Alyson Murphy Literature Review 11-15-13 ENC 1102 Introduction In the video services industry, technology, softwares and

equipment are always adapting. But in the world of sports video services the need to know of these constant modifications is at an even higher rate. Due to the endless work schedule of sports video directors and producers, much of the communication through the discourse community is done in person in sporting events, meetings and news articles rather than tediously being written about in academic journals. The newest technology to improve the video production industry is online streaming. Online streaming is an alternate form of broadcasting events than on a television channel; instead, streaming takes place online and allows broadcast companies to stream several events at once at a much lower expense. This literature review discusses both the negative and positive aspects of online streaming according to different reliable sources. Also, the topic of technology is discussed and the many aspects of streaming that have made it one of the fastest growing forms of technology used in this discourse community are mentioned.

Pros The introduction of online streaming has brought sporting events to households as well as allowed for new interaction among viewers. Online streaming has allowed for broadcast companies to stream several sporting events at a time. For example, all 64 events of the 2012 March Madness NCAA basketball games were successfully streamed online and had access for all costumers, where as if it was

Murphy 2 televised, only one game at a time would have been able to be viewed by costumers. (Hachman, Mark. Lafayette, Jon.) The ability for broadcast companies to not only provide 64 different sporting events simultaneously, but also due so at a remarkably lower production cost is one reason why streaming has become so popular. Another positive aspect that many discussed was the safety of broadcast material, and the lacking ability to pirate footage from said broadcast company. (Talley, Justin) In many cases, broadcast have either been stripped or stolen due to online pirating, but due to a completely live streaming broadcast, there is no way to steal broadcast material, putting broadcasts in my better protection.

Technology Also discussed through out the discourse community in relation to online streaming is the basic technology and process on online streaming. (Fernandez, Ivan A. Rein, Irving, Phillip Kotler, and Ben Sheilds) Materialistic technology is discussed, such as the Tricaster, Venus, Canopus etc. as well as software technology including those such as LiveText and AVID Media Composer. Along with ever improving technology, which in return gives a better experience to costumers, sports associations are benefiting as well. With this new, accessible technology, sporting associations at high schools and well as universities now have a higher quality of sports video production just like many broadcasting companies (Kirkke, Jan. Soltz, Ned.) With this in mid, broadcast companies have, what some could consider in house workers, people who do not have to be hired as a freelance position or professional. With this access to high school students, college students and

Murphy 3 volunteers alike, the cost to stream sporting events online is that much cheaper then coming in with an entire broadcast staff.

Cons Some found negative aspects of online streaming as well. The aspect of glitches and occasionally lagging was highly scrutinized by few. (Myers, Peter.) Glitches, pertaining to lagging, lose of audio and/or video at times was mentioned only a small amount compared to more positive aspects of streaming due to the understandable fact by those in the discourse community that adapting technology will have their rough patches until said technology has been perfected. Although there is no possibility of illegally downloading broadcasts, due to the fact that they are not downloads but streams, some have also evaluated the aspect of illegally streaming broadcasts, meaning they are being shown live without downloading, but through a website who does not own rights to the broadcast. (Hachman, Mark.) I have viewed this instance only once through Hachmans writing. The ability for another website to stream a broadcast owned by another company is a very unlikely and difficult situation to be made into a reality. Conclusion Many adaptions have been made to the sports videography industry, whether viewed as good, bad, or indifferent. Although a large amount of research has been done on the reviewed topics of online streaming, one research gap that does not has sufficient evidence is the aspect of required labor and those who take part in the labor. Throughout the years, streaming sporting events online has been

Murphy 4 used not only to convenience viewers, but convenience broadcast companies as well. With that in mind, many broadcast companies use interns and students from high schools and universities to produce online streams. A sufficient aspect of online streaming to research would be the amount of work and time is put into online streaming by students alone, and what kind of experience and education it is providing for said students.

Project Proposal: To evaluate the impact of student labor on online streaming, research but be done. Interviews of past and present student interns and volunteers would be a beneficial approach to understanding the adaptation of required labor over the years since the introduction of online streaming. Asking previous and current students questions such as: -How many hours do you work a week? -How many hours do you spend specifically on online streaming? -How many students dose it take to run a stream compared to the amount of workers a broadcast company would hire for television production? -Compared to the amount of televised broadcasts, how often do you stream sporting events online? -Are you paid to work each sporting event? Are you paid any amount more when you include a stream? These forms of questions will help to discuss the large amount of work students put into online streaming productions compared to the hours and money a broadcast

Murphy 5 company would have to pay a freelance. I would expect to find that not only are broadcast companies saving more money than ever before, but I would also find an outrageous amount of work asked of students for several hours and almost no pay to be completely possible. But, as a positive aspect, I would also expect to find students being keener with online technology than ever before, giving those students a higher chance of being hired directly out of school.

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Works Cited
Fernandez, Ivan A., Christophe De Vleeschouwer, George Toma, and Laurent Schumacher. "An Interactive Video Streaming Architecture Featuring Bitrate Adaptation." Journal of Communication 7.4 (2012): 265-80. Academic Search Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013.

Hachman, Mark. "Comcast Streaming NCAA Tournament Video for Free." PC Magazine Mar. 2012: n. pag. Business Source Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013. Hachman, Mark. "Vevo Blames Mystery Pirate for Illegal NFL Stream." PC Magazine Feb. 2012: n. pag. Business Source Premier. Web. 01 Oct. 2013.

Kirkke, Jan. "Streaming Video Transforms the Media Industry." 24.4 (2004): 6-12. Business Source Premier. Web. 7 Oct. 2013.

Lafayette, Jon. "CBS Eyes On-Demand NCAA Year Round." Television Week 09 Mar. 2009, 28th ed., sec. 7: n. pag. Print.

Myers, Peter. "Cranky Consumer: Take Me Out...to the Webcast; With Playoffs in Full Swing, We Test Game-Tracking Sites; Shorter Lines at the Bathroom." Wall Street Journal [New York] 07 Oct. 2003, Eastern ed., D1 sec.: n. pag. Print.

Murphy 7 Soltz, Ned. "Streaming From St. John's." Digital Media Magazine Aug. 2012: 1-4. Academic Search Premier. Web.

Talley, Justin. "ONLINE STREAMERS: A NO LIABILITY ISSUE." Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 18 (2008): 371. LexisNexis Academic: Law Reviews. Web. 01 Oct. 2013.