is a function of the current transformer kneepoint voltage and the prospective voltage that would be produced for an internal fault if current transformer saturation did not occur. NOTE: The internal fault level, If , can be significantly higher than the external fault level, If, on generators where current can be fed from the supply system and the generator. Similarly the internal fault level on motors and shunt reactors will be considerably higher than the values used in the stability calculations (motor start/locked rotor and inrush currents respectively). -----[4] -----[5]

VP = 2 2VK (VF VK )
' (R CT + 2RL + R ST + RR ) VF = I F

Where: VP = peak voltage developed by the CT under internal fault conditions VK = current transformer knee-point voltage VF = maximum voltage that would be produced if CT saturation did not occur If = maximum internal secondary fault current RCT = current transformer secondary winding resistance RL = maximum lead burden from CT to relay RST = relay stabilizing resistor Rr = relay ohmic impedance at setting When the value of VP is greater than 3000V peak, non-linear resistors (Metrosils) should be applied. They are effectively connected across the relay circuit, or phase to neutral of the ac buswires, and serve the purpose of shunting the secondary current output of the current transformer from the relay circuit in order to prevent very high secondary voltages. Traditionally, Metrosils are externally mounted and take the form of annular discs, of 152mm diameter and approximately 10mm thickness. Their operating characteristics follow the expression:

V = CI 0.25
Where: V = instantaneous voltage applied to the non-linear resistor (Metrosil) C = constant of the non-linear resistor (Metrosil) I = instantaneous current through the non-linear resistor (Metrosil)

-----[6]

With a sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil, the RMS current would be approximately 0.52x the peak current. This current value can be calculated as follows:

I RMS

VS(RMS ) 2 = 0.52 C

-----[7]

Where: VS(RMS) = rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the Metrosil is not sinusoidal but appreciably distorted. For satisfactory application of a non-linear resistor (Metrosil), the current through the nonlinear resistor at the relay voltage setting should be as low as possible but no greater than approximately 30mA rms for 1A CTs and approximately 100mA rms for 5A CTs.

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 6

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

2.

APPLYING THE MICOM P12X RANGE


The P12x range are numerical phase overcurrent and earth fault relays with 3 stages of phase and/or earth fault protection, I>/ Ie>, I>>/ Ie>> and I>>>/ Ie>>> which can be used in high impedance applications. The P121, P122 and P123 are three phase relays and can be applied for use as 3 phase differential protection or restricted earth fault (REF) protection whereas the P120 is a single phase relay which can be used for REF protection only. The protection element used for this specific application depends upon the type of P12x relay chosen. In the case of the P120 and P121 relays and the first two stages of protection on the P122 and P123, all stages use an identical Fourier algorithm. However, the third stage (I>>>/ Ie>>>) on the P122 and P123 may be set to use an element that is peak measuring (samples) which gives a significant improvement in operating time over the Fourier algorithm employed by the other protection elements. In all cases the time delay characteristic should be set to definite time (DT) and with a setting of zero seconds to give no intentional delay. The Trip Commands menu (AUTMAT.CTRL) should be used to allocate the chosen protection elements (e.g. tI>>> etc) to the trip relay RL1. Any elements allocated in the trip commands menu will cause RL1 to pulse for 100ms but for applications where a 100ms pulse is insufficient, the pulse time can be extended up to 5 seconds in the tOpen pulse cell (AUTOMAT.CTRL/CB Supervision). This feature is not available in the P120 and P121 models but an alternative approach, which is available in all P12x relays, is to latch the trip output following a protection operation. This can be done by selecting the appropriate protection element (e.g. tI> etc) in the Latch Functions menu (AUTOMAT.CTRL). Any elements not being used should be disabled by selecting No in the appropriate location. The setting ranges of the P12x elements are: Phase Overcurrent Input Board Rating: 0.1 to 40 In 0.1 25 In 0.5 40 In 0.5 40 In Input Board Rating 0.002 to 1 Ien 0.002 1 Ien 0.002 1 Ien 0.002 1 Ien 0.01 to 8 Ien 0.01 8 Ien 0.01 8 Ien 0.01 8 Ien 0.1 to 40 Ien 0.1 25 Ien 0.1 40 Ien 0.5 40 Ien

I> I>> I>>>


Earth Fault

Ie> Ie>> Ie>>>

Further details of the general setting capability and use of the MiCOM P12x relay may be found in the Technical Guide (P12x/EN T). Since the performance of the P12x relay varies depending upon application, consideration must be given to which relay and protection element to use. The following data should be used as a guide in order to obtain the best performance from the relay. NOTE: It is recommended that the dual powered MiCOM P124 relay is not used for differential protection because of the start-up time delay when powered from the CTs alone. Additionally, the minimum setting of the phase overcurrent elements, 0.2In, would limit its application for differential protection.

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123 2.1 Restricted earth fault (REF or [87N]) applications

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 7

For REF applications it is generally recommended that the 0.01 to 8 Ien input board is used as this provides a good compromise of sensitivity and CT sizing. For advice on using the other earth fault input boards (0.002 to 1 Ien and 0.1 to 40 Ien), please contact AREVA T&D UK Ltd, or your local representative. On the P120 or P121 any of the three earth fault elements may be used as they all use the same Fourier based algorithm. However, on the P122 and P123 the third stage element, Ie>>>, may be used and set to peak measuring (samples) as this will give improved operating times. After extensive conjunctive testing of these elements in this application it has been found that the value of K used in equation [1] should be 1 and that generally a ratio of VK/VS 4 will be adequate. In other words, for REF applications we can state that;

Relay Stability Voltage, VS = I F (R CT + 2R L ) and CT kneepoint voltage, VK 4VS


The recommended relay current setting for restricted earth fault protection is usually determined by the minimum fault current available for operation of the relay and whenever possible it should not be greater than 30% of the minimum fault level. Figures 2 to 5 show how the P12x earth fault elements can be utilized in REF applications.
P1 S1 P2 S2

A B C

55 P2 S2 R v P1 S1

56 RST

P1521ENb

Figure 2:

Restricted earth fault protection of a 3 phase, 3 wire system applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at generator/transformer starpoint. (1A connections shown)

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 8


P1 S1 P2 S2

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

A B C

55

56 R RST

v
P1522ENb

Figure 3:

Balanced or restricted earth fault protection for the delta winding of a power transformer with supply system earthed (1A connections shown)
P2 S2 P1 S1

A B C

P2 S2 55 56

P1 S1

R RST v
P1523ENb

Figure 4:

Restricted earth fault protection of a 3 phase, 4 wire system applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at switchboard (1A connections shown)

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123


P2 S2 P1 S1

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 9


A B C P2 S2 55 P2 S2 v
P1524ENb

P1 S1 56 R RST

P1

S1

Figure 5:

Restricted earth fault protection of a 3 phase, 4 wire system applicable to star connected generators or power transformer windings with neutral earthed at generator/transformer starpoint. (1A connections shown)

2.2

Three phase ([87]) applications On the P121 any of the three overcurrent elements may be used as they all use the same Fourier based algorithm. These elements are suitable for applications where the system X/R ratio does not exceed 40. Higher system X/R ratios will have a detrimental effect on relay operating time and hence it is recommended that the third stage element set to peak measuring (samples) of a P122 or P123 is used as this will give improved performance. After extensive conjunctive testing of these elements in this application it has been found that the value of K used in equation [1] should be 1.4 and that generally a ratio of VK/VS 4 will be adequate. In other words, for three phase applications we can state that;

Relay Stability Voltage, VS = 1.4 I F (R CT + 2R L ) and CT kneepoint voltage, VK 4VS


For busbar protection, it is considered good practice by some utilities to set the minimum primary operating current in excess of the rated load such that if one of the current transformers becomes open circuit, the high impedance relay does not maloperate. Other utilities prefer to set the relay as sensitive as possible and use a second check relay connected to a separate set of current transformers to provide security against maloperation. For generator and motor protection, the relay is generally set as sensitive as possible to maximize fault coverage. In these applications it is important to recognize that the external fault level contribution from the generator or motor may be significantly lower than the internal fault level. The external fault level should be used for the calculation of stability voltage and resistor requirements whereas the internal fault level (that includes system contribution) should be used for non-linear resistor (Metrosil) calculations. Figures 6 to 8 show how the P12x overcurrent elements can be utilized in differential protection applications.

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 10


A B C P1 S1 P2 S2 Protected plant

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123


P1 S1 P2 S2 A B C

49 R A Protective relays 50 v R ST

51 R B 52 v R ST

53 R C 54 v R ST

P1519ENb

Figure 6:

Phase and earth fault differential protection for generators, motors or reactors (1A connections shown)
P1 S1 P2 S2 P2 S2 P1 S1 P2 S2 P1 S1 A B C

A B C

49 RA Protective relays 50 v RST

51 RB 52 v RST

53 RC 54 RST v

P1525ENb

Figure 7:

Phase and earth fault differential protection for an auto-transformer with CTs at the neutral star point (1A connections shown)

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 11

P1 P2 A B C P2 P1 A B C Contacts from buswire supervision auxiliary relay S2 S1

S1 S2

P2 P1

S2 S1

Protective relays 50

49 R A v RST

51 52 55 RN 56

RB v RST

53 R C v 54 RST

Buswire supervision
P1526ENb

Figure 8:

A simple, single zone phase and earth fault busbar protection scheme with buswire supervision (1A connections shown)

2.2.1

Buswire supervision The Ie> earth fault element with its low current settings can be used for buswire supervision. When a CT or the buswires become open circuited the 3 phase currents will become unbalanced and residual current will flow. This infers that operation for three phase problems in the CTs or buswires is not guaranteed since the currents through the supervision element may summate to zero. The Ie> earth fault element should give an alarm for most open circuit conditions but will not stop a maloperation of the differential element if it is set below rated load. For this reason, a check zone relay is usually used (fed from a separate set of CTs mounted on incoming and outgoing feeders only) to ensure that the busbar is stable even though there may be a wiring or CT problem. The supervision element should be time delayed to prevent spurious operation during through fault conditions. The supervision element should be used to energize an auxiliary relay with mechanically latched contacts connected to short circuit the buswires and render the busbar zone protection inoperative thereby preventing thermal damage to the scheme. Contacts may also be required for busbar supervision alarm purposes. Whenever possible the supervision primary operating current should not be more than 25A or 10% of the smallest circuit rating, whichever is the greater. The earth fault element (Ie>) should be connected at the star point of the stabilizing resistors, as shown in Figure 8. The time delay setting for the supervision elements (tIe>) is generally 3 seconds or more. NOTE: It is important that the residual current is checked when the busbar is under load to ensure that the supervision threshold Ie>, is set above any standing unbalance current. The measured residual current may be viewed in the Measurements of the relay.

The earth fault based supervision element may be supplemented with a spare phase protection stage (I>) set to the same setting as the Ie> element, or the lowest available setting of 0.1In, if Ie> is set lower than this. 2.3 Typical operating times Typical operating times for different VK/VS ratios are shown in the following tables: VK/VS ratio Typical operating time (in ms) Table 1: 2 48 4 37 8 33 16 18

P122 or P123 Third Stage (I>>>) element set to peak measuring (samples)

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 12

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

These times are representative of system X/R ratios up to 120 and a fault level of 5Is or greater. VK/VS ratio Typical operating time (in ms) Table 2: 2 49 4 38 8 34 16 32

P120 & P121 (all stages), and P122 or P123 First & Second stage (I>, I>>) elements

The operating times shown in table 2 are representative of an X/R ratio up to 40. For X/R ratios greater than 40 it is strongly recommended that the P122/P123 I>>> element is used. 2.4 Advanced application requirements As stated in section 2.1 and 2.2 a ratio of VK/VS 4 will be appropriate for most P12x high impedance applications. However, in some instances the VS calculated using the standard formula may lead to large kneepoint voltage requirements, especially for busbar applications. In this case, it is possible to reduce the VS setting based upon transient stability limits derived from the conjunctive testing. For three phase applications where the system X/R ratio is less than 40, the formula for the required voltage setting VS may be modified to:

X Relay Stability Voltage, VS = 0.007 + 1.05 I F (R CT + 2R L ) R

---[8]

If the system X/R ratio is more than 40, the standard formula should be used with the Kfactor being 1.4. This reduced stability voltage only applies to three phase applications the stability voltage calculation for REF applications cannot be modified for the P12x relays. 2.5 2.5.1 Recommended non-linear resistors Metrosils The Metrosil units normally recommended are as follows:
Metrosil Units for 1A CTs Recommended Metrosil Type Relay Stabiliy Voltage Setting (VS) Single Pole Up to 125V rms 600A/S1/S256 C = 450 600A/S1/S1088 C = 900 Metrosil Units for 5A CTs (single pole shown only) Recommended Metrosil Type Secondary Internal Fault Current 50A rms Relay Stability Voltage Setting (VS) Up to 200V rms 600A/S1/S1213 C = 540/640 600A/S2/P/S1217 C = 470/540 600A/S3/P/S1219 C = 430/500 250V rms 600A/S1/S1214 C = 670/800 600A/S2/P/S1215 C = 570/670 600A/S3/P/S1220 C = 520/620 275V rms 600A/S1/S1214 C = 670/800 600A/S2/P/S1215 C = 570/670 600A/S3/P/S1221 C = 570/670 300V rms 600A/S1/S1223 C=740/870 600A/S2/P/S1196 C = 620/740 600A/S3/P/S1222 C = 620/740 Three Pole 600A/S3/I/S802 C = 450 600A/S3/I/S1195 C = 900

125 300V rms

100A rms

150A rms

Table 3:

Recommended metrosils for use with the MiCOM P12x relays

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 13

The single pole Metrosil units recommended for use with 5A CTs can also be used with triple pole relays and consist of three single pole units mounted on the same central stud but electrically insulated from each other. A triple pole Metrosil type and the reference should be specified when ordering. Metrosil units for higher stability voltage settings and fault currents can be supplied if required. 2.5.2 Integrated non-linear resistor and resistors As an alternative to utilizing individual resistors and Metrosils, it is also possible to utilize an integrated unit of resistors and non-linear resistors (X2/DVZ3R). The X2/DVZ3R unit contains a number of fixed resistors capable of providing a stabilizing resistance of 500, 1000 or 2000 per phase, dependent upon connection. Since the resistances are fixed value it must be considered that limitations in the available stability voltage will occur. For example, the minimum stability voltage that can be achieved with a 0.1A setting is 50V, 100V and 200V for the 500, 1000 or 2000 resistances. The connections for the X2/DVZ3R unit are shown in figures 9 to 11.
Secondary Buswires

A B C N

4B X2/DVZ3R 5B 7B

9B

8A

3B

2A

7A

8B

9A

11A

2B

3A

5A

6A

54

Ic

53

52

Ib

51

50

Ia

49

MiCOM P12x Relay P1663ENb

Figure 9:

X2/DVZ3R connections for 500 stabilizing resistance (1A connections shown)


Secondary Buswires

A B C N

4B X2/DVZ3R 5B 7B

9B

8A

3B

2A

7A

8B

9A

11A

2B

3A

5A

6A

54

Ic

53

52

Ib

51

50

Ia

49

MiCOM P12x Relay P1664ENb

Figure 10: X2/DVZ3R connections for 1000 stabilizing resistance (1A connections shown)

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 14

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123


Secondary Buswires A B C N

4B X2/DVZ3R 5B 7B

9B

8A

3B

2A

7A

8B

9A

11A

2B

3A

5A

6A

54

Ic

53

52

Ib

51

50

Ia

49

MiCOM P12x Relay P1665ENb

Figure 11: X2/DVZ3R connections for 2000 stabilizing resistance (1A connections shown) In addition to the stabilizing resistors, non-linear resistors are included for each phase that will limit the voltage across the circuit to approximately 2200V.

Figure 12: Characteristic of the non-linear resistors used in the X2/DVZ3R

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 15

When using the X2/DVZ3R integrated unit, it is recommended that following operation of the differential element, the stabilizing resistor or the entire differential path be short-circuited to help reduce the power dissipation requirements of the scheme. This shorting can be performed using contacts of the P12x relay itself or an external auxiliary device triggered from the P12x high impedance trip function. If the entire differential path is bypassed in this manner, it may be necessary to ensure that the trip contacts are latched at least until the fault has been cleared.
Secondary Buswires A B C N

X2/DVZ3R 4B 9B 8A 3B 2A 7A

5B

7B

8B

9A

11A

2B

3A

5A

6A

54

Ic

53

52

Ib

51

50

Ia

49

MiCOM P12x Relay RL2 8 12 16 RL3 14 20 RL4 18

P1666ENb

Figure 13: Example connection of the X2/DVZ3R with the entire differential path short-circuited following operation. (1A connections shown)
Secondary Buswires

A B C N

4B X2/DVZ3R 5B 7B

9B

8A

3B

2A

7A

8B

9A

11A

2B

3A

5A

6A

54

Ic

53 8 RL2

12 52

Ib

51 16 RL3

50 22

Ia

49 20 RL4

18

MiCOM P12x Relay

P1667ENb

Figure 14: Example connection of the X2/DVZ3R with the stabilizing resistor shortcircuited following operation. (1A connections shown)

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 16

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

3.
3.1

SETTING EXAMPLES
Restricted earth fault application The application of a P12x relay as a high impedance relay can be best illustrated by means of an example. Figure 13 shows an application for which REF protection is required on the LV winding of a power transformer. In this example the earth fault input is used to provide the restricted earth fault protection and any remaining phase inputs could be utilized to provide normal overcurrent based protection.
11kV

415V R CT

1500/5A A B C RL RL

RL Data Transformer: 1MVA 11kV/415V Dyn11, X=5% R CT = 0.3 W Burdens: RL = 0.04 W R CT

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

RL
P1527ENc

Figure 15: Restricted earth fault protection on a transformer 3.1.1 Stability voltage The transformer full load current, IFLC, is:

I FLC =

1MVA

415 3 = 1391.2A

Maximum through fault level, ignoring source impedance, IF, is:

IF = =

I FLC X TX 1391.2A = 27824A 5%

Required relay stability voltage, VS, and assuming one CT saturated is:

VS = KI F (R CT + 2R L ) = 27824x = 35.24V
3.1.2 Stabilizing resistor Assuming that the relay effective setting for a solidly earthed power transformer is approximately 30% of the full load current, we can calculate that a setting of less than 1.391A is required on the relay. Assuming that a setting of 1A is selected the stabilizing resistor, RST, required is:

5 (0.3 + 0.08 ) 1500

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 17

R ST =

VS = 35.24 Ie >

For this application a 47 resistor can be supplied on request which can be adjusted to any value between 28 and 47. Thus a setting of 35.2 is available. 3.1.3 Current transformer requirements To ensure that internal faults are cleared in the shortest possible time the kneepoint voltage of the current transformers should be at least 4 times the stability voltage:

Kneepoint Voltage, VK 4VS 141V


By re-arranging equation [2], the excitation current for each of the current transformers at the relay stability voltage can be calculated:

IS IR CT Magnetising current at stability voltage, I e CT Ratio n 1.391 1 4 0.1A


In summary, the current transformers used for this application must have a kneepoint voltage of 141V or higher, with a secondary winding resistance of 0.3 or lower and a magnetizing current at 35.2V of less than 0.1A. 3.1.4 Non-linear resistor requirements If the peak voltage developed across the relay circuit under maximum internal fault conditions exceeds 3000V peak then a suitable non-linear resistor (Metrosil) should be connected across the relay and stabilizing resistor, in order to protect the insulation of the CTs, relay and interconnecting leads. Using equation [5] we can calculate the maximum fault voltage assuming no CT saturation:
' (R CT + 2RL + R ST + RR ) VF = I F

5 (0.3 + 0.08 + 35.24 ) 1500 = 92.75(35.6 2) = 27824x = 3303.6V


Based upon this and assuming that the CT kneepoint voltage is 141V, we can estimate the peak voltage as:

VP = 2 2VK (VF VK ) = 2 2x141(3303.6 - 141) = 1888.76V


This value is below the peak voltage of 3000V and therefore a non-linear resistor (Metrosil) is not required. NOTE: The kneepoint voltage value used in the above formula should be the actual voltage obtained from the CT magnetising characteristic and not a calculated value.

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 18 3.2 Busbar applications

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

Figure 14 shows an application of the P12x for high impedance protection of a typical 132kV double bus generating station, consisting of two 100MVA generators and step-up transformers, two bus-couplers and four overhead transmission lines. Each busbar is sectionalized and therefore gives a requirement for four discriminating zone and one overall check zone.
100MVA 15kV

100MVA 132/15kV

132kV Main reserve

P1520ENa

Figure 16: Three phase and earth fault protection of a double busbar generating station For the purpose of this example it is assumed that all switchgear is rated for 3500MVA, that the system is solidly earthed and the system X/R ratio is 20. All circuits have the same CT ratio of 500/1A with a secondary winding resistance of 0.7 and the largest loop lead resistance is 2. 3.2.1 Stability voltage The stability level of the busbar protection is governed by the maximum through fault level which is assumed to be the switchgear rating. Using the switchgear rating also allows for any future expansion of the busbar:

Maximum through fault current, I F = =

Switchgear rating Voltage x 3 3500MVA

132kV 3 = 15308A
Required relay stability voltage, VS, and assuming one CT saturated is:

VS = KI F (R CT + 2R L ) = 1.4x15308x = 116V
3.2.2 Discriminating zone effective setting The primary operating current should be made less than 30% of the minimum fault current and more than the full load current of one of the incomers. Thus, if one of the incomer CTs becomes open circuit the differential protection will not maloperate. It is assumed that 30% of the minimum fault current is more than the full load current of the largest circuit.

1 (0.7 + 2) 500

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 19

Full Load current, I FLC =

100MVA

132kV 3 = 437.4A

Now if we assume that the magnetizing current taken by each CT at 116V is 0.072A and the relay current setting is 0.8A, we can calculate for the discriminating zone:

Primary Effective Operating current, I OP = CT Ratio (I r + nI e ) 500 (0.8 + (5x0.072)) 1 = 580A = 132% of I FLC =
Since the primary effective setting is greater than the full load current, we can say that that relay setting of 0.8A is suitable for the discriminating zone. 3.2.3 Check zone effective setting Using the same reasoning and assumptions as already used for the discriminating zone, we can calculate for the check zone:

Primary Effective Operating current, I OP = CT Ratio (I r + nI e ) 500 (0.8 + (6x0.072)) 1 = 616A = 141% of I FLC =
Since the primary effective setting is greater than the full load current, we can say that that relay setting of 0.8A is suitable for the check zone. 3.2.4 Stabilizing resistor The required value of stabilizing resistor, RST, is:

R ST =

VS I> 116 = 0.8 = 145

For this application a 220 resistor can be supplied on request which can be adjusted to any value between 132 and 220. Thus a setting of 145 is available. 3.2.5 Current transformer requirements To ensure that internal faults are cleared in the shortest possible time the kneepoint voltage of the current transformers should be at least 4 times the stability voltage:

Kneepoint Voltage, VK 4VS 464V


In summary, the current transformers used for this application must have a kneepoint voltage of 464V or higher, with a secondary winding resistance of 0.7 or lower and a magnetizing current at 116V of less than 0.072A.

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 20 3.2.6 Non-linear resistor requirements

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

If the peak voltage developed across the relay circuit under maximum internal fault conditions exceeds 3000V peak then a suitable non-linear resistor (Metrosil) should be connected across the relay and stabilizing resistor, in order to protect the insulation of the CTs, relay and interconnecting leads. Using equation [5] we can calculate the maximum fault voltage assuming no CT saturation:
' (R CT + 2RL + R ST + RR ) VF = I F

1 (0.7 + 2 + 145 ) 500 = 30.616(147 .7) = 4522V = 15308x


Based upon this and assuming that the CT kneepoint voltage is 464V, we can estimate the peak voltage as:

VP = 2 2VK (VF VK ) = 2 2x464(4522 - 464 ) = 3881.1V


This value is above the peak voltage of 3000V and therefore a non-linear resistor (Metrosil) is required. The Metrosil is chosen based upon the CT secondary rating, maximum internal fault level and voltage setting, and for this case the most appropriate type is 600A/S3/I/S1195. This Metrosil consists of three discs connected independently for this three phase application. NOTE: The kneepoint voltage value used in the above formula should be the actual voltage obtained from the CT magnetising characteristic and not a calculated value.

3.2.7

Busbar supervision Assuming that 25A is greater than 10% of the smallest circuit current we can calculate the supervision setting as:

Buswire supervision setting =

25A CT Ratio = 0.05A

Therefore the Ie> element should be set to 0.05A with a time delay setting, t Ie>, of 3s. 3.2.8 Integrated non-linear resistor and resistors Instead of using the external resistors and Metrosils, the X2/DVZ3R integrated unit could be used in this application. In this case, the stabilizing resistance is fixed as either 500, 1000 or 2000 which infers that the relay setting current must be modified. (The stability voltage is fixed by the requirements of the scheme). On this basis, and by rearranging the stabilizing resistor calculation we can state:-

Required Relay Setting, I > =

= 0.06 A (for R ST = 2000 )


Since the minimum setting for the phase overcurrent element, I>, is 0.1A it can be seen that it is not possible to use the 2000 stabilizing resistor, but that either the 500 or 1000

= 0.12A (for R ST = 1000 )

= 0.24 A (for R ST = 500 )

VS R ST

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 21

resistance connections could be used. In both cases, it would be necessary to use the integrated non-linear resistor to protect the circuit. Another consideration of utilizing this integrated box is the effect of the lower relay settings on the effective setting of the scheme. With either lower setting, the effective setting will be lower than full load current for all the discriminating and check zones and this may be perceived as unsatisfactory. In this case, additional shunt resistors may be required to increase the effective setting please contact your local AREVA T&D representative for advice in this case. 3.2.9 Advanced application requirements In order to reduce the kneepoint voltage of the CTs being used, it is possible to decrease the stability voltage for applications where the system X/R ratio is lower than 40. In this example, the system X/R ratio is 20 and therefore we can apply formula [8] to reduce the stability voltage:

X Relay Stability Voltage, VS = 0.007 + 1.05 I F (R CT + 2R L ) R 15308 (0.7 + 2) = (0.14 + 1.05 ) 500 = 98.37V
Based upon this revised stability voltage, it is possible to revise the stabilizing resistor to:

R ST =

VS I> 98.37 = 0.8 = 123

For this application a 150 resistor can be supplied on request which can be adjusted to any value between 90 and 150. Thus a setting of 123 is available. To ensure that internal faults are cleared in the shortest possible time the kneepoint voltage of the current transformers should be at least 4 times the stability voltage:

Kneepoint Voltage, VK 4VS 394V


In summary, the current transformers based upon the advanced formula must have a kneepoint voltage of 394V or higher, with a secondary winding resistance of 0.7 or lower and a magnetizing current at 98.4V of less than 0.072A. This is a reduction of kneepoint voltage of nearly 20% when compared to the calculated requirements based upon the standard formula. 3.3 Motor / generator applications The same calculation principles that apply for the three phase protection of busbars can be applied to motors and generators, although special consideration of the fault current will be required. For these applications, the machine contribution to an external fault should be used in the stability voltage calculation and this can be significantly lower than the maximum internal fault current that should be used in the non-linear resistor calculation. For motors the starting current or locked rotor current value is usually used in the stability calculation and this will lead to relatively small CT requirements. Often the most sensitive relay settings are used and buswire supervision is rarely applied.

P12x/EN AP/C00 (AP) 22

Application Notes MiCOM P120, P121, P122 & P123

Publication: P12X/EN AP/B00


AREVA T&D's Automation & Information Systems Business www.areva-td.com T&D Worldwide Contact Centre online 24 hours a day: +44 (0) 1785 25 00 70 http://www.areva-td.com/contactcentre/

You might also like