LI NI U: Kin tp l hnh thc thc hnh khng nm trong chng trnh ging dy ang ngy cng ph bin.

Mc tiu ca vic t chc kin tp l to iu kin cho sv c tip cn mi trng lm vic thc, c c hi quan st, hiu c nhng yu cu ca ngh nghip v t lng gi nhng u khuyt ca bn thn c k hoch pht huy, khc phc trc khi thc s bc vo mi trng lm vic thc t. Trong t kin tp ny em c i thc t ti nh my gm chu u hi dng. Gm Chu u (huyn Nam Sch, Hi Dng) pht trin rc r vo giai on th k 14 n th k 17. Sau hn ba th k tht truyn, nay gm Chu u hi sinh, tr thnh mt hng xut khu c gi tr. S phc hi ca lng gm cn to nhiu tim nng pht trin du lch lng ngh cho a phng. Bi bo co ca e gm 2 phn chnh: Phn 1: Khi qut chung v s ra i v pht trin ca Gm Chu u. Phn 2: quy trnh sn xut gm E xin chan thnh cm n Thy Nguyn Xun Huy, qu cng ty nh my Gm Chu u v cc bn tn tnh gip v truyn t nhng kinh nghim qu bu e hon thnh c bn bo co ny. E xin chn thnh cm n!

Phn 1: Khi qut chung v s ra i v pht trin ca Gm Chu u.

1. Vi nt v lch s vn ho, kinh t ca Chu u: Theo cc ti liu cn lu gi ti a phng, Chu u x Thi Tn hin nay c khai lp v xng danh t thi L. a danh Chu u (theo dn gian) c hiu l ni thuyn u. Cc c gi thn cho bit bn thuyn y chy di t thn Chu u ti tn Bn Gim (ngy nay) trn sng Thi Bnh, rt sm ut vo cc th k 15 - 16. Hin nay Chu u vn cn c cc a danh nh xm Vn Ch, Xm Bn, xm ng L... u lng Chu u c ch, st cnh lng c sng K vi Bn Tm cn lu truyn nhng cu chuyn tnh lng mn. Gia lng c cha th Pht v n th hai anh em Phm Mi v Phm Ng - chnh khch ni ting thi Trn, qu hng Knh Ch (nay thuc x Phm Mnh, huyn Kinh Mn). C dn sng ch yu bng ngh trng la nc, rau, mu, chn nui, dt chiu. M rng hn th Chu u thuc Nam Sch - tm im ca Vn hin X ng xa. Vi nhng du n lch s v khng gian vn ho ng i, vng t ny sm hi nhp v n hm nay nhng gi tr vn ho tinh tu, m bn sc li c thi c to sng. 2. Gm Chu u - mt sn phm vn ho du lch ni ting. Gm l loi sn phm phc v rng ri i sng con ngi, t loi gm dn dng, gm ngh thut, gm kin trc n gm k thut. Trong qu trnh pht trin cng vi s tin b ca x hi, ca khoa hc k thut, ngnh gm t ch ch sn xut gm th, gm snh nu, tin ln sn xut gm tinh xp, snh trng, gm men v s. Mt 3 th k, gm Chu u i vo thi k tn li, ri tht truyn v b lng qun, nhng sc sng, tinh hoa ca n li sng ln vo nhng nm 80 ca th k XX, khi cc nh kho c pht hin, chnh thc in vo bn
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kho c hc v m ra mt chng mi lch s nghin cu gm c thi L Vit Nam. K t nm 1986 n nay, Bo tng Hi Dng cng cc c quan chuyn ngnh kho c tin hnh 7 ln khai qut. Kt qu ca mi ln khai qut thu ht c s quan tm ch c bit ca cc nh nghin cu gm trong v ngoi nc. Bc u cc nh khoa hc xc nh c tng vn ho pht trin lin tc c dy t 1,4 - 2,3 m trn phm vi 70.000 m2, ch yu trn t th c thuc a phn 2 x Thi Tn v Minh Tn, huyn Nam Sch. c bit l cuc khai qut nm 1995-1996 ca Bo tng Hi Dng ti khu vc thn M X - x Minh Tn v thng 3/2002 ca Vin Kho c ti thn Chu u, xc nh r v tr ca 6 nn l nung gm th k 15 - 16, cc l nung bc u c nhn din v thu c mt s lng ln di vt, cho mt thng tin kh quan v mi quan h v loi hnh, dng men v k thut sn xut gm gia Chu u vi cc di ch gm Cy (Bnh Giang). Cn c vo s xc nh ban u ca cc nh kho c, Hi Dng c 14 trung tm sn xut gm trong c trung tm gm s cao cp Chu u pht trin rc r vo th k 15- 16. Sm nhn thc c gi tr vn ho, tm quan trng v bo v di tch, nm 1992, di tch kho c hc Chu u c B Vn ho - Thng tin (nay l B Vn ha, Th thao v Du lch) xp hng di tch quc gia. y cng l di ch sn xut gm u tin ca t nc c xp hng . Nm 1993, Bo tng Hi Hng cho xut bn cun Gm Chu u gy ting vang vt ra khun kh quc gia v em li s ch c bit ca bn b quc t. Nhiu ngi quan tm tm hiu gm c Vit Nam bit n chic l gm hoa lam - mt gm men Vit Nam c ch to t th k 15, c trng by ti bo tng Topkapi suray (Th Nh K). Nt c bit lm ngi ta ch l trn chic l y c ghi ch Hn: Thi Ho bt nin, Nam Sch chu, tng nhn Bi Th H bt. Dng ch c mt s nh khoa hc lc dch l : nin hiu Thi Ho nm th 8 ( triu vua L Nhn Tng, 1450), ngi th th cng h Bi chu Nam Sch v chi; n nay nhiu nh khoa hc cho rng l tc phm ca ngh nhn Bi Th H - ngi thn
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Quang Tin x ng Quang, huyn Gia Lc ly chng v Chu u. Chic l hoa lam ny tr thnh tiu bn mu lm r nhng gm men hoa lam khc khng ghi nin i, l mt im ch dn s tm kim v trung tm lm gm men Chu u thi phong kin ca kho c hc Vit Nam. Mt s kin v cng c bit l con tu ch gm b m di lng i dng t th k 15 Hi An (Qung Nam) c pht hin nm 1993, v trc vt nm (1997- 2000), theo cc nh khoa hc nhn nh th c ti 40 vn b hin vt gm Chu u. Bng chng ny cho thy r t th k 15, sn phm ca cc l gm Chu u tng c xut khu ra th trng quc t. c nhiu thng tin cng cho bit: n nay sn phm Gm Chu u cn c lu gi v trng by ti trn 40 Bo tng Quc gia ln trn th gii. V nh vy ng ngha vi gm Chu u sm ni ting, tr thnh mt sn phm vn ho du lch, hnh trnh xuyn quc gia. Ti trong nc, gm Chu u hin c mt vi s lng hin vt ln ti Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam, Bo tng M thut Vit Nam, Bo tng Dn tc (H Ni), Bo tng tnh Qung Nam, Bo tng thnh ph H Ch Minh . Ti Bo tng Hi Dng ang lu gi trn 3 vn di vt gm, trong c trn 5000 di vt tip nhn t con tu m c trc vt ti C Lao Chm - Hi An. S hin vt trn v ang c bo qun, ng k khoa hc v chn la hin vt tiu biu trng by ti Nh trng by Gm S Hi Dng, khnh thnh nm 2010.

Phn 2: Quy trnh sn xut gm

1- KHI NIM CHUNG V GM S Gm l sn phm c sn xut t bt liu mn sau khi to hnh c sy v nung n nhit cao t yu cu k thut cn thit. Chnh v vy m gm c phn loi theo tnh cht v phm vi s dng ca chng. 1.1- Gm th. c im chung ca nhm ny l ht nc ca chng thng cao hn 6% nh: gch ngi, snh dng (chum vi...) vt liu la. 1.2- Gm mn. Nguyn liu sn xut chng u c nghn mn sau tin hnh to hnh, sy v nung. Trong nhm ny c cc phn nhm sau: + Gm mn tng i: in hnh l cc loi gch p lt ceramie, ht nc t 3% n 6%. + Bn s: ht nc ca nhm ny t 0,5% n 3%. in hnh l cc sn phm m ngh, b n, chn bt a, gm trang tr ni tht... + S: Xng s kt khi tt nn ht nc bao gi cng nh hn 0,5%. c im ca sn phm l c trong, trng nht nh do c kt khi tt nhit cao. 1.3- Tnh cht. - trng trng l mt c trng cho sn phm s v trng cng cao th cht lng s cng cao, tinh t cng cao, tnh hp dn cng tng. trong Trong qu trnh nung gm s, nhit cao pha thy tinh s xut hin xen ln cc tinh th. Chnh lng pha thy tinh ny c nh hng ln n kt khi v trong ca s. - bn ha bn ha hay kh nng chu tc dng ha hc ca mi trng nh thc n hay nc ung, chanh hay dm, nc mm, nc ra v nhiu loi khc
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na. - bn nn nhit thng bn nn ca sn phm phn nh mc kt khi hay mt cng nh nh gi c quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ra sn phm . xp, ht nc xp cng ln, ht nc cng ln th khi lng th tch vt liu gm cng thp. Qua xp, ht nc v khi lng th tch ca vt liu, ngi ta c th nh gi, kim tra v iu chnh cng ngh sn xut. - Cng un V nguyn tc ngi ta cng c th th nghim theo tiu chun song cng gm xp x bng 1/3 cng nn. Ch trong nhng trng hp c bit ngi ta mi tin hnh o gi tr ny. 1.4- ng dng ca gm s Phm vi ng dng vt liu gm s rt rng v rt ln. Hu nh tt cc ngnh cng nghip u dng n gm s di nhiu dng khc nhau nh: - Cng nghip xy dng - Cng nghip luyn kim,cng nghip in - Cng nghip in t - Cng nghip sn xut vt liu xy dng..

I.2 TNG QUAN V S QU TRNH SN XUT GM S + S quy trnh sn xut. Cc nguyn liu

nh lng

Ch to phi liu

To hnh do, rt

Khun thch cao

Nng lng nhit

Sy, sa sn phm mc

Men, cht Trang tr,trng men mu

Nng lng nhit

Nung

Kim tra phn loi

I.3 - NGUYN LIU LM GM S Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut gm s l cc loi t c trong thin nhin, n phn b khp ni trn mt t v c nhng m tp trung nh
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m t st, cao lanh, trng thch, thch anh, vi, hot thch... Cn c vo tnh nng vt l ca nguyn liu, ngi ta chia lm 2 loi: + Nguyn liu do: Cao lanh, t st. +Nguyn liu khng do: Thch anh, trng thch... 1.3.1- Nguyn liu do (Cao lanh v t st.) - Cc loi cao lanh v t st khc nhau gi chung l nguyn liu st. Nguyn liu st danh t ch cc loi khong vt mnh vn c thnh phn ha thng thng l hydroalumosilicat. - Nguyn liu st hnh thnh do s phong ha ca gc nh fenpat, granit, mica, thch anh... Trong sut nhiu th k nguyn a cht. - Da vo iu kin hnh thnh m cc nguyn liu st c phn thnh loi st nguyn sinh v th sinh + St nguyn sinh c to thnh v nm ti ni phong ha c c im l ht th, km do v cha t tp cht.a s cc loi cao lanh thuc v st nguyn sinh. + St th sinh l sn phm phong ha c mang i ni khc v c ly ng li. c im ca st th sinh l cha nhiu ht mn, do v ln nhiu tp cht. Cc loi t st khc nhau, ty theo cu to tp cht v iu kin hnh thnh, thng thuc v st th sinh 1.3.2-Nguyn liu khng do Nguyn liu khng do, c th chia thnh hai loi: - Loi gim do nh ct, Samot mnh gm s - Loi gim do v h nhit nung nh: trng thch vi, hot thch + Thch anh. Cng thc ton hc l SiO2. Thch anh trong thin nhin tn ti di 2 dng; -Loi tinh th nh quac-zit, ct sng, ct bin -Loi v nh hnh nh: cui( Flint), diatonit
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Thch anh c t trng t 2.21 n2.65 ty theo cu to ca tinh th. Thch anh bin i tinh th khi nhit thay i v km theo hin tng tng gim th tch. + Trng thch. Trong t nhin thng hay gp: -Trng thch KaLi: K2O.Al2O3.SiO2 -Trng thch Natri: Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2 -Trng thch CanXi: Ca2O.Al2O3.2SiO2 Trng thch c t trng t 2.50 n 2.70. cng t 6 6.5. Nhit nng chy t11500c n 12900c. Khi nung n 13000c ri ngui, trng thch chy thnh thy tinh mu trng c. + Hot thch. Hot thch dng c mu trng, xm nht hng t trng t 2.7 2.8. -Hot thch c c im l ct gt, ght nc, s tay vo thy trn trt. -Cng thc ha hc ca hot thch dao ng rt rng t 3MgO.4SiO2 n 4MgO.5SiO2.5H2O. -Hot thch cho vo xng s s tng cng c hc tng tnh bn in, bn nhit ca s. -Hot thch pha vo men s h thp nhit nung chy ca men, gim nht ca pha lng. + vi Cng thc ton hc CaCO3 thnh phn ha hc: CaO = 56%; CO2 = 44% - vi pha vo ph liu s h thp nhit nung. vi dng trong men gm s khi nhit cao s phn ng mnh lit vi cao lanh v thch anh to thnh lp thy tinh trong sut, to thnh lp trung gian tt gia xng v men. +lmit lmit l loi c mu trng xm, vng, nu, lc, nht, cng 3,5% 4. T trng 1,8 2,9.
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-Cng thc ha hc: CaMg(CO3)2. -lmit cho vo ph liu s ch yu cung cp CaO v MgO h thp nhit nung. Tng tnh bn in, bn nhit, bn ha 1.3.3-Gia cng ch bin nguyn liu. +Trong sn xut gm s th khu gia cng phi liu xng l quan trong nht. Ty theo nguyn liu s dng v yu cu cht lng ca sn phm m ngi ta la chn thit b v dy chuyn cng ngh cho ph hp. +i vi gm chu u hin nay ang sn xut dy chuyn sau: -Phng php gia cng phi liu t( h rt) - Phng php gia cng phi liu do( t xy) 1.3.4- Phng php gia cng phi liu t( h rt). +Cc mt hng gm s c hnh khi phc tp nh tng m ngh, m tr u phi dng phng php rt bng khun thch cao. +H rt phi t cc yu cu k thut sau: - Lng nc phi t nht gim thi gian rt v thi gian sy sn phm. - H phi c linh ng cao vn chuyn trong ng ng. - H phi bn khng lng, khng ng cc. - Tc ng khun nhanh. - thot khun b mt sn phm phi bng p -

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1.3.5 -Dy truyn gia cng h rt nh sau: Cao lanh t st Bt Cht in gii Nc

Cn phi liu

Nghin bi

Sng rung

Kh st t B cha

Bm

Thnh hnh

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1.3.6 - Dy truyn gia cng phi liu do( t xy). Cc loi cao lanh t st Cc loi ph gia

cc loi bt

Nc

Cn phi liu

Nghin bi

Bm-lc p

Sng rung

Luyn Kh

B cha

Kho

Bm kh st t t Buo cha

Luyn chn khng khng

Thnh hnh

I.4 - THCH CAO Thch cao l vt liu lm khun cho sn phm gm s, khun thch cao ch to d, gi thnh h, thch cao tn ti trong thin nhin hng triu nm nhng mi n nm 1760 ngi Php mi tm ra cng ngh ch bin thch cao. * Qu trnh l ha khi nung thch cao Thch cao bao gm thch cao thin nhin, anhydric thin nhin v cc ph phm ca cng ngh ha hc.
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1.4.1-Thch cao thin nhin Trng lng ring l 2,2-2,4 Thnh phn ha hc CaO = 32,56% SO3 = 46,51% H2O = 20.93% Tinh th thch cao hnh nng tr, l loi trm tch thng ln t st, ct, v cc hp cht hu c c mu xm en v trng c. 1.4.2-Anhydric thin nhin ( CaSO4 ) Thnh phn ha ca anhydric CaO = 41,19% SO3 = 58,8% Trng lng ring t 2,2-3,1,qung anhydric thng c mu trng. 1.4.3-Nung thch cao Khi nung thch cao (CaSO4.2H2O) s mt nc,mc mt nc ca thch cao ph thuc vo nhit , thi gianv p sut hi nc bo ha. Nung thch cao nhit khc nhau s cho nhng sn phm khc nhau: - 1000C CaSO4.2H2O phn hy nhanh chng thnh CaSO4.0,5H2O CaSO4.2H2O = CaSO4.0.5H2O + 1,5H2O Hi nc thot ra si bt nhanh lm cho thch cao si, bt thc cao lc ny linh ng nh cht lng . CaSO4.0,5H2O c 2 dng th hnh l hai dng th hnh ny khc nhau v ch s khc x, kch thc tinh th v mt s ch s khc. - CaSO4.0,5H2O ng rn v ninh kt chm cng c hc cao - CaSO4.0,5H2O ng rn v ninh kt nhanh , cng c hc thp. - Khi nng nhit ln 2000c qu trnh mt nc cng nhanh v CaSO4 c tnh ha tan trong nc. - Tip tc nng nhit ln 3000c lng CaSO4 cng nhiu v chuyn thnh CaSO4 khng ha tan trong nc. - n 4500c v 4700c sn phm hon ton l anhydric(CaSO4) khng ha
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tan trong nc v mt tnh lin kt, ng rn. 1.4.4 - Ch to khun thch cao - Khun thch cao dng trong k thut sn xut gm s thng thng lm khun cho phng php to hnh do cc loi hnh xoay trn nh: bt , a, chn v.v.. v phng php to hnh t ( rt) nh : l hoa, m tr, tng m ngh. Khun c th mt mnh hoc nhiu mnh ghp li. Mun sn xut khun phi qua cc bc sn xut khun u, khun m, khun con. - Sn phm c thit k trn bn v c kch thc chnh xc. v d mt bt cm: Ngi ta thch cao c phi s b to hn thit k, sau s tin trn bn xoay theo hnh dng v kch thc pha ngoi sn phm gi l khun u. - Tip tc bi x phng, lau kh. Nhiu ln lm nh vy, chng dnh, ri thch cao ln trn khun u. Khi thch cao ng rn tip tc tin theo thit k ca khun con (3). Sau li bi x phng, lau kh chng dnh ri li thch cao ln khun (3) va tin xong. Ch thch cao ng rn li tin theo thit k ca khun bao (2). Khi thch cao ng rn cng v thi gian ta tho ri khun ra thnh 3 mnh 1,2,3

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Ta ghp mnh 1 ( khun u ) v mnh 2 ( khun bao ) ta c b khun gi l khun m. - T khun m ta c khong trng 3, ta bi x phng lau kh chng dnh v ha thch cao vo khong trng. thch cao ng rn cng ta ly ra c khun con 3,nh vy t khun m ta c th sn xut hng trm khun con ging nhau - Khun con 3 chnh l khun dng s dng trong sn xut cc mt hng g m s I.5 - TO DNG V SY SN PHM To dng sn phm. Hnh dng cc sn phm gm s rt a dng, phong ph. Tnh nng ca sn phm gm s c yu cu rt cao. Nhng sn phm s k thut i hi kch thc chnh xc. V vy phng php to dng sn phm gm s cng rt phong ph. Ty theo yu cu ca sn phm m la chn t cng ngh n pha ch nguyn liu v to dng cho ph hp, t c hiu qur cao nht. 1.5.1- Phng php do. a)Phng php xy bng my bn tua.

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My bn tua dng dao bn thnh hnh cc loi sn phm nh c hnh dng trn xoay nh : chu hoa bn, cc loi bt ,chn ung nc. + Nguyn l hot ng ca my nh sau : Phi liu do c nm thnh phi t, nm vo khun thch cao (5). Cho mot quay truyn ng cho trc (8) v b thch cao (6) quay trn lm cho khun (5) quay theo. H cu dao (2) xung dao bn s nn t vo thnh khun. Phi tha c ct b bng dao bin v vng ra ngoi, nhc cu dao ln, ly khun (5) ra ta c sn phm m pha trong lng l hnh ca dao bn (4) v pha ngoi sn phm l hnh dng ca khun (5). Thch cao s ht m v sn phm s kh, bong ra khi khun ly ra ta c sn phm c m khong 20% 22%. Cho sn phm vo phng sy v chuyn i co cng on tip theo. +To hnh bng my bn tua c nhng yu im sau: -D thao tc -Vn u t thp gi thnh h. +Tuy vy c nhng nhc im l: Kt cu ca sn phm khng u, lc nn yu, m thnh hnh cao, nn sn phm d b bin dng. + khc phc nhng nhc im trn ngi ta thng dng cc loi my p ln vi nhiu kiu dng khc nhau nh loi hai b quay ngc chiu vi tc khc nhau, loi hai u nn, loi u nn c gia nhit b- phng php dng my p loi hai u nn

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1.5.2- Phng php rt.

H rt c linh ng cao, c m t 32 40% c rt vo khong trng (4). Do khun thch cao c kh nng ht nc nn h chuyn ng theo hng thnh khun. Phi liu rt s bm vo thnh khun u n v xt c, theo thi gian chiu dy sn phm tng dn, khi dy sn phm t yu cu ta h tha ra v c sn phm theo mun. Ch cho sn phm kh tch
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ra khi khun( m khong 20 22%) ta tho tng mnh khun v ch sn phm cng ta mang i sy, sa, trng men. Nguyn l ca s hnh thnh lp xng mc nh sau: -Nu gi chiu dy lp bm vo khun l x trong mt thi gian dt, lp xng tng c chiu dy dx. -dx s gim dn khi chiu dy lp xng mc tng. Gi thit kh nng ht nc ca thch cao l a v coi a l hng s, th quan h gia chiu dy lp mc v thi gian s l: dx = dt

dt = dx;

t= . ; 0

t=

1 2

.x2;

x = 2 =A.

Nh vy chiu dy lp xng mc bm vo khun t l vi cn bc 2 ca thi gian t. Thi gian cng lu lp xng mc bm khun cng dy. Phng php rt c yu im sau: To dng c nhng sn phm c hnh dng phc tp, mt kt cu ca xng st c ng u nhng c nhc im nng xut thp,

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c - Sa t v gn sn phm -Sn phm sau khi thot khi khun cn c bo qun m ng u khong t 15% - 17%, chuyn sn phm ln bn xoay ( hoc my sa ) nh cn ri dng dao chuyn dng ct gt cc ba via d tha iu chnh hnh dng sn phm theo mong mun. 1.5.3 - Sy v sa kh sn phm gm s. a- sy sn phm Trong qu trnh to dng sn phm chng ta thm vo phi liu mt lng nc kh ln nh to hnh do l 25%. sn phm cng tip tc cc cng on sau nh sa, trng men v vn chuyn gia cc cng on khc nhau ta phi tin hnh sy sn phm. Khi sy hi nc s thot ra, phn hi nc b mt s bc hi nhanh, phn nc gia sn phm s kh bc hi v phi di chuyn gia ra b mt, do s c s chnh lch v m v s co rt sn phm s b chnh lch, gy lc nn lm nt sn phm. Mt khc do nhit sy v p lc hi nc pha trong s ln lm n sn phm nu ch sy khng hp l. Vn ch yu ca k thut sy l m bo cht lng sn phm nhng phi tm ra bin php k thut rt ngn thi gian sy, gim vn u t thit b, gim din tch sy, tng nng sut, h gi thnh sn phm. Quy trnh sy sn phm c tin hnh qua cc giai on sau: +Giai on I: t nng sn phm. Giai on ny hm m ca kh sy 90%. +Giai on II: Giai on thot m nhit ca ng lc sy gi 500c, gim hm m ca khng kh sy xung cn 75% v gi khng i cho n cui giai on II. giai on ny nhit gi 450c thi gian sy giai on ny khong 10h. giai on II sn phm co nhiu, nu khng khng ch c cc thng s k thut mt cch chnh xc s xy ra co rt khng u, lm cho sn phm b nt hoc mo. Sn phm ngng co khi m trn b mt bng hp ph ca xng t( tc l m cn bng ca xng mc tip xc vi khng kh c
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 m tng i =100%). +Giai on III: Sy kt thc. m ca kh sy gim t 75% xung cn 20% sau 5h sau gim tip cn 10%. Nhit kh sy tng t 500c 800c v gi nguyn nhit . giai on ny th tch ca sn phm hu nh khng i. Lng nc bc hi s to l xp, sn phm khng co rt nn c th sy nhanh c. Tuy nhin vic sy nhanh hay chm cn ty thuc vo dy ca sn phm, hnh dng n gin hay phc tp. Vic la chn quy trnh sy hp l s gp phn h gi thnh sn phm, tng nng xut. b- Sa kh sn phm Sn phm sau khi c sy ( hoc kh t nhin ) ti m t 2-5 % Phi kim tra cht lng, nhng sn phm b nt hoc cong vnh khng m bo cc yu cu k thut cn phi c loi b. I.6 - MEN V MU TRANG TR GM S 1.6.1-Mu trang tr gm s. Sn phm gm s c rt nhiu hnh dng a dng, mu sc phong ph. hiu s b cch sn xut v cng ngh trang tr ngi ta chia mu trang tr gm s lm 3 loi: mu trn men, mu trong men v mu di men. a-Mu trn men Mu trn men l loi mu c trang tr trn sn phm gm s nung chn v nung li nhit 600 800oC. Mu trn men phong ph, a dng v rc r nn c s dng nhiu trong nghnh gm s, cc cht nhum mu trn men c th l cc oxyt kim loimu, hn hp Cc oxyt mu, cc loi mu silicat.. b-Mu di men Mu di men thng c nung chung vi sn phm nhit cao khong 1250oC v vy chng phi bn nhit khng b ph hy khi men chy, v vy mu di phi p ng nhng yu cu sau:
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- Phi c lin kt nht nh c th dng bt lng v hoc in c nh mc in. - Bm chc vo xng khi v v khi nung nhit cao. - Bn vi nhit cao. - Khng tan hoc ha tan rt t vo men khi men nng chy. - p ng cc yu cu trn ngi ta thng pha thm vo mu di men t st v cao lanh do. c- Mu trong men Mu trong men v men mu l cc tinh th mu khc nhau phn tn u trong men, loi mu ny khng tham gia phn ng khi men chy nhit cao. V vy mu trong men thng thng l cc tinh th mu bn vng. Mu trong men c nghin mn v pha vi cc cht keo v gi l mu v trong men, nu pha vo men sng s tr thnh men mu 1.6.2 - Men gm s Men l mt lp thy tinh c chiu dy 0.15- 0.4mm ph ln b mt gm s, lp thy tinh ny hnh thnh trong qu trnh nung, lm cho b mt sn phm nhn bng, tng cng c hc, tng ben ha ca sn phm. Men gm s rt phc tp v nhiu mu sc phong ph, men c th nung nhit 700oC v c loi nung 1450oC. Men c loi dng nguyn liu t ( men sng) v c loi dng ha cht nu chy ( men frit ). 1.6.3- Cc tnh nng ca men gm s a, nht Men khng c im nng chy xc nh m chuyn i dn t trng thi do qunh sang trng thi chy lng, do nht cng s thay i theo khi nhit tng th nht gim v ngc li. nht ca men ph thuc vo thnh phn ha ca men.V vy khi pha ch men cn tm mt bi men c khong chy mm rng, ngha l men c nht t thay i, khi thay i nhit cho men c th nng chy v bm chc vo xng gm s. b, Sc cng b mt Sc cng b mt tc dng ln danh gii ca pha lng theo chiu hng thu
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nh b mt. i vi cc hp cht silicat nng chy, sc cng b mt nm trong khong 300 dyn/cm. Sc cng b mt lun c khuynh hng thu nh ranh gii tip xc ca pha lng. Ti ranh gii gia pha lng vi pha rn hoc pha kh s hnh thnh sc cng b mt, iu ny ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh thm t. Mt cht lng c sc cng b mt ln lun c khuynh hng t co li thnh hnh cu. V vy khi trng hai loi men chng ln nhau hoc lin nhau phi tnh sc cng b mt sao cho hai men ph hp. Nu mun c ranh gii hai men mu cnh nhau sc nt th hai bi men phi c sc cng b mt bng nhau. Nu khng men c sc cng b mt ln hn s co li cn men c sc cng b mt nh s b ko dn ra. Trng hp cn trang tr men co ngi ta c th da vo sc cng b mt iu chnh men thch hp. Sc cng b mt ca men ln, kh nng thm t ca men vi xng km thng xy ra nh phng men, rp men, tut men, bt men, cun men c, S dn n ca men: S dn n c biu th bng s dn n ca vt th khi nng ln 10C, gi l h s dn n () S chnh lch h s dn n ca men v xng trong phm vi 10% s khng gy khuyt tt v men c kh nng n hi. Tuy nhin, nu ng lc sinh ra ln hn bn th s c hin tng nt men hoc bong men. Qu trnh dn n nhit ca men cng tng t nh thy tinh. Khi lm ngui di im chuyn ha men s ng rn v khi ngui bng nhit ngoi tri h s s n nh. Nu men co mnh hn xng, nh vy s xut hin ng sut ko v sinh ra vt nt( men> xng). Nu xng co mnh hn men, nh vy s xut hin ng sut nn v sinh bong men( xng> men). d- bn ha: bn ha l kh nng chng li s n mn ca axit, kim long v
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mi trng m(CO2). Qua kinh nghim c th rt ra cc kt lut sau: -Men kim c bn ha km nht v khng bn, trong mi trng m d b phn hy theo thi tit m. Do men cng t kim loi kim cng tt. -Men pht pht km bn ha hc. Hm lng pht pht trn 25% c th b n mn mnh. -Men c PbO v B2O3 t bn ha. Thay PbO bng SrO th bn axit gim. -SiO2 cng cao th bn ha cng cao. -Al2O3 tng(<18%) bn ha ca men tng. bn ha tng theo th t sau: TiO2, CeO2, SuO2, ZrO2 1.6.4 - Mt s nguyn liu chnh sn xut men gm s la chn c bi men theo yu cu chng ta cn hiu tc dng v nh hng ca cc nguyn liu dng sn xut men gm s: + Silic : SiO2 - Silc l nn tng cn bn ca thy tinh, n ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to pha thy tinh khi kt hp vi oxyt baz. SiO2 c a vo men khng ch di dng cao lanh, t st , trng thch m ch yu di dng quc tinh khit, hm lng SiO2 c trong men nh hng r rt i vi nhit chy ca men, hm lng SiO2 cng cao th men cng kh nng chy. - SiO2 l thnh phn ch yu trong cc loi frit, c tc dng kt hp vi cc thnh khc to cc silicat khng tan. - Hm lng SiO2 cao c tc dng tt i vi bn ha ca men + Nhm oxyt : Al2O3 - a vo men di dng cao lanh, t st , trng thch . Al2O3 lm tng nhit chy ca men, hn ch vic to kt tinh,nhng li c tc dng tt trong vic ko di khong chy men.
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Al2O3 c vai tr quan trng trong vic to mu v Al2O3 s lin kt vi cc oxyt pht mu v lm cho mu tr nn chu nhit. Al2O3 c tc dng lm tng nht ca men , tng bn ha ca men. + K2O v Na2O

- L thnh phn quan trng trong cc oxyt baz ca men, cc oxyt kim l nhng hp cht khng c, khng mu v r tin - Men kim ngoi tc dng lm mt mu vng trong men ch cn kh nng ha tan mnh cc oxyt to mu. - nht ca men kim nh nn d chy - Men kim c h s dn n ln nn d to cc vt nt chn chim hoc mp sn phm thng d b n, nt v bong men. - Men kim c nhc im l c khong chy hp nn vic nung kh khn. + Oxyt CaO - CaO l oxyt c dng nhiu to men, thng a vo di dng CaCO3 tinh khit hoc vi, lmit T 10000C tr nn c tc dng to pha lng c bit khi gii phng ht CO2 th tc dng ny cng r rt. Khi men chy th CaO c tc dng tng chiu dy lp trung gian gia xng v men nh c tc dng lm gim s nt men v bong men. - chng hin tng kt tinh trn b mt mu cn khng ch hm lng CaO cho ph hp - Nu trong men c cha nhiu B2O3 th CaO s kt hp to kt tinh thnh nhng m trng, khc phc hin tng trn c th tng thm hm lng Al2O3 + Oxyt MgO - MgO a vo vi hm lng nh c tc dng tng bng ca men, vi hm lng ln lm cho nhit chy ca men tng ln v c tc dng tao c
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- MgO c h s dn n nh nn c tc dng chng hin tng nt men. - MgO c sc cng b mt ln nn thng c dng to men co. + Oxyt ZnO - ZnO a vo men vi mt lng nh s c tc dng lm tng chy lng ca men, nu a vo qu nhiu li to men c, tc lm ngui c nh hng r rt n s to kt tinh 1.6.5 - Dy chuyn sn xut men Cc loi men dng trong gm s c nhit nung ln hn 12300C thng dng cc loi , t c trong t nhin v cc loi oxyt to mukhng c hi v khng ha tan trong nc nn khng cn nung chy trc. Dy chuyn sn xut nh sau

Cc loi nghin

Cc loi t lc

Cc loi oxt mu

Cn phi liu

Nghin bi

Lc st t

Trng men

Cc loi nguyn liu nh trng thch, thch anh, vi s dng lm men phi c tuyn chn, ri nghin mn n c ht nh hn 0,3mm c kh st kh v phn tch thnh phn ha, thnh phn khong tnh ton chnh xc cc bi men. Cc loi t phi tuyn chn, lc b tp cht, sy kh v phn tch thnh phn ha, thnh phn khong. Dy chuyn sn xut men l mt mt hng i hi chnh xc cao, men c nh hng rt ln n cht lng v gi thnh sn phm. V vy cn phi qun l cht ch cc ch tiu k thut ca men nh m, c ht,
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nht trc khi s dng. Quy trnh trng men C nhiu phng php trng men khc nhau , ty theo tng loi sn phm m ta chn phng php trng men cho thch hp: l: nhng men, phun men, chm men, di men 1. Phun men Nhm ph u mt lp men ln ton b b mt ca sn phm hon thin cng vic trng men bng phng php phun bi di p lc ln. Cc thit b phun men: my nn kh v h thng ng ng dn kh p lc , ta s dng my nn ti thiu 8kg/cm2 tr ln.Sng phun c s dng phun men sao cho men phun ra ti u mt ht men phun dy chm. Trc khi phun men phi chun b k men: men phi c sang lc k, kim tra linh ng hp l hay cha, t trng phun men phi hp l v da theo c th ca sn phm, thng t trng l t 1,5 1,7 g/ cm2. nht ca h men l t 25- 35 s . Trc khi phun cn kim tra sung phun, u phun hp l cha v kch thc , cng , mt , nu ht bi to, p lc ko ln nu ht bi to s to ra mt lp phn cch gia xng v men lm gim cht lng sn phm . Khong cch t u sung phun n sn phm ph thuc vao linh ng v t trng ca men. Tt c cc sn phm sau khi trang tr c thi sch bui bng sung phun trc khi phun men. Ta c th phun mt hay nhiu lp l do yu cu ca sn phm, ch khi phun men trnh t sn phm, sau khi phun xong co sch chn v a ln l t. 2.Chm men i vi hng chu xut khu , sau khi khc ha tit ln sn phm , chu c trang tr bng cch chm men mu ln cc ha tit.Trc khi chm ta phi lm sch chu bng khn lau m, men c pha long them keo CMC to trn v lm cho keo kh chm, quyet men thy u khng c vt l t yu cu.Trong lng chu ta dung chi trn quyet men xung quanh chu 3 Nhng men:
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i vi men s ta dung phng php nhng men l ch yu. Sn phm sau khi c trang tr th c a i nhng men, men c nghin mn, lc, chao st bng nam chm, kim tra m, t trng ca men trc khi nhng, sau nhng sn phm c lau chn cho sch men trnh dnh vo tm k. 4. Di men Ta dng mt bn xoay trong ci thau to, quay bn xoay v di men, i men kh ta ly sn phm ra. 5 Cc khuyt tt nguyn nhn v phng php khc phc. Hnh dng bn ngoi ca sn phm c nh hng ti tnh thm m, cht lng sn phm yu cu phi nhn bong, c c u khng gy cc khuyt tt c rt nhiu do quy trnh cng ngh hay do bn cht ca men. 1. Nt u rui - L cc chm nh u en hoc nu sm - Nt u rui sinh c th l do men ln tp cht st - Ngoi ra cn do nguyn nhn khch quan do bi l hoc do r st ri vo. Khc phc - Chn nguyn liu men cn thn bo qun nguyn liu ha cht cn thn, kh t t my nghin men bng nam chm. 2. Men chy khng u To trn mt men cc vt lm hoc gn song lm gim rt nhiu cht lng v bong ca men. Nguyn nhn: + Men nghin cn th + Cht lng frit km ( frit cha chin ) + Cc ha cht s dng lm men c nhiu kh nng thot kh trong quy trnh nung. Khc phc + Tng gi nghin hay kim tra loi my nghin xem hp l cha nghin mn cc cu t ca men.
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+ Loi b hoc hn ch cc ha cht sinh kh. 3. Rn men: y l c cc vt nt sau khi nung hoc sau mt gian sau khi nung Nguyn nhn: - Nguyn nhn ch yu l do h s gin n nhit ca men v ca xng khng ph hp do h s gin n ln hn xng. - Do vic hnh thnh lp trung gian gia xng v men. Khc phc: + iu chnh h s gin n nhit ca xng v ca men bng cch thay i bi phi liu men hoc a them Al2O3, SiO2, v hn ch oxit kim trong men. 4. S trc men L hin tng men bt khi xng Nguyn nhn l do h s gin n ca xng ln hn h s gin n nhit ca men 5. Co men, mt men Do v sinh v mt sn phm cha sch, do phun men qu dy . 6. Bt men Do hnh thnh cc l kh h hnh phu do lm gim tnh thm m ca men. Nguyn nhn + Do lng kh thot ra khi chy cc hp cht hu c thot cc bon phn hy cc ha cht trong men v trong xng. + Trong men c cha mt lng khng kh ln + Do cng ngh phun men cha hp l do gia pha rn ca xng v ca men c mt lp khng kh. Khc phc + Tuyn chn cc ha cht lm men t sinh ra kh + Chn thnh men sao cho nhit nung cui cng c sc cng b mt v nht hp l nht.
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I.7 - L NUNG GM S L con thoi: Cu to:

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L ga nung gm s ti Cng Ty C phn Gm Chu u l loi l nung con thoi la o, lm vic gin on theo tng m nung nhin liu l gas lng LPG, t theo nguyn l sc ht t nhin nh h thng vi phun v ng khi. Sut qa trnh nung gm s, trong sn phm xy ra mt lot cc phn ng ha hc v bin i l hc di nh hng ca nhit v mi trng trong l. V vy l nung c coi nh mt thit b phn ng v sn phm nung cui cng l kt qu ca cc bin i ha l . L gm nhiu loi dung tch khc nhau nhng c nguyn tc cu to tng t nhau. 1.6.1 - Cu to ca tng, vm v ca l. Tng l bao gm 2 tng bn v tng pha sau, vm l l dng vm phng, tng v vm l c lp ghp li bi cc tm panen. Kt cu ca mi tm panen gm: Khung panen c ch to t cc thanh thp hnh V hn li vi nhau. Mt trong ca khung c gn cc tai kp bng bng inox gi cc lp bng p cos nh vi khung. Mt ngoi ca lp bng p c bao ph bi 1 lp tn hoc thp khng g. Kch thc ca panen c tnh ton k lng d dng thay i kch thc ca bung nung. Bng gm cch nhit c ct v p theo thit k ca khung panen. Ty thuc vo nhit lm vic ca l v cc thng s k thut khc nh kch thc l, cng ca khungth lp bng p c dy v t l p thch hp nhm tha mn v dung ha gia cc yu t k thut, kinh t v tit kim nng lng. Khi dng l cc tm panen c gn vi nhau bng bu lng thnh cc tng v vm l, khu lp ghp ny phi m bo c kn kht co v l gim thiu s tn tht nhit v s kh khn khi vn hnh l. Cc tm panen tng l c t trn lp gch chn l( cn gi l gh l), lp ny thng gm 3 n 5 hng gch xp cch nhit, pha trong hai bn knh la nm dc theo sn l c khoan cc l lp vi t. Ton b v l c t trn h
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thng chn l lm t cc thanh thp ch V c cao 700mm to khng gian lp cc vi t. Ca l cng c kt cu 3 lp tng t nh tng v vm l nhng n c dng thnh 1 tm panen ln nhm m bo tnh bn vng, vng chc cho ca l khi ng, m Ca l c ng, m theo nguyn l song phng (va chuyn ng tnh tin va chuyn ng quay) nh h thng khung ca, hai bn thnh ca l c cc kha dng v lng kha cht ca l khi nung t. 1.6.2 - Cu to xe gong l nung gm s:

Xe gong l c nhim v cha cc sn phm, tm k, tr trong qu trnh nung. ng thi, nn gong cng vi tng, vm v ca l to nn mt khng gian kn nung t sn phm gm s. Nn gong cn c b tr cc knh khi ni vi ca vo ca ng khi cui l vn chuyn kh thi trong qu trnh nung. Xe gong c thit k vi kch thc ph hp cho tng l, mi l c th gm 1 hoc nhiu xe gong xp kht vi nhau to nn 1 mt phng nn l. Khung xe c lm bng thp hnh U hoc I, bn trn l nn gong xy bng gch xp chu la cao nhm, bn di khung xe l cc bnh xe gong lm bng thp. Cc knh dn khi c to ra ngay trong nn gong gm 3
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mt, cn li mt trn l cc tm chu la SiC. Trn nn gong, sn phm c xp thnh nhiu tng nh cc tm k, tr lm bng SiC to thnh mt khi sn phm nung. 1.6.3 - Kt cu ng khi v van iu chnh: Pha sau l b tr 01 ng khi to sc ht a kh thi trong l nung ra ngoi, ng khi c thng vi l nung qua tng pha sau v ni thng vi knh khi trn mt xe gong. Chn ng khi c xy bng gch gm 2 lp, lp trong l gch chu la samt, lp ngoi l gch . Trn ng dn t knh khi ca xe gong ti chn ng khi b tr mt ca ht, ca ny c np chn iu chnh tit din ca to van kh iu khin p sut v mi trng kh trong khoang nung. Pha trn b tr mt van chn hiu chnh sc ht ca ng khi trong qu trnh vn hnh l. Phn thn ng khi c lm bng thp, lc theo tit din trng ht thi trong l nung ra ngoi nh s chnh lch v p sut hnh hc ca ct kh trong khi. Khi l c tn dng ht kh thi i vo ng ng vn chuyn sang bung sy. 1.6.4 - Kt cu ng ray v xe ph: L nung gm s TKNL c th gm 1 hoc 2 b xe gong. Cc xe gong di chuyn ra vo l nh cc bnh xe chuyn ng trn 2 thanh ray dn hng t song song v i xng nhau qua trc ca l. Trong trng hp l gm 2 b xe gong th l s c trang b trm xe ph v cc ng ray vung gc, ng ray ph. Nhim v ca xe ph l chuyn cc xe gong t ng ray chnh ti cc ng ray ph thc hin vic xp, d sn phm v chuyn cc xe gong ch nung t cc ng ray ph khc ti ng ray chnh i vo l nung. Xe gm c khung xe lm bng thp U, I, pha trn c ng ray c th khp ni tip vi ng ray chnh ko xe gong vo xe ph, pha di khung c 4 hoc 6 xe chuyn ng theo ray dn hng vung gc chuyn xe gong vo cc v tr ng ray ph. 1.6.5 - Kt cu ca vi t, ng ng dn nhin liu.
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Cc vi c b tr pha di hai bn tng , hng ngn la ln pha trn dc theo tng l. Vi t gm c thn lm bng inox, u c khoan cc l cung cp gi s cp, mt vng chn kiu vn ren iu chnh lu lng gi s cp. Mi vi c mt kim phun nhin liu bng ng, bt gim p, mt sng hoc m s to chn la khi t chy nhin liu. Cch l mt khong cch ti thiu theo quy nh an ton l kho cha nhin liu dng bn cha hoc cc chai gas cng nghip. Gas c dn t kho ti l bng cc ng ng thp tiu chun, trn c lp tun t gm: kha gas, van iu p cp 1, ng h p cp 1, kha gas, van iu p cp 2, ng h p cp 2. T ng ng, gas c dn n cc bp phun bng ng ng nh c kha gas. chm la cho cc vi t th mi bn tng l cn c thm mt vi chm la v kha di ng, n c ni vi ng ng dn gas bng ng cao su mm chu p. 2)Kim tra l trc khi vn hnh Trc khi khi ng l, ngi vn hnh l phi kim tra y cc ni dung sau: - Khng ht thuc hoc dng bt la hoc cc dng c pht tia la nh in thoi di ng khi ti khu vc l kim tra Ti khu vc l nu pht hin thy mi gas pht tn phi bo ngay cho ngi c trch nhim, ng thi tm nguyn nhn ca hin tng c bin php s l kp thi. - Ln lt kim tra ng ng dn gas t kho cha ti cc bp phun, tt c cc kha bp u phi nm v tr ang kha - Kim tra v l: Quan st xem c hin tng khc l khng v d nh c vt khi hoc i mu trn v do b h, cn bo dng ngay li cc v tr trc khi chy l. - Kim tra khu vc xung quanh l: m bo gn gng d i li, khng c cc cht d chy n nh xng, du khng c cc du hiu gy nguy him v an ton. 3)iu chnh van cp nhin liu( gas) lng vo l:
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Sau khi kim tra nhin liu m bo chy l, tin hnh m kha gas kho cha, kim tra van iu p cp 1 xem p sut gas ti kho cha phi an ton cho qu trnh vn hnh l. Khi t yu cu th tip tc m kha cp 2, m van iu p cp 2 hiu chnh p sut cn thit cho cc vi t giai on sy. Ln lt m kha cc bp t, m n u chm mi la n y, chm ton b cc bp kim tra. Khi cc bp t u sn sng lm vic th kha ton b cc bp li ri y xe gong xp sn phm vo l. 4)Nhm l: Ca l trng thi m, iu chnh van iu p cp 2 mc thp nht nhm l, ln lt chm tt c cc vi t sau kim tra li, m bo cc bp c chy u. ng ca l li nhng khng c ng ht m phi m mt khong cch theo kinh nghim hi nc thot ra d dng. 5)Nng nhit theo quy trnh Thi gian nung v tc nng nhit cc giai on ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca sn phm nh dy, kch thc, hnh dng.sn phm dy, kch thc ln th thi gian nung phi ko di, c bit l giai on sy. Trong qu trnh vn hnh l, p sut gas nn iu chnh chia lm nhiu bc nh nng theo nhit m bo cho qu trnh nng nhit hp l, p sut bung nung cng c iu chnh dng dn ln nhm t hiu qu nhit ti u nhng phi tun th qui trnh nng nhit theo ng cong nung tha mn cc thng s k thut ca sn phm nung. Quy trnh nung sn phm: Ty thuc vo tng loi l , tng chng loi sn phm nung ,tng m l vn hnh m thi gian nung ca mi m cng nh thi gian nung ca tng giai on s khc nhau. C th chia quy trnh nung thnh cc giai on theo s sau :
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+, Giai on sy : 25 300 oC . Sn phm vo l c m khong 2- 3 % c sy kh ti giai on sy, ti y nc lin kt vt l trong sn phm c thot ra. Nu giai on ny tc sy nhanh ( hay tc nng nhit nhanh ) th sn phm mc rt d b nt v do tc khuch tn m t trong lng sn phm ra b mt khng cn bng vi tc khuch tn m t b mt ra ngoi mi trng dn n co ngt khng u, sinh ra ng sut .ng thi cc ht m trong lng vt liu cha thot ra khi b mt nn khi nhit tng nhanh th p sut ca ht m cng tng nhanh, d gy nn hin tng n sn phm. + Giai on t nng : 300- 950oC
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Ti giai on ny, nc ha hc trong cu trc ca sn phm c thot ra, cc tp cht hu c c chy ht , cui giai on ny mt s mui cacbonat, sunphat c phn hy thnh cc oxyt tng ng . Giai on ny c th tng nhanh nhit + Giai on hm la : 950 1050o C Thi gian nng nhit trong giai on ny phi cho ton b cc phn ng phn hy xy ra hon ton, ng thi cho nhit trong bung nung cng nh trong sn phm c ng u trc khi vo giai on nung. + Giai on nung : 1050 1220oC sn phm t c mu sc v tnh cht mong mun th phi nung trong mi trng n nh. Giai on ny vn tip tc xy ra cc qu trnh ha tan v kt tinh, tc nng nhit phi m bo cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nu mi trng trong bung nung khng ng u th mu sc ca sn phm sau nung s khng u nh hng rt ln n cht lng sn phm. + Giai on lu nhit tmax. Khi sn phm c nung n nhit kt khi ta phi tin hnh lu sn phm nhit ny trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Khi cc vng c nhit thp hn trong l tip tc c nng ln bng nhit cao nht, l s ng u hn v nhit , ng thi nhit tip tc thm su vo trong li ca sn phm lm sn phm c kt khi hon ton. + Giai on lm lnh nhanh: tmax-750. Sn phm sau khi lu t yu cu s c lm lnh nhanh xung nhit khong 700C t c cu trc xng tt, men p. Tuy nhin, tc lm lnh nhanh khng c qu ln trnh hin tng sc nhit gy nt v sn phm. +Giai on lm lnh chm: 750 100C. Trong qu trnh lm lnh sn phm t 700C xung nhit 100 200C s din ra mt s s bin i th hnh dn n s bin i th tch ca mt s khong, c bit l s bin i th hnh ca SiO2. S bin i th tch trong khi lm lnh v s chnh lch nhit gia cc lp vt liu c th gy nn
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cc ng sut lm nt v sn phm. Do vy phi lm lnh chm kim sot c tt c cc bin i . I. 8 Kim tra cht lng sn phm Sn phm sau khi ra l c cng nhn kim tra phn loi trc khi mang bn, xut khu. i vi hng truyn thng v hng s. Sn phm sau khi ra l phi t tiu chun, men chy u, mt, khng c vt nt, khng mo, co men, mt men... ha tit v phi r nt, khng nhe... t tiu chun loi I. Sn phm c vt mt men, men khng u... th t loi 2.Sn phm nt , co men , nhe mc, c vt chm st... t tiu chun loi 3. phm nt v th t loi ph phm. i vi hng xut khu sn phm phi t tiu chun mu men, khng chy men th t loi 1. Vi sn phm nt v, mt men, chy men, bc mu men th loi . Sn phm sau khi phn loi c ng gi xut khu, bn hng, hay c ct trong kho. Cc sn

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KT LUN Trong thi gian thc tp ti cng ty c phn Gm Chu u, em tm hiu c c bn v quy trnh sn xut gm. T khu chn nguyn liu u vo n gia cng ch bin nguyn liu, chn phng php to hnh, sy sn phm, men v mu trang tr gm s. Em cng c tham quan v bit c cu to ca l nung gm s. Qua t kin tp ny em cng hc hi c rt nhiu kin thc thc t, rn luyn cho bn thn mt s k nng cn c mt k s ha cht trong tng lai. Trong thi gian thc tp ti y em cng b sung cho mnh c rt nhiu kin thc thc t, o c, tc phong lm vic tt ca ngi cng nhn trong thi i mi, thi i cng nghip ha hin i ha. Nh s ch bo tn tnh ca cc c, ch cng nhn trong nh my, di s hng dn ca thy gio Nguyn Xun Huy cng vi vn kin thc c trang b trn ging ng em hon thnh bn bo co kin tp ny. Tuy nhin do kin thc bn thn cn hn ch nn trong bn bo co ny cng khng th trnh khi nhng sai xt. V vy, em rt mong c s ng gp kin ca thy gio hng dn bn bo co ca em c hon chnh hn. Trong bn bo co ny, em xin chn thnh cm n s gip nhit tnh ca thy gio Nguyn Xun Huy, ti ban lnh o x nghip, cc bc, cc c ti phng k thut ca x nghip to mi iu kin em hon thnh tt k thc tp v hon thnh bn bo co kin tp ny. Em xin chn thnh cm n! Ngi vit bo co Phm Th Phng

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