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33
rd
ISBN 80-227-2409-2
33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
1. Ethylbenzene Production Ethylbenzene is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic sweet, gasoline-like, aromatic odour. It is a flammable and combustible liquid. Its combustion may produce irritants and toxic gases. It is exclusively used as an intermediate for the manufacture of styrene. Currently, the primary source of ethylbenzene is the alkylation of benzene with ethylene [4]. Process Description The ethylbenzene process consists of two subsystems (Fig. 1):
a reactor, where ethylene is reacted with benzene. a distillation section, where the rest of benzene and polyethylbenzenes are separated from the reactor effluent to produce ethylbenzene of high purity.
Benzene is alkylated with ethylene to form ethylbenzene in the reactor in present of AlCl3 catalyst. Diethylbenzenes, triethylbenzenes and other heavier polyethylbenzenes are also formed. The benzene feed is heated to reaction temperature. To maximize ethylbenzene formation, the diethylbenzene is usually transalkylated with benzene to form more ethylbenzene. The reactor effluent, a mixture of benzene, ethylbenzene and polyethylbenzenes, flows to a distillation block. Untreated benzene is recovered in the first distillation column, which is called benzene column. The benzene from the top of the column is recycled to the reactor. The bottoms containing ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene and triethylbenzene is fed to the second column called ethylbenzene column. It separates ethylbenzene from the polyethylbenzenes as a final product. The ethylbenzene in a high purity (99,9%) is led away from the top of the second column. The mixture of diethylbenzene and triethylbenzene takes out from the bottom of the second column and it is fed into the third column. Diethylbenzene from the third, the so-called polyethylbenzene column, is recycled back to the reactor. [1,2]
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
2. Dynamic model The system of the reactor and the first distillation column is studied in the first step. a. Reactor Benzene, with flow rate of 327,612 kmol/h and ethylene with flow rate of 121,802 kmol/h is fed to the reactor (at the temperature of 180 C). The temperature in the reactor is 180 C and the pressure is 10 bars. Three exothermic reactions occur in liquid phase, in presence of AlCl3 catalyst. + CH2=CH2 k1 k-1 k2 k-2 k3 k-3 rH1
CH2=CH2
rH2
CH2=CH2
rH3
k i = k 0i e
E RT
The conversion of the benzene in the reactor is approximately 28%. The reactor effluent contains benzene, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene and triethylbenzene. This mixture is led out from the bottom of the reactor.
The model of the process can be derived from the material and energy balance laws.
Material balance:
Benzene:
F1 B V 1V + EB V 1V = F3 x B +
Ethylene:
d [Vx B ] dt
(1)
F2 E V 1V + EB V 1V E V 2V + DEB V 2V E V 3V + TEB V 3V = F3 x E +
Ethylbenzene:
d [Vx E ] (2) dt
(3)
E V 1V EB V 1V E V 2V + DEB V 2V = F3 x EB +
Diethylbenzene:
(4)
E V 3V TEB V 3V = F3 xTEB +
d [VxTEB ] dt
(5)
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
Energy balance:
Reactor effluent:
dVc p 3T dt
(6)
Fc c pc Tc 0 + Ak [T Tc ] = Fc c pc Tc +
dVc c pc Tc dt
(7)
b. First column The first column (see Fig. 2) is used to separate benzene from the other product components. The column consists of 12 trays, a reboiler and a condenser. The top-product of the column is benzene with purity higher than 99%. The other three components leave the first column at the bottom, and are fed into the second column. The feed is saturated liquid. Equimolal overflow and
constant relative volatility are assumed.
The model of the column is derived from the material balance law.
Condenser:
nv y1 = FD x 0 + n L x 0 +
1st tray:
d [H 0 x 0 ] dt d [H 1 x1 ] dt
n L x 0 + nV y 2 = nV y1 + n L x1 +
y1 = f ( x1 )
ith tray:
n L xi =1 + nV y i +1 = nV y i + n L xi + y i = f ( xi )
7th (feed) tray:
Fig. 2 Distillation column
d [H i xi ] dt
n L x 6 + nV y8 + FF x F = nV y 7 + n L x 7 + y 7 = f (x7 ) d [H k x k ] dt
d [H 7 x 7 ] dt
kth tray:
(FF
+ n L )x k =1 + nV y k +1 = nV y k + n L x k +
(15) (16)
y k = f (x k )
Reboiler:
(FF
+ n L )x n = nV y n +1 + FW xW +
y n +1 = f (x n +1 )
d [H n +1 x n +1 ] dt
(17) (18)
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
List of symbols:
flow rate of benzene flow rate of ethylene flow rate of reactor mixture stoichiometric coefficient volume of the reactor reaction enthalpy heat capacity temperature of the reactor effluent input temperature of the coolant output temperature of the coolant heat transfer surface
nL flow rate of liquid phase in column nV flow rate of vapour phase in column FF fresh feed to column (flow rate of reactor mixture) FW flow rate of bottoms FD flow rate of distillate xi composition in liquid phase yi composition in vapour phase
3. Simulation results
Simulation experiments, applying input variables step changes to the process, were carried out to demonstrate the dynamic behaviour of the system. First, process transient behaviour with recycle, as responses to step-wise changes in inlet benzene flow rate (change of + 7%), ethylene flow rate (10%), bottoms flow rate (+10%) and coolant temperature (+10%), are shown in Fig. 4 a, b, c and d, respectively.
0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 w x 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 5 10 Fbenzene+7% time (h) 15 w x 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 Fethylene-9% 5 10 time (h) 15 20
a)
b)
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
x 10
-4
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
0.12
3 2.8 2.6
coolant
+10%
Fbottoms+10%
0.1
0.08
2.4 2.2 2 1.8
w x
w x
0.06
0.04
0.02
1.6 1.4 0
10
15 time (h)
20
25
30
0 0
10
15 time (h)
20
25
30
c)
Fig. 4 Dinamic behaviour of the system with recycle
d)
In order to demonstrate the effect of recycle on process dynamics, simulation experiments in form of transient responses were carried out and compared, see Fig. 5. It is transparent that the recycle modifies the time constant as well as the static gain of the overall system.
0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 w x 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 5 10 15 time (h) 20 with recycle without recycle 25 30
Fig. 5 Comparison of the response of the system with and without recycle
GS =
e 5 s
(19)
G1 =
e 5 s
(20)
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
G2 =
0,912 0.003s e 1
(21)
The transfer function of the recycle, (23), was derived from the model configuration in Fig. 6.
GR =
G S G1 G S .G 2
(22)
GR =
(23)
Fig. 7 shows the comparison of the transient responses of the nonlinear system and the linearized model of system with recycle. The modeling mismatch problem leads to an oscillatory behaviour of the linearized model.
0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 w x 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0
10
20
time (h)
30
40
50
Fig. 7 Comparison of the nonlinear and the linearized systems with recycle
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33rd International Conference of SSCHE May 2226, 2006, Tatransk e Matliare, Slovakia
Le-Tu-3, 061p.pdf
5. Conclusion
Modeling problem of a realistic industrial scaled coupled reactor/column process to produce ethylbenzene is studied in this paper. The model was created using Matlab Simulink environment. Simulation experiments were carried out for various step-wise changes to demonstrate the dynamic behaviour of the system. It is transparent that the recycle modifies the time constant as well as the static gain of the overall system. Process identification was carried out in order to obtain the linearized model of the ethylbenzene producing system. In further study, the linear transfer function models, obtained above, will be utilized to eliminate the recycle effect by introduction of a recycle compensator. To control the overall process with robust recycle elimination, an adaptive controller with gain-scheduling performance can extend the compensator.
Acknowledgements:
The authors highly acknowledge the financial support of the Scientific Grant Agency of the Slovak Republic under grants No. 1/1046/04 and 1/3081/06.
References [1] [2] [3] [4] Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A 10, 1987. VCH Verlagsgellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim, Germany. Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design 371.698/20, 1984. Marcel Dekker Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, 10016. Alois Mszros, Peter Mizsey, Marcell Horvth, Zsolt Fonyo, Dynamic analysis and control of recycle processes 2004, SSCHE Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ethylbenzene (CAS No. 100-41-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies), http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/printFriendly.cfm?objectid=070A7F1A-CD44-B3EE05596CD253F268B6
MORUD, J.; SKOGESTAD S.: Effects of recycle on dynamics and control of chemical processing plants.1994, Computers Chem. Engng, 18, Suppl., S529-S534.
[5]
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