Phuong Pháp Gi - I Toán Este

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TP 2

PHN II : PHNG PHP GII TON ESTE LIPIT- CHT TY RA

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TP 1 : CHUYN L THUYT ESTE LIPIT- CHT TY RA
TP 2 : PHN DNG V PHNG PHP GII TON
TP 3 : 500 BI TP TRC NGHIM ESTE LIPIT- CHT TY RA.
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PHN II : PHNG PHP GII TON ESTE LIPIT- CHT TY RA

NHNG IM CN NH KHI GII BI TP ESTE
Vn 1 : Cch t cng thc gii nhanh

Gi thit Cng thc gii ton
Nhm chc t chy
Este no,n chc,mch h RCOOR C
n
H
2n
O
2

Este no C
n
H
2n+2-2a
O
2a
C
n
H
2n+1
COOC
m
H
2m+1
Este n chc RCOOR C
x
H
y
O
2
Este cha bit R
n
(COO)
nm
R
m
C
x
H
y
O
z

Vn 2 : Du hiu nhn bit loi Este
Este mch h Cng thc C
n
H
2n+2-2k-2a
O
2a
No (k=0) n chc ( a=1 ) C
n
H
2n
O
2

Hai chc ( a=2 ) C
n
H
2n-2
O
4
Khng no, mt ni i C=C ( k=1) n chc ( a=1 ) C
n
H
2n-2
O
2

Hai chc ( a=2 ) C
n
H
2n-4
O
4

T axit R(COOH)
n
Vi ancol R(OH)
m
R
m
(COO)
m-n
R
n

Gi thit Kt lun
Este thuc dy ng ng metylfomiat hoc metylaxetat
= Este no n chc, mch h t este thu c n
H2
o = n
CO2
Este ch c 2 nguyn t oxi
= Este n chc
Thy phn m :
es es
1
1
OH NaOH
te te
n
n
n n
= =

Ese c s nguyn t C 3

Este c M
este
100
t chy este mch h m
2 2
es CO H O te
n n n =

= este n chc khng no cha 1
ni i C=C, hoc este 2 chc no
t chy este mch h m
2 2
CO H O
n n >

= este n chc, khng no

Vn 3 : Nhn bit cu to mt s este thng gp trong thi i Hc
= CH
3
OOC-(CH
2
)
2
-COOC
2
H
5
cu to t : ru CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH v axit HOOC-(CH
2
)-COOH
= CH
3
COO-(CH
2
)
2
-COOC
2
H
5
cu to t : CH
3
COOH v OH-(CH
2
)
2
-COOH v C
2
H
5
OH
= CH
3
COO-(CH
2
)
2
-OOCC
2
H
5
cu to t : CH
3
COOH v OH-(CH
2
)
2
-OH v C
2
H
5
OH

Vn 4 :Cc Phn ng Ha Hc c Bit Trong Bi Ton Este
a. iu ch este c gc ru khng no:
= Vi este ny,khng iu ch c bng phng php truyn thng m c nhng phng php iu
ch ring nh vinyl axetat (CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
)
0
t ,xt
3 3 2
CH COOH + CH CH CH COOCH=CH
= Lu : Nng Cao Hiu Sut ta c th thc hin cc bin php sau y :
Ly d axit hoc ancol
Lm gim nng sn phm
S dng cht xc tc H
2
SO
4
c 2 vai tr va l cht xc tc,va l cht ht nc (tc l lm gim
nng sn phm ).
Cc Dng Phn ng thng gp trong tuyn sinh i Hc :
2 4
H SO
3 2 2 3 2 2 2
ancol allylic este allyl axetat
CH COOH+ CH =CH-CH OH CH COOCH CH=CH +H O

2 4
H SO
3 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2
ancol isoamylic este isoamyl axetat
CH COOH+(CH ) CHCH CH OH CH COOCH CH CH(CH) +H O

2 4
H SO
2 3 2 2 2 3 2
axit acrylic ancol etylic este etyl acrylat
CH =CH-COOH+CH CH OH CH =CH-COOCH CH +H O

2 4
2
H SO
2 2 2
axit oxalic
etilen glicol
2
COOCH
HOOC-COOH+OH-CH -CH -OH + H O
COOCH


II.Phng Php gii Ton
Dng 1 : Tm Cng Thc Phn T V Cng Thc Cu To Ca Este.
1.Cng thc phn t :
= Cho cng thc phn t ca Este bt k : C
n
H
2n+2-2k-2a
O
2a

Trong :
+ n :S nguyn t c ca Este.
+ k : s lin kt hoc s vng no
Lu cc iu kin ban u :
Este co so nguyen t C 3
Este n chc
Este co khoi l ng nguyen t < 100
s

Mt S Lu khi gii ton Este :
Vi 2 nguyn t oxi v 1 lin kt th = Este no n chc,mch h : C
n
H
2n
O
2
(n3).( Cht u
tin trong ng ng este no n chc mch h l metyl fomiat )
Vi 2 nguyn t oxi v 2 lin kt th = Este khng no,n chc cha 1 lin kt trong gc
Hidrocacbon hoc cha vng : C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
(n3).
Vi 4 nguyn t oxi v 2 lin kt th = Este no ,hai chc cha 2 lin kt trong nhm chc
COOH : Cng thc Chung : C
n
H
2n-2
O
4.
Vi 4 nguyn t oxi v 3 lin kt th = Este khng no 2 chc cha 1 lin kt trong gc
hidrocacbon v 2 lin kt trong nhm chc (mi nhm chc ch cha 1 lin kt ).

A.Tm Cng Thc Phn t da trn khi lng nguyn t cc nguyn t c trong phn t Este.
Lu : Cng Thc phn t C
n
H
2n
O
2
c cc kh nng sau :
n 2n 2
(1) axit no n chc,mach h (n 1)
(2) Este no n chc,mach h (n 2)
3) 1 anehit (-CHO) + 1 ancol no,n chc,mach h (n 2) (CHO)-R-OH
(4) 1 anehit(-CHO) + 1 ete no n ch c
C H O co : (
>
>
>
mach h (n 3)
(5) 1 xeton( C=O) + 1 ancol no n chc mach h (n 3) Hp cha
(6) 1 xeton( C=O) + 1 ete no n chc mach h (n 4)
(7) 1 ancol (-OH) va 1 ete khong no (1 lk ) (n 3) t
>

>
`
>

>
)
t tap chc
(8) Ancol 2 chc khong no (1 lk ) (n 4)
(9) Ete 2 chc khong no (1 lk ) (n 4)
t
t
>
>


a.Tm cng thc phn t este da trn % cc nguyn t .
Phng php :
Bc 1 :Da trn nhng d kin cho thu gn phm vi cng thc phn t ca Este.
- Nu Este c M
este
< 100 : Este n chc
- Nu Este c s nguyn t C 3 : Este n chc
Bc 2 : Lp t l theo yu cu bi
- t cng thc phn t Este cn tm l : C
x
H
y
O
z
= Nu Este no n chc mch h l C
n
H
2n
O
2
.
= Nu Este no n chc,mch h c mt ni i l C
n
H
2n-2
O
2.
= Nu Este n chc th cng thc phn t l : C
x
H
y
O
2

Thit lp cng thc phn t n gin nht ca Este bng cch lp t l x : y : z dng cc s nguyn
ti gin.
% % %
: : : : : :
12 1 16
C H O
x y z a b c = =
Trong : a,b,c l cc s nguyn ti gin.
Khi ta c cng thc phn t ca Este l bi s ca cng thc n gin nht :
(C
a
H
b
O
c
)
n

- ng vi n=1 ta c cng thc n gin nht.
Lu :
* Vic xc nh cng thc phn t da trn % nguyn t ta c th da trn nhng gi thit bi nh :
loi Este ( no n chc,no a chc,c 1 lin kt i.) t bit c cng thc chung ca Este t
suy ra cng thc phn t ca Este
Bi Tp Vn Dng
Bi Tp 1 : Trong phn t este X no, n chc, mch h, oxi chim 36,36% khi lng. S CTCT tho
mn CTPT ca X l
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
Hng Dn Gii
Gi Thit : Este no n chc, mch h = cng thc chung ca Este l C
n
H
2n
O
2

Cu 18: Phn tch nh lng 1 este A nhn thy %O = 53,33%. Este A l
A. Este 2 chc. B. Este khng no. C. HCOOCH3. D.
CH3COOCH3.

Cu 19: Phn tch 1 lng este ngi ta thu c kt qu %C = 40 v %H = 6,66. Este ny l
A. metyl axetat. B. metyl acrylat. C. metyl fomat. D.
b.Tm Cng thc phn t da vo phn ng t chy.
Bc 1 : Tm khi lng ca cc nguyn t c trong Este.
- Da vo khi lng ca CO
2
tnh khi lng nguyn t C :
2
12
44
C CO
m m =
- Da vo khi lng ca H
2
O tnh khi lng nguyn t H :
2
2
18
H H O
m m =
- Da vo khi lng Este tm khi lng ca nguyn t O :
e e
m ( )
ste C H O o ste C H
m m m m m m m = + + = +
- Da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng tnh m
o
:
2 2 2
(e ) ( ) ( ) ( ) O ste o O O CO O H O
m m m m + = +
Bc 2 : Lp t l s mol gia cc nguyn t ca hp cht Este
: : : : : :
12 1 16
C O H
C H O
m m m
n n n a b c = =
Trong : a,b,c l cc s nguyn ti gin
- Khi ta c cng thc phn t ca Este l bi s ca cng thc n gin nht :
(C
a
H
b
O
c
)
n

- ng vi n=1 ta c cng thc n gin nht.
Mt s ch khi gii ton :
Kinh nghim 1: Nu este E chy hon ton m cho sn phm chy:
O
H CO
n n
2 2
= th E l este no, n chc, c CTTQ: C
n
H
2n
O
2

Kinh nghim 2: Nu este E chy c s mol: ) (sinh ) (sinh
2
2
ra n ra n n
O H CO E
= E l este ko no c mt ni
i C=C CTTQ C
n
H
2n-2
O
2
Kinh nghim 3: p dng nguyn l bo ton s mol nguyn t vi p chy ca este, ta c

O O
n E n + ) ( (trong
2
O p)=
O
n (trong CO2) +
O
n (trong H2O)
Kinh nghim 4: Vi este E n chc C
x
H
y
O
2
, ta lun c:

O E
n n
2
1
= (trong Este E) hay
2 2 2
) 2 [(
2
1
O O H CO E
n n n n + = (p)]

Kinh nghim 5: nu t chy hon ton este E, ri cho ton b sn phm chy( gm CO2 v hi H2O) qua
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
, hay Ba(OH)
2
ta c:
- tng khi lng dung dch: m = ( + + m m m
O H CO
)
2 2
(sinh ra)
- gim khi lng dung dch : m = + m (sinh ra) ( )
2 2 O H CO
m m +
Khi lng bnh tng ln chnh l khi lng sn phm hp th (phn bit khi lng bnh tng v khi
lng dung dch tng ).
- Khi lng dung dch khng tnh khi lng cht kt ta
Kinh nghim 6: Nu t chy hon ton este no n chc E(C
n
H
2n
O
2
), ri cho ton b sn phm chy(
gm CO2 v hi H2O) qua dung dch kim(NaOH, KOH).
2 2
o tang khoi l ng cua bnh
44 18
H O CO
n n = =
+

Kinh nghim 7: Nu bi cho este no, n chc, mch h E chy hon ton, cho (
2 O
n p)=
2 CO
n (sinhra)
c)Xc nh CTPT este da vo phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit v phn ng x phng ha
Phng php:
Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng axit:( p thun nghch)
ROOR + H
2
O
+
H
RCOOH + ROH
Phn ng thy phn trong mi trng kim(phn ng x phng ha):( phn ng mt chiu)
ROOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
Lu :
ROOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
R(COO)
n
R + NaOH n RCOONa + R(OH)n ( to ra n mui hu c v ru a chc)
R(COOR)n + NaOH (RCOONa)n + nROH ( to ra mui hu c ca axit a chc v n ru
n chc ).
- Cn ch :
Ty thuc c im cu to ca R m ROH c th l Anehit or xeton....
V d:
CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
+ NaOH CH
3
COONa + CH
3
CHO (Anehit )

RCOOC=CH
2
+ NaOH RCOONa + CH
3
- CO-CH
3
(xeton)
|
CH
3

RCOOC
6
H
5
+ NaOH RCOONa + C
6
H
5
COONa + H
2
O

- Cho mt sn phm duy nht n l este vng:

- Lu :
+ Phn bit gia Este ca phenol vi Este ca Axit benzoic:
RCOOC
6
H
5
tc dng vi NaOH ( hoc KOH ) cho t l 1 : 2 (tc 1 mol Este phn ng vi 2 mol NaOH).
RCOOC
6
H
5
+ 2NaOH RCOONa + C
6
H
5
Ona
C
6
H
5
COOR tc dng vi NaOH ( hoc KOH ) cho t l 1: 1
C
6
H
5
COOOR+ NaOH C
6
H
5
COONa + ROH
Kinh nghim 1: nu t l mol a
n
n
este
NaOH
= th este c a chc (-COO-) dng R(COO)aR
- Nu a=2 th este c dng R(COO)
2
R hay este ca phenyl RCOOC
6
H
5

Kinh nghim 2: c th p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho loi ton ny:
E m
este
+
NaOH muo i
m m = +
chat A
m (cht A ty vo cu to ca E)
- A c th l ru,anhit hoc xton
Kinh nghim 3: Nu sau phn ng X phng ha, c cn dung dch thu c cht rn B( ton b nc,
este cn d, ancol sinh ra u bai ht). Cn ch kh nng trong B cn mui d khi :

m m m
muoi ra n kiem d
= +
Kinh nghim 4:
+ Este c s nguyn t Cs3
+ Este c M
este
s100 este n chc

Trng hp m < m
Este
Muoi
: Khi lng tng th l Este ca CH
3
OH
Trng hp m > m
Este
Muoi
:

Khi lng gim th m A = (R 23)a

Bi Ton p dng
Bi Ton 1: Este X no, n chc, mch h c phn trm khi lng cacbon xp x bng 54,54%.S
lng ng phn X l ?
p n :C
4
H
8
O
2
( s ng phn =4 )
2.Este Y no, n chc, mch h c phn trm khi lng cacbon xp x bng 48,65%. Cng thc phn t
v s lng ng phn ca X l?

p n : C
3
H
6
O
2
(2 ng phn)
3.Este Z,n chc,mch h c phn trm khi lng cacbon bng 60%.Cng thc phn t ca Z v s
lng ng phn ca Z l ?
1.Tm s ng phn ca este v cng thc cu to ca este n chc.
Phng php ng nht thc :Cng thc cu to ca Este n chc : RCOOR.
= Bc 1 : Vit theo th t bt u bng este ca gc axit fomic : Bt u t HCOOR ri thay i R
c cc ng phn khc nhau.
= Bc 2 : Sau tng s nguyn t cacbon cho gc axit ta c : CH
3
COOR,C
2
H
5
COORkhi tng
gc R 1 nguyn t C th phi gim 1 nguyn t C gc R tng ng.
e Ch do Este no n chc,mch h v Axit no n chc mch h c cng cng thc phn t : C
n
H
2n
O
2

nn khi tm s lng ng phn cn lu :
= Yu cu bi l tm s ng phn hay tm s ng phn Este : Nu yu cu tm s ng phn th
bao gm c ng phn Axit,tc R=H.
= Lu mt s trng hp ng phn Hnh Hc (cis-tran) nu gc Hircacbon c cha lin kt bi.
+ Lu :
= Axit 2 chc R(COOH)
2
v ru n chc ROH = Este c dng R(COOR)
2

= Axit n chc RCOOH v ru 2 chc R(OH)
2
= Este c dng (RCOO)
2
R hoc R(OCOR)
2

+ Lu :
Vit Cng Thc cu to ca Este a chc R
y
(COO)
x.y
R
x
c cu to t axit x chc R(COOH)
x
v
ru y chc R(COOH)
y
ta cn nh :
= Nhn cho x cho gc hirocacbon ca ru v nhn cho y cho gc hirocacbon ca axit.
= x v y ln lt l s nhm chc ca axit v ru.
2.Tm s nhm chc ca este.
Phng Php Xc nh s nhm chc ca Este.
= u tin loi tr phn ng gia phenol v ng ng ca n da vo d kin to thnh 2 mui,nu phn
ng ch to thnh mt mui duy nht th tnh s nhm chc ca este da vo cng thc.

o =
so mol KOH phan ng
so mol este phan ng
so nho m chc este =

Lu : Nu trong mt phn ng m ta c s mol ca baz kim (NaOH,KOH) cn phn ng < 2.(s mol
ca este):
+ Nu :
NaOH/KOH Este
n < 2.n
th y l mt este n chc v s mol ca baz kim d.v theo bi thng
ni l sau phn ng c m (g) cht rn.

Th chnh l s nhm chc este.
V d :
Da vo cng thc phn t ca Este l : C
x
H
y
O
2
Cng thc cu to : RCOOR K : y2x
Ta lun c : 12x + y + 32=R+ 44+ R
Khi gii ton v este n chc ta thng s dng 2 cng thc trn.
= Phn ng t chy ta thng s dng cng thc : C
x
H
y
O
2
(trng hp i vi este n chc )
= Cng thc RCOOR thng dng cho phn ng ca este vi kim : thng dng xc nh cng
thc cu to ca este.
= Khi gii cc bi ton x phng ha cn lu :
este
so nguye n t C 3
Neu e cho : este n ch c
M 100
Ap dung nh luat bao toan khoi lng cho bai toan xa phong hoa :
m
este NaOH muoi ru
m m m
s
<
+ = +

= Khi bi cho sau phn ng thu c mui v nc th thng phn ng xy ra va ,nhng nu
bi cho sau phn ng c cn thu c mt khi lng cht rn th cht rn c th c n
NaOH
d,vy khi
lm ton cn so snh s mol ca este vi s mol ca NaOH xem lng NaOH sau phn ng c d hay
khng.
Cc Trng Hp Thng Gp i Vi Este n Chc
: Hn Hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra 1 mui + 2 ru = 2 este ny c to thnh t
2 gc ru khc nhau v 1 gc axit to nn.
= Phng php : gi cng thc cu to ca 3 este l :
RCOOR '
' '
1
RCOOR' CTCT cua 2 este la CTPT :C H O ieu kie n : R < '<R
2 1 2
x
RCOOR '
2
R
y

: Hn Hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra 3 mui + 1 ru = 3 este ny c to thnh t
1 gc ru v 3 gc axit khc nhau to nn.
= Phng php : gi cng thc cu to ca 3 este l :

R COOR'
1
RCOOR' CTCT cua 3 este la R COOR' CTPT :C H O
2 2
x
R COOR'
3
y

: Hn Hp Este khi phn ng Vi NaOH to thnh = 3 mui + 2 ru n chc

= Cng thc cu to ca 3 Este l :
RCOOR'
( trong c 2 Este cng gc ru )
R COOR '
1 1
RCOO R' CTCT cua 3 este la R COOR ' CTPT :C H O
2 1 2
x
R COOR '
3 2
y

Hn Hp 2 Cht Hu C Khi Phn ng Vi NaOH thu c 1 mui + 1 ru : c 3 trng hp xy ra.

RCOOH
Tr ng hp 1 : 1 Axit + 1 ru
R'OH

RCOOH
Tr ng hp 2 : 1 Axit + 1 este (cung go c axit)
RCOOR'

R'OH
Tr ng hp 3 : 1 r u + 1 este (cu ng goc ru)
RCOOR'

Hn Hp 2 Cht Hu C Khi Phn ng Vi NaOH thu c 2 mui + 1 ru (u n chc): c
2 trng hp xy ra.
1
2
R COOH
Tr ng hp 1: 1 Axit + 1 este
R COOR'

1
2
R COOR'
Tr ng hp 2 : 2 este (cu ng goc ru )
R COOR'

Hn Hp 2 Cht Hu C Khi Phn ng Vi NaOH thu c 1 mui + 2 ru (u n chc): c 2
trng hp xy ra.
1
2
R' OH
Tr ng hp 1 : 1 r u + 1 este
RCOOR '

1
2
RCOOR '
Tr ng hp 2 : 2 este (cung goc axit khac go c ru)
RCOOR '

Lu : Nu Gi Thit ca cho l hn hp 2 hp cht hu c trn l ng chc th ch c trng hp
l hn hp 2 Este.
Cc Trng Hp Thng Gp i Vi Este a Chc :
a) Este a chc c to thnh t Axit a chc v ancol n chc.
= Este c to thnh gia phn ng ca Axit x chc vi ancol n chc : R(COOR)
x
(x2)
= Este c to thnh gia phn ng ca Axit x chc vi nhiu ancol n chc :
x
R(COOR')


= Nu Este a chc + NaOH 1 mui + 2 ru Este ny c ti thiu l 2 chc
V d :
1
'
2
OO '
OO
C R
R
C R

1
'
1
'
2
OO '
OO trong tr ng hp nay este 3 chc nhng thu c 2 ru
C R
R C R
COOR

Nh vy : Mt Este a chc m thy phn cho ra 1 mui v 2 ru th este c ti thiu l 2 chc.
Lu
= Nu Este ny c 5 nguyn t oxi Este ny c ti a l 2 chc ( do mi chc este c s nguyn t oxi
ti a l 2).
b) Este c to thnh t Axit n chc v ancol a chc :
= Este c to thnh gia Axit n chc vi ancol y chc : (RCOO)
y
R
= Este c to thnh gia nhiu Axit n chc vi ancol a chc :
'
(RCOO) R
y

= Nu Este a chc + NaOH 2 mui + 1 ru Este c ti thiu l 2 chc :
V D :
1
1
1
2
2
O
O
' O ' trng h p nay este 3 ch c nhng ch co 2 muo i tao thanh
O
O
RC O
RC O
R RC O R
R C O
R C O

Phng Php gii:
Gi s c 1 Este c to thnh t 1 ru 3 chc v 3 Axit n chc (1 axit no, 1 axit c 1 lin kt
i v 1 Axit c 1 lin kt 3 trong gc HC) u l mch h.
= Este ny c 3 chc Cng thc phn t c 6 nguyn t Oxi
= S lin kt : mi nhm chc-COO- c 1 lin kt = 3 nhm c 3 lin kt
= S lin kt trong gc HC l 3 ( 1 lin kt trong gc axit c 1 lin kt i v 2 lin kt trong gc axit
c 1 lin kt 3 )
= Cng thc phn t c dng : C
n
H
2n+2-2k
O
6
vi k=6 Cng thc phn t c dng : C
n
H
2n-10
O
6
Gi Cng thc cu to c dng :
x 2x+1
y 2y-1 m 2m-1 x+y+z+m+3 2x+2y+2z+2m-4 6
z 2z-3
C H COO
C H COO C H C H O
C H COO

t : x+ y+ z+m+3=n ta c cng thc phn t : C
n
H
2n-10
O
6
c) Este c to thnh t Axit x chc v ancol y chc :
= Cng thc cu to ca este l : R
y
(COO)
x.y
R
x
( iu kin x,y 2)

= Nu x= y th cng thc cu to vit li l : R(COO)
x
R
Dng 2 : Xc nh dng este bng phn ng thy phn RCOOR vi kim:(Phn ng x phng ha).

Phn ng Gi Thit Dng Este

Este +
Kim
Mui + Ru (1) RCOO-CH
2
-R

Mui +anhit
(2)
(2) RCOO-CH=CH-R
Este c 1 lin kt lin kt trc tip vi O

= Este ny khi phn ng vi dd NaOH to ra ancol c nhm
OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon mang ni i
bc 1,khng bn chuyn ha thnh anhit

(2) RCOO-CH(OH)-CH
2
-R
Este c cha nhm OH C
1
lin kt trc tip vi O

= Este ny khi phn ng vi dung dch NaOH to ra ancol
c hai nhm chc OH lin kt trc tip vi mt nguyn t
Cacbon bc 1 khng bn chuyn ha thnh anhit.

Mui + Xtn
(3)
(3) RCOO-COH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-R
Este c cha nhm OH C
2
lin kt trc tip vi O
= Este ny khi phn ng vi dung dch NaOH to ra ancol
c hai nhm OH cng lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t
Cacbon bc 2 u mch to ancol khng bn chuyn ha
thnh Xtn.
(3) RCOO-C(CH
2
-R)=CH-R
Este c cha lin kt C
2
lin kt trc tip vi O

= Este ny khi phn ng vi dung dch NaOh to thnh
ancol c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon

bc 2 c lin kt khng bn chuyn ha thnh xtn.

Mui + Mui (2
Mui ) + H
2
O
(4)
(4) RCOOC
6
H
5
Este c cha nhn thm ca Benzen

= Este ny khi tc dng vi NaOH to thnh mui
1
+ phenol
nhng do phenol c tnh axit nn c kh nng tc dng vi
NaOH nn to thnh mui phenollat + nc
= Este ny c gc ancol l phenol hoc ng ng ca
phenol
1 Mui (l sn
phm duy nht )
(5)
(5) Este vng

Dng 3 :Phn ng X Phng Ha :
Este + NaOH mui + X(ru/mui/anhit/xetn)
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng vi ton este
m
este
+ m
NaOH
m
mui
+ m
x

Lu :
- HCOOR + AgNO
3
+ 3NH
3
+ H
2
ONH
4
OCOOR + 2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2Ag (t l 1:2)
- HCOONH
4
+ 2Cu(OH)
2
/OH
-
Cu
2
O ( t l mol 1:1)
= V vy cn lu kh nng ny khi gii ton
Tnh cht vt l.
= Phn ng este ha. RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H
2
O
= Phn ng x phng ha : RCOOR + NaOH RCOONa + ROH
Tnh cht vt l : Khi c cn dung dch,ch thu mui RCOONa,ring este,ru v ete bay hi ht.
= m
rn khi c cn
= m
mui
+ m
NaOH d
Dng Ton : Lin Quan n Hiu Sut este ha,sn phm mui cho phn ng trng gng.....
Phng Php gi Ton Hiu Sut Este Ha :

Xt Phn ng :
0 2
RCOOH + R'OH RCOOR'+ H O
Tr c p : a mol b mol
Phan ng : x x x x
Sau p
H
t
+

: a-x b-x x x

Tnh Hiu Sut cc phn ng :
e Nu ab : Tc s mol ca ancol nh hn hoc bng s mol ru.
Hiu sut c tnh theo cht c s mol nh hn : tc l s mol ca ru.
.100%
H = 100% x= b=
100%
x bH x
b H

e Nu a<b : Tc s mol ca ancol nh hn hoc bng s mol ru.
Hiu sut c tnh theo cht c s mol nh hn : tc l s mol ca ru.
.100%
H = 100% x= a=
100%
x aH x
a H

Dng 02: Bi ton v phn ng este ho.

RCOOR' + H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
, t
0
RCOOH + R'-OH

c im ca phn ng este ho l thun nghch nn c th gn vi cc dng bi ton:
C Tnh hng s cn bng K:

K
cb
=
RCOOR' H
2
O
RCOOH R'OH

C Tnh hiu sut phn ng este ho:

H =
lng este thu c theo thc t
lng este thu c theo l thuyt
. 100%

C Tnh lng este to thnh hoc axit cacboxylic cn dng, lng ancol
* Ch : Nu tin hnh phn ng este ha gia mt ancol n chc vi m axit cacboxylic n chc th s
este ti a c th thu c l:
< +
=
+
=
+
n m n m m
n m
n n n n
n
, ) 1 )( 1 ( 2
,
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
(C th chng minh cc cng thc ny v mt
ton hc)
> Bi 1: Hn hp A gm axit axetic v etanol. Chia A thnh ba phn bng nhau.
+ Phn 1 tc dng vi Kali d thy c 3,36 lt kh thot ra.
+ Phn 2 tc dng vi Na
2
CO
3
d thy c 1,12 lt kh CO
2
thot ra. Cc th tch kh o ktc.

+ Phn 3 c thm vo vi git dung dch H
2
SO
4
, sau un si hn hp mt thi gian. Bit hiu sut
ca phn ng este ho bng 60%. Khi lng este to thnh l bao nhiu?
A. 8,80 gam B. 5,20 gam C. 10,56 gam D. 5,28 gam
Bi gii:

Hn hp A
mol b : OH H C
mol a : COOH CH
5 2
3

= =
= = + =
mol 1 , 0 n 2 a
mol 3 , 0 n 2 b a n
2
2
CO
H A

=
=
mol 2 , 0 b
mol 1 , 0 a

V a < b ( hiu sut tnh theo axit) s mol este thc t thu c: n = 0,1.60% = mol 06 , 0
Khi lng este thc t thu c: m = 0,06.88 = 5,28 gam p n D
> Bi 2: t chy hon ton 1 mol axit cacboxylic n chc X cn 3,5 mol O
2
. Trn 7,4 gam X vi
lng ancol no Y (bit t khi hi ca Y so vi O
2
nh hn 2). un nng hn hp vi H
2
SO
4
lm xc
tc. Sau khi phn ng hon ton thu c 8,7 gam este Z (trong Z khng cn nhm chc no khc). Cng
thc cu to ca Z l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
5
B. C
2
H
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
3
C. CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOCH
3
D. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
OCOH
Bi gii:
Phn ng chy: C
X
H
y
O
2
+ (x +
4
y
-1)O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O (1)
Theo (1), ta c : x +
4
y
-1= 3,5 x +
4
y
= 4,5
=
=
6 y
3 x
X : C
2
H
5
COOH
Ancol no Y : C
n
H
2n+2-m
(OH)
m
(1 s m s n) este Z : (C
2
H
5
COO)
m
C
n
H
2n+2-m
M
este
= 73m + 14n + 2 m = m .
1 , 0
7 , 8
hay 14n + 2 = 15m (2)
Mt khc
2
O Y
d < 2 hay 14n + 2 + 16m < 64 30m + 2 < 64 (v m s n) m < 2,1
T (2)
=
=
2 m
2 n
ancol Y : C
2
H
4
(OH)
2

Z : C
2
H
5
COOCH
2
CH
2
OCOC
2
H
5
p n A.
V d : cho 3 (gam) axit axetic phn ng vi 2,5 (gam) ancol etylic (xc tc H
2
SO
4
c,t
0
) th thu c
3,3 gam este.Hiu sut phn ng este ha:
A.70,2% B.77,27% C.75% D.80%
Bc 1 : Tnh s mol ca cc cht phn ng v cht to thnh :

3
2 5
2 5 3
O
O
3
0, 05 (mol)
60
2,5
n (mol)
46
3,3
n 0, 0375
88
CH C OH
C H OH
C H C OCH
n = =
=
= =

Ta thy n
axit
< n
ancol
v l thuyt n
axit ht
phi ht
Nh vy khi lng theo l thuyt ca este to thnh phi l: 0,05.88=4,4 (gam)
= Nhng thc t khi lng este to thnh ch l 3,3 gam.Nh vy trong phn ng axit khng phn ng
hon ton m ch ph ng mt phn.
y l hiu sut phn ng tnh theo lng sn phm to thnh nn ta c :
lng th c te 3,3
100% 100 75%
lng ly thuye t 4, 4
H = = =

Lu :
= i vi bi ton ny vn c th tnh hiu sut da vo s mol.
= Lng l thuyt bao gi cng ln hn hoc bng lng thc t.Khi bng vi lng thc t ng ngha
vi hiu sut 100% hay ngc lai khi lng thc t to thnh bng vi lng l thuyt tnh ton th hiu
sut bng 100%.
= Trong nhng bi ton ny sau khi hc bi cacbonhidrat ta thng gp phn ng iu ch ru etylic t
glucozo,gi s hiu sut qu trnh ny l a% v hiu sut este ha l b% th hiu sut c qu trnh l a%.b%.
V d : iu ch ru etylic bng cch ln men a glucozo vi hiu sut 75% sau phn ng thu c
ru etylic.Sau dng lng ru etylic to thnh cho phn ng este ha vi axit axetic d vi
hiu sut 80% .Tnh khi lng este to thnh theo a .
Xt phn ng :
0
ezim
6 12 6 2 5 2
30 35
2 + 2CO
C
C H O C H OH

Ta c s mol ca glucozo(C
6
H
12
O
6
)
6 12 6
(mol)
180
C H O
a
n =

Do hiu sut ca phn ng ln men glucozo l 75% nn s mol v khi lng ru etylic to thnh l
:
2 5
23
75%.46 (mol)
180 120
C H OH
a a
m = =


= Sau cho tham gia phn ng este ha vi lng axit axetic d ngha l trn l thuyt ru etylic phi
ht nhng phn ng xy ra vi hiu sut 80%.Tc ch c 80% lng ru etylic c to thnh do khi
lng ca este etyl axetat c to thnh l :
V phn ng este ha xy ra theo t l : 1: 1 .Nn s mol ca etyl axetat bng vi s mol ca ru etylic
phn ng.
3 2 5 2 5
O
75%.80% (mol)
180 300
CH C OC H C H OH
a a
n n = = =

Do khi lng ca etyl axetat to thnh l :
3 2 5
O
22
.88 (gam)
300 75
CH C OC H
a a
m = =

Dng 4 : Tm cng thc phn t este da vo phn ng chy :
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng vi ton este :

2 2 2
este O CO H O
m m m n + = +

- Este no n chc mch h :

2 2 2 2 2
3 2
2
n n
n
C H O O nCO nH O
+ +

2 2
CO H O
n n =

2 2 2
1
2
este CO H O O
n n n n = +
- Este khng no c cha 1 ni i,n chc mch h : (n4)

2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3
( 1)
2
n n
n
C H O O nCO n H O

+ +

2 2 2 2
es CO H O CO H O te
n n n n n > =

- Este no 2 chc mch h :

2 2 4 2 2 2
3 5
( 1)
2
n n
n
C H O O nCO n H O

+ +

2 2 2 2
es CO H O CO H O te
n n n n n > =

Dng 5 : t chy 2 este ng phn :
Phng php : Ta xem hai este ng phn nh mt cht.
Hai cht A,B l ng phn nn
M
cng xem nh l phn t khi ca mi cht c th chng minh nh sau :

a.M+b.M (a+b)M
M = = M
a+b a+b
=
( a,b l s mol hai cht)
Yu cu : Xc nh CTPT,tnh s mol CO
2
,H
2
O,O
2
phn ng
Dng 6 : t chy hn hp 2 hay nhiu este ng ng k tip nhau :

Phng Php : Gi n l s nguyn t trung bnh ca hai hay nhiu Este, (Thng bi ton cho nhiu Este
thng km theo mt s iu kin Nht nh xc nh Loi Este ).
- Bi Ton Vn Gii Thng thng nh mt bi ton t chy.
- Khi tnh c n ta tnh c s nguyn t C ca hai Este l n v n

+ 1.
Phng Php Gii Bi Tp Ch S

(RCOO)
3
C
3
H
5 (Cht bo)
+ 3KOH 3RCOOK + C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
(1)
RCOOH
(t do)
+ KOH RCOOK + H
2
O (2)
Bo + KOH mui
(x phng)
+ C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
+ H
2
O (3)
Cn nm r cc khi nim
1. Ch s axit: l s mg KOH (2) cn trung ho ht axit t do c trong 1 gam cht bo
2. Ch s este: l s mg KOH (1) cn thu phn ht este bo c trong 1 gam cht bo
3. Ch s x phng = ch s axit + ch s este
4. Khi lng x phng thu c khi x phng ha.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho phng trnh s (3)
m
bo
+ m
KOH
= m
x phng
+ m
nc
+ m
glixerol

m
x phng
= m
bo
+ m
KOH
- m
nc
- m
glixerol

Dng 1 : Tnh cc ch s axit :
Khi nim : ch s axit l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha ht lng axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht
bo.
Cng thc : (1)
(mg)
ch so axit =
(g)
chat beo
m
KOH
m
hoc C th hn
3
.56.10
ch so axit =
(g)
chat be o
n
KOH
m

= =
chat beo
3
n ch so axit (mol)
56.10
KOH
m

ngha : Cho bit cht bo cn ti ( ti) hay khng ? Nu ch s cng ln th ti cng thp .
V d : trung ha 5,6 gam cht bo cn dng ht 60ml dung dch KOH 0,1 M.Ch s axit ca cht bo
l:
Ta c s mol v khi lng KOH l :

3
. 0,1.6.10 =0,0006 (mol)
m . 0, 0006.56 0, 0336 (gam)=33,6 (mg)
KOH
KOH
n CM V
n M
= =
= = =

p dng cng thc s (1) ta c :
33,6
= = 6 (mg) (1)
5,6
(mg)
ch so axit =
(g)
chat beo
m
KOH
m

Hoc p dng cng thc tnh t l :
Trung ha 5,6 gam cht bo cn 33,6 mg KOH
= trung ha 1 gam cht bo cn 6 mg KOH

Dng 2 : Tnh ch s iot
Khi nim : Ch s It l s gam It ohanr ng ht vi s lin kt C=C c trong 100 gam cht bo.
Cng thc :
| |
=
|
\ .
iot iot. iot
100 100
chat beo. chat beo
ch so iot =
chat beo
n M g
g
n M
m
m

= Tnh ch s lin kt trong gc axit : C
x
H
y
-
t
+ (2 1)
so lien ke t =
2
x y

= Nu tnh trong 3 nhm (C
x
H
y
COO)
3
= t
+
(2 1)
so lien ke t =3
2
x y

== S mol it = s lin kt .n
cht bo
Th d :Glixerin oleat:
(C
17
H
33
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
+ 3I
2
(C
17
H
33
COOI
2
)
3
C
3
H
5
( trong x l s mol cht bo )
x 3x
Dng 3 : Bi ton X Phng Ha
= Phng trnh :
Cht bo + NaOH glixerin + cc mui ca axit bo ( x phng )
Phng Php : theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :
m
Lipit
+ m
KOH phn ng
= m
mui
+ m
glixeryl
+ m
nc
Ch s x phng :
Khi nim : ch s x phng ha l tng s mg KOH cn trung ha ht lng axit bo t do v x phng
ha ht lng este trong 1 gam cht bo.

Cng thc :
(mg)
ch so xa phong hoa =
(g)
chat beo
m
KOH
m

Dng 4 : Bi ton tnh ch s x phng ha ln axit bo :
Bi Ton : Cht bo c ln mt t lng axit bo t do:
Cng thc : + ch so axit beo
(mg)
ch so xa phong ho a =
(g)
cha t beo
m
KOH
m

Ch s x phng ha = m
KOH( phn ng vi axit t do)
+ m
KOH(phn ng x phng ha )
(mg/g)
Ta c : n
KOH
=n
axit bo
v phn ng trung ha theo t l 1:1
RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H
2
O
Th d : C
17
H
35
COOH + KOH C
17
H
35
COOK + H
2
O
Lu cc phn ng :
Dng 5: Bi Ton xc nh axit bo:
Cch 1 :Dng cng thc mch C trung bnh
= t cng thc lipit : = + + = +
_ _ _
3 5 3
(OC ) 41 44.3 3. 173 3. C H OR R R
= Ta c : n
Lipit
=n
glixerin
= M
Lipit
= + = < <
_ _ _
1 2
173 3. ( R )
Lipit
R M R R R
Cch 2: Dng cng thc phn t lng trung bn
_
M
Lu : t l s mol Lipit= glyxerol= s mol mi axit bo
Dng 6 : Bi Ton xc nh Lipit trung tnh :
= T l s mol gia cht bo v glixerin l : 1:1
= Glixerin oleat (olein) : (C
17
H
33
COO)
3
C
3
H
5


= Glixerin lioleic ( linolein) : (C
17
H
31
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
= Glixerin liolenic ( linolenin) : (C
17
H
29
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
= Glixerin panmetic (panmitin ) (C
15
H
31
COO)
3
C
3
H
5

= Glixerin stearic (stearin ) : (C
17
H
35
COO)
3
C
3
H
5

= M
glixerin
=92g/mol v N
glixerin oleat
= 884 g/mol
= Yu cu : tnh lng cht bo,glixerin,Lng NaOH,
Bi Tp Ch S
1.Th no l ch s x phng ,ch s axit ca lipit?
= Tng s mg KOH cn trung ha axit cacboxylic t do v x phng ha hon ton glixerit c trong 1
gam cht bo gi l ch s x phng ha ca cht bo.
2.Tnh ch s axit ca mt cht bo,bit mun trung ha 2,8 gam cht bo cn 3ml dung dch KOH
0,1M.
Ta c s mol ca KOH l .
n
KOH
=CM.V=0,1.3.10
-3
=0,0003 (mol)
Khi lng ca KOH l :
m
KOH
=0,0003.56=0,0168 (gam) =16,8 (mg)
Theo bi : x phng ha 2,8 gam cht bo cn 16,8 mg KOH
Vy x phng ha 1 gam cht bo cn :
16,8
6 (mg)
2,8
KOH
m = =
Kt Lun : Vy ch s axit cht bo trn l 6.
3.Khi x phng ha 2,52 gam Lipit A cn 90 ml dung dch KOH 0,1 M.Mt khc khi x phng ha hon
ton 5,04 gam lipit A thu c 0,53 gam glixerin.Tnh ch s x phng ha v ch s axit ca Lipit.
4. Xc nh ch s axit, ch s x phng ha:

CH
2
O CO C
17
H
35
V d 7: Mt cht bo c cng thc
C
|
|
H O CO C
17
H
33
. Ch s x phng ha ca cht bo

CH
2
O CO C
17
H
31

A. 190. B. 191. C. 192. D. 193.
GII: M
cht bo
= 884; M
KOH
= 56. Ch s x phng ha l: 56.1000.3/ 884 = 190.
Chn p n A.
V d 8: Trong Lipit khng tinh khit thng ln mt lng nh axit mono cacboxylic t do. Ch s axit
ca Lipit ny l 7. Khi lng NaOH cn dng trung ha 1 gam Lipit l:
A. 6 mg. B. 5 mg. C. 7 mg. D. 4 mg.
GII: m
NaOH
= 7.40/ 56 = 5 (mg).
Chn p n B.

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