BI 1 : XC NH HNG S CN BNG CA PHN NG

I.

Mc ch th nghim:

Nghin cu cn bng ha hc ca phn ng :

2FeCl3 + KI

2FeCl2 + I2 + 2KCl

(1)

T tnh nng cc cht phn ng ti thi im cn bng v xc nh hng s cn

bng Kc .
II.Nguyn tc :
Cho dung dch FeCl3 tc dng vi dung dch KI. Ti thi im cn bng, nng I2
c xc nh bi cch chun vi Na2S2O3.
Gi [FeCl3], [FeCl3], [KI], [I2], [KCl] : Nng ca cc cht ti thi im cn bng.
C0 FeCl3, C0KI: Nng ban u ca FeCl3, KI trc khi pha long.
C FeCl3, CKI : Nng sau khi pha long a vo phn ng ca FeCl3 v KI.
III. Thc hnh:
Chun b bng th nghim theo hng dn:
Dung dch
Erlen 1
Erlen 2
Erlen 3
Erlen 4
FeCl3 0,025 M
50 ml
55 ml
KI 0,025 M
50 ml
45 ml
Ly 8 erlen sch cho vo mi erlen 30ml nc ct, lm lnh bng nc .
Tin hnh th nghim
dung dch erlen 1 vo erlen 2 ghi thi
im bt u phn ng (t=0).
Sau nhng khong thi gian 10, 20, 30, 40
... pht, mi ln ly 15 ml dung dch erlen
c lm lnh.
Bt u tin hnh chun vi Na2S2O3
0,01 vi cht ch th h tinh bt n khi dung
dch mt mu tm xanh (nu).
Khi th tch ca 2 ln chun k nhau th
kt thc vic chun .
Kt qu th nghim thu c :

Gii thch
Lm lnh trong qu trnh phn ng
trnh I2 khng b thng hoa iu kin
thng. Gip n nh nhit trong thi gian
phn ng ( 05C) khng thay i Kc trong
qu trnh phn ng.
Ly dd nhng khong thi gian cch
nhau xc nh c Vt.
I2 + Na2S2O3 NaI
Na2S2O3 lm mt mu ch th ca h tinh bt.
Vt ln nht v p cng lu th lng I2
sinh ra cng nhiu v ti thi im t l ln
nht.
ng 1 : dd mt mu tm xanh mu vng
nht. Vt = 12.7 ml

ng 2: dd mt mu tm xanhvng nht
nh. Vt = 14.3 ml
ng 3: dd mt mu tm xanhdd khng
mu. Vt = 16.2 ml
ng 4: dd mt mu tm xanh dd khng
mu. Vt = 16.3 ml.
Kt thc qu trnh th nghim.

ng 1,2 c mu vng nht bi v cn (

Fe3+ d trong qu trnh phn ng vi I2.
ng 3 ,4 dd mt mu t t chuyn sang
mu tm xanh nht bi qu trnh p l qu
trnh thun nghch nn mt thi gian I2 li
sinh ra v lm dd c mu tm xanh.

.
Th nghim tng t vi Erlen 3 v Erlen 4. Kt qa thu c :
ng 1: Vt = 10.9 ml
ng 2: Vt = 12.6 ml
ng 3: Vt = 15. 9 ml
ng 4: Vt = 16.1 ml

 X l s liu :
T bng s liu ta thy rng, th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0.01M ng vi thi im
cn bng l 16.3 ml
Nng ca FeCl3 v KI sau khi trn ln vi nhau l :

C FeCl 3 C 0FeCl 3

C KI C 0KI

VFeCl 3

0.025 *

VFeCl 3 VKI

50
0.0125( M )
100

VKI
50
0.025
0.0125(M)
VFeCl 3 VKI
100

nng cc cht ti thi im cn bng :

I 2

VNa2S2O3 x0.01
2 x15

16.3x0.01
5.43.10 3 ( M )
2 x15

FeCl2 2I 2 2 x5.43.103 0,0109(M )

FeCl3 CFeCl FeCl2 CFeCl 2I 2 0.0125 2 x5.43.103 1.63.103 (M)
KI CKI 2I 2 0.0125 2 x5.43.103 1.63.103 (M)
KCl 2I 2 2 x5.43.103 0,0109 (M)
3

Vy hng s cn bng ca phn ng l:

Kc

FeCl2 2 .I 2 . KCl 2 0,01092 .5.43.10 3 .0,01092

FeCl3 2 .KI 2
1.63.10 3 2 .1.63.10 3 2

10.65

Tng t vi erlen 3,4. Kt qu cho ta thy, th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0.01M
ng vi thi im cn bng l 16.1 ml.
0
C FeCl 3 C FeCl
3

0
C KI C KI

VFeCl 3
VFeCl 3 VKI

0.025 *

55
0.01375( M )
100

VKI
45
0.025
0.01125( M )
VFeCl 3 VKI
100

nng cc cht ti thi im cn bng :

I 2

VNa2 S2O3 x0.01 16.1x0.01

5.36.10 3 ( M )
2 x15
2 x15

FeCl2 2I 2 2 x5.36.103 0,0107(M )

FeCl3 CFeCl FeCl2 CFeCl 2I 2 0.01375 2 x5.36.103 3.03.103 (M)
KI CKI 2I 2 0.01125 2 x5.36.103 5.3.103 (M)
KCl 2I 2 2x5.36.103 0,0107 (M)
3

Vy hng s cn bng ca phn ng l:

Kc

FeCl2 2 .I 2 . KCl 2 0,0107 2 .5.36.10 3 .0,0107 2

FeCl3 2 .KI 2
3.03.10 3 2 .5.3.10 3 2

0.2724

Nhn xt:
Theo kt qua trn, ta thy rng hng s cn bng Kc trong 2 th nghim trn
sai lch rt t, iu chng t rng, hng s cn bng khng ph thuc vo nng
ca cc cht phn ng.
Ngi ta ng dng hng s cn bng trong vic tnh ton sn phm sao cho sn
phm to ra l cao nht, do ti thi im cn bng, sn phm to ra l cao nht hay
sn phm cn.
II. Tr li cu hi:
1. Ti sao dng chun khi th tch 2 ln chun lin tip bng nhau?
Khi chun 2 ln lin tip sau mt khong thi gian t no nu th tch l
nh nhau th chng t rng nng ca cc cht trong dung dch n nh, khn
cn bin di na, c ngha l phn ng t trng thi cn bng, ta c th ngng
chun d
2. ngha hng s cn bng ca phn ng?
Hng s cn bng l hng s khi m tc phn ng thun v tc phn ng
nghch bng nhau, v vy nu bit c hng s cn bng ca mt phn ng ta c
th iu khin c phn ng , ti u ho lng sn phm m ta cn.

BO CO THC HNH HA L
Bi 2: Xy dng gin pha h hai cu t ho tan hn ch vo nhau

im

Nhn xt GV

-Mc ch th nghim :
+ Xy dng gin pha cho h phenol nc .
+ Tm nhit ti hn v nhit dung dch thi im .

-S liu thc nghim :

Th nghim 1: Phenol cho vo nc.
T th nghim ta thy, tng ng vi tng nng khc nhau ca phenol ta c
bng s liu sau. dung dch trong v c cc nhit nhit khc nhau khi tng
nng phenol th nhit ca n tng theo. Ta c bng s liu sau:

Vphenol cho vo nc
(ml)

nhit trong ( 0C)

nhit c (0C)

82

75

81

79

85

80

87

86

84

82

92

90

95

91

93

92

93

92

10

92

90

11

91

88

12

90

86

Th nghim 2: Nc vo phenol

VH2O vo phenol
1

45

15

51

Bo ho

80

20

83

55

90

65

89

88

90

87

91

86

93

92

10

93

91

11

94

88

12

92

89

X l s liu:
T l phn trm dung dch phenol trong nc l:
i vi th nghim 1:

% Phenol

Vphenol _ vao _ H 2O .1,058

Vphenol _ vao _ H 2O .1,058 10

.100

i vi th nghim 2:

%Phenol

10.1,058
.100
10.1,058 VH 2O _ vao _ phenol

Sau kh tnh ton ta c 2 bng s liu sau, t l phn trm ca phenol trong nc
tng ng vi nhit c:

Th
nghim 1

%phenol

T0 c

%phenol

T0 c

9,57

75

91,36

15

17,46

79

84,1

Bo ho

24,09

80

77,91

20

29,74

86

72,57

55

34,6

82

67,91

65

38,83

90

63,81

88

42,55

91

60,18

87

45,84

92

56,94

86

48,78

92

54,03

92

51,41

90

51,41

91

53,79

88

49,03

88

55,94

86

46,86

89

Th
nghim 2

T bng s liu trn, ta v c biu nhit -nng ca phenol theo nc:

nhiet do (o C)

gian do he phenol nuoc

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0

50
% phenol (%)

100

Nhn xt:
Ta v gin pha ca h vi nhit no cng iu c th c, ta c th ly
nhit c hay trong, t l phn trm nc hay phenol u c ht, tuy nhin s
c sai s v khng c chnh xc cho lm. sai lch gia vic chn nhit c
v gin khng sai lch bao nhiu sao vi vic dng nhit trong v, ta nhin
ta dng nhit trong v l v ta d quan st thy uc dung dch khi chuyn t
c sang trong hn, v vy s liu ta c s chnh xc hn, gin s chnh xc hn.
Trn gin , ta thy ng cn bng hai cu t b t on l v c cn c
nhng nng , nhit m ti ta cha kho st.
T gin ta thy, kh nng ho tan ca phenol vo nc mi nng , nhit
l khc nhau, ti nh ca parabol tc im ti hn th nng hai cu t bng
nhau.
Trong cng nghp cng nh ng dng ca h hai cu t ho tan, thng c
dng chit tch cc cht tan cn thit ra khi dung dch, li dng vo tnh tan ca
n ti cc nng khc nhau, nhit khc nhau m tan ca n khc nhau,khi
dung dch s phn lp v ta s d dng chit tch cht, dung dch mong mun
khi dung dch

Bi 4: CN BNG LNG - RN
im

Li ph ca gio vin

1.Tng trnh th nghim

1.1 S liu v gin thc nghim
Nhit (oC)

Thi gian
ng 1

ng 2

ng 3

ng 4

ng 5

ng 6

ng 7

ng 8

84

92

97

99

90

97

90

95

80

80

91

93

77

90

85

87

79

76

83

86

73

83

79

81

78

70

76

78

68

77

73

74

75

68

70

70.5

63

70

68

68

73

65

65

64

59

65

61

62.5

70

64

61

59

53

61

57.5

60

68

62

58

55

51

56

53

59

64

60

55

51.5

48

53

50

57

10

60

58

54

49

45

51

49

11

55.5

53.5

47.5

43

48

48

12

53

52

45

41

46

46

13

51

50

43

39

44

45

14

49

49

41.5

38

43

44.5

15

47

47.5

41

32

41.5

43

16

45

46

38

32

40

40

17

43.5

44.5

36

32

38.5

36

18

42

43

34

31

38

32

19

38

42

32.5

30

37

32

20

35

41.5

32

36

32

21

33.5

40.5

32

34.5

30

22

32

38.5

32

32

23

32

36

30

32

24

32

32

32

25

30

32

30.5

26

32

27

30

GIN NHIT - THI GIAN

120
100

nhit

80
60
40
20
0
thi gian

Khi lng

Khi lng

Thnh phn % klg

Nhit

ng

Diphenilamin (g)

Naphtalen (g)

ca Diphenilamin

(oC)

10

79

20

76

40

61

5.5

4.5

55

47.5

70

39

7.5

2.5

75

34.5

90

49

10

100

60

GIN NHIT - THNH PHN

1.2 Nhn xt v gii thch

Cn bng lng- rn khng ph thuc nhiu vo p sut ( khong vi atm)
Trong gin nhit - thi gian:
Cc ng (1),(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7),(8) trong gin nhit - tgian trn l
cc ng cong ngui lnh tng ng vi thnh phn cu t trong hn hp khc
nhau.
ng (1),(8) biu din ng cong ngui lnh ln lt ca Diphenilamin v
Naphtalen nguyn cht.
Cc im l im bt u kt tinh ca cu t Diphenilamin hoc Naphtalen
trong hn hp.
Ta nhn thy cc ng (2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(7) c cng 1 thi im m ti
th ca chng l nhng ng nm ngang.im ng vi qu trnh kt tinh
Eutecti (c s kt tinh ng thi ca c Diphenilamin v Naphtalen, v dung dch
bo ha c hai cu t.
Trong gin nhit - thnh phn:
ng AED l ng lng
ung AadD l ng rn

 vng pha trn ng lng h tn ti trng thi dung dch ng nht 1 pha
lng
vng pha di ng rn h d th gm hai pha Diphenilamin rn v
Naphtalen rn.
vng gii hn bi hai ng rn v lng h tn ti hai pha cn bng lng
rn.
im E gi l im Eutecti.
ng cong AE m t nhit bt u kt tinh ca rn Diphenilamin t
nhng dung dch c thnh phn nm trong khong BC.
ng cong AE m t cn bng gia rn Diphenilamin v dd bo ha
Diphenilamin nn n m t s ph thuc ha tan ca rn Diphenilamin vo nhit
, v vy cn c th gi l ng ha tan ca Diphenilamin (hay ng kt tinh
ca Diphenilamin ).Tng t nh vy i vi ng DE
Ta h nhit ca h 2 cht rn trn, khi nhit h n T1 im biu din h
s chy t Q dn L1.Ti im L1 h bo ha cu t Naphtalen nn tinh th rn
Naphtalen u tin kt tinh ra v c im biu din l K1.Bt u t h bao gm
hai pha cn bng vi nhau. t do c = k f + 1 = 2 2 + 1 = 1 ( P=const ) nu
nhit ca h thay i th thnh phn ca pha lng s thay i theo.
Khi im pha lng t im eutecti, dung dch bo ha c hai cu t, t 2
cht rn s ng thi kt tinh (cho n khi ton b h tr thnh rn), trong giai an
h bao m ba pha cn bng c c = k f + 1 = 2 3 + 1 = 0 trong sut qu
trnh kt tinh ra hai pha rn t dd, nhit ca h v thnh phn pha lng khng
thay i.
Dng gin nhit - thnh phn ta c th kho st nh tnh v nh lng
cc qu trnh cn bng lng rn xy ra trong h hai cu t A-B.
2.Tr li cu hi
2.1 C kt lun g v s thay i nhit kt tinh ca qu trnh kt tinh
dung dch hai cu t vi qu trnh kt tinh dung dch 1 cu t?

ng ngui (hay ng kt tinh ) ca 1 cu t nguyn cht gm nhng

nhnh gn nh dc thng ng, chng t c s ngui kh nhanh, khi ti nhit kt
tinh th c mt an thng ngang chng t nhit khng i ; l do c nhit kt
tinh c ta ra b vo ch mt nhit do ngui t nhin, kt qu l cu t kt
tinh nhit khng i ( di p sut ngoi khng i ).Sau khi kt tinh xong
th nhit mi li tip tc h thp, do li c mt nhnh dc, nhng km dc
hn nhnh u tin.
i vi hn hp hai cu t theo nhng thnh phn khc nhau; nhng ng
ngui that u cng nh mt nhnh dc gn thng ng ( ngui nhanh ), khi ti
nhit bt u kt tinh th ngui chm li do c nhit kt tinh c ta ra nhng
cha lm cho nhit khng i, iu ny c phn nh trn ng ngui
bng mt nhnh dc t hn so vi nhnh u tin. S kt tinh t dung dch s cho
tinh th nguyn cht no hoc c hai tinh th cng mt lc l ty thuc vo thnh
phn ca mi cu t trong dung dch so vi thi im eutecti ca h.
2.2 Hn hp Eutecti l g? ng dng
p sut khng i, hn hp eutecti s kt tinh nhit khng i theo
ng thnh phn ca n ( ph hp vi t do c = 0). Hn hp eutecti c tnh cht
ging nh mt hp cht ha hc, song n khng phi l mt hp cht ha hc m
ch l mt hn hp gm nhng tinh th rt nh, rt mn ca hai pha rn A v B
nguyn cht kt tinh xen k vo nhau.
Khi c s tc ng ca c nhit v p sut bn ngoi c = k - f + 2 = 2 - 3 + 2
= 1, cho thy nu p sut thay i th khng nhng nhit kt tinh ca dd eutecti
thay i m c thnh phn cu hn hp cng thay i theo (nh vy n khng phi
l mt cht).
Hn hp eutecti c kh nhiu ng dng trong thc t, v d ta mun c thic
hn nng chy nhit thp , ngi ta trn thic (tonc=232oC) v ch (tonc=327oC)
theo cc thnh phn thch hp s thu c cc hp kim c nhit nng chy thp
hn 200oC.

Bi 5: XC NH BC CA PHN NG
im

Li ph ca gio vin

1.Tng trnh th nghim

Mc ch th nghim : Xc nh bc tng cng ca phn ng
Fe3++ I- Fe2+ +1/2 I2 bng phng php vi phn
1.1 S liu v gin thc nghim
Th nghim 1: Xc nh bc ring n1 ca Fe3+
Gi Cx l nng Fe2+ sinh ra ti mi thi im t xc nh thng qua nng
Iod sinh ra.Lng Iod ny c chun bng Na2S2O3 vi ch th h tinh bt nh
trn ta c :
Cx

C Na2 S 2O3 .V Na2 S 2O3

Vhh

T cc gi tr Cx trn xy dng c th 1/Cx = f (1/t) bng phng trnh

thc nghim
1/Cx = + .1/t

(1)

T phng trnh (1) suy ra l tg gc nghing ca th hp vi phng

0
ngang (gc nh hn 180o). Sau tnh 1/.V th lg(1/) v lg C Fe
theo phng
3

trnh :
lg(-dc/dt)t=0 = lg(1/)=A1 + n1 lg(C0Fe3+)

(2)

th (2) l 1 ng thng v ta s tnh c n1 bng tg gc nghing ca

th hp vi phng ngang (gc nh hn 180o).

Erlen 1

1/T

V _Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+ (N)

1/C _ Fe2+

S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

(s-1)

(ml)

16

0.00104167

3.9

0.000375361 2664.102564

14

0.00119048

2.4

0.000234375 4266.666667

12

0.00138889

1.8

0.000176817 5655.555556

10

0.00166667

1.2

0.000118577 8433.333333

0.00208333

0.9

8.91972.10-5 11211.11111

0.00277778

0.6

5.96421.10-5 16766.66667

0.00416667

0.2

1.99601.10-5

50100

0.00833333

0.1

9.99001.10-6

100100

(1/N)

th 1/C_1/T
y = 1E+07x - 14153
120000

1/C (1/N)

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

1/T (s-1)

Erlen 2
S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

1/T
(pm-1)

V _ Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+

1/C _ Fe2+

(ml)

(N)

(1/N)

16

0.00104167

4.4

0.000421

2372.727

14

0.00119048

2.8

0.000272

3671.429

12

0.00138889

2.2

0.000215

4645.455

10

0.00166667

1.7

0.000167

5982.353

0.00208333

1.4

0.000138

7242.857

0.00277778

0.8

7.94.10-5

12600

0.00416667

0.3

2.99.10-5

33433.33

0.00833333

0.2

2.10-5

50100

th 1/C_1/T

y = 7E+06x - 4585.1
60000

1/C (1/N)

50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

1/T (s-1)

Erlen 3
S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

16

14

V _Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+

1/C _ Fe2+

(ml)

(N)

(1/N)

0.00104167

6.4

0.0006015

1662.5

0.00119048

4.1

0.00039385

2539.02439

1/T
(pm-1)

12

0.00138889

2.7

0.0002629

3803.703704

10

0.00166667

2.1

0.00020568 4861.904762

0.00208333

1.6

0.00015748

0.00277778

1.4

0.00013807 7242.857143

0.00416667

0.9

8.9197.10-5 11211.11111

0.00833333

0.3

2.991.10-5

6350

33433.33333

th 1/C_1/T

1/C (1/N)

y = 4E+06x - 2956.6
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

1/T (s-1)

Erlen 4
S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

16

1/T
(pm-1)
0.00104167

V Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+

1/C _ Fe2+

(ml)

(N)

(1/N)

9.1

0.0008341

1198.901099

14

0.00119048

0.00056604 1766.666667

12

0.00138889

4.8

0.00045802 2183.333333

10

0.00166667

2.9

0.00028183 3548.275862

0.00208333

2.2

0.00021526 4645.454545

0.00277778

1.6

0.00015748

6350

0.00416667

1.1

0.0001088

9190.909091

0.00833333

0.5

4.9751.10-5

20100

th 1/C_1/T
y = 3E+06x - 1080.2
25000

1/C (1/N)

20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

1/T (s-1)

T 4 th trn ta c c nhng gi tr ca nh sau:

lg(1/)

107

-7

7.106

-6.845

4.106

-6.602

3.106

-6.477

Tnh li nng ca Fe3+:

Bnh 1 : CFe3+ = ( 1/60. 10 )/100 = 1/600 lg(CFe3+) = -2,778
Bnh 2: CFe3+ = 1/300

lg(CFe3+) = -2.477

0.009

Bnh 3 : CFe3+ = 1/200

lg(CFe3+) = -2.3

Bnh 4 : CFe3+ = 1/15

lg(CFe3+) = -2.176
0

V th lg(1/) v lg C Fe3
y = 0.8806x - 4.5887
-6.4
-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-6.5 0

lg(1/)

-6.6
-6.7
-6.8
-6.9
-7
-7.1
lg(CFe3+)

T th trn ta xc nh c bc ca ring n1 ca Fe3+ l 0.8806 1

Th nghim 2: Xc nh bc ring n2 ca ITng t nh th nghim1 vi C0Fe3+ khng i, C0I- bin thin ta xc nh
c bc ring n2 ca IErlen 1
V _ Na2SO3 C _ Fe2+ (N) 1/C _ Fe2+

S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

16

0.00104167

0.00047619

2100

14

0.00119048

3.6

0.00034749

2877.778

12

0.00138889

2.4

0.000234375

4266.667

10

0.00166667

1.9

0.000186457

5363.158

0.00208333

1.3

0.000128332

7792.308

0.00277778

0.8

7.93651.10-5

12600

1/T
(pm-1)

(ml)

(1/N)

0.00416667

0.4

3.98406.10-5

25100

0.00833333

0.1

9.99001.10-6

100100

th 1/C_1/T
y = 1E+07x - 17560
120000
100000

1/C (1/N)

80000
60000
40000
20000
0
-20000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

1/T (s-1)

Erlen 2
V _ Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+

1/C _ Fe2+

(ml)

(N)

(1/N)

0.00104167

8.7

0.0008

1249.425

14

0.00119048

6.9

0.000645

1549.275

12

0.00138889

5.7

0.000539

1854.386

10

0.00166667

0.000476

2100

0.00208333

3.1

0.000301

3325.806

0.00277778

2.4

0.000234

4266.667

0.00416667

1.4

0.000138

7242.857

0.00833333

0.8

7.94.10-5

12600

S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

16

1/T
(pm-1)

 th 1/C_1/T
y = 2E+06x - 206.93
14000
12000

1/C (1/N)

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

1/T (s-1)

Erlen 3
V _ Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+

1/C _ Fe2+

(ml)

(N)

(1/N)

0.00104167

12.7

0.001127

887.4016

14

0.00119048

10.4

0.000942

1061.538

12

0.00138889

8.9

0.000817

1223.596

10

0.00166667

7.2

0.000672

1488.889

0.00208333

0.000566

1766.667

0.00277778

4.8

0.000458

2183.333

0.00416667

2.9

0.000282

3548.276

0.00833333

1.1

0.000109

9190.909

S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

16

th 1/C_1/T

1/T
(pm-1)

y = 1E+06x - 506.07
10000

1/C (1/N)

8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

1/T (s-1)

Erlen 4
V _ Na2SO3

C _ Fe2+

1/C _ Fe2+

(ml)

(N)

(1/N)

0.00104167

18.1

0.001533

652.4862

14

0.00119048

14.4

0.001259

794.4444

12

0.00138889

12.1

0.001079

926.4463

10

0.00166667

10

0.000909

1100

0.00208333

7.3

0.00068

1469.863

0.00277778

4.2

0.000403

2480.952

0.00416667

2.8

0.000272

3671.429

0.00833333

1.3

0.000128

7792.308

S ln

Thi

chun

gian T

16

th 1/C_1/T

1/T
(pm-1)

1/C (1/N)

y = 988301x - 436.99
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

1/T (s-1)

T 4 th trn ta c c nhng gi tr ca nh sau:

lg(1/)

107

-7

2.106

-6.301

106

-6

988301

-5.995

Tnh li nng Iod:

Bnh 1 : C0I- = 1/400 lg(C0I) = -2.6
Bnh 2 : C0I- = 1/ 200

lg(C0I) = -2.3

Bnh 3 : C0I- = 3/400

lg(C0I) = -2.125

Bnh 4 : C0I- = 1/100

lg(C0I) = -2

0.008

0.009

y = 1.7648x - 2.3422
-5.8
-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

-6 0

lg(1/)

-6.2
-6.4
-6.6
-6.8
-7
-7.2
lg(C0I)

T th trn ta xc nh c bc ca ring n2 ca I- l 1.7648 2

2.Kt qu th nghim
Ta xc nh c bc ca phn ng Fe3++ I- Fe2+ +1/2 I2 bng phng
php vi phn mt cch kh chnh xc l n = n1+n2 = 1 +2 = 3.
III. Nhn xt:
Ta cho HNO3 vo dung dch to mi trng acid trnh Fe3+ b thy phn
to Fe(OH)3.
HNO3 c tnh oxy ha mnh, dng bo v Fe3+ (nu trong dung dch c
ln cc ion khc c tnh kh th cc ion ny s tc dng vi HNO3 m khng
tc dng vi Fe3+).
Ta cho thm KNO3 vo dung dch b sung lng NO3- v ta khng th s
dng qu nhiu lng acid HNO3, n c th s oxy ha Fe2+ tr li thnh
Fe3+.
Th nghim khng c lm qu 15 pht v khi Fe3+ v I- phn ng
ht vi nhau, lng I2 sinh ra l ln nht v khng to thm na.

Bi 6: XC NH HNG S TC CA
PHN NG BC 2
im

Li ph ca gio vin

Tng trnh th nghim

Xc nh hng s tc ca phn ng thu phn este trong mi trng kim.

CH 3COONa+C2 H 5 OH
CH 3COOC2 H 5 +NaOH

Gi a,b l nng ban u (ti thi im t = 0 ) ca CH3COOC2H5 v NaOH,

x l nng CH3COONa thi im t.
y l phn ng phn hu ester nn l phn ng bc 2 v vy tc phn ng
l:
d a x
k (a a ).(b x)
dt
1
ax

ln
kt C
ab b x

Ti thi im ban u t = 0,x = 0, nn C

1
a
ln
ab b

1
b( a x )
ln
kt
a b a(b x)

Gi V0, Vt, V l th tch NaOH cn trong hn hp phn ng ti cc thi im

t = 0, t, .
Nng NaOH cn li cc thi im s t l vi cc th tch . Cn nng
ca ester ban u v cc thi im t s t l tng ng vi (V0-V) v (Vt-V).
Ngha l

b = A .V0

A = A . ( V 0 - V )
( b x ) = A .Vt
( a x ) = A .( Vt - V )
Vi A l hng s t l

Thay vo (1)

k=

V -V
V
1
ln 0 . t
A.V t V0 Vt -V0

(2)

Khi s dng dd NaOH 0.05N vi lng hn hp phn ng dng l 10ml th s

ng lng NaOH c trong 10ml hn hp phn ng (hay trong V0 ml NaOH) l
V0 . 0,05 . 10-3
Nng ng lng NaOH trong mu th (10ml) l:
b = (V0 . 0,05 . 10-3)
m

10 3
= 0,005 V0
10

b = A .V0

A = 0,005
p dng cng thc (2) ta ln lt tnh c hng s tc K tng ng vi
tng thi im ca phn ng thy phn este trong mi trng NaOH.
Theo kt qu th nghim ta c:
T (pm)

VNaOH chun

VNaOH cn li

(ml)

trong mu th

Hng s tc K

(ml)
0

5.5

4.5

2.1072

10

6.4

3.6

2.2314

15

6.8

3.2

2.6203

20

7.1

2.9

2.9114

Vi V0, Vt, V trong cng thc (2) l th tch NaOH 0.05N cn li trong mu
th (10 ml) ti cc thi im t = 0, t, .
T ta tnh c gi tr hng s tc trung bnh ca phn ng

CH 3COONa+C2 H 5 OH
CH 3COOC2 H 5 +NaOH

k=

2.1072+2.2314+2.6203+2.9114
2.4676
4

Lu
Khng dng HCl chun trc tip NaOH trong hn hp phn ng m
phi lm nh trong phn hng dn th nghim
Nu ta chun 10ml dd trong hn hp bng HCl (c vi git phenoltalein)
lc ban u NaOH s d so vi HCl nn dd s c mu hng, sau 1 khang thi gian
th NaOH bt u t dn i v b HCl trung ho, n 1 lc no dung dch s t t
mt mu.
c mu sang khng mu
Cn lm theo hng dn th nghim th ngc li dd s chuyn dn t khng
mu sang c mu (khi bt u d NaOH).
V hin tng t khng mu sang c mu d nhn thy hn t c mu sang
khng mu
Tin hnh theo hng dn th chnh xc s cao hn.
Ti sao khng chun trc tip CH3COOC2H5 m li phi chun gin
tip qua NaOH?
- Khng c thuc th cho CH3COOC2H5.
- Chun NaOH s cho im tng ng r rng, bc nhy ln.

Bi 7: XC TC NG TH PHN NG PHN
HU H2O2
im

Li ph ca gio vin

1. S liu thc nghim:

t (pht)

10

15

20

30

V (KMnO4) (ml) 9,2

8,5

7,9

7,5

6,6

C (H2O2) (N)

0.0425

0.0395

0.0375

0.035

0.033

0.046

Cch tnh 2 2 :

nh lut ng lng: 22 . 22 = 4 . 4
Trong :

22 = 2 , 4 = 0.01N

2. X l kt qu:
=

1 022

2 2

t (pht)

10

15

20

30

K (ph-1)

0,015827

0,015234

0,01362

0,013665

0,011071

Hng s tc trung bnh:

K

0,15827 0,15234 0,01362 0,013665 0,011071

0,013883
5

Thi gian bn hy:

T1/ 2

ln 2
ln 2

49,93ph
K
0,013883

C th s dng cch v th xc nh hng s tc phn ng K:

Phng trnh vn tc cho phn ng bc nht:
t (ph)

022 0

0
2 2
2 2

10

15

20

30

0.079137

0,152341

0,2043

0,273293

0,332134

2 2
V th

0
2 2
2 2

theo t:

0.4
y = 0.0112x + 0.0243
R2 = 0.9681

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

T th suy ra: K= 0.0112

3. Nhn xt:
a. Ti sao dng Cu2+ lm cht xc tc trong phn ng ny?
-Khi dng xc tc trnh s dng cc nguyn t a ha tr nh Fe, Mn Trong
khi Cu2+ rt kh b kh v Cu(I).
-Cu2+ cho tc dng xc tc rt mnh.
b. V sao phn ng c xem l phn ng bc 1?
Phn ng phn hy H2O2 din ra qua 2 giai on:

HOOH O2 + 2H+ (chm)

HOOH + 2H+ 2H2O (nhanh)
Tc ca phn ng c xc nh bi giai on 1 (l giai on chm) v
do phn ng xy ra theo bc 1.

Bi 9: DN IN CA DUNG DCH CHT

IN LI
im

Li ph ca gio vin

4. S liu thc nghim:

a. Xc nh hng s bnh in cc:
L (S)

(S.cm-1), 310C

1311.10-6

1580.10-6

(1 )

1.205

b. o dn L ca dung dch CH3COOH v HCl:

i vi dung dch CH3COOH:

C N (CH3COOH)

1/64

1/32

1/16

1/8

L (S)

309.10-6

438.10-6

618.10-6

880.10-6

372,345.10-6

527,79.10-6

744,69.10-6

1060,4.10-6

16,88928

11,91504

8,4832

= . (. 1 )
=

1000.
(. 1 . 1 ) 23,83008

i vi dung dch HCl:

C N (HCl)

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

548.10-6

1230.10-6

1920.10-6

2600.10-6

= . (. 1 )

66,034.10-5

148,215.10-5

231,36.10-5

313,3.10-5

1000.
(. 1 . 1 )

660,34

741,075

771,2

783,25

L (S)

5. X l kt qu:
a. Xc nh dn in ng lng ti hn 0 v hng s in ly K ca cht
in ly yu CH3COOH:
2 .
1
1
1
=
= 2 . +
0 . ( 0 )
0 .
0
Phng trnh trn c dng ng thng y= ax + b. Ta v th 1/ C:
C

0.372345

0.52779

0.74469

1.0604

1/

0.04196

0.059209

0.08393

0.11788

0.14
y = 0.1105x + 0.001
R2 = 0.9998

0.12
0.1
0.08

Series1

0.06

Linear (Series1)

0.04
0.02
0
0

0.2

T th suy ra:

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1
1
0.1105 v
0.001
0 K
0

=> 0= 1000(. 1 . 1 ) v K= 0.00905

H s phn ly ca cht in ly yu CH3COOH: = /0

C N (CH3COOH)
=

1/64

1000.
(. 1 . 1 )
9.670848

= /0

0.032881

1/32

1/16

1/8

6.944656

4.848920

3.470400

0.023612

0.016486

0.011799

b. Xc nh 0 ca cht in ly mnh HCl:

= 0
V th :

0.031623

0.044721

0.054772

0.063246

660,34

741,075

771,2

783,25
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0

T th suy ra: 0= 548.91 (. 1 . 1 )

6. Nhn xt:
Khi xc nh hng s bnh in cc: =

phi ln hn 1 v > L vi l

dn in ring ca dung dch KCl 0.01N 310C ( bit trc) v L l dn

in ca dung dch KCl c xc nh bng my o dn ng vi chiu di 1cm
(bao gm c in tr ca my o v dy dn nn dn in s gim xung). Kt
qu ta thu c k = 1.205 > 1 l hp l.

0.02

 Dung dch HCl c dn in ring ln hn dung dch CH3COOH rt

nhiu v HCl l cht in ly mnh, h s phn ly gn bng 1, trong khi
CH3COOH l cht in ly yu, h s phn ly rt b.
Kho st s thay i ca dn in theo nng cht in ly manh HCl
v cht in ly yu CH3COOH ta rt ra mt s nhn xt:
o Kt qu th nghim cho thy khi nng HCl tng t 0.001 n 0.004
N v nng CH3COOH tng t 1/64 n 1/8 N th dn in c hai dung
dch ny u tng ln rt nhanh.
o Trong khi , dn in ng lng li gim xung. i vi dung
dch HCl, khi nng tng th gim chm theo quy tc ng thng. i vi
dung dch CH3COOH, khi nng tng th gim rt nhanh, sau gim
chm hn.
o Cn lu l cc dung dch chng ta kho st nng rt long nn
dn in c 2 trng hp u tng theo nng . Tuy nhin, nu nng
dung dch c hn th kt qu khng cn nh vy na. Tra cu ti liu, chng
ta s tm c biu s ph thuc dn in ring ca dung dch HCl v
CH3COOH vo nng . ng biu din s ph thuc dn in ca dung
dch vo nng l ng cong c im cc i. C ngha l, im cc i,
nu chng ta tip tc tng nng ca dung dch th dn in s khng tng
ln m n s gim xung. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau: Nu xem rng,
trong cc dung dch long ca cht in ly mnh nh HCl, tc chuyn vn
ca cc ion hu nh khng ph thuc nng , dn in tng t l thun vi
s ion, n tng khi nng tng. Trong cc dung dch c ca cht in ly
mnh, m my ion lm gim tc chuyn vn ca cc ion v dn in b
gim xung. Trong cc cht in ly yu nh CH3COOH, mt ca my ion
nh v tc chuyn vn ca cc ion t ph thuc vo nng , nhng khi
nng dung dch tng s lm gim ng k phn ly, dn n lm gim
dn in. Trong thc t cc ng biu din ny c s dng chn cht
in ly v nng tng ng cho dn in cao nht. S dng n cho php
tit kim c in nng.
Chng ta thy rng nc tinh khit (nc ct) khng dn in nhng nu
trong nc c ln tp cht (cha cc ion dn in) th n c kh nng dn in.

 dn in ca H+ v OH- cao hn hn cc ion khc l do tc tuyt i

(linh ) ca H+ v OH- c bit ln: voH+ = 36.3*10-4 v voOH- = 20.5*10-4
cm2/von.giy. gii thch s khc bit , trc kia ngi ta cho rng,
trong dung dch cc ion H+ c tc chuyn ng ln l do c bn knh ion
nh. Nhng xc nh c rng, trong dung dch nc khng tn ti ion
H+ c lp m l ion oxonium (H3O+). Cc ion ny cng nh cc ion OHu b hydrat ha v bn knh hiu dng hydrat ha ca chng cng c cng
bc nh bn knh ca cc ion khc. Vy nu di chuyn in tch ca cc ion
ny l bnh thng th linh ca chng khng th khc mt cch ng k
so vi cc ion khc. T lu bit r, qu trnh phn ly nc din ra theo s
sau: chuyn proton t mt phn t nc ny sang phn t nc khc.
Cc ion H3O+ c to ra lin tc do s trao i proton vi cc phn t
nc bao quanh, song din ra mt cch v trt t. Nhng di tc dng ca
in trng ngoi th ngoi s trao i v trt t trn cn din ra qu trnh
c xu hng: mt phn proton (H+) bt u chuyn theo trng lc v pha
catod, v do chuyn c in tch. Vy dng in c chuyn khng
phi l do cc ion H3O+ (d n c tham gia vo qu trnh), m bi cc
proton c chuyn t phn t nc ny n phn t nc khc bn cnh
theo trng lc. Nh s chuyn proton m t nh trn lm tng dn in
ca dung dch, v proton c bn knh nh, v i qua khng phi ton on
ng n catod, m ch qua mt khong cch gia cc phn t nc. Dng
nh vy ca s dn in c th gi l s dn in dy chuyn. Tng t, c
th gii thch v dn in ln c bit ca cc ion hydroxyl, song trong
trng hp ny cc proton c chuyn t cc phn t nc n cc ion
hydroxyl, tc l tng ng vi s chuyn cc ion hydroxyl theo hng v
pha anod. Mt khc, v trng thi nng lng ca hydro trong phn t nc
tng ng vi cc tiu th nng (h th nng) su hn trong H3O+. iu
gii thch v sao linh ca ion OH- nh hn ca H+.

Bi 10 :
XC NH SC CNG B MT CA CHT LNG

im

Li ph GV

I. MC CH TH NGHIM :
o sc cng b mt ca dung dch bng phng php o lc cng tc
dng ln mt n v chiu di ca chu vi b mt phn chia pha.
II. S LIU THC NGHIM :
ToC

(mN/m)

Nc ct

30

70,5

n-butanol 0.6 M

31

39

Ln pha 1

30.5

47

Ln pha 2

31

56

Ln pha 3

31

63

Ln pha 4

31

66

Ln pha 5

31

68.5

Ln pha 6

30.5

69.5

Ln pha 7

31

71,5

Ln pha 8

30

72

Ln pha 9

31

72,6

Ln pha 10

31

72,8

Dung mi / Dung dch o

Tra bng trong gio trnh thc hnh, ta c sc cng b mt ca nc

nhit phng 30oC l : o = 71,38.
III. NHN XT :
Ta dng vng platin v Platin l kim loi tr v mt ha hc, n khng
phn ng vi bt c cht g trong qu trnh o v bo qun v vy gip o sc
cng b mt vi chnh xc cao.
Ta dng dung mi o l H2O do nc c sc cng b mt ln nht v
nc phn cc mnh hn n-butanol. Khi cng pha long, n-butanol c sc
cng b mt cng tng v thp hn sc cng ca nc l do n-butanol tan tt
vo H2O to dung dch tng i ng nht. Qua mi ln pha th lng nbutanol cng t, lng nc cng tng v n mt lc no sc cng b mt
tng rt chm do lc ch cn li ch yu l H2O.
to nn sc cng b mt, p lc vng platin to ra phi va
thng p lc ni phn t.
Ngoi phng php o sc cng b mt cht lng bng vng platin cn
c nhiu phng php khc nh : xc nh s bin i mc cht lng trong
mao qun, cng git cht lng, phng php Lecomtedu Nouy, bn phng
Lwihelmy, p sut cc i ca bt kh, xc nh hnh dng ca bt kh.
Khi o sc cng b mt ta lm nn lm ni khng c gi v nhit
cao v s dn n kt qu khng chnh xc.

Bi 11: XC NH NGNG KEO T CA

KEO Fe(OH)3
im

Li ph ca gio vin

I. Cch tin hnh iu ch dung dch keo :

H keo ca Fe(OH)3 c xc nh nh sau :
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
Dung dch keo c iu ch bng cch cho FeCl3 vo nc ct ang si. Cht
lm cho bn ca keo ny c chp nhn l FeOCl (c cha ion FeO+) l sn
phm ca s thy phn khng hon ton FeCl3 theo phng trnh phn ng :
FeCl3 + H2O FeOCl + 2HCl
Mixen ca sol c cng thc : {m[Fe(OH)3].nFeO+ (n x)Cl-}.xClTin hnh th nghim

Gii thch

Ly 4 ng nghim, mi ng 5 ml dung

V ng nghim 1, 2, cc ht c kch

dch keo, cho 1 ml Na2SO4 c nng

thc < 10-7 : cha t ti ngng keo

0,0001N; 0,001 N ; 0,01 N ; 0,1 N ln

t.

lt vo tng ng.
Sau 20 pht, ta thy ng 1, 2 trong ,

ng nghim s 3, cc ht keo t kch

ng 3 hi c, ng 4 c kt ta lng

thc 10-7 10-5 cm : t n

xung.

ngng keo t.

Ta chn ng 3 v ghi nhn nng ng

nghim s 3 l 0,01 N tip tc xc
nh ngng keo t chnh xc.

ng nghim s 4, kch thc cc ht >

10-5 cm nn h khng bn v mt ng
hc, dn n cc ht phn tn d dng
tch ra khi mi trng phn tn.

y gi l hin tng sa lng.

Vy : C* = C3 = 0,01 N
II. Xc nh ngng keo t chnh xc :
Pha 10 ml dung dch Na2SO4 c nng C* = 0,01 N trong bnh nh mc ri pha
long thu c cc nng theo bng 1 sau :
S TT ng
nghim
S ml Na2SO4 c
nng 0,01 N
S ml nc ct
Nng Na2SO4
(N)

0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,009

Bng 1
Ly 9 ng nghim c nh s ln lt t 1 9. Cho vo mi ng 5 ml dung
dch keo Fe(OH)3 iu ch trn v 1 ml dung dch Na2SO4 pha long vi cc nng
tng ng t C1 C9 bng 1. Lc tht k tng ng nghim ri yn mt thi gian
sau quan st hin tng keo t thu c tng ng nghim theo bng 2.
S TT ng nghim
Nng Na2SO4

0,001 0,002 0,003 0,004 0,005 0,006 0,007 0,008 0,009

Vdd Na2SO4

Vdd Fe(OH)3

Hin tng

Bng 2

Vi : () : Khng hoc t c hin tng keo t

(+) : C hin tng keo t hoc kt ta lng xung
Theo bng 2 ta thy : nng cht in ly Na2SO4 nh nht xut hin hin tng keo
t trong dung dch keo Fe(OH)3 l ng nghim s 4 vi nng tng ng l C4 =
0,004 N. T ta tnh c ngng keo t ca Fe(OH)3 theo cng thc :

C.V
0,004.1
.1000 =
.1000 = 0,8

IV. Nhn xt :
Qua qu trnh thc hin th nghim, ta thy rng : s keo t chu nh hng bi
nhiu yu t nh thi gian, nhit , nng cht in ly Trong s , yu t nng
cht in ly ng vai tr quan trng.
T th nghim kho st tnh keo t ca dung dch keo Fe(OH)3 trong mi trng
cht in ly, ta thy s khc bit ca dung dch thc v dung dch keo l :
Cc ht keo c kch thc ln hn cc ht phn t (10-710-5 cm) nn cc ht keo
khuch tn rt chm hn cc ht phn t trong dung dch thc.
Cc ht keo c kch thc nh nn thng khng bn v mt nhit ng, do ,
cc ht keo thng c xu hng kt li vi nhau (gim b mt tip xc v nhit
ng hc).
Cc ht keo mang in tch nn chu nh hng bi cc cht in ly.