Alyson Murphy 10/28/2013 Annotated Bibliography In the video services industry, technology, softwares and equipment are always

adapting. But in the world of sports video services the need to know of these constant modifications is at an even higher rate. Due to the endless work schedule of sports video directors and producers, much of the communication through the discourse community is done in person in sporting events and meetings, rather than tediously being written about in academic journals. Although academic journals on the subject of sports videography are hard to come by, many organizations such as Digital Media, Xos Digital and NBCSports often write reviews are periodicals about a trending new technology or equipment to assist in informing the discourse community on a larger level. In this annotated bibliography, the process of streaming sporting events online is discussed. From the introduction of the technology, to its place in sports today many periodicals, conferences and academic journals have been collected to view the common ideas and beliefs about this topic. The common discussion of streaming sporting events examines the numerous benefits to broadcasting companies and sports fans alike. Also mentioned at times are the common glitches the technology has possessed over the years and some writers unsatisfactory viewpoints. In this research the common discussions happening in these academic journals, articles etc., examine the benefits of online streaming, occasionally the negative aspects of online streaming as well as the basic technology and process

Murphy2 that takes place in online streaming. The following research will mainly discuss these three points.

Baysinger, Tim. "NBCs Litner: Olympics Proved Sports Streaming Model Works." Broadcasting & Cable Magazine 10 Dec. 2012: 1-2. Academic Search Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. In this article, Tim Baysinger, a writer for Broadcasting and Cable Magazine, discusses the benefits NBC Sports received from streaming over 159 million video streams of the 2012 London Olympics. In Baysingers article, he quotes Jon Litner, group president of NBC Sports Group. Litner is quoted saying Everyone who is in the ecosystem are all getting a much better understanding of the opportunities that are around with TV Everywhere, when asked about streaming sporting events live. This article relates to my research because rather than focusing on the point-of-view of a viewer, this article relates online streaming to the business side of broadcasting companies.

"Level 3 Provides Live Flash Streaming Coverage of Events for Mountain Sports International." Corporate IT Update (M2) 09 Apr. 2008: n. pag. Print. In this news article from Corporate IT Update (M2), services used to stream online sporting events are discussed. This article examines the US Free Skiing Nationals and the use of Adobe Premier Authorized Flash Video Streaming Service by Level 3 Communications Inc., an international communications company. This streaming service was used by the international company to stream to all possible

Murphy3 viewers throughout the world. This article relates to my research because coverage at an international level was not easily achieved until the process of online streaming. Events such as the US Free Skiing Nationals helped to convenience other companies, such and NBC, FOX and ESPN to give online streaming a chance.

D. H. N. "The Ball's in Your Court." Editor & Publisher Mar. 2011, 144th ed., sec. 3: n. pag. Print. In this periodical, D. H. N. discusses the use of online streaming for local sporting events such as high school and club teams rather than internationally streamed sports that are discussed often in this research. Rather than looking at the process of streaming from a technological aspect, D. H. N. discusses online streaming as an extra job, like free lancing, for local newspaper publishers and writers. The periodical discusses how streaming local sporting events in beneficial to those who cannot make it to the sporting event as well as those production the streams, having another source of income. This periodical relates to my research because unlike many article which discuss the benefits of the costumers, the viewpoint of one who is working the stream is displayed, exhibiting the ability to produce material without the demanding hours of a full time position.

Fernandez, Ivan A., Christophe De Vleeschouwer, George Toma, and Laurent Schumacher. "An Interactive Video Streaming Architecture Featuring Bitrate Adaptation." Journal of Communication 7.4 (2012): 265-80. Academic Search Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013.

Murphy4 In this academic journal Ivan Allen Fernandez, Christophe De Vleeschouwer, George Toma and Laurent Shumacher, writers for the Journal of Communication, describe the interactive and adaptive streaming architecture that exploits temporal concatenation of H.264/AVC video bit-streams. (Page 1) Unlike many of the articles presented, which discuss mainly the program (what is being sent out) side of online streaming, the writers of this journal discuss the server side of online streaming. The writers of this journal use figures and formulas to discribe the process the server takes in order to successfully send out a live stream. This journal is important to my research because it gives an in depth viewpoint of the technological requirements and processes of streaming material online.

Hachman, Mark. "Comcast Streaming NCAA Tournament Video for Free." PC Magazine Mar. 2012: n. pag. Business Source Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. In this periodical Mark Hachman, a writer for PC Magazine, the use of streaming in place of full production is discussed. With streaming sporting events, a significant amount of less workers and production are needed. For the ability to shoot, record and broadcast 2012 NCAA March Madness, companies such as Comcast referred to streaming basketball games, not only online, but on demand on Xfinity. Hachman mentions that thanks to the new technology of streaming, 64 games were able to be recorded and streamed live rather than only having the ability to televise one. This periodical is important to my research because it displays an alternative use of streaming, which can help to produce more sporting events at once.

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Hachman, Mark. "Vevo Blames Mystery Pirate for Illegal NFL Stream." PC Magazine Feb. 2012: n. pag. Business Source Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. In this periodical, Mark Hachman, a writer for PC Magazine, examines an event where online streaming caused for illegal activity. Vevo, a joint venture between Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, and Abu Dhabi Media (Hachman) threw a party at the Sundance Film Festival. At the party a laptop that was being used to project video onto a screen was accessed by an unknown source and used to stream the Giants-Patriots NFL game. Rio Caraeff, chief executive of Vevo, stated Vevo takes intellectual property and copyright issues very seriously. We have always supported our artists and content owners and have the same respect for all content creators in every industry and of every art form. So we are very sensitive to what happened at Sundance and the issues it has raised." This periodical relates to my research because it displays some negative aspects of having access to more material. Just like anything available online, streams can be illegally pirated and are just as serious as illegally downloaded music and movies.

Hiestand, Michael. "NBC Exec: Live Streaming Helped TV." USA Today 13 Aug. 2012: n. pag. Print. In this news article Michael Hiestand, a writer for USA Today, covers how NBCs online coverage as ell as television coverage benefitted from their online streaming in the London Olympics. Compared to coverage of the Beijing Olympics, To give perspective on the reach of TV vs. digital, consider that while NBC prime

Murphy6 time averaged 31.1 million viewers daily, online NBC averaged 8.56 million streams, which is up 133% from Beijing. But only 10 events in the London Games drew more than 1 million live streams. Then there's the money. NBC says its Olympic TV ad revenue will top $1 billion, with more than 80% of that coming from prime-time TV, and digital ad sales will be about $60 million. (Hiestand) Some members of the discourse community questioned the effects of online streaming to regular television in the past, this article relates to my research to show specific example of how online streaming has helped both the broadcast company as well as their primetime showings.

Hunter, Phillip. "Inside Track on 2012 Lessons." Engineering and Technology Magazine Feb. 2013: 1-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. In this article, Phillip Hunter, a writer for Engineering and Technology Magazine discusses the first time BBC (British Broadcasting Company) used online streaming during the 2012 Olympics. Hunter examines the advantages of streaming Olympic sporting events world wide, as well as the minor hiccups(Hunter) made by computer and human error in BBCs first use of streaming. In this article, research was conducted to compare live television to live online streaming. Compared to live television, online streaming was not only live but had the ability to stream up to 24 different sporting events at a time. Statistics also concluded that streaming sporting events reached far more viewers, for 56% of stream viewers watched from their computer, 33% watched from their mobile devices; compared to a small 3% of which watched from their television sets. This article relates to my

Murphy7 research not only because of its large scale production (the 2012 Olympics) that are the topic of discussion, but also because statistically this article gives a much larger amount of information compared to most other articles.

Kirkke, Jan. "Streaming Video Transforms the Media Industry." 24.4 (2004): 6-12. Business Source Premier. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. In this academic journal, Jan Krikke describes the growth of online streaming in 2004, while others were still questioning the effectiveness of this technology in the field of sports video and media. This journal is of relevance to my research article because the growth of online streaming has become so revolutionary, so quickly, to the field of sports video, that only a few years after this journal was released almost all sports broadcasting companies have some sort of online streaming technology. As a form of credibility, Krikke mentions the growing use of online streaming in credible areas such as media companies, universities and broadcasters.

Monroe, Danielle. "NBC and the Olympics." EContent (2012): 8-10. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. In this periodical, Danielle Monroe highlights NBCUniverals increase in viewers and advantages of online advertising within the use of live online streaming rather than live televised events during the 2012 London Olympics. As an example of the increase of viewers through online streaming, Monroe refers to the Federer

Murphy8 and Djokovic tennis match in the French Open. After being streamed online on the West Coast the West Coast ratings were higher than the East Coast numbers, where the match was broadcast live. (Pg. 2) This periodical is of relevance to my research because it gives a direct example of the effects of online streaming for a completely sports based broadcast.

Lafayette, Jon. "CBS Eyes On-Demand NCAA Year Round." Television Week 09 Mar. 2009, 28th ed., sec. 7: n. pag. Print. In this periodical, Jon Lafayette, a writer for Television Week, discusses CBSs desire and possibility of streaming sporting events all year round, even out of season. The service will offer highlights from recently played games as well as "NCAA March Madness Memories," which features about 35 of the greatest moments from the tournament. (Lafayette) While featuring live sporting events, CBS discusses adding VOD (Video on Demand) the their online products. "We think we can tap into the library and create a living, breathing VOD product," said Bob Rose, executive VP for distribution at CBS College Sports. This periodical relates to my research because it displays the continuing possibilities online streaming has to offer, whether live or on demand.

Myers, Peter. "Cranky Consumer: Take Me Out...to the Webcast; With Playoffs in Full Swing, We Test Game-Tracking Sites; Shorter Lines at the Bathroom." Wall Street Journal [New York] 07 Oct. 2003, Eastern ed., D1 sec.: n. pag. Print.

Murphy9 In this article, Peter Myers, a writer for the Wall Street Journal, discusses what he believes to be negative aspects of online streaming. In his research, Myers logs onto three different providers for online MLB streaming to see which provider gives the best service. Myers constantly criticizes the providers of their technological glitches. (Myers) Myers notes, Several times the program froze up, forcing us to re-launch it(Myers) about ESPN.coms GameCast streaming system. Although Myers article is mainly about the negative aspects of online streaming, Myers fails to mention or research the steps being taken in the ever-growing world of technology to improve glitches involved with online streaming. But, Myers does remember to mention the fact that an entire baseball season of online streaming cost about $120 compared to that of a one game ticket, which comes out to be about the same price.

Rein, Irving, Phillip Kotler, and Ben Sheilds. "The Future of Sports Media." The Futurist 41.1 (2007): n. pag. Education Full Text. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. In this academic journal Irving Rein, a professor of communication studies at Northwestern University, Phillip Kotler a professor of International Marketing at the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University and Ben Sheilds, a doctoral candidate in the department of communication studies at Northwestern University discuss the advantages sporting networks have gained from online streaming. The journal makes an example of ESPN, who has significantly increased their offerings to their customers. With an interactive Web site with streaming video, audio, insider information, and fantasy games ESPN provides the most interactive media to their

Murphy10 customers than any other provider. This relates to my research because it gives an example of how one of the top grossing production companies in the world can still improve from the use of online streaming.

Soltz, Ned. "Streaming From St. John's." Digital Media Magazine Aug. 2012: 1-4. Academic Search Premier. Web. In this article, Ned Soltz, a writer for Digital Media Magazine, discusses the advantages that even small organizations and colleges can obtain from streaming sporting events online. Soltz discusses St. Johns University and their process of online streaming of their home sporting events. Soltz also connects the use of equipment to the process of streaming, giving those who do not have direct knowledge with the process of streaming a good idea as to the basic functions of online streaming. Soltz states St. Johns... shows that an academic institution of any size can be fully independent in delivering sports content, which in turn provides both exposure and a revenue stream. (Pg. 3) This article relates to my research, because it shows how much the sport video and athletic has improved as well as grown with the use of online streaming.

Talley, Justin. "ONLINE STREAMERS: A NO LIABILITY ISSUE." Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 18 (2008): 371. LexisNexis Academic: Law Reviews. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. In this academic journal, Justin Talley, an associate professor at Oklahoma State University, discusses the differences between a download and an online

Murphy11 stream. Talley explains in basic terminology so even those who do not belong to the community can easily understand. Talley refers to the fact that streams cannot be downloaded and As soon as the user closes the window containing content, the data is removed and that stream is gone forever. (Talley) This academic journal relates to my research because, in comparison to Vevo Blames Mystery Pirate for Illegal NFL Stream, a periodical that is also used in my research, although streams may have the ability to be illegally accessed at times, downloaded and illegally keeping a stream for ones self is impossible; stopping any users from trying to pirate it for personal benefits.