Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Report On
Submitted by:
Name Student ID Md. Redwan Islam 1006066 Md. Rayhan Khan 1006067 Abdullah Abu Sayed 1006068 Arifuzzaman Faisal 1006069 Kamruzzaman Nahid 1006070 Mohammad Tariqul Islam 1006071
Forwarding Letter
25th June, 2012 To MD. Murshikul Alam Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Humanities And Khanam Nargis Sultana Assistant Professor Department of Humanities Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology Subject: A report on Wireless Technology: A Revolution in Modern Communication.
Dear Teachers, With due respect we would like to submit to you a report on Wireless Technology: A Revolution in Modern Communication. These days, almost every person uses wireless devices. They are popular because they are being portable, light and easy to use. It is being used in almost every sector in purpose of communication. The everyday people use it to communicate between themselves; hospitals use it to have a better knowledge about their patients; military uses it for better assessment of an operable zone and so on. Wireless technology has its use in space research too, which is not the scope of the report. And all thanks goes to the pioneers of this technology for whom we now live a comfortable life almost doubling our memoirs compared to our ancestors. We would like to thank you for helping us with suggestions and advices for completing this report. We would also like to pay solemn gratitude to all the persons who provided us with the necessary information. Time was short and length was limited and so there may be some lacking and errors in the report. We earnestly apologize for such mistakes on our part. Therefore we request your honour to kindly consider such cases and oblige thereby. Sincerely Yours, Md. Redwan Islam 1006066 Md. Rayhan Khan 1006067 Abdullah Abu Sayed 1006068 Arifuzzaman Faisal 1006069 Kamruzzaman Nahid 1006070 Mohammad Tariqul Islam 1006071 Level-II, Term-I Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering.
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Table of Contents
Title .......................................................................................................................................................... i Forwarding Letter ................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... iii List of Illustrations ................................................................................................................................. iv Summary ................................................................................................................................................. v
1. 2. 3. 4.
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 What is wireless technology? .......................................................................................................... 2 History of Wireless Technology: .................................................................................................... 3 Wireless network: ........................................................................................................................... 4 4.1 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Networking):............................................................................. 4 4.2 WLAN (Wireless Local Area Networking): ................................................................................ 5 4.3 WMAN (Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks): ....................................................................... 6 4.4 Mobile Device Network: .............................................................................................................. 7
5.
Mobile communication ................................................................................................................... 7 5.1 A Short Evolution of Mobile Phones ............................................................................................ 7 5.2 Furute Estimates about Mobile Phones ......................................................................................... 8
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
Wireless Communication in Medical Sector................................................................................... 9 Usage of Wireless Communication in Bangladesh ....................................................................... 10 Security Risks of Wireless Technology ........................................................................................ 11 Health Risks Related with Wireless Devices ................................................................................ 11 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 13 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 14
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List of Illustrations
Figure-1: A chart showing basics of wireless technology02 Figure-2: Development of radio transmission in the worlds history..03 Figure-3: IR Transmitter and Photodiode....05 Figure-4: Different types of wireless networks06 Figure-5: A pictorial description of Telemedicine...09 Figure-6: Cartoon representation of interception attack...11 Figure-7: Energy Emission in Wireless Devices..12 Table-1: Key Global Telecom Indicators in 2011....08 Table-2: 2011: Mobile ad expenditure in US $ million...09 Table-3: Subscriptions in Bangladesh..10
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Summary
Wireless technology is on a triumphant march since its introduction to the society. Wireless devices are used everyday by the people of different needs. As a result a lot of different types of wireless network have emerged. Some are designed for short distance transmissions while others are designed for long distance communication. Some are designed as a mesh network so that people on the move never goes out of the network. All this together made wireless communication fairly easy for the user. And it can be seen that a large number of subscribers are constantly connected to the wireless network backbone. The figures are just surprising. People use it for getting to know each other, keeping long distant relationship healthy, taking care of each other and so on. And when they need to know any information the peek into the internet and within seconds they know what they need. In developed countries doctors use it to know whereabouts and conditions of their patients. Despite all the blessings, wireless technology has some security and health risk. There are plenty of potential security risks for which a persons valuable data might be stolen or privacy might be hampered. Since most modern wireless device uses latest security protocols, the risks are relatively low compared to whats been in the past. But the health risks remain almost unchanged. Radiation harms human health. However, because of all the benefits it gives the people, humankind certainly cannot do without it.
1. Introduction
For years after years it has been the unquenchable thirst of human to communicate with people living in the distance with the minimum effort. But never the path of making life comfortable has been always easy. Rather, form the history it is seen that, the more people tried to make their life easier, the more problems they had to face. But as far as the human being is concerned, the nature of them is always to see the unseen, to know the unknown, to gain the things not gained. Thus, no challenge remains challenge to the human being for very long. Moreover, what was challenge yesterday is reality today. But the way was not so smooth. There were hard battles, tough challenges and large barriers. And also there were endless failures, through the establishment of a nice, reliable and indiscreet, communication system. And with the advancement of trade and commerce, the need for more sophisticated, smoother and better communication system arose greatly. Thus, wireless technology became the need of time and the need of the era. Wireless technology has now advanced on a triumphant march and has already spread among the nations of the world. The most awaited dreams of human being have taken the form of reality with the help of uncountable and unimaginable attempts of the electronics and communication engineers of the world. Wireless technology is now the part and parcel of modern communication. It signals and data are more likely to be sent by air, rather by wire. Data transfer has been being possible within a twinkling of an eye. People can send almost anything and everything on the fly. Nevertheless, there lies the problem with the cost and speed of wireless devices. Not all parts of the world are highly blessed with it. Besides, wireless technology is 1000 times slower than the wired connections. Although the devices found in the market are on par with each other. But nevertheless, engineers are trying their level best to create the best devices in the least price. Since it is now a must for the present era, it has to be available for all like a must one.
Usually wired connected device with very high speed data transmission and reciption. Controls the main data flow.
Child Hubs
Can be connected with or without wires to the mother. Can be several of them. Generates Wireless field.
Wireless Devices
These devices are connected to the child hub. In absence of a child connects to the mlother.
Figure-1: A chart showing basics of wireless technology. It is customary to think why use wireless technology if its slow. The answer is that it is portable. There may be hundreds of hubs to which a wireless device can connect to, scattered through a wide area. A user may go from one place to another connecting to different hubs on the way and not having the problem of carrying a set of cables. And the speed although slow may be enough for users purpose.
In 1900s, things started moving quickly. In 1901 St Johns, New Foundland, Marconi received the first trans-Atlantic wireless signal from Poldhu, England and. By 1903, the first international wireless conference transpired in berlin, Germany. In 1905 the first distress signal sent using Morse code. In 1919 Radio Corporation of America (RCA) was incorporated, and consumer radio broadcasts for news and entertainment soon became popular. The 80s brought wireless technologies to the forefront of public consciousness. 2000 was the first year that digital outnumbered analog subscriptions Modern mobile phones are called smart because they can do multiple things. Moreover, the use of wireless communication system is not just for mobile phones. They are used in schools, colleges to give the teachers and students an open connection the internet, in hospitals to provide a safe network for doctors to operate. Also used in warfare to collect and implement information which led to a popular belief that today all the countries are constantly at war with each other namely Information War. Of course, the future will continue to forge further advancements in the wireless technology realms and bring surprise to the lives on Walton's Mountain.
4. Wireless network:
The term network is used to define an interconnection between several devices. Current interpretation is that it is the communicative interconnection of human beings who use different devices. Network technologies have developed much over the birth of telecommunication and it is still in progress. In a short span of time has led the telecommunication technology to advance from wired to wireless network. Although it was quite challenging for mankind, and for engineers to establish networks and signal gateways but nothing is impossible for the creature of such calibre and now it is a reality that the medium with the highest wave impedance is now the medium of the most reliable, fastest, and smoothest communication. Wireless networks have spread its varieties to a great extent with the advancement of time. Some of the worth mentioning ones are given below:
Infrared: IR data transmission is employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic lens, combination of various concave and convex lenses, into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data, it is analogous to the SOS system but very fast. The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use as well as the transmitter and the receiver has to be very close to each other in order for the process to be a success. Free space optical communication using infrared lasers is very expensive and in-efficient. Bluetooth: Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power radio communications to wirelessly link phones, computers and other network devices over short distances. The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more than 1,000 years ago. Bluetooth uses a technology named Spread-Spectrum Frequency Hopping. Bluetooth technology was conditioned primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and wireless headsets over 30 feet radius at 1mbps speed. Bluetooth was and still has been serving as an outstanding device and technology for data transfer. It is also popular in hospitals network for individual wards. ZigBee: ZigBee is new mode of wireless technology specified for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios Figure -3: IR Transmitter and Photodiode based on an IEEE 802 standard for personal area networks. Applications include wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, and other consumer and industrial equipment that require short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates. The technology defined by the ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth.
A device that can use Wi-Fi, such as a personal computer, video game console, smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player, can connect to a network resource such as the internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point popularly known as Wi-Fi hotspot has a range of about 20 meters indoors and a greater range outdoors. Because of mobility, ease of installation, flexibility, cost, reliability, security, speed, Wi-Fi is the most reliable WPAN now-a-days , used in home, small businesses, large corporations & campuses, healthcare , wireless ISP (WISP), travellers and so on.
WLAN
Wireless Networks WMAN
Wi-Fi
Wi-MAX GSM/CDMA
3G/WCDMA D-AMPS/PCS
5. Mobile communication
Mobile communication is possibly the most fascinating and the most widely spread means of wireless communication, which can be termed as a sorcery in the communication system. And because of the vast usage, the high reliability, large availability, huge variations for all classes of people, one can easily term it to be the unit and unique of modern communication.
However, it should be noted that in some developing regions, it is common for several people to share one subscription, having for example a family or village phone. A global approximation about usage in 2011 is given below: Table-1: Key Global Telecom Indicators in 2011.
Global Developed nations 1,461 Developing nations 4,520 Africa Arab States 349 Asia & Pacific 2,897 CIS 399 Europe 741 The Americas 969
5,981 433 Mobile cellular subscriptions (millions) 86.7% 117.8% 78.8% 53.0% 96.7% Per 100 people in concerned area 701 484 31 48 Active mobile 1,186 broadband subscriptions (millions) 17.0% 56.5% 8.5% 3.8% 13.3% Per 100 people Source: International Telecommunication Union (November 2011)
73.9%
143.0%
119.5%
103.3%
421
42
336
286
10.7%
14.9%
54.1%
30.5%
Global expenditure on mobile ads (search, display and messaging) in 2011 was US$5.3 billion, according to IAB and IHS Screen Digest. Search draws in the most revenue with $3.3 billion. And expenditure in Asia exceeds North America and Europe. For example 2011 ad spends is given below.
Table-2: 2011: Mobile ad spend in US $ million Region Display 367 Europe 572 North America 31 Latin America 491 Asia/Pacific 44 Middle East & Africa 1,504 Global Source: IAB and IHS Screen Digest Search 900 811 74 1,384 124 3,292 Messaging 114 295 83 41 4 536 Total 1,380 1,677 188 1,916 172 5,333
Telemedicine: Wireless telemedicine is a new, glamorous and evolving area in telemedicine and telecare systems. Previously it is seen that there are telephone based healthcare systems where a person is required to call to a certain number to get professional medical suggestions. But healthcare personnel require real time access to accurate patient data, including clinical histories, treatments, medication, tests, laboratory results and insurance information. With large-scale wireless networks and mobile computing solutions, such as cellular 3G, Wi-Fi mesh and Wi-Max, healthcare personnel can tap into vital information anywhere and at any time. A lot of other medical stuffs can be done using wireless network. For instance after Haiti earthquake the rescue missions, medical and relief courses were done using a direct satellite uplink from different GPS devices and analysing the map of that area using the co-ordinates from the saved Open Map. As a result the rescue missions were synchronized and all the teams knew what they had to do within seconds and certainly it helped a lot.
However, there had been a progress in use of technology by the internet service providers. For example- Wi-MAX based providers has emerged. This has made previous wireless based services like GPRS and EDGE less popular. Also, Wi-MAX is significantly slow compared to other parts of the world because the service providers cannot get enough bandwidth.
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Figure-6: Cartoon representation of interception attack. The Wi-Fi WEP security was destroyed back in 2002 by a brute force search attack and resulted in creation of much stronger standards now known as WPA or WPA2.
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heating; however, it is not sufficient to measurably increase body temperature. A recent study showed that when people used a cell phone for 50 minutes, brain tissues on the same side of the head as the phones antenna metabolized more glucose than did tissues on the opposite side of the brain.
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
Headsets
Commercial Radio
Figure-7: Energy Emission in Wireless Devices. Moreover, research author Dr. Siegal Sadetzki, who is a cancer specialist at Tel Aviv University of Israel, investigated the cases of nearly 500 people diagnosed with benign and malignant tumours of the salivary gland. It was found that those who had used the mobile phones against the side of their heads for many hours a day were 50 per cent more likely to develop a tumour of the parotid gland compared to infrequent users. In the study, published by the American Journal of Epidemiology, Dr. Sadetzki speculated that the greatest effects will be found in heavy users and children over a period of time. She also highlighted rural users as being slightly more at risk than those in cities, because there are fewer masts and the phones have to emit more radiation to ensure a clear connection. An Argentinean group of medical researchers from the National University of Cuyo believe that cellular phones can increase the chances of developing Osteoporosis. Cell phones tend to lower bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD), which are major elements that help in the generation of new bones every 11 years, in a healthy body. However, not all such devices are harmful to health. Danger may arise when we are exposed to strong transmission of RF signals very closely. But luckily it doesnt happen in most of the cases except cell phones. It is safe to use most of the wireless devices. It can be illustrated with a funny example: one has to lay on a Wi-Fi router for more than 1,500,000 minutes (almost 3 years) to get a Wi-Fi burn!
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10. Conclusions
It can be said with adamant voice that wireless technology has revolutionized the way people used to interact with each other. Past days people had to go on foot or make a small journey to meet other people and know how they are doing. But modern technology has made it possible fairly easier as people can just make a call or take a laptop to use a wireless network to talk to other people on SkypeTM. A large number of population use wireless network today. And the number is ever increasing. Even in Bangladesh the subscriptions are increasing day by day. Its because people need it. However the risks are thought provoking and care has to be taken.
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11. Recommendations
Well, it is already seen that wireless technology is not free from its mess. The users, the engineers and the government all have to play a role to make the technology effective, safe and feasible. The following recommendations are given for consideration with respect to Bangladesh: 10. Since Bangladesh primarily needs the necessary data transmission speed it is advised that all the bandwidth of the submarine link is made available to the public. Bandwidth cannot be stored or kept for future use. So, not using at full speed doesnt gain anything, rather its lossy. 11. Since Bangladesh in a developing country, a lot of foreign companies make it target to sell their cheap but harmful device. Such devices are known for emission RF signals. There should a standard be maintained. The devices which emit RF at red level should be banned from the market to ensure public health. 12. Since progress is relatively delayed in Bangladesh there may be a lot of wireless terminals that uses old encryption technology like WEP. Such terminals should be identified and replaced with new devices that use WPA or WPA2 to prevent any kind of security breach. This can be done in user level rather than in government level. 13. Users should limit their use of cellphones as it is a large resource of RF signals. They should use it only when necessary. For a person who must use cellphone all the time it is advised that they should use headphones. One point should be noted that, the volume in the headphone should be relatively low. Loud and screech sound harms the eardrums. 14. Using wireless to any devices while driving car is totally insecure and should never ever be practiced. The following recommendations are for the engineers who design wireless network or device: Devices should be made with as carefully as possible. Care must be taken so that the device emits as less RF signals as possible. While designing a transmission network, less penetrating waves should be used i.e. such wave should be used which is less penetrating as well as less dispersive so that clear transmission can be done. To achieve these devices can be made more sophisticated so that transmission and receiving can be done even with bad waves. While fabricating ICs for such devices care should be taken so that the ICs produce very low amount of heat. Heat, produced in cell phones, damages the brain. Sometimes, it also gives burns.
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Appendices
Wireless Technology: A Revolution in Modern Communication Questionnaire Name: Age: Gender: 1. Do you know anything about wireless technology? a. Yes b. No. 2. Which wireless technology or device you use in your everyday life? Double tick the one which you use most. (You may choose more than one option) a. Cellphone b. WLAN c. Wireless Headset, Speaker d. Wireless Computer Parts e. Others 3. How many hours do you spend working with a wireless device? a. Less than 1 b. 1-5 c. 5-10 d. 10-15 e. 15-20 f. All day long 4. If you have a cellphone what purpose do you use it? a. Calling b. Texting c. Browsing d. Social Networking e. Public Correspondence f. Entertainment g. Others 5. Do you think wireless technology is economical? a. Yes b. No c. I dont have any idea. 6. Are you concerned about the health risk with wireless technology? a. Yes b. No 7. Do you use any communication device while driving a car? a. Yes b. No c. I dont drive 8. Do you think wireless technology can be used for better healthcare? a. Yes b. No c. No comment. 9. Should our government put emphasis on the growth and expansion of wireless technology? a. Yes b. No c. No comment.
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References
Wireless Technology History: The Importance of Wireless Technologies in Modern Business Applications; http://marketforme.articlealley.com/wireless-technology-history-theimportance-of-wireless-technologies-in-modern-business-applications-667372.html; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Jagadish Chandra Bose; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose#Radio_research; Retrieved: 16/06/2012 Guglielmo Marconi; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi#Radio_work; Retrieved: 16/06/2012 Mobile phone; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Bluetooth; http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/bluetooth/g/bldef_bluetooth.htm; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 Wireless Network Industry Report; http://www.wirelessnets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.html; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 Facts About Wi-MAX; http://www.techpluto.com/wimax-in-detail/; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 Wireless Networks Bluetooth to Mobile; http://www.technologystation.net/2010/03/wirelessnetworks-bluetooth-to-mobile.html; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 Infrared; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Communications; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 ZigBee; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZigBee#Communication_models; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 Wi-Fi; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi; Retrieved: 13/06/2012 Key Global Telecom Indicators for the World Telecommunication Service Sector; http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/at_glance/KeyTelecom.html; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Mobile Messaging Futures 2012-2016; http://www.portioresearch.com/en/reports/currentportfolio/mobile-messaging-futures-2012-2016.aspx; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Global mobile statistics 2012 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators; http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats/a#subscribers; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Mobile Instant Messaging Use to Triple in Five Years Exceeding 1.3 billion Users by 2016; http://www.juniperresearch.com/viewpressrelease.php?pr=248; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Global Mobile Advertising Market Valued at $5.3 Billion (3.8 Billion) in 2011; http://www.iab.net/about_the_iab/recent_press_releases/press_release_archive/press_release/ pr-060612_global; Retrieved: 12/06/2012 Wireless technologies for telemedicine, http://shdl.mmu.edu.my/1988/1/1338.pdf, Retrieved:12/06/2012 Overview of Mobile Telecommunication industry in Bangladesh; http://mushfiq009.wordpress.com/%E2%80%9Coverview-of-mobile-telecommunicationindustry-in-bangladesh-%E2%80%9D/; Retrieved: 18/06/2012 Wi-Fi security WEP, WPA and WPA2 ; http://www.hsc.fr/ressources/articles/hakin9_wifi/hakin9_wifi_EN.pdf; Retrieved: 18/06/2012 Bangladesh Telecom Market; http://www.telecomlead.com/inner-page-details.php?id=8141; Retrieved: 18/06/2012 Are there health risks in using Wi-Fi technologies?; http://www.wapa.org.za/are-there-healthrisks-in-using-wifi-technologies; Retrieved: 18/06/2012
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Glossary
Hub: A point where many routes meet and traffic is distributed, dispensed or diverted. Backbone: In engineering point of view all the infrastructures are built around a central structure known as backbone. Signals: Waves with small amplitudes. It can be a combination of sine waves (analog signal) or square waves (digital signal). Analogue Signal: Summation of sine waves. Digital Signal: Summation of square waves. RF: Radio Frequency. RCA: Radio Corporation of America. Established in 1919 and defunct in 1986. Bandwidth: The difference between the highest and lowest frequency in a group of signals. Walton's Mountain: A fictional place from "The Walton" series. Popularly referred to as "The World". PDA: Personal Digital Assistant. Introduced in 1992 as a multitasking device. Today almost all PDAs are Smart Phones. IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Established in 1963. The largest professional association of EE engineers. Spread Spectrum: A method of generating signals in a particular bandwidth. OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. A method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. LAN: Local Area network. ISP: Internet Service Provider. A local business group which provides internet access to a certain area. IP: Internet Protocol. This protocol provides internet connection. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol. Controls transmission. NTT: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation. GPS: Global positioning System. A sensor system that determines the position of the GPS device in the globe. GPRS: General Pocket Radio Service. An early mobile internet service. EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution also known as Enhanced GPRS or EGPRS. An improvement over GPRS. WEP, WPA, WPA2: Wi-Fi security protocols.
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