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Bill of exchange is written order letter in which there is not any condition. Writer's sign will be in it.

In this letter, order to other person is given to pay the certain sum of money to the writer of letter or to pay any other authorized person or who has this bill of exchange. Essential of a Bill of Exchange 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. It should be in written. Unconditional order to pay. Signed by writer. Debtor must be a certain person. Payment must be a certain amount. Payment must be done on maturity of bill. Acceptance must be given by debtor on this bill.

Parties of the Bill of Exchange 1. Drawer or Maker or Creditor 2. Drawee or Debtor or Acceptor 3. Payee or who have right to get payment Maturity Date Due date of bill is also called maturity date and we can get three day of grace period for paying debt through bill. Endorsement If drawer signs on the back side of bill for giving the right to other for getting money from debtor, it will be endorsement. Dishonour of Bill of Exchange If drawee or debtor does not pay the money of bill of exchange on maturity, then bill will be dishonour. After this, debtor will be responsible to his unpaid dues. Journal Entries in the books of Drawer 1. Drawer receives a bill accepted by drawee Bill receivable account Dr. To Drawee account 2. Drawee pays the bill on due date Cash account Dr. To B/R account or 2. Drawee dishonours the bill on due date Drawee account Dr. To B/R account 3. If noting charges are paid by drawer

Drawer account Dr. To Cash account Journal Entries in the books of Drawee or Debtor 1. Drawer receives a bill accepted by drawee Drawer account Dr. To Bill payable account 2. Drawee pays the bill on due date B/P Dr. To cash account or 2. Drawee dishonours the bill on due date B/P account Dr. To Drawer account 3. If noting charges are paid by drawer Noting Charges account Dr. To Drawer account

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The toothpaste history in India can be tracked back from 1975 with 1200tonnes of toothpaste produced by the toothpaste industry. Prior to the toothpastesOral Hygiene was the domain of local homemade powders and ayurvedh practitioners. With the entry of Colgate in Indian marketplace the awareness aboutOral care and the importance of oral care. In recent years the Industry has shownimpressive growth rate of 18.6% (this growth is calculated in terms of value growthin Rs.).The growth in the urban market has been largely by the Gel Segment. Presently,a large chunk of the Market is still held by Colgate. The major players in thetoothpaste Industry being Colgate Palmolive and Hindustan Lever Limited andseveral minor players like Balsara hygiene, Dabur etc.Presently Colgate Dental Cream holds 52% of market share. HLLs Close uplies far behind with 23% of the existing market share. The third player in themarketplace in terms of market share is Colgate Gel with 10.5% of the marketshare. That leaves 14.5% market share for other Brands likeClose up, Close up G,Promise,Babool, Sensofoam, Forhans,Cibaca, Neem,Viccoetc. The toothpastemarket is presently valued at Rs. 750 crores out of which the Gel segment hasalready bagged 1/3rd portion of it. The Gel segment presently stands at Rs. 248crores and is growing at a rate much faster than Cream. In India toothpaste usage ascompared to other countries is very low which signifies about the potential of themarket. In Urban India the usage of toothpaste per person per year is just 190gms.Where as it is 200gms of toothpaste per person per year in developing countries asIndonesia and Thailand. In developed countries as USA and other European

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