Turbulent Flow: Presented By: Prof. D.Rashtchian

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Chemical & Petroleum Engineering Department
Sharif University of Technology
TURBULENT FLOW
Presented by:
Prof. D.Rashtchian
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Turbulent transport of momentum

Turbulence of random velocity fluctuations- Use statistical methods
Turbulent velocity
i
u
~

~
i i i
u U u + =

Component Velocity
g Fluctuatin Mean

*************************
Fig.1

Interpret U
i
as a time averaged velocity defined by:

( )

+ = =

T
i i i
T
T
i
T
i
u dt u U
T
dt u
T
U
0 0
~
1
lim
~
1
lim

( )

= = = =

T
i i i
T
i
T
i
T
i
U U dt U
T
U dt u
T
u
0 0
0
1
lim
1
lim

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i.e. the mean value (or time average) of the fluctuating quantity is zero. Assume that
U
i
the mean flow is steady (U
i
/t = 0)

Note: Time averaging commutes w.r.t. differentiation.

( )
i
j j
i
T
i
j
T
j
i
j
i
u
x x
U
dt u
T x
dt
x
u
T x
u
~ ~
1
~
1
~
0 0

=
)
`

The time average of the fluctuation
i
u is zero, but the average of the square of the
fluctuation is not zero and the quantity
i
i
U
u
2
is used as a convenient measure of the

turbulent fluctuation-known as the "intensity of turbulence" and ranges from 0.01 to
0.1 for most turbulent flows.
( )
2
i
u r.m.s. velocity.

Mean K.E./unit volume =
( ) ( )
ns fluctuatio flow mean
2
1
2
1
2 2
+
+ = + =
i i i i
u U u U KE

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Equations for the mean flow

Consider the momentum and continuity equations. These apply to the instantaneous velocity
in a turbulent field.

j j
i
i j
i
j
x x
u
x
p
x
u
u

~ ~
1
~
~
2

0
~
=
i
i
x
u
) 1 (

The equations must apply on average

~
i i i
u U u + =

Continuity

( ) 0
~ ~
1
lim
0
=
= +

i
i
i i
i i
i
T
i
i
T
x
U
u U
x x
u
dt
x
u
T
(2)

The mean value satisfies continuity. It is the mean value of velocity that we measure and
require in applications.
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Momentum:

The equations of motion for the mean flow U
i
are obtained by taking the time average of all
terms in the resulting equation.
Consider each term:

( )( ) { }
{ }
{ } (2.1) ) (

~
~
)
~ ~
(
~
~
(i)
i j
j j
i
j j i j i
j
i j j i i j i j
j
i i j j
j j
j
i i j
j j
i
j
u u
x x
U
U u u U U
x
u U u U u u U U
x
u U u U
x x
u
u u u
x x
u
u
= +
=
+ + +
=
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|

(2.2)
1
) (
1
~
1
(ii)
i
i
i i
x
P
p P
x x
p
= +

( ) (2.3)
~
(iii)
2 2 2
j j
i
i i
j j j j
i
x x
U
u U
x x x x
u

= +

=

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Hence

(3) ) (
1
2
i j
j j j
i
i j
i
j
u u
x x x
U
x
P
x
U
U

Equation for mean flow has an additional term.(Drop the ^
i j i j
u u u u = )
Term
j
i j
x
u u
is analogous to the convective term

j
i
j
x
U
U
;
It represents the mean transport of fluctuating momentum by turbulent velocity
fluctuations.
If
i
u and
j
u uncorrelated i.e. 0 =
i j
u u - no turbulent momentum transfer but
experience shows that 0
i j
u u - momentum transfer is a key feature of turbulent
motion.
Term ) (
i j
j
u u
x
thus exchanges momentum between the turbulence and the mean

flow (equation 2.1)even though the mean momentumof the turbulent velocity
fluctuations is zero ( 0
~
=
i
u ).
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Because of the decomposition
i i i
u U u
~
+ = , turbulent motion can be perceived as something which
produces stresses in the mean flow. For this reason, equation (3) may be rearrange so that all stress
can be put together.

) (
ji
j
i j
i
j
j
i
ji
j j
i
j
T
x
u u
x
U
x
U
P
x x
U
U
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(

- mean stress tensor.(
~
+ = T )

(
(
= + =
i
j
j
i
ji i j ji ji ji
x
U
x
U
u u P T ;

(shear) (normal)

The contribution of the turbulent motion to the mean stress tensor is
i j
T
ji
u u = called the
Reynolds stress tensor. Define,
T
ji ji
+ =
ji

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Turbulent shearing stresses

Time averaging of the equations of motion leads to the Reynolds stress tensor,
i j
u u .
i
u and
j
u are the velocity fluctuations in the j i directions at one point and
j i
u u is a
measure of the "correlation" between the fluctuations.

Correlated variables

( )( )
j i j i j j i i j i
u u U U u U u U u u + = + + =
~ ~

If 0
j i
u u ,
i
u and
j
u are said to be correlated i.e. dependent.
If 0 =
j i
u u , uncorrelated i.e.
i
u and
j
u are independent.
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Fig2(a)
1
0
12
2 1
=
>
R
u u

Fig2(b)
1
0
12
2 1
=
<
R
u u

Fig2(c)
1
0
12
2 1
R
u u

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A measure of the degree of correlation between
1
u and
2
u is obtained from:
{ }
2
1
2
2
2
1
2 1
.

u u
u u

( )
2
1
0
2 2
0
2 1
2 1
12
1
lim :

1
lim
)
`
= =

=

T
i
T
i
T
i
T
dt u
T
u u dt
u u
u u
T
R

2 1
2 1
12
u u
u u
R

=

N.B.
ab b a b a + ) (
2
1
0 ) (
2 2 2

Hence
+

T
T
dt
u
u
u
u
T
R
0 2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
12
1
1
lim

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Pure shear flow

Consider a turbulent shear flow with U
1
(x
2
) the only non-zero velocity component.
12
is the only component of the mean stress tensor,
1 2
2
1
12
u u
x
U

12
stress in 1 direction on face, normal in 2 direction and must result from
molecular transport of momentum in the x
2
direction, and turbulent transport.
Assume 0
2
1
>
x
U
.
A fluid particle with positive
2
u is being carried by turbulence in positive x
2

direction. It is coming from a region where the mean velocity is smaller i.e. is likely
to be moving downstream more slowly than its new environment. Thus
1
u is negative.
Similarly negative
2
u associated with positive
1
u .

************************
Fig3
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{Momentum/unit volume of flow at A in 1-direction} = ) (
~
1 1 1
u U u + =

The x
1
-momentum is transported in the x
2
-direction if u
1
and u
2
are correlated.

{Flux of x
1
-momentum in x
2
-direction} =
2 1 1
) ( u u U +
{Average flux of x
1
-momentun in x
2
-direction} =
2 1
u u

1
u and
2
u are negatively correlated:
1 2 21 12
u u
T T
= =
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Turbulent Channel Flow

The Navier-Stokes equations in rectangular
coordinates are

) (
1
2
j i
j j j
i
i j
i
j
u u
x x x
U
v
x
P
x
U
U

For parallel, fully developed, 2 D flow

0 . . .
0 ; 0
0
3 1
3 2
=
= =
S H L
x
U
x
U
U U
i i

0 ) (
1
=
j i
u u
x
; 0 ) (
3
3
=
u u
x
i

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Hence the equations can be written in the simplified form,

) (
1
0
2
2
uv
y y
U
v
x
P
(1)

) (
1
0
2
v
y y
P
(2)

At the walls
2
v = 0, P = P
0
(x) . Hence form (2)

2
0
v
P P
+ =

(3)

dx
dP
x
P
x
P
0 0
=
(4)
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Hence (1) can be integrated from y=0 to y with 0
0
=
= y
uv

uv
y
U
v
y
U
v
dx
dP y
y
+ =
=0
0
) ( 0

At y=h, uv=0, 0 / = y U (zero velocity gradient, no correlation)

0
0
) (
=
= =
y
w
y
U
dx
dP h

Defining a friction velocity u
*

2
= u
w

Substituting in (5)

) 1 (
2
*
h
y
u
y
U
v uv =
+

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Equation (8) may be written in dimensionless form in 2 ways.

(I)
) 1 (
) / (
) / (
*
*
2
*
h
y
h y d
u U d
h u
v
u
uv
= +

R* =u
*
h/v. As R* becomes large, (R* is of course a Reynolds number), the
viscous stress is suppressed. Such a limit will not applied because viscous
forces must always dominate near solid boundaries.

(II)
*
*
*
*
2
*
. 1
) / (
) / (
hu
v
v
yu
v yu d
u U d
u
uv
= +

In this case as R* becomes large the change in total stress becomes small.
Defining appropriate dimensionless variables
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;
*
v
yu
y = +

= +
u
U
u
;
h
y
=

Then

=
+
+ 1
1
* 2
*
d
du
R u
uv
(11)

* 2
*
1
R
y
dy
du
u
uv +
=
+
+
+
(12)

Law of wall

For large R* (from 12)

1
2
*
=
+
+
+
dy
du
u
uv
(13)
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The solution of this equation must be of the form,

) (
2
*
+ = y g
u
v u
;
) ( + = + y f u
(law of the wall) (14)
For sufficiently small y+, turbulent stress negligible.

1 =
+
+
dy
du
; with u+(0)=0 (15)

u+ = y+

Core region

For large R* (from 11)

( ) =
1
2
u
uv

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This equation gives no information, about U itself. However h and u
*
are the only feasible
length and velocity scales, we can write

d
dF
h
u
dy
dU
*
=
Where F( ) is some function of . (17)

Integration from the center where U=U
0

) (
*
0
F
u
U U
=
(18)

From equation (14),

) (
*
+ = y f
u
U
;
+
+
=
dy
y df
v
u
dy
dU ) (
2
*
(19)

Matching (17) & (19),

+
=

dy
df u
d
dF
h
u

2
.
;
K dy
df
y
d
dF 1
= =
+
+
(20)
. ln
1
) ( const
K
F + = . ln
1
) ( const y
K
y f + = +
+

Hence

. ln
1
*
0
const
K u
U U
+ =
. ln
1
*
const y
K u
U
+ =
+

Discussion

To simplify (12) to (14) requires 1
*
=
+

R
y
(a)
To simplify (11) to (16) requires

+
1
*
1
d
du
R
(b)
Matching only possible if + y
0

In practice it is found that
<
> +
1 . 0
100
y
are sufficient
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Now 1 . 0 < ;
1 . 0
*
<
+
R
y
(cf.(a))
And 100 > + y
100 * > R

/ 100 * > R

1 . 0 <

1000 *> R

Experimentally

5 . 2
=
+
d
du

*
5 . 2
*
1
R d
du
R
=
+

Hence
) 1 (
*
5 . 2
*
1

<< =
+
R d
du
R
( cf . (b))

Also from (20)
K dy
df
y
1
=
+
+

. ) ln(
1
) ( const y
K
y f + =
+ +
(21)

Experimentally

0 . 1 ln 5 . 2
*
0
=
u
U U

0 . 5 ln 5 . 2
*
+ =
+
y
u
U

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Application

1. For Engineering Purposes these
equations have been used for 1 . 0 > ,
i.e. to describe the core region, and
also for 0 . Note as
0 , =
+
* / u U u

2. Sometimes the Universal Velocity
profile is used.
Equn. (15) u
+
=y
+
for y
+
5

Equn. (21) u
+
=2.5lny
+
+5.0for y
+
30.

Limits determined experimentally.
A curve fit for 5<y
+
<30
Is u
+
=5.0 ln y
+
- 3.05
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Example of use of turbulent velocity profiles.

momentum transfer

Friction factor 2
2
*
2
2
2
1
U
u
U
f = =

Using the velocity defect law for flow in a tube

*
0
0
*
0
2
2 .
1
u
U U
rdy
u
U U
h
h y
y
=
(
=
=

=
=
=
1
0
2
} 1 ln 5 . 2 {
2
d h
h
r

Now
y - h r =
;
hd dy h y = = /
;
) 1 ( = h r

Hence
=
=
=
1
0 *
0
} 1 ln 5 . 2 ){ 1 ( 2
) (

d
u
U U

Also from experimental results

0 . 1 ln 5 . 2
* *
0
+ =
u
U
u
U

0 . 5 0 . 1 ln 5 . 2 ln 5 . 2 + + =
+
y
0 . 6 * ln 5 . 2 + = R

2 2
Re
2
*
*
2
f u f
v
h
v
hu
R = = =

6 ]
2 2
Re
ln[ 5 . 2
*
0
+ =
f
u
U

1
0
2 2 2
*
]
2 4
5
ln
2
5
2 5 ln 5 [ 6 ]
2 2
Re
ln[ 5 . 2

+ + + + =
f
u
U

53 . 0
2 2
Re
log 07 . 4
1
10
+
)
`
=
f
f

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Mass transfer: Turbulent Taylor Analysis. Proc. Royal. Soc. (1954), A223, P446, for
Axial Dispersion in turbulent pipe flow.

Consider diffusion equation in rectangular coordinates for simplicity.

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Turbulence in pipe flows

Scope of Turbulence

Most flows in nature: rivers, the atmosphere
Engineer: pipe flow, packed and plate column
Pipe Flow

Laminar sublayer - viscous forces dominate, very thin
Transition region - region of damped turbulence because of nearby wall,
eddy size y.
Turbulent core - region of fully developed turbulence, eddies of size d,
velocity nearly constant.

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Turbulent Velocities

- local downstream velocity fluctuates due to turbulent eddies .decompose

.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
velocity
eddy
velocity
localmean
velocity
us Instantane
u u u
t

- definition of u (mean velocity)

=
T
t
dt u
T
u
0
1

- clearly the average of the eddy velocity is zero

0
1
1 1
) (
1
0
0 0 0
=
+ = + =

dt u
T
dt u
T
udt
T
dt u u
T
u
T
T T T

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- the magnitude of turbulent velocities is characterized by the RMS
-

2
1
0
2
1
(

T
dt u
T
u
(RMS fluctuating or eddy velocity.)

- the turbulence intensity is defined by,
turbulent intensity =
u
u
(typically up to 0.1) i.e. the average eddy velocity

may be 1/10 of the mean velocity.
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Properties of turbulent flows
(with particular reference to pipe flows)

1) Irregularity local velocities fluctuate in random manner. But all
turbulent flows are irregular. E.g. smoke plume.

2) 3D Nature pipe flows are normally considered as 1 dimension in
that downstream velocity depends only on radius. However in
turbulent flows normal velocity components, though zero on average,
have fluctuating components, (V
and W
). These give rise to

turbulent stresses (remember the mail bag example) and are important
in turbulent energy processes. This 3D nature adds the mathematical
difficulty.
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3) Turbulence is a property of the flow not of the fluid writing Newtons
law for a flow involving turbulent stresses.

dy
du
T
) (
+ = ; [divided by ]
Where
= is the kinematics viscosity .

| |
| | T
L
2

=
T
eddy viscosity
In laminar sub layer <<
T

Transition region ~
T

Turbulent core >>
T

Thus
T
varies with environment and is a flow property.
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4) Mixing in turbulent flows-diffusivity

Rewrite Newtons law in the form, explicit in shear stress.

( )
dy
u d
T

) ( + =

Dimensions :
| || |
| | | |
| |
| || |
| |
| | L
L
U M
T
L
T L
U M
3 2
2
. =

i.e. (momentum flux) = (diffusivity) * (gradient of momentum / volume)

- this fundamental relation shows how transport (here of momentum) is related
to the driving force (momentum gradient).the coefficient, , is the momentum
diffusivity. It shows how large a flux is produced by a given gradient. Exactly
analogous laws apply for heat transfer (Fourier's Law) and mass transfer
(Flick's law).
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- Now ff
T
in turbulent flows.

Turbulent is a very effective mixer of momentum which accounts for
the almost constant velocity of the core region will usually be of almost
constant temperature and composition.

But
T
ff in laminar sublayer.
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In laminar flow it is the molecular motion which transports momentum.
(Remember mail bag example). Hence lower rates of transport for a given
driving force. Alternatively if we consider heat transfer from the wall to
bulk, heat conduction across the laminar sub layer dominates the process
(Heat transfer comes later).

- Pictorially

Eddy gives rise to normal velocity V
.
This transports x directional momentum
in the y direction gives rise to a
momentum flux, or shear, .
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5) Dissipative Nature of Turbulence.

- Turbulence comprises eddies of all sizes.
- The largest eddies are as big as the flow field. They extract energy from the
flow but are not efficient at dissipating energy. In the absence of an energy
source, however, turbulence dies away .
- There is an energy cascade from the large eddies, through eddies of
progressively smaller size until a lower limit is reached. This lower limit is
controlled by viscous dissipation of energy and Kinematics viscousity and the
rate of energy supply are the important quantities. Based on dimensional analysis
this lower limit of eddy size is given by:

4 3
4
3
Re
=
(
=
d u d

Where = size of small eddies; = kinematics viscosity
d = size of largest eddies; u' = RMS turbulent velocity
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( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
d v
s
i
6
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
d
d
d
v
s
ii
12
4
6
8
3
2
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
d
d
d
v
s
iii
24
16
6
64
3
2
|
.
|
\
|
v
s
volume
surface
rate n dissipatio
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High Reynolds number phenomenon

- Express Newton's Law of viscosity in dimensionless form.

( )
+
+
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
dy
du
d
y
d
u
u
d
dy
du
d u
d
u Re
1
Re
1
2 2

Reynolds's number arises in dimensionless form of Newton's Law.
- Similarity: compare two flows in similar geometries(same shape but
different size)i.e. flows exhibiting geometrical similarity. Suppose
Reynolds numbers of each flow are the same though d,u, and of
each flow may be individually different. Then as a consequence of the
above equation each flow will have the same dimensionless distribution
of stress and velocity gradient as a function of position,
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Stress and velocity gradient as a function of position, provided each has the same
Reynolds number;
i.e. u+ = f(y+) kinetic similarity
+ = g(y+) dynamic similarity.

The consequence is that friction factor (dimensionless wall shear stress) can be
considered a unique function of Re.
Consider a cylindrical element of diameter d and length of x

Viscous forces x d
dr
du
.
Interia forces
dt
du
x
d
e
4
2

Re
dt
dr d
ces ViscousFor
ces InteriaFor

High Re-interia forces dominate Turbulent flow
Low Re-viscous forces dominate Laminar flow
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Summery Notes on Turbulence

Most flows are turbulent both in nature and engineering.
A turbulent pipe flow can be divided into three regions:
a) Laminar sublayer - no eddies.
b) Transition region damped eddies (size y)
c) Turbulent core undamped eddies (size d)

Turbulent velocities:
u u u
t
+ = {Instantaneous = local mean + fluctuant}

=
T
t
dt u
T
u
0
1
{T is a time long enough to include many eddies}

2
1
0
2
]
1
[

=
T
dt u
T
u {RMS velocity characterizes turbulence}
w v u

{Turbulence is homogenous}
1 . 0 /
u u {Turbulence intensity}

Newton's Law in turbulent flows. It is tempting to write

dy
du
t
) ( / + =
Turbulence for ity Vis Eddy

Molecular for ity Vis Kinematic
t
cos
cos

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is a fluid property and constant.

t
is a flow property and depends on environment (eddy size)
Rewrite above equation as

dy
u d
v v
t
) (
) (

+ = dimensions
2 2
] [
] [
] [
] [
T
L
L
M

(momentum flux)=(momentum diffusivity)(gradient of mom/vol)

Large implies rapid mixing. Diffusivity has dim. [L]
2
/[T]

T
>> : Turbulent flows are rapidly mixed due to eddies.

Energy in turbulent flows: turbulent dissipates considerable energy.
Large eddies take energy from mean floe, but are not efficient in
dispersing energy. Small eddies do dissipate energy efficiently. There
is a transfer of energy to the small eddies, which appears as heat due to
frictional effects.
Smallest eddy size, , si given by ( dimensional analysis)

4
3
) (

=
v
d u
d
{ is also a good estimate of laminar sub-layer thickness}

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Rynolds Number arises in Newton's Law in dimensionless form

+
+
+
= = = =
dy
du
d y d
u u d
d u dy
du
u u Re
1
) / (
) / (
2 2 2

It may be interpreted as the ratio (interia forces / viscous forces).
Large Re implies dominance of interia forces which promote turbulence.
Small Re will dominance of friction (viscous) forces gives laminar flows.
Similarity (Consider different flows of same Reynolds Number) If we have
geometric similarity (e.g. two different pipe flows) then we will have
kinematic similarity (same du
+
/dy
+
) and dynamic similarity (same
+
).

Result
f =
w
+
= f(Re)

Turbulent Flow: Presented By: Prof. D.Rashtchian

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Turbulent Flow: Presented By: Prof. D.Rashtchian

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A

is used as a convenient measure of the

is analogous to the convective term

thus exchanges momentum between the turbulence and the mean

(typically up to 0.1) i.e. the average eddy velocity

). These give rise to

= is the kinematics viscosity .

Turbulence for ity Vis Eddy

{ is also a good estimate of laminar sub-layer thickness}

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