Advanced Cable Fault Locating

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING
Student Handbook
# 070000
TELUS REV 2006-10-11
Student Handbook
Copyright 2006 by TELUS Communications. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by any photographic, electronic, mechanical, or other means, or used in any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of TELUS Communications. Printed in Canada
TELUS Learning Services Burnaby

5th Floor, 3777 Kingsway Burnaby, BC Canada V5H 3Z7 Tel: 604-432-3455 Fax: 604-298-1387
Calgary
2nd Floor, 120-7th Avenue Calgary, AB Canada T2P 0W4 Tel: 808-248-5327 Fax: 403-530-7525
Edmonton
5W 10035 102 Avenue Edmonton, AB Canada T5J 0E5 Tel: 808-248-5327 Fax: 780-493-2634
# 070000
Student Handbook
Table of Contents
# 070000
Student Handbook
Table of Contents
ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING ............................................................9 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................9 BASIC THEORY FOR TESTING........................................................................13 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................13 PRIMARY CABLE ...........................................................................................15 CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................15 Series Resistance........................................................................................15 Shunt Capacitance ......................................................................................17 Series Inductance ........................................................................................17 Shunt Conductance .....................................................................................17 TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS ..........................................................19 Attenuation...................................................................................................19 Characteristic Impedance ............................................................................19 Impedance Mismatch ...............................................................................20 CABLE, NON-LOADED...................................................................................21 Net Loss ......................................................................................................21 Slope ...........................................................................................................23 Impedance ...................................................................................................23 Return Loss .................................................................................................25 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................29 NOISE THEORY & MITIGATION DEVICES ......................................................33 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................33 NOISE .............................................................................................................35 Definition......................................................................................................35 Noise Origins ...............................................................................................35 Noise Limits .................................................................................................35 Classification and Sources of Noise ............................................................36 DC Noises ................................................................................................36 AC Noises ................................................................................................37 CONDITIONS FOR POWER INDUCTION ......................................................39 Influence ......................................................................................................39 Susceptibility................................................................................................41 Coupling ......................................................................................................43 DESIGN TECHNIQUES TO MINIMIZE NOISE ...............................................45 EXTERNAL NOISE MITIGATION DEVICES...................................................49 Noise Chokes or Longitudinal Chokes.........................................................49 Neutralizing Transformer .............................................................................51 Harmonic Suppression Reactor ...................................................................55 Smart Switch................................................................................................55 Solid State Protectors ..................................................................................57
# 070000
Student Handbook
VOICE FREQUENCY BROADBAND TESTING & MEASUREMENTS USING DYNATEL 965DSP/SA.......................................................................................61 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................61 ACCEPTED MEASUREMENTS......................................................................63 FOR POTS SERVICE AND BROADBAND .....................................................63 Acceptance Measurements for POTS Service.............................................63 Accepted Measurements for Broadband .....................................................65 DYNATEL 965DSP/SA TEST FUNCTIONS....................................................67 DSL Function ...............................................................................................69 DSL Test Menu ........................................................................................71 ISDN Error Test........................................................................................73 DSL Loss..................................................................................................75 DSL Noise ................................................................................................75 Spectrum Analyzer ...................................................................................77 TDR .............................................................................................................81 TDR Setup ...............................................................................................81 TDR Controls ...........................................................................................83 TDR Modes ..............................................................................................89 TDR Save.................................................................................................97 Event Recognition ....................................................................................99 TDR Trace of a Good Pair......................................................................101 TDR Rules..............................................................................................103 TDR Rules Summary .............................................................................106 Masking..................................................................................................109 TDR Trace Samples...............................................................................111 TDR Controls .........................................................................................117 Maximum TDR Range............................................................................119 dB ..............................................................................................................121 Loss .......................................................................................................123 Noise ......................................................................................................123 Longitudinal Balance..............................................................................125 Wideband (Broadband) Loss..................................................................127 Level Trace ............................................................................................129 Auto Test ...................................................................................................131 Auto Test without Fed ............................................................................135 Inactive Pair without Fed .....................................................................135 Inactive Pair Test Results.......................................................................139 Active Pair (No Fed) ...............................................................................141 LINE QUALIFICATION TESTING WITH FAR END DEVICE (FED II) AND THE 965DSP/SA ...................................................................................................157 TESTING PAIRS WITH FED II......................................................................161 Auto Test with Fed.....................................................................................161 FED II Connections....................................................................................161 Inactive Auto Test with FED II....................................................................163
# 070000
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II..........................................169 Wideband Loss Test Frequencies .............................................................173 Error Screens.............................................................................................175 Wideband/Broadband Auto Test Results ...................................................177 Auto Test Configuration .............................................................................181 Fed II Special Applications ........................................................................185 Auto Test Save ..........................................................................................193 TALK SET .....................................................................................................197 Talk Set Setup ...........................................................................................201 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................202 DYNATEL 965AMS ADSL2+ SERVICE MODULE........................................203 Module Installation.....................................................................................203 Hook-Up ....................................................................................................205 Initial Set-Up ..............................................................................................205 Basic Operation Details .............................................................................210 Advanced Operation ..................................................................................215 WAN Set-Up ..............................................................................................215 WAN Set-Up Transport Type .....................................................................215 WAN Set-UP - Address Mode....................................................................219 LAN Set-UP ...............................................................................................221 PING..........................................................................................................223 PING Set-Up..............................................................................................223 PING Hook-Up...........................................................................................226 PING Operation .........................................................................................226 Thru Mode .................................................................................................228 Thru Mode Hook-Up ..................................................................................228 Thru Mode Operation.................................................................................229 ADSL MODEM TESTING AND PC LINK.........................................................233 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................233 ADSL MODEM TESTING..............................................................................235 965 DSP ADSL Modem .............................................................................237 Testing .......................................................................................................237 ADSL Setup ...............................................................................................239 Threshold Setup ........................................................................................239 ADSL Self Test ..........................................................................................241 Establishing Connection ............................................................................241 First Test Screen .......................................................................................243 ADSL Status ..............................................................................................243 ADSL Information Screen ..........................................................................247 OSI 7- Layer Model....................................................................................249 ADSL Alarms .............................................................................................251 ADSL Graph ..............................................................................................253 ADSL Warning Screens .............................................................................255
# 070000
Student Handbook
PC LINK ........................................................................................................263 Installing PC Link .......................................................................................265 Loading Test Results .................................................................................269 Exporting To an Excel Spreadsheet ..........................................................275 Importing to Excel ......................................................................................279 Renaming the Sheets ................................................................................283 Loading ADSL Modem Test Results..........................................................285 Viewing ADSL Results with PC Link ..........................................................289 Export One or All ADSL Results to Excel ..................................................295
# 070000
Student Handbook
BASIC THEORY FOR TESTING
NOISE THEORY AND MITIGATION DEVICES
VOICE FREQUENCY BROADBAND TESTING & MEASUREMENTS USING DYNATEL 965DSP/SA
ADSL MODEM TESTING & PC LINK
# 070000
Student Handbook

INTRODUCTION Welcome to the Advanced Cable Fault Location Course. Prior to this course you should have taken the Cable Fault Locate Course. The course is 3 days in length and contains the following units: Unit 1 - Basic Theory For Testing Unit 2 - Noise Theory & Mitigation Devices Unit 3 Voice Frequency Broadband Testing and Measurements using Dynatel 965DSPKA Unit 4 ADSL Modem Testing and PC Link.
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
10
Student Handbook
UNIT 1
Basic Theory For Testing
11
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
12
Student Handbook
BASIC THEORY FOR TESTING

INTRODUCTION In this unit we will review the basic theory required to perform advanced fault locating on voice frequency cable pairs. Topics are: Primary Cable Characteristics Transmission Characteristics Cable, Unloaded.
13
# 070000
Student Handbook
Electrical Characteristics of a Cable pair
Loop Resistance Ohms/Km
# 070000
14
Student Handbook
PRIMARY CABLE CHARACTERISTICS
There are four electrical characteristics of a cable pair: Series Resistance Shunt Capacitance Series Inductance Shut Conductance.
Series Resistance
Is the resistance of the cable pair or conductor. It depends directly upon the gauge and temperature of the cable pair. Measurements of resistance are expressed in Ohms () per kilometer. The table indicates how the resistance increases (Ohms/Km) as the temperature rises and gauges change.
15
# 070000
Student Handbook
Cable Pair Shunt Capacity
Cable Pair Shunt Capacitance
# 070000
16
Student Handbook
Shunt Capacitance
Is the capacitive effect between two, closely spaced current carrying conductors, which are insulated from one another. Cable capacitance is determined by the insulation thickness (Conductor Separation). The gauge of the cable has no effect on the capacitance. Capacitance also is affected by pair length. Manufactured cable pair shunt capacitance valve averages about .052F/Km for all cable gauges.
Series Inductance
Is the magnetic field effect between two twisted, closely spaced conductors which are insulated from each other. Depends on the electromagnetic fields set up by the A.C. currents in the conductors. The measurement is measured in millihenries per kilometer.
Shunt Conductance
A measure of the ability of a substance to conduct electricity. It is the reciprocal of resistance, ohm Shunt conductance however contributes to the reduction in signal as it passes through cable pairs based upon dissipation factor of the insulating material.
17
# 070000
Student Handbook
Impedance
# 070000
18
Student Handbook
TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
Two secondary constants delivered from the four primary constants are: Attenuation Characteristic Impedance.
Attenuation
Is the energy loss of a signal measured in db? It is dependent on the frequency of the signal and increases with an increase in frequency.
Characteristic Impedance
Is the loss of ac signal (voice) due to the impedance of the loop, which is the resistance of the loop to ac power (voice frequency 300 Hz to 340 Hz). Impedance is measured in Ohms and uses the symbol Z. For maximum power transfer then the input impedance should equal the output impedance. In voice applications, a compromise impedance of 600 or 900 01xms is used to match the cable pairs. 600 Ohms impedance is preferred for pots and 900 Ohms is used in the C.O. switching systems.
19
# 070000
Student Handbook
Impedance Mismatch
An impedance mismatch prevents maximum power transfer in the circuit. A change in the cross-section of the conductors or a change in insulation thickness causes changes in resistance and capacitance in the cable. Some forms of impedance mismatch are: Half taps Opens Change of gauge or size Splices.
Reflection occurs when there is an impedance mismatch. Some of the energy from the source gets reflected back and never reaches the load because the load is at the far end.
# 070000
20
Student Handbook
CABLE, NON-LOADED
This course will only cover non-loaded cable (maximum length 5486 m) The four main characteristics of non-loaded cable for voice frequency operation are: Net Loss Slope Impedance Return Loss.
Net Loss
Is measured in db, at any given frequency from 300Hz to 3400 Hz (usually at 1004 Hz) from the input end of the cable pair to the output end. Whenever we transmit energy from one point to another over a transmission line, we lose a portion of the energy. This is because of the inherent electrical characteristics of the line. Recalling the four electrical constants of cable pair, then an efficient transmission line is one which has good balance between those components and therefore absorbs a minimum of the transmitted energy. It is then the amount of the voice band energy in dbs which is absorbed by the transmission line.
21
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loaded Cable Loss
# 070000
22
Student Handbook
CABLE, NON-LOADED (CONT.) Slope Frequency response or frequency distortion is a measure of the high frequency response of a line. Level of the circuit is measured at two frequencies, 100 Hz and 280 Hz and the difference in levels determines the slope. A properly designed circuit has a relatively flat frequency response from 400 Hz to about 2800 Hz, above which, the loss increases quickly. High frequency roll off increases as circuits get longer. Circuits that are beyond 5-5 km the slope would be unacceptable unless it is compensated in some way (loading). Impedance Is the opposition to A.C. current flow. It acts like resistance except that impedance varies with frequency. At low frequencies a cable pair has a fairly high impedance and at a high frequency it has a low impedance.
23
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
24
Student Handbook
Return Loss
A less confusing term for Return Loss would have been Reflection Loss because that more accurately describes what is actually happening. Assume that we are sending a 1000 Hz tone down a cable pair to a terminal that is 6 dbs away, also assume that the cable pair is open or unterminated. What happens? Roughly, what happens is this: The energy of the 1KHz tone gets to the end of the cable and sees this open condition or extremely high impedance. Because of the open condition, there is no A.C. current flow at the terminal. In order to absorb or dissipate energy, or power, there must be current flow. If the energy is not transferred to a load, or termination, and is not dissipated, where then does it go? There is only one place left that it can go and that is back down the cable pair in the direction from where it came. Using a certain test arrangement with a test hybrid, we can actually see this being returned to the sending end. Allowing for the loss of the test hybrid, we will see that the level of the tone is 12 db. This equals two times the total one way loss. All the energy that arrived at the far end was reflected and it suffered 6 more dbs of loss on the return trip.
25
# 070000
Student Handbook
Return Loss (Cont.)
Further, we could say that the reason that the energy was returned is because of an impedance mismatch at the terminal end. If the cable pair had not ended at that point, but had continued on indefinitely than all of the energy would be eventually dissipated by the impedance of the cable and none would have been reflected. Or, if we had placed a termination on the end of the cable at the 6 db point, then the energy would have been dissipated by the termination and again none would be reflected. To transfer energy with maximum efficiency, it is necessary that the impedances of the oscillator, cable pair, and termination be exactly equal. We have seen what happens in the case of a total mismatch such as an open pair. The same thing happens to mismatches of lesser degrees with the difference being the amount of energy being reflected. The less difference in impedances, the less energy is reflected. The same applies to mismatches where the terminating impedance is less than characteristic impedance of a cable pair. A total mismatch in this case would be short applied across the tip and ring at the end. Before, we said that without current flow there was no energy dissipation. The same is true of resistance, if there is current flow but no resistance then there will still be no energy dissipated.
# 070000
26
Student Handbook
Return Loss (Cont.)
At this point we can say that to get maximum transfer of energy from the source to the termination with minimum reflection, all interface impedances must match. The amount of reflection is directly proportional to the amount of mismatch. The level of energy which is representative of a reflection from the terminal end caused by a mismatch is referred to as Echo Return Loss (ERL). So far we have assumed that all of the energy reflection has been caused by a mismatch at the terminal end of the transmission line and that the line itself was ideal. In practice however, this is not the case. The transmission line or cable pair also causes reflections. The amount of reflection depends on how well the line is designed and built. To explain what happens to a cable pair to cause reflections lets divide the cable into short sections with each section being one meter long. Now each one of these one meter sections has the electrical constants that we previously described. However, because the cable manufacturer is unable to precisely control the physical make up of a cable, thus ensuring that each one meter section is exactly like every other one meter section, their electrical components change.
27
# 070000
Student Handbook
Return Loss (Cont.)
For instance the insulation thickness could be thicker in one section from another. This causes the conductor spacing to increase thus the capacitance will be less and the impedance will be higher in that section. When we connect this section to other sections we have an impedance mismatch and consequently a reflection. The amount of reflection is dependent upon the degree of mismatch. In this case the mismatch is small, so the reflection is small, so small in fact that we probably could not measure it. But this is only one section and the cable is made up of bunches and bunches of these sections and a considerable amount of these sections will be mismatched. Each mismatched section causes a small reflection at the sending end. If the cable is very poorly constructed, this reflection amounts to a substantial amount of energy. The level of energy measured as the source which is caused by irregularities in the transmission line is referred to as Structural Return Loss. In contrast to the Echo Return Loss which can be eliminated or reduced by matching the impedance of the transmission line and termination, there is just no way to reduce the Structural Return Loss once the line is built.
# 070000
28
Student Handbook
SUMMARY
Primary constants (Resistance, Capacitance Inductance and Resistance) have a direct bearing on the transmission of voice signals and are largely responsible for the amount of energy loss introduced by a cable pair. Two secondary constants, derived from the four primary constants are attenuation and characteristic impedance. Also two other impairments to transmission are: Impedance Mismatch Reflection.
29
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
30
Student Handbook
UNIT 2
Noise Theory & Mitigation Devices
31
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
32
Student Handbook
NOISE THEORY & MITIGATION DEVICES

INTRODUCTION In this unit, you will learn how to identify the types and sources of noise in the subscriber loop. In addition, you will review theory and application of design techniques for noise mitigation. The following subjects will be discussed: Noise Conditions for power induction Design techniques to minimize noise External noise mitigation devices.
33
# 070000
Student Handbook
Steady State Noise Circuit Noise
Power dBm versus dBrn
# 070000
34
Student Handbook
NOISE Definition Noise is any undesired sound or disturbing influence within the frequency band of interest (0 4 kHz voice, data higher) Noise originates from an external source or is the result of abnormal conditions within the cable, such as: Noise Limits Wet cable Power interference Radio interference Bad splice CO noise Cross talk.
Noise Origins
Measured in decibels above a reference noise level in dBrnc; thus, 0 dBrnc = -90 dBm. The noise objective for a subscribers loop is to have a noise level less than 20 dBrnc (dB refers to noise through c message filter)
35
# 070000
Student Handbook
NOISE (CONT.) Classification and Sources of Noise Noises are considered to be in two groups: DC Noises AC Noises. Thermal Noise: Caused by heat High electron activity Current flow through a circuit. Static Noise: Electron discharge caused by difference in potential. Battery Noise: Noise from battery chargers in CO. Impulse Noise: Clicks on linetoo short a duration to affect speech Affects data on linedial pulses, keying devices, etc.
DC Noises
# 070000
36
Student Handbook
NOISE (CONT.) Classification and Sources of Noise (Cont.) AC Noises Cross Talk: Induced from adjacent circuit Due to faulty cable or abnormal levels of adjacent circuits. RF Interference: Unshielded wiring picks up RF signal Common near transmit antenna. Power Line Induction: Induced form adjacent power lines Most common single source of noise on subscriber loop Audible noise is a harmonic of 60 Hz, which is below response of telephone set. Note: OP has no control over DC Noises, as they are CO or equipment origins. AC Noises can be prevented or reduce by following design rules.
37
# 070000
Student Handbook
Electro Static Induction
Power Influence from Hydro
# 070000
38
Student Handbook
CONDITIONS FOR POWER INDUCTION
Three factors must be present for induction to occur. These factors are: Influence Susceptibility Coupling.
Influence
The tendency of the power system to affect the telephone system: Electro Static Induction Electro Magnetic Induction: o Harmonics of 60 Hz is the noise actually heard on the telephone line o A balanced three-phase power line has few harmonics; the exceptions are odd triplets which are the greatest source of induce noise o For example: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 (9 x 60 Hz = 540 Hz) o All single phase power systems are unbalanced, consequently rich in harmonics o Influence can only be reduced by Power Company.
39
# 070000
Student Handbook
Electromagnetic Induction
Degree of Balance of Telephone Line
# 070000
40
Student Handbook
CONDITIONS FOR POWER INDUCTION (CONT.) Susceptibility The tendency of the telephone system to pick up the effects of the power system affects the degree of balance of telephone line. Causes of line unbalance include: Bad splice Divided ringers Defective cable Grounded carbons Customer equipment.
Effect of interfering frequency. Degree of shielding: If shield is open or non-grounded, then telephone plant is susceptible to induction.
41
# 070000
Student Handbook
C Message Filter
# 070000
42
Student Handbook
CONDITIONS FOR POWER INDUCTION (CONT.) Coupling Similar to primary and secondary windings of a transformer. Coupling is dependent on: Length of exposure Separation between power and telephone Effectiveness of telephone shielding Earth resistance.
43
# 070000
Student Handbook
Electro Static Induction
Cable Shield Reduces Power Influence
# 070000
44
Student Handbook
DESIGN TECHNIQUES TO MINIMIZE NOISE
The following are design techniques used to minimize noise by elimination of electro static induction: Twisted pairs Continuous shield. Shield current induced from Hydro is largely due to low resistance. Shield current then induces into cable pairs a current opposite in direction to Hydro induction. Resultant power influence longitudinal current is small. Power influence less than 80 dBrnC is acceptable. Reduction of Electro Magnetic Induction: Continuous shielding Bonding and grounding.
45
# 070000
Student Handbook
Bonding
Grounding
# 070000
46
Student Handbook
DESIGN TECHNIQUES TO MINIMIZE NOISE (CONT.)
Shields of all cables must be electrically continuous for safety and noise. Maximum distance between shield to messenger bond is 400 metres. At Ready Access Terminal, provide shield to strand bond as well as shield to shield continuity. Grounding is required for: Safety from electrical shock Preventing high voltage flashover Effective noise shielding of pairs Operate power circuit breakers Lightning discharge.
Cable grounds are: Power MGN (Multi Grounded Neutral) Telephone ground rods.
47
# 070000
Student Handbook
Noise in Unbalanced Pair
Noise Choke
# 070000
48
Student Handbook
EXTERNAL NOISE MITIGATION DEVICES Noise Chokes or Longitudinal Chokes If noise is due to longitudinal induced AC current, as a result of longitudinal induced AC voltage, then the use of a longitudinal choke can reduce this condition. A longitudinal choke can be thought of as a two winding, mutually coupled, well balanced transformer. These chokes are connected in series with tip and ring and present high longitudinal impedance to induced AC. It only adds some DC resistance of the coil to the metallic circuit. Induced noise will be out of phase across choke and will be cancelled.
49
# 070000
Student Handbook
Neutralizing Transformer
Tip and ring are twisted together.
# 070000
50
Student Handbook
EXTERNAL NOISE MITIGATION DEVICES (CONT.) Neutralizing Transformer Neutralizing Transformer has the following characteristics: Is most commonly used noise mitigation device Its function of neutralizing transformer is primarily for safety, not for noise reduction If induced voltage is higher than safety limits, then neutralizing transformer may be considered; noise reduction is a by-product of reducing voltage; noise is not always reduced; depends on location of transformer in relation to location of induced noise Acts on complement of pairs rather than individual pair Comes in sizes ranging from 6 to 100 pairs Operates on transformer principle that a voltage applied to primary is 180 degrees out of phase with voltage induced in secondary. A single exciter pair is connected to the primary (tip and ring are twice as big) All other pairs are connected to the multi pair secondary Neutralizing transformer is placed in the electrical midpoint of the circuitlocation where induced AC voltage on each side of open pair is equal when measured to ground Can sometimes be located in the customers premises.
51
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
52
Student Handbook
EXTERNAL NOISE MITIGATION DEVICES (CONT.) Neutralizing Transformer (Cont.) Location determined by Transmission group Requirement for NT also determined by Transmission group Cable technician to specify exciter pair on work order. Neutralizing Transformer adds anywhere from 60 to 150 meters of cable to the loop. It doesnt affect load coil spacing significantly because windings are not shielded, therefore, no increased capacitance to ground. Disadvantages of Neutralizing Transformer include: Expensive May mask true cause of noise, i.e., poor design Pairs are closely coupled through windings, so any trouble on one pair may affect others; grounded pair on secondary would ground out secondary, thus causing higher noise on other pairs Transformer coupling rather than space coupling gives better cancellation.
53
# 070000
Student Handbook
Harmonic Suppression Reactor
Smart Switch
# 070000
54
Student Handbook
EXTERNAL NOISE MITIGATION DEVICES (CONT.) Harmonic Suppression Reactor Harmonic Suppression Reactor shifts the resonant frequency of a capacitor bank. Power company uses cap bank on 3 Phase to improve P-factor by helping balance load and also as a smoothing means at industrial parks. Capacitor banks can cause TELUS noise problems. Smart Switch Smart Switch floats ground connection to a capacitor bank. It operates under a ground fault condition. This equipment is HYDRO equipment.
55
# 070000
Student Handbook
Ground.... and Ground We Go!
Dont take grounds for granite!

The usefulness of a specific type of ground depends on the application characteristics of your particular circuit.
# 070000
56
Student Handbook
EXTERNAL NOISE MITIGATION DEVICES (CONT.) Solid State Protectors Solid state over voltage protection (SSOVP) is the standard multi-pair protector for TELUS. They last longer, with less noise than the previously used carbon 5 pin protectors. They also provide superior protection because they fire faster and at lower voltages than carbon. Span Line protectors are red 5 pin, solid state, 300 volt protectors. Pair Gain remote feeder protectors are 240 volt firing solid state protectors. Induced longitudinal voltage is lower at the CO/remote switch site than at the customer end of the loop.
57
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
58
Student Handbook
UNIT 3
Voice Frequency Broadband Testing & Measurements Using Dynatel 965DSP/SA
59
# 070000
Student Handbook
3M Far-End-Device II & 965DSP/SA

Line Qualification Testing
# 070000
60
Student Handbook
VOICE FREQUENCY BROADBAND TESTING & MEASUREMENTS USING DYNATEL 965DSP/SA

INTRODUCTION In this unit we will cover accepted criteria for POTS service (Voice Frequency) and how to utilize the 965DSP/SA to quantify cable pairs prior to new services. Topics that will be covered are: Accepted Measurements for POTS Service and Broadband Dynatel 965DSP/SA Test Functions: o DSL o TDR o dB o Auto test - without and with Fed II. Line Qualification Testing with the Dynatel 964DSP/SA without the Fed II Wideband/Broadband Test with the Fed II Talk Set.
61
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
62
Student Handbook
ACCEPTED MEASUREMENTS FOR POTS SERVICE AND BROADBAND Acceptance Measurements for POTS Service Loop Current Should be greater than 23 ma. Circuit Loss less than 8.5 db. Power Influence less than 80 dbrnC (loss through a C filter. Circuit Noise less than 20 dbrnC. Balance: Greater than 60 db Power influence and circuit noise are interrelated (formula PI-CN=Balancer). Longitudinal Balance greater than 60 db. Ground Resistance: Less than 25 ohms This is the resistance between the C.O. ground and the customer ground. Slope: Less than 7.5 db Is between the high and low frequencies of a circuit. Insulation Resistance 3.3 M ohms or more.
63
# 070000
Student Handbook
Qualification Testing
Loop Length Use Opens & Loop Ohms or 965DSP TDR Leakage Use Ohms Bridge Tap Use Opens & Loop Ohms or 965DSP TDR Load Coils Use Load Coil Count Balance Use Longitudinal Balance Noise Use Circuit Noise Foreign Voltage Use Volts Loss Use Tone (Tx) & Loss (Rx) Level Use Loss Errors ISDN (144K on 1 pr.) <1200 <5.5 Km HDSL (1.54M on 2 pr.) <1300 <2.75Km(<26 AWG) <3.7 Km (>24 AWG) <300K See Note Below None >60dB <20dBrn <1Vdc <36dB @ 196 Khz > -35dBm 965DSP only <107 Not Available ADSL (8M on 1 pr.) <4.5Km (<26 AWG) <5.5 Km (>24 AWG) <300K See Note Below None >60dB <20dBrn <1Vdc <65 dB @ 435 Khz
<300K <900m None >60dB <20dBrn <1Vdc <34dB @ 40 Khz > -24dBm 965 or 965DSP <107 965DSP only
<107 Not Available
In addition, the 965DSP can serve as an ISDN subscriber terminal device allowing you to sectionalize the fault by terminating at the customer demarcation or cross connect connection. Note: The length and location of the bridge tap will affect the circuit in varying degrees, often a short bridge tap at the far end will cause more problems than a long bridge tap.
# 070000
64
Student Handbook
Accepted Measurements for Broadband
Without good clean copper pairs these circuits wont function. Most operational problems can be traced to simple circuit faults such as leakage, opens, load coils and bridge tap. See the Qualification Suggested Test Limits on the left page. Note: For more information see TOPPS 2.6.1.3.
65
# 070000
Student Handbook
965DSP/SA
Note: Make sure the 965DSP test set has the proper software version (Version 7)
# 070000
66
Student Handbook
DYNATEL 965DSP/SA TEST FUNCTIONS
The Dynatel 965DSP/SA is used to: 1. Reclaim defective cable pairs for new service 2. Analyze pairs and locate faults on POTS and Wideband lines 3. Pre-qualify lines for POTS and wideband installations 4. Post-qualify lines for POTS installations. In the previous course Cable Fault Locating, the focus on the 965dsp/sa was using the following test function keys: 1. 2. 3. 4. Voltmeter measure ac or dc voltage Current meter measure loop current Ohmmeter measure resistance Tool box access any of the functions in the Tool box 5. Open locator find the distance to a break in a cable pair 6. Tone oscillator send a tone on a cable pair 7. Resistance fault locate find the distance to an insulation resistance fault on a pair. The focus in this Unit will be using the remaining keys for various test functions. They are: 8. DSL to perform specialized tests on ISDN and DSL lines 9. TDR shows the pair as a trace on the screen, TDR measures distance to events based on input about the pair 10. dB key this function is used to measure loss, noise, longitudinal balance, wideband loss or perform a level trace 11. Auto test key perform an automatic sequence of tests on an inactive, active or wideband pair, utilizes the Fed II 12. Talk set allows you to use the 965dsp/sa as talk set on active pairs, or to send dtmf tones on inactive pairs.
67
# 070000
Student Handbook
965DSP/SA - DSL Function
DSL Menu & Service Selection
# 070000
68
Student Handbook
DSL Function
Use this function to perform tests on ISDN and DSL lines. Use the up and down arrow keys to move to the desired test then press the enter key to accept the choice. For DSL loss and DSL noise measurements, you first need to select the type of DSL service that you want to test. This automatically selects the appropriate line termination impedance and noise weighting filter for the selected service. Parameters for the different services are indicated in the table below.
Service ISDN/IDSL HDSL ADSL
Termination 135 135 100
Filter E F G
Frequency Range 1KhZ - 50KhZ 4.9kHz 245kHz 20kHz 1.1MHz
Press the [Setup] key to choose a DSL service. Use the up and down keys to highlight the desired service. Press enter to select the service and return to the previous screen. Note: ADSL modem will be covered in Unit 4 in PC link.
69
# 070000
Student Handbook
ISDN Link Established
# 070000
70
Student Handbook
DSL Test Menu
Connect the Red and Black lead to the pair and press the [Enter] key. The 965DSP/SA displays the work Connecting while the instrument goes through three steps: 1. AIP (Activation in Progress), 2. Sync (Synchronization), and 3. Link (successful connection). If any of these three tests is unsuccessful, the words Link Failed will show in the screen. Once a link is established with an ISDN signal, the screen will display Connected in the main screen. For the US, Canada and Korea, the [Enter] key will appear. Press the [Enter] key to perform an Error Test on an active NI1 (National Implementation) ISDN pair.
71
# 070000
Student Handbook
ISDN Error Test
# 070000
72
Student Handbook
ISDN Error Test
The 965DSP/SA can perform a near end and far end block error test after linking to a NII ISDN line. The 965DSP/SA will count and display the number of near-end and far-end errors. Near-end errors are the errors detected at the 965DSP/SA. Far-end errors are errors detected at an ISDN line card. (The far-end count is transmitted to the 965DSP/SA over the ISDN link). The screen displays the elapsed time since the start of the ISDN Error Test. Standard practice is to monitor the line for a fixed period of time (for example, 5 or 15 minutes) and count the number of errors. Near-end and far-end errors are blocks of bit errors. If there are no block errors in a given period of time, this insures there will be no bit errors in the same period. The 965DSP/SA will automatically stop counting errors after 15 minutes. The word Link will be displayed as long as the 965DSP/SA is linked to the ISDN line. If the link is lost, the screen will display No Link. Press the [Enter] key to start the test again.
73
# 070000
Student Handbook
DSL Loss
DSL Noise
# 070000
74
Student Handbook
DSL Loss See page 64
Use this function to measure loss from the far end to near end using a tone between 20 Khz and 1.2 Mhz. You must have a tone at the far end. The screen displays the signal level in dBm, the frequency of the tone in Khz, the selected service type and the line terminating impedance. Press [Enter] to return to DSL menu.
DSL Noise See page 64
Use this function to measure wideband metallic and longitudinal noise on a pair. Connect the Red and Black test leads to the pair and Green lead to ground. Press the [Tab] key to move between metallic noise power measurement across the pair and longitudinal noise power of the conductors to ground. The highlighted reading is live and continuously updated. The screen displays noise power (referenced to 90dBm), selected service type, noise weighting filter, and the metallic terminating impedance.
75
# 070000
Student Handbook
Broadband Interface Frequency Signatures

HDSL T1
ISDN
# 070000
76
Student Handbook
Spectrum Analyzer
Interfering noise signals on a pair often occur as a result of crosstalk from other Wideband/Broadband services. Each Broadband service type has a unique frequency signature. Provides a graphic display of the signals, a noise on a line, over a selected range of frequencies. Connect the Red and Black test leads to the pair. Use the [Up] and [Down] arrow keys to select the frequency span of interest. The endpoints of the frequency span bar will change to indicate the frequency range. Use the [Left] and [Right] arrow keys to move the cursor across the screen. The frequency of the cursor position appears on the center of the span bar. The 965DSP/SA continuously analyzes the signals and noise present on the pair. The screen displays the average power of all the signals and noise in the selected span in dBm at the upper left. The actual signal level at the cursor position is displayed in dB at the upper right.
77
# 070000
Student Handbook
Broadband Interface Frequency Signatures

ADSL Down Stream
ADSL Up Stream
# 070000
78
Student Handbook
Spectrum Analyzer (Cont.)
Interfering noise signals on a pair often occur as the result of crosstalk from other Wideband services in the same cable. Each Wideband service type has a unique frequency signature. Use the spectrum analyzer to classify the source of the noise interference on a pair. The 965DSP/SA Subscriber Loop Analyzer measures extremely low noise levels and requires proper handling of the test leads to ensure consistent measurements. Extend the test leads away from the 965DSP/SA when conducting DSL tests and make sure that the Red and Black leads are kept as close together as possible to minimize RF noise pickup. Note: Do not attempt to conduct DSL noise or loss measurements while the external DC charger is connected.
79
# 070000
Student Handbook
965DSP/SA Keypad - TDR Key
TDR Setup
# 070000
80
Student Handbook
TDR
This function shows the pair as a trace on the screen. Measures distance to events based on input about the pair. Six modes to view a pair: 1. Single Trace view a single pair 2. Dual Trace view two pairs 3. Differential view difference between two pairs 4. Crosstalk view the electrical coupling between two pairs 5. Memory compare a Live trace with a trace stored in memory 6. Peak displays a history of maximum and minimum values with the live trace. Press the Up and Down keys to move to a desired selection. Press Enter to accept the choice and start the measurement.
TDR Setup
Features a setup function that allows you to enter the cable type, gauge and first length. VP (Propagation Velocity) is automatically set from these selections. Press Setup to chance cable type gauge or to select either minimum first length or last used.
81
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Controls
Length: 100 ft, 200 ft, 500 ft, 1 kft, 2 kft, 5 kft, 10 kft, 20kft, 30 kft. (30m, 60m, 150m, 300m, 600m, 1.5 km, 3 km, 6 km, 10 km)
Filter: is Out, is In
Filter allows you to switch in a filter to remove noise. You should use the filter if you see noise on the display. Note: Switching in the filter may make it difficult to detect small events on the cable.
Pulse Width: 5 ns, 34 ns, 235 ns, 1600 ns
# 070000
82
Student Handbook
TDR Controls
Are valid for all modes except the Memory mode. Controls and parameters are displayed at the bottom of the screen. Use Tab and Enter keys to move forward or backward through the TDR controls. Individual controls and their parameters are: Length: o Allows you to set the distance from the left side of the screen to the right side. o The left side is usually at the test set and the right side is the furthest that can be displayed with the length selected. Filter: o Allows you to switch in a filter to remove noise o Use the filter if you see noise on the display. Note: Using the filter may make it difficult to detect small events on the cable. Pulse Width: o Allows you to select the width of the pulse sent out on the pair. o The 965DSP/SA automatically selects the best pulse for each length selected o Use a shorter pulse width to give better resolution of events (will not go as far on the pair) o Use a wider pulse width to see further on the pair (resolution will not be as good as a shorter pulse. o Pulse width is displayed at top right of screen.
83
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Controls (Cont.)

Gain: 0db, 6db, 12db, 18db, 24db, 30db, 36db, 42 db, 48db, 54db, etc, through 198 db - for a total of 34 gain settings.
Vp: 0.50 to 1.00 (75 to 150 m/uS)
Values for Cable Types & Gauges

PIC: 19 AWG 22 AWG 24 AWG 26 AWG 19 AWG 22 AWG 24 AWG 26 AWG 22 AWG 24 AWG 26 AWG 0.69 (108 m/us) 0.68 (102 m/us) 0.67 (100 m/us) 0.66 (99 m/us) 0.66 (102 m/us) 0.65 (97 m/us) 0.64 (96 m/us) 0.63 (94 m/us) 0.69 (103 m/us) 0.68 (102 m/us) 0.67 (100 m/us)
JELLY-FILLED:
PULP:
# 070000
84
Student Handbook
Gain: o Allows you to select the vertical gain of the TDR o Higher gain will make events look taller on the screen and is helpful for finding small faults o Gain settings are referenced to VB level Vp (Propagation Velocity): o Allows you to adjust the velocity factor of the pair or cable: o Different cable types have different values of Vp o To be accurate, the Vp should be set to the exact value of the cable being tested o If in doubt use a known length of cable to calibrate Vp o Water in the cable increases the value of Vp o If cable has water in it, it will appear shorter o Vp displayed at top left of screen.
85
# 070000
Student Handbook

Zoom: x1, x2, x4, x8, x16
Note: Subtract the five foot length of the test leads from measurement.
TDR Traces
Before Offset After Offset
# 070000
86
Student Handbook
Zoom: o Allows you to set the horizontal gain of the TDR o Higher zoom will spread out the trace and make it easy to resolve the start of an event Move Cursor: o Always align the cursor to the left side of an event in question o Use the Left and Right arrow keys to move the cursor across the screen o The distance from the 965DSP/SA to the cursor is always shown in the center of the distance bar. o The Start and Stop numbers shown in the distance bar are the distances from the test set to the left and right side of the screen. o The Stop distance may be different from the Length selected due to the screen resolution. o The Start and Stop distances are also affected by zooming and panning (described below). o If you move the cursor to the right side of the screen, the screen will pan to the left. o If the cursor is moved to a position on the TDR trace that is out of viewing range (above the top of the screen or below the bottom), the trace is shifted up or down to bring it into view. The x axis will not move. o The vertical offset will be maintained until the cursor is moved to another point that is out of viewing range or until one of the display controls is changed. o The vertical offset function affects all modes except memory.
87
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Single Trace
TDR Dual Trace
# 070000
88
Student Handbook
TDR Modes
Single Trace: Connect the red and black test leads to the pair you want to test View a single pair at a time. Dual Trace: Connect red and black test leads to the pair under test Connect the blue and yellow leads to the reference pair Pair under test is displayed at top of the screen Reference pair is at the bottom of the screen Changes in control parameters affect both traces Not possible to control each trace independently Usually you are comparing a faulted pair with a good pair.
89
# 070000
Student Handbook
Differential Mode
Crosstalk Mode
# 070000
90
Student Handbook
TDR Modes (Cont.)
Differential Mode: Used to display the difference between two pairs (usually a good and bad pair Test lead hook up same as dual trace. Crosstalk Mode: Used to display the amplitude and location of signals that cross from one pair to the other (could be caused by a split) Test lead hook up same as dual trace.
91
# 070000
Student Handbook
Stored Traces
Display Stored Results
# 070000
92
Student Handbook
TDR Modes (Cont.)
Memory: Used to compare a pair under test (at top of the screen) with a stored trace that is in memory (at the bottom) First screen will show a list of the ID numbers for all the stored traces Use Up and Down keys to highlight the selection Use Right key to delete the selected stored result Use Left key to delete all of the stored results Press Enter key to select the highlighted result and display the stored results list for that ID number by type (TDR) date and time Use Up and Down keys to highlight the stored result Use Right and Left key to delete the selected result Press Enter to display the stored trace on the bottom of the TDR screen and Live trace on the top.
93
# 070000
Student Handbook
View Live & Stored Trace Results
Combined Trace
# 070000
94
Student Handbook
TDR Modes (Cont.)
Memory (Cont.): Cursor may be moved by using the Left and Right keys Control settings for the stored trace can be viewed by pressing the Tab or Enter keys but the settings cannot be changed Memory function includes a Diff control, accessible from the memory screen by pressing the Tab key Default is Diff off Use Up and Down keys to turn Diff on Diff combines the live trace with the stored trace to show the difference in the two readings The TDR memory screen defaults to the control settings that were active when the stored trace was saved using the TDR Save function.
95
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Peak Screen
Save Active Single Trace
# 070000
96
Student Handbook
TDR Modes (Cont.)
Peak: Used to capture events that maybe intermittent Mode continuously detects and displays the maximum and minimum traces that occur from the time that the mode is first selected The Live Trace is displayed continuously As a new maximum or minimum trace is detected, it will replace the previous one on the display If the pair being tested is stable (no intermittent faults), the minimum, maximum and live traces should appear as a single trace If any control valves are changed the peak histories will be erased and new values will begin to display.
TDR Save
You can save any active single trace TDR screen. Select the TDR control parameters so the screen appears as desired. Press Save to save the trace. Use blue keys to enter an alphanumeric ID. Press Enter once the ID has been entered to save the current TDR trace information.
97
# 070000
Student Handbook
Event Recognition
# 070000
98
Student Handbook
Event Recognition
Events: Are the Dips and peaks seen on the screen caused by faults or devices on the pair. Launch Pulse: First peak on the screen is the launch Pulse which occurs where the 965DSP/SA connects to the test leads (at a distance of 0 meters) The distance to the cursor includes the 1.5m length of the test leads. Fault: A resistance fault will show up as a dip on the screen The lower the value of resistance, the lower the dip.
99
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
100
Student Handbook
TDR Trace of a Good Pair
A TDR looks at a cable pair as a series of impedances (Impedance 1,2,3,4,& 5), as shown above, where the output pulse current will flow through. A closer look at the TDR trace shows that the pulse starts at 0 impedance and then increases to 600 Ohms as it enters the pair. Note: 600 ohms is standard impedance used in telephone cables. This big change in impedance generates a very tall reflection at the beginning of the pair and this is commonly referred to as the Launch Pulse. After the initial big reflection, a ripple on the trace can be seen as the pulse tries to stabilize at 600 Ohms and then the impedance remains the same until it senses another change. When the impedance remains constant or stays the same, the TDR trace also stays flat and stays flat until another change in impedance comes along. As the pulse reaches the far-end of the cable, another big change in impedance occurs. This time from 600 Ohms to infinity. This creates another tall reflection at the end of the trace. This final reflection represents the end of the cable.
101
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Trace of a Good Pair
TDR Trace Analysis Partial Open
# 070000
102
Student Handbook
TDR Trace of a Good Pair (Cont.)
It is also interesting to note that the impedance change at the end of the cable, although a lot bigger than that at the beginning, did not generate a much taller reflection because as the pulse travels along the pair towards the far-end, a good amount of pulse energy is also dissipated (consumed) along the way. Whatever is left of the energy at the end of the pair will ultimately determine the height or depth of that last reflection.
TDR Rules
Rule 1: Anything that causes the circuit impedance to change creates a reflection or event on the TDR trace. If the change is an increase in impedance the reflection will be positive-going or Peak (above the baseline). If the change is a decrease in impedance the reflection will be negative-going or a Dip. Partial Open is a kind of cable fault that restricts or limits the flow of pulse current in a circuit. This increases the impedance of the section (impedance #3) which then creates a Peak on the trace. Rule 2: If the cause of impedance change restricts or limits the flow of pulse current, this makes the impedance go higher thus the reflection generated will be a Peak. Examples: Opens, Partial Opens, Load Coils and Splits or anything that causes pair capacitance to decrease will generate a Peak.
103
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Analysis - Short
TDR Trace Analysis (Cont.)
# 070000
104
Student Handbook
TDR Rules (Cont.)
Short is a kind of cable fault that absorbs or drains pulse current in a circuit. The result is a decrease in the impedance of the section (impedance #3). This creates a Dip. Rule 3: If the cause of change drains or absorbs pulse current, the impedance of the circuit go lower. This then will create a Dip on the trace. Examples: Shorts, Grounds, Crosses or anything that increases a circuit capacitance like Bridge Taps, Build-out Capacitors, wet spices or wet cable sections and corrected splits will generate a Dip. Rule #4: The magnitude of the change in impedance and the amount of pulse current available at that particular instant will determine the height of the Peak or the depth of the Dip.
105
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Rules Summary
Rule 1: Anything that causes the circuit impedance to change creates a reflection or event on the TDR trace. In other words if circuit impedance remains the same the TDR trace will stay flat (no reflection). If the change is an increase in impedance the reflection will be positive-going or a Peak. If the change is a decrease in impedance the reflection will be negative-going or a Dip. Rule 2: If the cause of impedance change restricts or limits the slow of the pulse current the reflection will be a positive-going trace Peak. Examples: Opens, Partial Opens, Load Coils, and Splits or anything that causes pair capacitance to decrease. The effect of all these is an increase in circuit impedance thus generating Peak.
# 070000
106
Student Handbook
TDR Rules Summary (Cont.)
Rule 3: If the cause of impedance change drains or absorbs pulse current the reflection will be a negative-going or a Dip. Examples: Shorts, Grounds, Crosses or anything that increases circuit capacitance like Bridge Taps, Build-out Capacitors, wet splices or wet cable sections and corrected splits. The effect of all these is a decrease in circuit impedance thus generating a Dip. Rule 4: The magnitude of the change in impedance and the amount of pulse current available at at that particular instant will determine the hieght or depth of the reflection. The bigger the change plus the availability of more pulse current will result in a much taller or deeper reflection but even if the change in impedance is big if there is not much pulse energy available will result in smaller Peak or a shallower Dip. Also although pulse current is abundant but the change in impedance is small, the result will still be a small Peak or a shallow Dip.
107
# 070000
Student Handbook
Masking
# 070000
108
Student Handbook
Masking
When two or more faults exist and one is more severe than others behind it, the most severe one overshadows all the others. If the first fault is very severe compared to the others, it is possible that the other faults behind it may just be too small or may not be seen at all on the TDR screen.
109
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples Complete Open
TDR Trace Samples Branch Cable
# 070000
110
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples
Complete Open: Is a kind of cable fault where the conductor is completely cut and that the flow of pulse current through the circuit is no longer possible. This is a severe fault which increases the impedance of the circuit substantially. Because the fault is severe it then creates a tall Peak on the trace. Branch Cable: A branch cable constitutes an added capacitance to the pair. This added capacitance absorbs additional pulse current. This results in a decrease in circuit impedance thus creating a Dip at the bridgetap. At the far-end of the branch cable again there will be another change, a decrease in capacitance and this increases circuit impedance thus creating a Peak. Note: The traces of branch cable and a wet cable section are similar. Both create a Dip followed by a Peak in the trace. .
111
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples Load Coil
TDR Trace Samples - Split
# 070000
112
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples (cont)
Load Coil: A Load Coil rejects the flow of pulse in the circuit. This increases circuit impedance thus creating a Peak. The reflection is unique because the tip is smooth and rounded. This distinguishes it from all other Peaks. Split: A Split reduces the existing capacitance of the pair. The effect is that it will increase the impedance of the circuit at the point where the two conductors separate thus creating a Peak.
113
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples Corrected Split
TDR Trace Samples Wet Splice
# 070000
114
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples (cont)
Corrected Split: A Split reduces the existing capacitance of the pair which results into an increased impedance of the circuit thus creating a Peak. A Corrected Split will restore the capacitance of the pair back to its original value. The change results in a decrease in circuit impedance thus creating a Dip in the trace. A Split and a Corrected Split will then show on the TDR trace as a Peak followed by a dip. Wet Splice: A West Splice represents an added capacitance which absorbs pulse current causing circuit impedance to change to a lower value. This then creates a Dip in the trace. After the wet splice the pair capacitance goes back to its original value causing another impedance change. This time to a higher value thus creating a Peak in the trace. Because the interval between the two events is too short, a wet splice will appear as a Dip immediately followed by a Peak.
115
# 070000
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples Wet Cable Section
TDR Controls
# 070000
116
Student Handbook
TDR Trace Samples (Cont.)
Wet Cable Section: The trace of a Wet Cable Section is very similar to a wet splice but the separation between the Dip and the Peak is much wider compared to that of a wet splice. Table on left indicates the various TDR controls that you will use to locate problems on a cable pair.
TDR Controls
117
# 070000
Student Handbook
Maximum TDR Range per Wire Gauge & Size
# 070000
118
Student Handbook
Maximum TDR Range
The table at left shows the limitations of using TDR for the various cable gauges you will encounter.
119
# 070000
Student Handbook
965DSP/SA Keypad dB Key
dB & Transmission File
# 070000
120
Student Handbook
dB
This function is used to measure loss, noise, longitudinal balance, wideband loss or perform a level trace. Press the Up or Down keys to move to a test. Press Enter to accept the choice. For loss, noise and longitudinal balance you will first be asked to dial a number before starting the test. The Dial Noise and Dial Longitudinal Balance screen appears the same as Dial Loss except for the screen titles. Separate lists of phone numbers are kept for each function. Press the Right arrow key to bypass the dialing process and manually measure the loss.
121
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loss Result
Transmission File
Measure Noise/PI
# 070000
122
Student Handbook
dB (Cont.) Loss Use this function to measure loss from the far-end to near-end using a tone between 200 HZ and 20 KHZ. Press the Tab key to go to noise. Press the Left arrow key to go to longitudinal balance. Press Enter to return to DB menu. Press Up or Down to adjust the speaker volume. Use the blue keys to send DTMF tones. Noise Use this function to measure the noise power influence and the calculated balance of the pair and ground. Connect the red and black leads to the pair and the green leas to ground. Press the Tab key to go to longitudinal balance. Press the Left arrow key to go to loss. Press Enter to return to the DB menu. Press Up and Down to adjust the volume. Use the blue keys to send DTMF tones.
123
# 070000
Student Handbook
Measure Longitudinal Balance
Results Screen
# 070000
124
Student Handbook
dB (Cont.) Longitudinal Balance Use this function to measure the active longitudinal balance on the pair. Longitudinal Balance (LB) is a measurement which describes how well matched the impedances of the tip and ring conductors are with respect to ground. A line with a low LB reading will do a poor job in rejecting AC hum and may have faults such as dirty opens, which cause static noise problems. A reading greater than 60 dB is considered acceptable, between 50 and 60 dB marginal and below 50 dB unacceptable. The 965DSP/SA automatically goes off-hook to measure longitudinal balance. Press Tab key to go to loss. Press Left arrow key to go to noise. Press Up and Down keys to adjust speaker volume. Use blue keys to send DTMF tones DTMF = Discrete Tone Multi-frequency.
125
# 070000
Student Handbook
Measure Wideband Loss
Wideband Loss
Results Screen
# 070000
126
Student Handbook
dB (Cont.) Wideband (Broadband) Loss Use this function to measure the loss of a far-end tone between 20 KHZ and 1200 KHZ. A separate instrument is required to generate the tone at the far-end. The screen displays the signal level in DBm and the frequency of the tone in KHZ. Press Enter to return to DB menu.
127
# 070000
Student Handbook
Level Trace
# 070000
128
Student Handbook
dB (Cont.) Level Trace Use this function to measure and display the ac impedance of an inactive pair as a function of frequency. This test can be used to analyze a pair for loading and bridge tap problems. Result is displayed in a graph with relative impedance level displayed on the X-axis in dB and the frequency on the Y-axis. A normal unloaded line would appear as a slowly decreasing line. Bulges or dips may indicate the presence of load coils. Use the Right and Left keys to move to the cursor across the graph. As the cursor is moved a readout of the signal level and frequency will be displayed beneath the graph. A value of 3.53 dB corresponds to an impedance of 600 ohms at that frequency. 0 db indicates a short circuit and a large negative value corresponds to an open circuit. If part of the graph is off the screen use the Down key to reduce the gain. Up key to increase the gain. Press Enter to repeat the test or the backup key to return to db menu.
129
# 070000
Student Handbook
965DSP/SA Keypad - Autotest
# 070000
130
Student Handbook
Auto Test
An automatic sequence of tests which can be performed on: Inactive pair (Fed optional) Active Pair Wideband/Broadband pair (requires Fed). Test results can be stored for further analysis. Quickly verify loop integrity: Ensure pair meets all requirements for Pots/Data Detect and correct problems first time out Minimize rework, minimize customer aggravation. Simplifies the trouble shooting process: Take some of the guess work out What test should I run next? Quickly determine what needs to be repaired. Results can be saved: No need to remember or record right away Results can be recalled for further analysis. Saves Time. Saves Money.
131
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
132
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.)
Three types of Auto Test: 1. Inactive pair Pots 2. Active pair Pots 3. Wideband/Broadband test. Two ways of performing inactive pair and wideband/broadband tests: 1. Basic (short) 2. Full (long). Two ways of using inactive pair: 1. Without FED 2. With FED. Wideband/broadband is always with FED.
133
# 070000
Student Handbook
Auto Test Inactive Pair without FED
Inactive Pair Screen
# 070000
134
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Auto Test without Fed If a Fed has not been previously selected, wither the inactive pair or active pair selection will be visible. Use the Up and Down keys to select one or the other. If a Fed has been previously selected, press the Tab key to select none under Fed setup. Inactive Pair without Fed The inactive pair screen displays the wire gauges, Fed select, status and the cable type. Press the Setup key to change the inactive pair parameters. Use the Tab key to select the cable type, test type (basic or full) or wire gauge for editing. Use the Up and Down keys to highlight desired cable type or wire gauge. Press Enter to accept the changes and return to the previous screen. Use the Backup key to return without making changes. At the auto menu screen connect the red test lead to ring of the pair, the black lead to the tip and the green lead to ground. Press Enter to start Auto Test.
135
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
136
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Inactive Pair - without FED (Cont.) There are two types of tests on an inactive pair without a FED: 1. Basic 2. Full.
137
# 070000
Student Handbook
Inactive Pair Basic Test
Volts Ohms Opens Longitudinal Balance
Inactive Pair Full Test
Volts Ohms Opens Longitudinal Balance Load Coils
# 070000
138
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Inactive Pair Test Results The test result values or pass/fail status will be displayed for each test. Press Enter to repeat test. Press Tab key to view the test values for all tests. Press the Tab key to return to the pass/fail screen or Enter to retest. Voltage test DC should read: Tip Ring = 0 Tip GND = 0 Ring GND = 0. Voltage could be battery cross or water in the cable. OHMS Test: Acceptable >3M Marginal 100 K - 3M (water) Unacceptable <100K Faults could be shorts, grounds crosses, or water in cable. Opens Test: Tip and ring should be equal (<5% voice) Faults could be tip/ring open or cross. Longitudinal Balance gives indication of the electrical similarity of the tip and ring conductors: Acceptable >60 db Marginal 50 59 db Unacceptable <500 db. If OHMS and opens readings ok and longitudinal balance not, there is a series resistance fault i.e.: connector going open, corroded splice, or splits. Load coil should be No.
139
# 070000
Student Handbook
Auto Test Active Pair without FED
Test Line Selection & New/Edit Entry
# 070000
140
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No Fed) The Active Pair screen displays the loss and noise test numbers. Press the Setup key to change the active pair parameters. Use the Up and Down keys to select loss or noise/longitudinal balance setup and press the Setup key. The noise/longitudinal balance setup screen is identical t the third screen on the left, except for the heading. Press the Tab key to select the parameter to edit. For the dial type and start type selections, use the Up and Down keys to select DTMF or pulse dialing and loop or ground start. If the test line number is selected, press the Setup key to enter or change the dial loss number. Use the blue keys to enter a number. Press Enter to accept the entry and return to the previous screen.
141
# 070000
Student Handbook
Active Pair Test Routine
Active Pair Results & Pass/Fail Screens
# 070000
142
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No FED) (Cont.) Active Pair Test Routine Tests for: Voltage Current Loss Noise Metallic Power Influence Balance Longitudinal Balance.
At the Auto Menu screen connect the red test lead to ring of the pair, the black to the tip and the green test lead to ground. Press Enter to start the Autotest. The active pair results screen will appear. The test result values or pass/fail status will be displayed for each test. Press Enter to repeat the test. Press the Tab key to view the test values for all tests. If the power influence measurement result is greater than 70 dBrnC (-20 dBm Op), then noise balance will be displayed, otherwise longitudinal balance will be displayed. Press Tab key to return to the pass/fail screen or Enter to retest.
143
# 070000
Student Handbook
Volts
T- R(Vdc) T-G(Vdc) R-G(Vdc) Fault 0 0 -52V Tip Open 0 0 0 Tip, Ring or both open or grounded 0 <-30V <-30V Tip & Ring Shorted 0 <-40V <-40V Tip & Ring crossed with another pair <-20V <-35V -52V Tip cross
Active Pair Results
Loop Current
# 070000
144
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No Fed) (Cont.) Active Pair Results: Volts Typical result: o Tip Ring = 52 V o Tip Ground = 0 o Ring Ground = 52 V. If voltage of readings are different the pair under test could have: Tip open Tip ring or both open or grounded Tip and ring shorted Tip and ring crossed with another pair Tip cross.
The customer would be complaining about no dial tone or noise. Loop current: Is DC current which flows from the tip-ring through the phone: Acceptable >23mA Marginal 20-23mA Unacceptable <20mA
145
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
146
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No FED) (Cont.) Active Pair Results (Cont.) Loop Current (Cont.) Faults are only affected by resistance: o Series resistance fault ie: connector going open, bad splice o Loop is too long. The customer would be complaining about: o Dial tone problems o Getting wrong numbers o Phone continues to ring after answer.
147
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loss
Loss
Noise
Noise
# 070000
148
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No FED) (Cont.) Active Pair Results (Cont.) Loss: Is the signal power lost between the milliwatt supply at the C.D. and the customer protector Loss at 1004 Hz. Noise: Noise metallic is the noise measured between the tip and ring of the circuit. This is the noise the customer hears: Acceptable <20 Faults: Any physical trouble on the pair causing Resistive or Capacitive unbalance Water in cable AC induction. Marginal 20-30 Unacceptable >30 dBrnC
149
# 070000
Student Handbook
P.I.
P.I.
# 070000
150
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No FED) (Cont.) Active Pair Result (Cont.) Power Influence: Amount of AC induced interference It is measured between ground and Tip and Ring tied together: Acceptable <80 Marginal 80-90 Unacceptable >90dBrnc
High PI readings caused by: Defective cable shield bonds and grounds Power company problems, eg: bad transformer, bad power ground, bad capacitor bank. Customer Complaints would be: Noisy Fax, modem or caller ID problems Hum.
151
# 070000
Student Handbook
Balance
Balance
# 070000
152
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No FED) (Cont.) Active Pair Results (Cont.) Balance: Circuit balance is a measurement of the ability of a pair to reject interference induced from AC power lines or other sources The Tip and Ring must be electrically alike. (Calculated) Balance = P.I. Noise: Acceptable >60 Marginal 50-59 Unacceptable <50 dB
If PI<7dBrncBalance N/A e.g. PI=65, Noise=16Balance = 49dB Use Longitudinal Balance. Longitudinal Balance (LB) is a measurement which describes how well matched the impedances of the tip and ring conductors are with respect to ground. A line with a low LB reading will do a poor job in rejecting AC hum and may have faults such as dirty opens, which cause static noise problems. A reading greater than 60 dB is considered acceptable, between 50 and 60 dB marginal and below 50 dB unacceptable.
153
# 070000
Student Handbook
Longitudinal Balance
Longitudinal Balance
# 070000
154
Student Handbook
Auto Test (Cont.) Active Pair (No FED) (Cont.) Active Pair Results (Cont.) Longitudinal Balance: Longitudinal balance works similar to the above except instead of relying on the presence of PI to get a good reading, the 965DSP applies 90dBrnc of Power Influence during the LB test and then measures the level of induced noise metallic on the pair L.B. = P.I. Noise : Acceptable >60 Marginal 50-59 Unacceptable <50 dB
Active Pair Autotest automatically determines if: L.B. Calculated Balance based on the measure P.I. Customer Complaints would be: o Noisy o Modems slow or not working o Hum.
155
# 070000
Student Handbook
FED II
# 070000
156
Student Handbook
LINE QUALIFICATION TESTING WITH FAR END DEVICE (FED II) AND THE 965DSP/SA
Test both voice frequency and Broadband services. The Far End device (FEDII) provides remote controlled far end testing assistance during subscriber loop testing. Supports the Auto Test function on the 965DSP/SA to facilitate loss measurement: Insertion loss to 1.2mHz Slope Loop resistance Resistance balance.
Commanded by the Dynatel 965DSP, the FEDII provides trace tone to verify cable pair connection, supports the 965DSP auto testing feature and qualifies loop performance up to 1.2 mHz (ADSL).
157
# 070000
Student Handbook
FED Cord Selection Chart
# 070000
158
Student Handbook
LINE QUALIFICATION TESTING WITH FAR END DEVICE (FED II) AND THE 965DSP/SA (CONT.)
There are four color coded sets of test leads on the FED II: Green connects to ground Blue Banded connects to pair (primary test pair) optional Red Banded connects to pair 2 (secondary test pair) Yellow Banded connects to the C.O. or subscriber side of the working service. Each pair of test leads has a black and red set of test clips: Black always connects to Tip Red always connects to Ring.
159
# 070000
Student Handbook
FED Setup
Fed II Connections
# 070000
160
Student Handbook
TESTING PAIRS WITH FED II Auto Test with Fed The 965DSP/SA will perform an Inactive or Wideband/Broadband pair auto test with a FED, FED II or SmartStrap (this course will cover FED II). From the Auto Menu screen press the Tab key to go to the FED setup screen. FED II Connections Press the on/off push button twice on the FED II to transmit and ID tone on the control pair one. This can be used to identify the pair at the other end. If an ID tone is not needed, the FED II can be left off since it will be remotely powered up during the auto test.
161
# 070000
Student Handbook
Inactive Pair Selection
Inactive Setup with FED II Selected
# 070000
162
Student Handbook
TESTING PAIRS WITH FED II (CONT.) Inactive Auto Test with FED II The Inactive Pair screen displays the type of test (Basic or Full), the type of service (POTS), the wire gauge, the FED type and the cable type. If the FED II has been selected for the Far End Device, the user can test pair 1 by pressing [Enter] or test pair 2 by pressing the right arrow key. Note: Always connect the 965DSP/SA test leads to pair 1 regardless of which pair is being tested. Pair 2 testing will require the user to move the test leads to pair 2 when prompted. Use the Tab key to change the FED setup. Press the Setup key to change the inactive parameters. Use the Tab key to select the cable type, wire gauge, test type or longitudinal balance termination (FED II) for editing. Use the Up and Down keys to highlight desired cable type or wire gauge. Press Enter to accept the changes and return to the previous screen. Use the Backup key to return without making changes.
163
# 070000
Student Handbook
Second Pair Selection
Inactive Pair Basic & Full Test Results
# 070000
164
Student Handbook
Inactive Auto Test With FED II (Cont.)
For Inactive auto test with the 3M FED II and pair 2 selected, the following screen will appear during the FED II initialization process. User should move leads to the second pair and press Enter to continue test. The test result values or pass/fail status will be displayed for each test. Press the Enter key to repeat the test.
165
# 070000
Student Handbook
Inactive Pair All Values for Basic & Full Tests
Voice-Band Sweep Loss Graph
# 070000
166
Student Handbook
Inactive Auto Test with FED II (Cont.)
The test result values or pass/fail status will be displayed for each test. Press the Tab key to view all test values for all tests. Press the Tab key to return to the pass/fail screen or Enter to retest. To view the graph of the voice-band sweep loss results, press the Down key. Press Enter to return to the previous screen.
167
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
168
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II
Looking at a cable pair for the following: Crossed Battery Insulation Resistance Pair Length and Capacitance Balance Presence of Load Coils and Where Loop Resistance and Pair Balance Circuit Loss of a Single Tone Losses at Prescribed Stepped Tones Bridge Taps Overall Pair Condition Locate Bridge Tap and Load Location Special Interferers.
169
# 070000
Student Handbook
Auto Menu FED II
Note: Always connect the 965DSP/SA test leads to pair 1 regardless of which pair is being tested. Pair 2 testing will require the user to move the test leads to pair 2 when prompted.
Wideband Setup FED II or SmartStrap
# 070000
170
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II (CONT.)
The Wideband Test screen displays the type of test (Basic or Full), the type of service (56 KB, 64 KB, ISDN, HDSL, T1, E1 ADSL), the wire gauge, the FED type and the cable type. Use the Tab key to change the FED setup. Press the Setup key to change the Wideband test parameters. Use the Tab key to select the cable type, test type, wire gauge, type of service or longitudinal balance termination (FED II only) for editing. Use the Up and Down keys to highlight desired cable type or wire gauge. Press Enter to accept the changes and return to the previous screen. Use the Backup key to return without making changes. At the Auto Menu screen, connect the red test lead to ring of the pair, the black test lead to the tip and the green test lead to ground. Make certain that the FED is connected to the pair under test at the far-end. Press the Enter key to start the Auto Test.
171
# 070000
Student Handbook
Wideband Loss Test Frequencies
# 070000
172
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II (CONT.) Wideband Loss Test Frequencies Depending on what type of service is selected at setup will determine which frequencies will be tested on the pair resulting in a typical loss specification.
CIRCUIT TYPE HDSL Primary Rate ISDN & T1 ADSL Up Stream Down Stream ADSL2+ Up Stream Down Stream
QUALIFICATION FREQUENCY 196K Hz 772K Hz 138K Hz 1100K Hz (1.1M Hz)
TYPICAL LOSS SPECIFICATION < -36 dBm < -15 dBm < -56 dBm < -125 dBm (Min.)
173
# 070000
Student Handbook
FED Link Failure & FED II Not Found Error Screen
Pair 2 Not Responding
# 070000
174
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II (CONT.) Error Screens The 965DSP/SA performs a test to determine if it can communicate with the FED. If this test fails, the warning screen on opposite page will appear. The 965DSP/SA performs a second test to determine if the users choice of a FED II is correct. If FED is found instead of a FED II, this screen will appear. Press Enter to return to Auto Menu screen. For the FED II with pair 2 selected, the 965DSP/SA performs another test to verify communication on pair 2. If this screen is displayed the 965DSP/SA could not communicate on pair 2. If user would like to retry this connection press Tab. If retry does not work, move the leads to pair 1 and then press Enter to abort and return to Auto Menu Screen. If the initialization is successful the Wideband results screen will appear.
175
# 070000
Student Handbook
Wideband Basic & Full Tests
Resistive Balance Test Screen
# 070000
176
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II (CONT.) Wideband/Broadband Auto Test Results The Wideband Full Test includes a resistive balance test (using special resistance) that requires a different test lead connection. When this part of the Auto test is reached, the user will be requested to swap the black and green test leads or to skip this test. To run this test after the leads have been swapped, press the Enter key. To skip this test (and not change the test lead connection), press the Tab key. If the resistive balance test is run, be sure to properly reconnect the 965DSP/SA test leads to the original hookup when the test is complete.
177
# 070000
Student Handbook
Test Results Screen
Transmission Data & Wideband Swept Loss Screens
# 070000
178
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TEST WITH FED II (CONT.) The test result values or pass/fail status will be Wideband/Broadband Auto Test Results (Cont.) displayed for each test. Press the Enter key to repeat the test. Press the Down key to view all test values for all tests. Press Enter to return to the pass/fail screen or the Down key to display the Transmission Data screen. Press Enter to return to the pass/fail screen, the Up key to return to the VOM Data screen or the Down key to display the Wideband Swept Loss screen. Press Enter to return to the previous screen.
179
# 070000
Student Handbook
Inactive Pair Tests without FED
Inactive Pair Tests with FED
Active Pair Tests without FED
# 070000
180
Student Handbook
WIDEBAND (BROADBAND) TESTS WITH FED II (CONT.) Auto Test Configuration The tables on the left page show the tests that are performed on a: Inactive pair Active pair. With and without a FED.
181
# 070000
Student Handbook
Inactive & Wideband Loss Frequencies
# 070000
182
Student Handbook
Auto Test Configuration (Cont.)
The tables below and left show the tests that are performed on: Wideband/Broadband with a FED. Note: Wideband/Broadband always requires a FED. And a table indicating loss frequencies that are used depending on the type of service that you are testing.
Wideband Test with FED
183
# 070000
Student Handbook
Note: Without the temporary time set, the default time for all the applications will always be 10 seconds. Enter the time extension followed by the function command. There can be no more than a one second pause between key presses when using the 965DSP keypad entering DTMF commands.
# 070000
184
Student Handbook
Fed II Special Applications
FED II is used manually and can be controlled using the dial pad of the 965DSP. The FED is turned on remotely and a security password must be used before entering DTMF. Application commands: When youre finished testing, the FED should be turned off to conserve the battery. Note: The most frequently used DTMF command strings may be programmed, stored and used in the 965DSP dial test set function. FED Applications: When the FED has been manually turned on with a double keystroke, pair ID tone is being transmitted The tone needs to be turned off with the 965DSP by holding down any DTMF key for more than 5 seconds Applications and commands opposite page. Hookups: The FED hookup will be Black to TIP, Red to RING and Green to Ground for all applications except Resistance Fault Locating (RFL) After the FED has been turned on and the DTMF commands have been sent for your application, back out of the dialing function and use the appropriate test feature of the 965DSP to measure.
185
# 070000
Student Handbook
Send stepped tones for slope measuring POTS or Wideband Step Tone Chart
# 070000
186
Student Handbook
FED II Special Applications (Cont.)
TDR end of pair identification:
Quiet line (600 Ohm termination) for POTS noise measuring:
FED II ONLY IEEE termination for wideband longitudinal balance measuring:
Send a single tone for POTS loss measuring:
187
# 070000
Student Handbook
Send a single tone for wideband loss measuring:
The FED may be used to short and ground the pair for Special Resistance (balance testing) and as a strap for Resistance Fault Locating. This process is a little more difficult because the 965DSP hookup will have to be changed after commanding the FED. Using the FED to Strap the pair for special resistance measuring: The FED hookup will be Black to TIP, Red to RING and Green to Ground. The 965DSP hookup during commanding will be Black to TIP, Red to RING and Green to Ground. After the commands have been sent, use the standard 965DSP hookup for special resistance measuring.
# 070000
188
Student Handbook
Single pair strap for RFL: The FED hookup will be Black to TIP, Red to RING and Green to Ground. The 965DSP hookup during commanding will be Black to TIP, Red to RING and green to Ground. After the commands have been sent, use the standard 965DSP hookup for single pair RFL.
Separate good pair for RFL: The FED hookup will be Black and Red to the good pair, Green to the faulted wire. The 965DSP hookup during commanding will be Black and Red to the good pair, Green to the faulted wire. After the commands have been made use the standard 965DSP hookup for separate good pair RFL.
189
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
190
Student Handbook
FED Quick Chart
Note: The above chart can be a very useful tool on the job site.
191
# 070000
Student Handbook
Auto Test Save Screen
# 070000
192
Student Handbook
Auto Test Save
All of the results of an Auto Test can be saved. After an Auto Test has been completed, press the Save key (has the camera icon) to save the trace. The 965DSP/SA will display the Save Results screen. Use the blue keys to enter an alphanumeric ID. The ID may have up to twelve digits. Because there are not enough keys for all twentysix letters, each of the number keys (except 1) also function as letter keys for ID entry. Whether a number or letter is entered depends on how many times the key is pressed. As an example, if the Ohms key is pressed once, the number 3 will be displayed. If the same key is pressed twice, the letter d will be display, three times for the letter e and four times for the letter f. When the desired number or letter is displayed, either press the key for the next number or letter, or the [Right] key if the same key is going to be pressed again. This will cause the previously entered character to move to the left making room for the next one. Continue entering numbers or letters in this manner until all have been entered.
193
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
194
Student Handbook
Auto Test Save
If you enter more than 12 characters, the first entered character will be discarded. To change or delete any of the characters that have been entered, use the Right or Left key to move the cursor under the letter to be changed or deleted. To delete the character, press the Down key. To change the character, press the key of the new character once (for a number) or several times (for a letter). Once the ID has been entered, press the Enter key to save the current TDR trace information. A total of 100 results for TDR can be saved. The percentage of remaining memory for results storage is shown in the box at the top of the screen.
195
# 070000
Student Handbook
Talk Set Screen
# 070000
196
Student Handbook
TALK SET
This function allows you to use the 965DSP/SA as a Talk Set on an active pair or to send DTMF tones on inactive pairs. Connect the Red and Black leads to the pair for lines using Loop Start. Also connect the Green lead to ground on Ground Start lines. Use the Enter key to dial the display number. You may also manually enter numbers and they will be sent out on the line. You may also get a stored number from memory and then send it. Note: Pulse dial can only be used on-hook. Use the Right arrow key to turn the microphone on and off.
197
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
198
Student Handbook
TALK SET (CONT.)
Use the Up and Down arrow keys for volume adjust. The maximum volume is limited in the Talk Set function to prevent unwanted feedback (squealing). Use the Backup key to exit the Talk Set before going to another function. This screen displays the last number dialed, the DC voltage on the line, and the signal format for dialing. The blue keys become number keys in the Talk Set. Use the Setup key to change the Dial or Start mode, or to select and edit a stored phone number. Use the Tab key to switch between on-hook and off-hook.
199
# 070000
Student Handbook
Telephone Number Directory
Edit Telephone Number
# 070000
200
Student Handbook
Talk Set Setup
Press the Setup key to access the telephone number directory. Use the Tab key to highlight a desired menu. Use the Up and Down arrow keys to move to a desired telephone number, select the dial mode (DTMF or Pulse), or the start mode (Loop or Ground). Use the Enter key to accept the choice and return to the previous screen. For any number highlighted, press the Setup key to edit the number. Use the blue keys to change the number.
Use cursor.
to insert a space to the left of the
Use cursor.
to delete the character above the
Use
to insert a dash at the cursor point.
Press Enter key to accept the changes and return to previous screen. Use Back key to return to previous screen without making changes.
201
# 070000
Student Handbook
SUMMARY
You now know how to use the 965DSP/SA to qualify pairs both for voice frequency (POTS) and broadband service. By practicing using the functions: DSL TDR dB Auto Test (with & without FED) Talk Set.
You will be competent in ensuring that all cable pairs meet their parameters.
# 070000
202
Student Handbook
DYNATEL 965AMS ADSL2+ SERVICE MODULE
Module Installation
1) The 3M Dynatel Advanced Modular System 965AMS ADSL2+ Service Module is designed to be installed in the 3M Dynatel Advanced Modular System 965AMS base unit. 2) Press the red unit. key to power down the
3) Place the tester face down on a soft surface. 4) Loosen the 4 captured screws on the blank module or other Service module.
203
# 070000
Student Handbook
Module Installation (Cont.)
5) Remove the blank module or other service module.
Position the new module over the 4 screw holes and hand tighten the screws.
# 070000
204
Student Handbook
Hook-Up
It is not necessary to have a working line to do the Initial Setup procedure.
Initial Set-Up
1. Press the red key to power up the tester. When the unit wakes up, press the blue key to use the service module. The DataLink screen shows the unit trying to train (connect) with the DSLAM.
205
# 070000
Student Handbook
Initial Set-Up (Cont.)
1. Press the red key to power up the tester. When the unit wakes up, press the blue key to use the service module. The DataLink screen shows the unit trying to train (connect) with the DSLAM.
2. Press Setup to select the type of service that you will be testing. 3. Use the up and down arrow keys to select the type of service. The choices include: Multimode GDMT GLITE ANSI ADSL2 ADSL2Plus ADSL2Plus Auto
# 070000
206
Student Handbook
4. Press More to enter the initial setup information.
5. Use the up and down arrow keys to select LLCSNAP (Logical Link Control/SubNetwork Access Protocol) or VCMUX (Virtual Channel Multiplexing). 6. Press Select to highlight the VPI (Virtual Path Identifier).
207
# 070000
Student Handbook
5. Use the up and down arrow keys to select LLCSNAP (Logical Link Control/Sub-Network Access Protocol) or VCMUX (Virtual Channel Multiplexing). 6. Press Select to highlight the VPI (Virtual Path Identifier).
7. Use the blue keys to enter the VPI.
8. Press Select to highlight the VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier).

# 070000
208
Student Handbook
9. Use the blue keys to enter the VPI.
10. Press OK or to see previous screens. Multiple presses will take you to the DataLink screen.
209
# 070000
Student Handbook
Basic Operation Details
Use Details to obtain information about a circuit. Details include Link Metrics, Transport Metrics, Bin Graph and ADSL Configuration. Only the Initial Setup is required. Details Hook-Up
Details Operation 1. Press the blue key on the tester to access the service module. 2. The first screen shows the type of service selected, the type of transport selected and the modem status. The Start Link key will appear when the module is ready for service. Press the Start Link key to connect to the DLSAM.
# 070000
210
Student Handbook
Basic Operation Details (Cont.)
3. When the DLSAM connects with the tester, the Up Stream and Down Stream speeds will be displayed. The green LED will blink during the connecting process, and light continuously once connected.
4. Press Details to see the first Link Metrics screen.
5. The Link Metrics screens show details about this circuit. Press More to see the second Link Metrics screen.
211
# 070000
Student Handbook
6. Press More to see the third Link Metrics screen.
7. Press Bin Graph to see the Bin data.
8. Use the left and right arrow keys to see each bin and the quantity of bits per bin. 9. Press OK or to see previous screen.
# 070000
212
Student Handbook
10. Press Transport Metrics to see the Transport Metrics.
11. The Transport Metrics screen shows details about the connection. Press About Me to see the ADSL configuration.
12. Use the up and down arrow keys to scroll to see through the configuration details. Press previous screens. Multiple presses will take you to the DataLink screen.
213
# 070000
Student Handbook
13. Press Stop Link to power down the modem.
# 070000
214
Student Handbook
Advanced Operation
Advanced Operations include Ping and Thru Mode. These operations require entering the ADSL2+ Service Modules Wide Area Network (WAN) and Local Area Network (LAN) information and Ping settings.
WAN Set-Up
The ADSL2+ Service Module can be configured for four different transport types: EoA (Ethernet over ATM), IPoA (Internet Protocol over ATM), PPPoE (Point to Point Protocol over Ethernet) and PPPoA (Point to Point Protocol over ATM). PPPoE & PPPoA require a username and password. The module can also use two different address modes: DHCP and Static IP. Static IP requires entering the local IP, subnet mask and default gateway information.
WAN Set-Up Transport Type
1. Press the red
key to power up the tester. key to
When the unit wakes up, press the blue use the service module.
The DataLink screen shows the unit trying to train (connect) with the DSLAM.
2. Press Setup to select the type of service that you will be testing.
215
# 070000
Student Handbook
WAN Set-Up Transport Type (Cont.)
3. Use the up and down arrow keys to select the type of service. The choices include: Multimode GDMT GLITE ANSI ADSL2 ADSL2Plus ADSL2Plus Auto
4. Press WAN Setup to enter the WAN setup information.
# 070000
216
Student Handbook
5. Use the up and down arrow keys to choose the Transport Type. The choices include: EoA PPPoE IPoA PPPoA
6. If you choose PPPoE or PPPoA, press Setup PPPOE or Setup PPPOA , otherwise, press Select and go to WAN Setup>Address Mode section.
217
# 070000
Student Handbook
7. Use the blue keys to enter the complete Username. The Username can be a maximum of 63 alphanumeric characters. Use the blue key to enter the characters star, period, or comma. Use the blue key to use the keys #, @ or $.
8. Press Select to highlight the Password. 9. Use the blue keys to enter the Password. The Password can be a maximum of 63 alphanumeric characters. 10. Press Select to choose the Protocol.
# 070000
218
Student Handbook
11. Use the up and down arrow keys to select a protocol. The choices are PAP or CHAP. 12. Press OK or screen. to return to the WAN Setup
WAN Set-UP - Address Mode
1. Press Select to highlight Address Mode. 2. Use the up and down arrow keys to select DHCP or Static IP. 3. If you choose Static IP, press Setup IP , otherwise press Setup LAN and go to LAN Setup section.
219
# 070000
Student Handbook
WAN Set-Up Address Mode (Cont.)
4. Use the blue keys to enter the local IP. Note: The period character is located under the Dial key. 5. Press Select to highlight the Subnet Mask.
6. Use the blue keys to enter the Subnet Mask. 7. Press Select to highlight the Default Gateway.
# 070000
220
Student Handbook
WAN Set-Up Address Mode (Cont.)
8. Use the blue keys to enter the Default Gateway. 9. Press OK or screen. to return to the WAN Setup
LAN Set-UP
1. Press Setup LAN . Note: The LAN setup is required if you want to use Thru-Mode.
221
# 070000
Student Handbook
LAN Set-UP (Cont.)
2. Use the up and down arrow keys to highlight DHCP or Static. 3. If you choose Static, press Select to enter the LAN to see previous IP. Otherwise, press OK or screens. Multiple presses will take you to the DataLink screen.
4. Use the blue keys to enter the local IP, or use the default IP. 5. Press Select to enter your Subnet Mask.
# 070000
222
Student Handbook
LAN Set-UP (Cont.)
6. Use the blue keys to enter the Subnet Mask, or use the default Subnet Mask. 7. Press OK or to see previous screens. Multiple presses will take you to the DataLink screen.
PING
Note: You must complete the WAN Setup and the Ping Setup before you can perform the Ping test. 1. Press the red key to power up the tester.
PING Set-Up
key to When the unit wakes up, press the blue use the service module. The DataLink screen shows the unit trying to train (connect) with the DSLAM. 2. Press Setup to select the type of service that you will be testing.
223
# 070000
Student Handbook
PING Set-Up (Cont.)
3. Use the up and down arrow keys to select the type of service. The choices include: Multimode GDMT GLITE ANSI ADSL2 ADSL2Plus ADSL2Plus Auto
4. Press Ping Setup.
5. Use the blue keys to enter the IP address you want to ping, or press Use Default Address . 6. Press Select .
# 070000
224
Student Handbook
PING Set-Up (Cont.)
7. Use the blue keys to enter the number of pings or use the default value. 8. Press Select.
9. Use the blue keys to enter the packet size or use the default value. 10. Press OK or to see previous screens. Multiple presses will take you to the DataLink screen.
225
# 070000
Student Handbook
PING Hook-Up
PING Operation
1. Press the blue module.
key to access the service
2. The first screen shows the type of service selected, the type of transport selected and the modem status. The Start Link key will appear when the module is ready for service. Press the Start Link key to connect to the DLSAM.
3. When the DLSAM connects with the tester the Up Stream and Down Stream speeds will be displayed The green LED will blink during the connecting process, and light continuously once connected.
# 070000
226
Student Handbook
PING Operation (Cont.)
4. Press Ping to start the test.
5. Results screen.
227
# 070000
Student Handbook
Thru Mode
Thru Mode allows you to use the modem in the tester to connect a PC or laptop to the internet service provider. Note: You must complete the WAN & LAN Setups before you can use Thru Mode.
Thru Mode Hook-Up
1. Connect the thru-mode adapter cable to the connector on the service module.
2. Connect your RJ45 network cable to the thru-mode adapter.
3. Connect the other end of your network cable to your computer.
# 070000
228
Student Handbook
Thru Mode Operation
1. Press the blue module.
key to access the service
2. The first screen shows the type of service selected, the type of transport selected and the modem status. The Start Link key will appear when the module is ready for service. Press the Start Link key to connect to the DLSAM.
3. When the DLSAM connects with the tester the Up Stream and Down Stream speeds will be displayed The green LED will blink during the connecting process, and light continuously once connected.
4. Press Thru On to activate Thru Mode.
229
# 070000
Student Handbook
Thru Mode Operation (Cont.)
5. If the Thru Mode does not connect, use the ping command on your computer to verify that the is circuit working: 5.1 From the Start menu, select Run.
5.2 Enter ping <IP address>: If you selected DHCP in the LAN setup, the IP address of the modem is 192.168.1.1. If you selected Static IP in the LAN setup, use the address entered in step 4 of the LAN Set-Up section.
6. If the ping command on the PC is not successful, troubleshoot the cable pair using normal POTS troubleshooting techniques.
# 070000
230
Student Handbook
UNIT 4
ADSL Modem Testing and PC Link
231
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
232
Student Handbook
ADSL MODEM TESTING AND PC LINK

INTRODUCTION In this unit you will learn how to test the ADSL Modem using the Dynatel 965DSP/SA/ADSL as well as how to install and use PC Link. As you test pairs for POTS, ADSL, HDSL, etc. you might want to store your test results on the PC for future reference. Topics to be covered are: ADSL Modem Testing Installing PC Link Loading Test Results Exporting to an Excel Spreadsheet Importing to Excel Loading ADSL Test Results Viewing ADSL Results with PC Link.
233
# 070000
Student Handbook
Welcome Screens
# 070000
234
Student Handbook
ADSL MODEM TESTING
Requirements: Must have a 965DSP/ADSL or the 965DSP/SA/ADSL to perform active ADSL testing. Uses: Used with the 3M Far End Device (FEDII) the 965DSP enables improved craft productivity by permitting a single craft person to complete comprehensive and pre-qualification and trouble shooting of DSL lines up to 1.2 mHz. Connect the FED II to the end of the cable pair and conduct complete diagnostic testing from the near end using DTMF signaling. Once the loop qualification is complete, use the 965DSP/ADSL or 965DSP/SA/ADSL to verify bit rates and noise margins from the CO or remote cabinet DSLAM. ADSL results may be saved and transferred to a PC using the latest version of PC link software. Test results can then be uploaded to office data bases from the PC as needed.
235
# 070000
Student Handbook
965DSP ADSL Modem
Menu Screen
# 070000
236
Student Handbook
965 DSP ADSL Modem
965DSP ADSL Modem functions : Supports G.LITE, ANSI, G.DMT, Multi-Mode Captured Test (fast snap shot) Continuous Test (limited to two minutes) No Ping ADSL Testing Accessed Using Blue DSL Key (#8) Performs ATU-R Emulation.
Testing
For ADSL testing: Depress Blue DSL key (#8) Select Setup or Select ADSL modem to begin testing.
237
# 070000
Student Handbook
ADSL Setup Screen
Threshold Setup Screen
# 070000
238
Student Handbook
ADSL Setup
For ADSL testing setup: Select type of test captured, two minute Select Service: o ANSI o G.DMT o G.Lite o Multi Mode. Select Pass/Fail threshold on or off.
Threshold Setup
Use this feature to set the acceptable data rate and capacity factor for the ADSL service grade that you are providing. Rate: The ADSL connect rate in each direction has to meet or exceed the value in the corresponding Rate field to pass. Enter the minimum acceptable data rate for the service grade in the Rate field. Capacity: Capacity is the ratio of the actual connect rate to the maximum rate that the line can support. Larger capacity values indicate less noise margin and lower tolerance for line disturbances. This parameter can be used to guarantee some reserve performance capability. The line capacity in each direction has to be less than or equal to the value in the corresponding Capacity field to pass. Enter the maximum acceptable capacity.
239
# 070000
Student Handbook
ADSL Self Test Screen
Establishing Connection
# 070000
240
Student Handbook
ADSL Self Test
Use this feature to run a self test on the internal ADSL modem in the 965DSP. No external connections are required. The result of the self test and the version number of the internal modem software are displayed. The internal ADSL modem may still function if the self test fails, but performance could be degraded.
Establishing Connection
Searching: The ADSL modem in the 965DSP is attempting to locate the DSLAM. Linking: A DSLAM is present and the 965DSP is synchronizing with it. Connected: The 965DSP has completed the connection process and has achieved showtime. When the modems have connected the 965 proceeds directly to a connection status screen. If a connection failure occurs, a warning screen displaying a text or numeric message indicating the failure mode is displayed.
241
# 070000
Student Handbook
First Test Screen
ADSL Status Screen
# 070000
242
Student Handbook
First Test Screen
If thresholds are enabled, this screen is displayed. Confirm Pass or Fail: The pair Passed if the line rates were greater than or equal to the threshold rates and the capacity values were less than or equal to the threshold capacities. Displays fast or interleaved rate. Displays Network capacity.
ADSL Status
The 965DSP displays all of the available information about the ADSL modem connection on three separate screens. The Status screen displays the line and channel operational data. ADSL data can be carried on a fast channel (maximum speed, but no data correction) and an interleaved channel (lower speed, but more data integrity). Although both channels can exist on the same connection, in practice only one is used. The type of channel is selected by the DSLAM. The 965DSP displays the data rate of this channel as well as other performance data for both data directions. Note: This screen is continuously updated in 2 minute test mode.
243
# 070000
Student Handbook
965 ADSL Modem
# 070000
244
Student Handbook
ADSL Status (Cont.)
FAST: Achieved line rate in kilobits per second on the Fast channel. INTR: Achieved line rate in kilobits per second on the Interleaved channel. Note: FAST or INTR will display with the achieved line rate to indicate the selected channel type. MAX: Maximum possible attainable line rate in kilobits per second. MRGN: Noise margin in dB above the minimum Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is required to maintain the data rate (as set by the DSLAM). ATTEN: ADSL signal attenuation in dB at each end of the line. PWR: ADSL total output power in dBm at each end of the line. CAP: Line capacity percentage comparing the achieved data rate to the maximum data rate the line will support.
245
# 070000
Student Handbook
ADSL Info Screen
# 070000
246
Student Handbook
ADSL Information Screen
This screen displays channel performance data as well as the DSLAM modem manufacturer information (if available). DSLAM modem manufacturer information is displayed if available, but this feature is not supported by all service types or manufacturers. The 965DSP displays unknown in this field if the DSLAM manufacturer information is unavailable. FEC is the number of Forward Error Correction events in each direction. These are automatically corrected errors and as such they do not require re-transmission of data. CRC is the number of Cyclic Redundancy Check errors detected in each direction. These numeric checks indicate that the ADSL data frame had one or more uncorrected errors, so the data must be re-transmitted reducing throughout. HEC is the number of Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cell Header Error Correction events detected in each direction. ADSL normally carries data in ATM format to remain synchronous with data on the network. For the modem in the 965DSP, dummy 53-byte ATM data cells are inserted to maintain proper timing with the DSLAM. The cell header field integrity is checked separately since it directs the data cell to its destination and errors in the header can cause the loss of an entire data.
247
# 070000
Student Handbook
OSI Model for an ADSL-ATM Based System
# 070000
248
Student Handbook
OSI 7- Layer Model
The OSI 7-Layer model splits the operation of a communication system into seven layers. The lower layers of the model are more closely tied to the type of interface used and the upper layers to the type of service that is performed. For ADSL systems, parameters including the modulation type, framing structure, scrambling and FEC method are all part of the Physical (Layer 1) layer. The data link layer (Layer 2) for ADSL-based systems is usually Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), a cell transfer protocol. ATM subdivides the data stream into 53-byte data cells, 48 bytes of which are payload data and 5 of which make up a header. The ATM cell header includes a Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) which allows the ATM switch to direct cells. The OSI model for an ADSL-ATM based system is shown opposite.
249
# 070000
Student Handbook
ADSL Alarms Screen
# 070000
250
Student Handbook
ADSL Alarms
This screen displays any detected ADSL link alarm conditions. If a link alarm occurs at any time during the connection, the link alarm history is set to Yes and remains in that state for the duration of the connection. LOS indicates a Loss of Signal alarm. This means that the ADSL received pilot tone power was 6dB or more below its reference power. Pilot tones do not carry data and are used for line synchronization. LOF indicates a Loss of Frame alarm. Loss of Frame occurs when the expected ADSL framing bit sequence is not detected indicating a loss of synchronization. LCD FAST indicates an ATM Loss of Cell Delineation in the Fast mode. Cell boundaries must be maintained for proper ATM synchronization and this alarm indicates that the cell beginning and end location have been lost. LCD INTR indicates an ATM Loss of Cell Delineation in the Interleaved mode. LOM indicates a Loss of Margin. This means that the measured signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) was below the required SNR as set by the DSLAM.
251
# 070000
Student Handbook
ADSL Graph Screen
# 070000
252
Student Handbook
ADSL Graph
The ADSL Graph presents a graphic display of the number of bits transmitted in each ADSL Discrete Multi Tone (DMT) frequency bin. ADSL modems require wide bandwidth to operate since they essentially use 256 separate simultaneous modems, each requiring about 4kHz of bandwidth called a bin. Each of these mini-modems transmits complex symbols (baud) at 4000 symbols per second. Each symbol represents from 0 to 15 encoded bits of information. The number of encoded bits in each symbol depends on the SNR of the modem bin. A significant decrease in the number of bits per bin can result from ADSL signal attenuation or increased noise. Examining the bits per bin can indicate the presence of interfering signals in certain frequency bands of the ADSL spectrum. To identify the bin number, bin center frequency and bits per bin, use the Left and Right arrow keys to position the cursor on the graph. The upper left box displays the bin number (0-255) at the cursor position. The upper right box displays the number of encoded bits (0-15) transmitted in the selected bin. The lower box displays the bin center frequency in kilohertz.
253
# 070000
Student Handbook
Warning Screens
Modem Information
# 070000
254
Student Handbook
ADSL Warning Screens
ADSL warning screens are intended as informational aids and provide additional explanatory data. Warning screens can be categorized into four groups: Modem information, Link activation failures, Connection lost and Timeouts.
Conditions affecting the internal ADSL modem in the 965DSP are displayed via warning screens.
255
# 070000
Student Handbook
ADSL Error Codes
# 070000
256
Student Handbook
ADSL Warning Screens (Cont.)
Error conditions affecting the ADSL modem link activation process are displayed as: Connection Link Error using numeric codes ie: 0x05 ( Example below).
The table on the left page indicates what each of the error codes mean.
257
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
258
Student Handbook
ADSL Warning Screen (Cont.)
Connection Lost Messages: Error conditions causing modem link loss are displayed as connection lost using numeric codes.
259
# 070000
Student Handbook
Link Timeout Messages
# 070000
260
Student Handbook
ADSL Warning Screens (Cont.)
Link timeout messages: Error Conditions causing modem timeouts are displayed as Connection: Timed Out using numeric codes. ADSL modem test results stored in PC link: Short Form Long Form Bin Graph. Now we will cover PC link in the remainder of this unit.
261
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
262
Student Handbook
PC LINK
In this section the following topics will be covered: Installing PC link Set up of PC link Loading auto tests and TDR results View/Print results Exporting auto tests and TDR results Loading ADSL modem results Viewing ADSL modem results with PC link Viewing ADSL modem results with Excel.
263
# 070000
Student Handbook
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
# 070000
264
Student Handbook
Installing PC Link
1. Click on Start Click on Run 2. Click on Browse 3. Click on Look in Click on D: Drive 4. Click on PC Link Click on Open 5. Click on Setup 6. Click on OK.
265
# 070000
Student Handbook
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Step 10
# 070000
266
Student Handbook
Installing PC Link (Cont.)
7. Box will appear automatically. 8. Click on Next and various screens will appear. 9. Continue clicking Next until you have a screen that says Finish. 10. Drag and Drop the 965DSP PC Link icon to the Windows work space.
267
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loading Test Results
# 070000
268
Student Handbook
Loading Test Results
To load Test Results from your 965DSP into the computer using PC link: Click the 965 DSP PC link icon on the desktop. Click on OK. Click on Data and then click on Download Results.
269
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loading Test Results (Cont.)
# 070000
270
Student Handbook
Align the IR ports. Press Toolbox (button 4) 965DSP. on the
Highlight stored results and press Enter. Select the result to be loaded. Press
key to upload.
Press Enter
to load all results or press
Key to load this result only. Click on Done when finished.
271
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
272
Student Handbook
Three sample test results are shown on the left. Double click on the result to view. Click on Print to print a result.
273
# 070000
Student Handbook
Exporting Auto Test Result File
# 070000
274
Student Handbook
Exporting To an Excel Spreadsheet
To export a PC link Auto Test result file to an Excel spreadsheet: Startup the PC link program Open the file to be exported Click on File Click on Export Select All Records and Comma Delimited. Click on Ok.
Note: It is best to create a different spreadsheet for each of the different types of test results.
275
# 070000
Student Handbook
Exporting Auto Test Result File
# 070000
276
Student Handbook
Exporting to an Excel Spreadsheet (Cont.)
To export a PC link Auto Test result file to an Excel spreadsheet (Cont.): Name the file Click on Save On the menu bar click on Edit In the drop down menu click on Copy.
277
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
278
Student Handbook
Importing to Excel
To import information to an Excel spreadsheet: Start up the Excel program Click on a cell in column A second or third row down Click on Edit Click on Paste Take note that each column appears to be grappled Click on the row number of the first test result.
279
# 070000
Student Handbook
# 070000
280
Student Handbook
Importing to Excel (Cont.)
To import information to an Excel spreadsheet (Cont.): Click on Format Click on Column Click on Autofit selection Click on any blank cell. Note: The columns are now spread to fit. Title each column if desired Save the file.
281
# 070000
Student Handbook
Renaming Sheets
# 070000
282
Student Handbook
Renaming the Sheets
To rename the sheet numbers in Excel: Click on the sheet to be renamed Click on Format Click on Sheet Click on Rename Type the new name (ie: Exchange, Cable and Pair Range).
283
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loading ADSL Modem Test Results
# 070000
284
Student Handbook
Loading ADSL Modem Test Results
Loading test results into the computer: Click on Data Click on Download ADSL Modem Results The computer is now ready to receive the download.
285
# 070000
Student Handbook
Loading ADSL Modem Test Results (Cont.)
# 070000
286
Student Handbook
Loading ADSL Modem Test Results (Cont.)
Loading test results into the computer (Cont.): 1. Align the IR ports.
2. Press
on the 965DSP.
3. Highlight ADSL Results and press 4. Select the result to be loaded.
5. Press
to upload.
to load all results or press 6. Press to load this result only. Click on Done when finished loading.
287
# 070000
Student Handbook
View Short Data
# 070000
288
Student Handbook
Viewing ADSL Results with PC Link
To view short form ADSL results with a PC link go to: ADSL view short Data Left click on the file to view Right click on view short data Right click on print or close.
289
# 070000
Student Handbook
View Long Data
# 070000
290
Student Handbook
Viewing ADSL Results with PC Link (Cont.)
To view long form ADSL results with a PC link go to: Left click on the file to view Right click on view long data.
291
# 070000
Student Handbook
View Bin/Bit Graph
# 070000
292
Student Handbook
ADSL View Bit/Bin Graph
Left click on the file to view Right click on View Graph Right or left arrow to move the cursor.
293
# 070000
Student Handbook
Export ADSL Results
# 070000
294
Student Handbook
Export One or All ADSL Results to Excel
To export one or all of your ADSL records to Excel: Left click on the file to view Right clock on Export to Excel Click on Ok.
295
# 070000
Student Handbook
Viewing ADSL Results with Excel
# 070000
296
Student Handbook
Open the File with Excel
297
# 070000
Student Handbook
View the File
# 070000
298
Student Handbook
Making a Bit/Bin Graph
299
# 070000
Student Handbook
Making a Bit/Bin Graph
# 070000
300
Student Handbook
Bit/Bin Graph
301
# 070000
Student Handbook
Notes:
# 070000
302

Advanced Cable Fault Locating - Oct 11-06

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Advanced Cable Fault Locating - Oct 11-06

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS Learning Services Burnaby

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

BASIC THEORY FOR TESTING

NOISE THEORY AND MITIGATION DEVICES

VOICE FREQUENCY BROADBAND TESTING & MEASUREMENTS USING DYNATEL 965DSP/SA

ADSL MODEM TESTING & PC LINK

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

Basic Theory For Testing

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

BASIC THEORY FOR TESTING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

Electrical Characteristics of a Cable pair

Loop Resistance Ohms/Km

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

PRIMARY CABLE CHARACTERISTICS

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

Cable Pair Shunt Capacity

Cable Pair Shunt Capacitance

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

Loaded Cable Loss

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING

TELUS REV 2006-10-11

ADVANCED CABLE FAULT LOCATING