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Ralstonia solanacearum Raza 3 biovar 2

Ralstonia solanacearum Raza 3 biovar 2


Introduccin Hospedantes Sntomas Transmisin Deteccin Control

Introduction
Ralstonia solanacearum Raza 3 biovar 2 es una bacteria que causa las siguientes enfermedades: Pudricin marrn y marchitez bacteriana de la papa Marchitez surea del geranio Marchitez bacteriana del tomate y otras solanceas Este patgeno est considerado como un miembro de la lista de agentes seleccionados de bioterrorismo agrcola.

Other Ralstonia solanacearum Races and Biovars


Raza 1 2 Rango de hospedantes Amplio Banana Otras Musa spp. Papa, algunas otras solanceas, geranio; Gengibre Frutillas Distribucin geogrfica Asia, Australia, Americas Caribe, Brasil Filipinas Mundial, excepto US y Canada Biovar 3,4 1 1

4 5

Asia China

3,4 5

(Daughtrey, 2003 Reprinted, with slight modification, from Denny and Hayward, 2001)

Ralstonia solanacearum.

It is important to note that there are other races and biovars of Ralstonia solanacearum. Only R. solanacearum Race 3 biovar 2 is on the select agent list. Race 1 can infect hundreds of different plant species in 50 families and Race 1 biovar 1 is endemic in the Southern United States where it is commonly found on tomato, tobacco and other crops. Races 2, 4, and 5 occur outside the U.S. in warm regions and are not considered a threat due to their poor cold-temperature tolerance. Race 3 is commonly found through out the world except in the U.S. and Canada. The race/biovar of most concern to the U.S. is Race 3 biovar 2, because of its ability to cause damage to potato, tomato, eggplant and geraniums in cooler climates than Race 1. The potato industries in both the United States and Canada are concerned with potential introduction of Race 3 because potato crops in other temperate countries have experienced serious disease problems due to the cold temperature tolerance of Race 3.

Global Distribution
Las prdidas alrededor del mundo por la marchitez bacteriana de la papa son ms de $950 millones por ao (Allen 2003). La resurgencia de R. solanacearum Raza 3 biovar 2 se han presentado en todo Europa en los ltimos aos. Esta resurgencia se debe a la importacin de material vegetal infectado de lugares donde la enfermedad est de tiempo establecida (Janse 1996).
Photo H.D. Thurston, Cornell University, http://www.tropagfieldtrip.cornell.edu/docthurston/Thumbs%20%20Brown%20Rot/Brown%20Rot.html

Hospedantes
Los hospedantes de Ralstonia solanacearum Raza 3 biovar 2 incluyen varias solanceas:
papa tomate Berengena

Photo H.D. Thurston, Cornell University, http://www.tropagfieldtrip.cornell.edu/docthurston/Thumbs%20%20Brown%20Rot/Brown%20Rot.html

El geranio (Pelargonium spp.) puede tambin servir coomo hospdante.

Signos y sntomas en plantas de papa


Follaje Enanismo Amarillamiento Marchitez, inicialmente limitada al pice de la planta. Tallo Lesiones vasculares Colapso de plantas jvenes Exudados bacterianos
Photos H. David Thurston, Cornell University, http://www.tropagfieldtrip.cornell.edu/docthurston/Thumbs%20%20Brown%20Rot/Brown%20Rot.html

Signos y sntomas en tubrculos de papa


Lesiones en el anillo vascular Exudado bacteriano, el cual en estados posteriores puede Bacterial Ooze emerger de los ojos y yemas.

Photo Plant Protection Service Archives, Netherlands, www.forestryimages.org

Photo Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden Archives, British Crown, United Kingdom, www.forestryimages.org

Signos y sntomas en plantas de tomate


Marchitez Lesiones vasculares Exudacin bacteriana
Photos Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.forestryimages.org

Vascular Vascular Discoloration Discoloration

Sntomas en geranio
Amarillamiento, marchitex y necrosis de hojas inferiores Lesiones vasculares y necrosis del tallo. Pudricin marrn de races

Photos Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University, www.pdis.org

Signos en geranio
Exudado bacteriano

Exudacin bacteriana Flujo bactgeriano: El tallo o peciolo cortado Photo Margery Daughtrey, Cornell University, www.pdis.org colocado en agua, producira una nube generada por el flujo bacteriano fuera del Flujo bacteriano tejido vegetal.

Photo David B. Langston, University of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org

Transmisin
Suelo contaminado, agua de irrigacin, agua superficial, equipo y personal. El patgeno puede entrar a las plantas va heridas ocasionadas por la manipulacin o alimentacin por nematodos.

Photo Anson Eaglin, USDA-APHIS , www.forestryimages.org

Transmisin
Material vegetal infectado
En papa: la diseminacin es a travs de semilla de papa infectada. En geranios: la diseminacin es a travs de el uso de esquejes infectados.

Photo by Peggy Greb, USDA-ARS, http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photo s/jan03/k10149-1.htm

Deteccin y Diagnosis
El diagnstico a nivel de raza y biovar puede ser difcil, y frecuentemente requiere varias pruebas de diagnstico para hacer un diagnstico final.
Cultivo de R. solanacearum sobre el medio semi-selective TZC

Aislamiento sobre medios semi-selectivos. El uso de medios selectivos para R. solanacearum, no para raza o biovar ELISA Especifico para Ralstonia solanacearum, no para raza y biovar Usada para seleccin inicial de grandes cantidades de material.
Photo Tom Creswell, NCSU , www.forestryimages.org

Deteccin y Diagnosis
Prueba para determinar Raza y Biovar
Prueba de utilizacin de carbono (usado para diferenciar biovar) PCR a tiempo real (usada para diferenciar razas)

Real-time PCR used for determination of race of R. solanacearum. (Photo Dawn DaileyObrien, Cornell University)

Control: Papa
Variedades resistentes El control qumico no es efectivo. Eliminacin de malezas solanceas hospedantes que puedan servir como reservorios de inculo. Seleccin de tubrculos libres de la enfermedad antes de plantarlos en campo. Rotacin con cultivos no susceptibles.

Malezas solanceas pueden servir como hospedantes de R. solanacearum Raza 3 Biovar 2 y fuente de inculo para el cultivo de papa.
Photo Joel Floyd, USDA APHIS PPQ, www.forestryimages.org

Control: Tomate
Qumicos derivados de plantas: El Thymol ha sido usado como un fumigante de suelo pre plantacin con bastante xito (Momol 2006). Los esfuerzos de los fitomejoradores han resultado en algunas progenies de tomate con alta resistencia pero tambin con cualidades indeseables como frutos pequeos (Momol 2006).

Photo Keith Weller, USDA-ARS, http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/dec99/k735 3-7.htm

References

Allen, C. 2003. Bacterial Wilt Disease & Ralstonia solanacearum. Talk from 2003 Ralstonia Solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 Outbreak in Geraniums: A Program Review meeting held June 17 and 18, 2003 in Riverdale, MD. Daughtrey, M. 2003. New and Re-emerging Diseases in 2003. Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center. Denny, T. P. and Hayward, A.C. 2001. Ralstonia, pages 151-174 in: Schaad, N. W. et al. Laboratory guide for the identification of plant pathogenic bacteria, 3rd ed. APS Press, St. Paul, 373 pp. Elphinstone, J. and Harris, R. 2002. Monitoring and control of the potato brown rot bacterium in irrigation water. British Potato Council report 190. http://www.potato.org.uk/upload/pdf/researchReports/report190.pdf. Accessed 2004 January 8. Elphinstone, J. January 2004. Personal communication. EC project number: SMT project CT97-2179. Harris, D. C. 1972. Intra-specific variation in Pseudomonas solanacearum. Pages 289-292 in: Proc. Int. Conf. Plant Pathog. Bact., 3rd. Janse, J. 1996. Potato Brown rot in western Europe history, present occurrence and some remarks on possible origin, epidemiology and control strategies. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO 26: 679-695. Kim, S. H., Olson, R. N. and Schaad, N. 2002. Ralstonia solanacearum Biovar 2, Race 3 in geraniums imported from Guatemala to Pennsylvania in 1999. Plant Disease 92:S42. Kim, S. H., T. N. Olson, N. W. Schaad, and G. W. Moorman. 2003. Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3, Biovar 2, the Causal Agent of Brown Rot of Potato, Identified in Geraniums in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Connecticut. Plant Disease Page 87:4. Lemay, A., Redlin, S., Fowler, G., Dirani, M. 2003, February 12. Pest Data Sheet Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2. USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Raleigh, NC. Momol, T. 2006, October 12. Recovery Plan for Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 biovar 2, Causing Brown Rot of Potato, Bacterial Wilt of Tomato and Southern Wilt of Geranium. National Plant Disease Recovery System. http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/00000000/opmp/Rs3-2RecoveryPlan-v-Oct112006.pdf. Accessed 2006 October 17. OHern, C. 2004 January 5. Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 in New York Greenhouse (document by Richard Dunkle) [Distribution list]. Accessed 2004 January 5. USDA-ARS Plant Health Division. 2002. Potato Brown Rot (RALSTONIA SOLANACEARUM) Report on monitoring and eradication in England 2002. Defra, Plant Health Division. http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/phnews/monrad02.pdf. Accessed 2004 January 8. Williamson, L., Nakoho, K., Hudelson, B. and Allen, C. 2002. Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2 strains isolated from geranium are pathogenic on potato. Plant Dis. 86:987-991

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