Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acoustic-emission monitoring Aircraft corrosion monitoring D check maintenance structural integrity programs Aluminum alloys aluminum-lithium anodic polarization anodizing applications cast corrosion resistance alloying atmospheric corrosion grain structure mechanical treatments metallurgical treatments corrosion testing exfoliation filiform corrosion grain structure inhibitors intergranular corrosion mechanical properties production soil corrosion special products stress-corrosion cracking tempers weldability welds: filler metals imperfections wrought American Society for Testing and Materials Anodic protection applications cathodes critical current current requirements design equipment film resistance heat exchangers passivity of metals polarization diagrams potential control power supply pulp and paper industry reference electrodes
Links
426 4 437 402 401 403 584 507 507 806 595 589 601 602 602 507 602 602 498 352 28 352 850 508 589 587 153 593 300 593 598 599 599 591 491 41 775 932 929 926 922 930 927 926 922 923 527 930 930 933 929 623 361 921 337 440 440 449 456 460
404
603 609
499
348
610
364
365
427
937
932 924
930
Index terms
Anodic protection cont. stainless steels steels storage vessel Artificial intelligence case-based reasoning certainty factors expert systems knowledge-based systems neural networks Atmospheric corrosion aluminum alloys atmospheric contaminants atmospheric salinity copper alloys corrosivity maps evaluation CLIMAT test microbalance ISO methodology ISO standards monitoring nature of corrosion products PACER LIME algorithm prediction sulfur dioxide temperature theory GILDES model time of wetness weathering steels Automotive industry: coatings hot dip galvanizing Biofouling biofilm formation control biocides chlorine ozone physical methods enzymes formation impact friction thermal conductivity marine thermal conductivity Butler-Volmer equation
Links
922 928 928 303 321 298 306 297 186 58 602 68 67 631 59 81 82 84 69 70 452 65 78 84 66 68 61 63 66 739 790 788 187 201 208 198 194 215 210 202 204 206 207 207 205 208 36 200 202 214 203 213
935
936
404 81 84
84
73
74
77
80
69
209 659
211
773
37
1052
1053
Index terms
Cast irons carbon content classification corrosion resistance alloying classification gray cast iron malleable cast iron nodular cast iron soil corrosion welding white cast iron Cathodic protection
Links
612 613 613 617 619 620 615 614 615 152 616 613 4 166 311 789 912 878 171 890 865 878 880 881 880 882 884 881 883 882 884 883 153 888 885 337 884 886 878 904 906 918 914 904 913 905 891 892 894 896 899 893 902
618
616
DNV Practice RP B401 electrical continuity electrolytic resistivity Evans diagram impressed current systems anodes buried applications carbon dioxide evolution graphite high-silicon chromium cast iron materials mixed-metal platinized polymeric materials scrap steel and iron backfill current distribution design disbonded coatings ground beds interferences limitations monitoring close-interval potential surveys corrosion coupons direct current voltage gradient hardware performance Pearson survey structure condition potential distribution stray currents alternating controlling dc rail transit systems direct gas pipelines
881
873
882
883
884
886 885
887
918
Index terms
Cathodic protection, stray currents cont. potential fluctuations telluric effects theoretical basis marine structures NACE IP 10A196 NACE RP017694 protection criteria corrosion risk IR drop error potentials reinforced concrete sacrificial anodes buried structures design materials offshore pipeline requirements soil resistivity test station theoretical basis Wenner four-pin method Chlorides: detection high-temperature corrosion reinforced concrete seawater soils Chlorine CLIMAT test Computer-based training Condition assessment surveys Conductivity electrolytic resistivity of water soil resistivity Copper alloys atmospheric corrosion bronzes cast copper-nickels: chlorine galvanic corrosion marine applications microfouling passivation pitting seawater sulfides UNS C70600 (9010) UNS C71500 (7030)
Links
903 896 879 876 881 878 866 867 869 867 168 871 874 874 873 877 872 874 876 864 874 457 261 162 129 146 194 82 322 180 390 40 890 41 146 622 631 629 625 659 655 650 655 656 652 656 658 651 652
870 870
875 885
164
183
213
659
390 391
874
885
Index terms
Copper alloys cont. corrosion resistance acids alkalis organic compounds polluted waters salts soils steam UNS C70600 (9010) UNS C71500 (7030) decorative finishes brown patina green patina patina dezincification inhibitors liquid metal embrittlement seawater soil corrosion trade names welding wrought Copper Development Association COR.SUR Corrosion coupons Corrosion diagrams: iso-corrosion mixed acid graph stainless steels titanium alloys Corrosion economics capital budgeting techniques cash-flow techniques straight-line depreciation time value of money Corrosion failures Aloha incident artillery projectile consequences corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete carbonation hydrogen embrittlement re-alkalization evaluation factors failure analysis failure modes mode definition stainless steels filiform corrosion high-temperature corrosion
Links
630 649 649 649 649 648 648 648 652 652 659 662 660 659 152 851 649 140 152 624 627 625 623 583 81 584 587 583 762 1001 1003 1001 1004 388 16 3 333 382 30 30 31 30 414 354 359 303 16 723 26 247 632
626
517
918
585 763
764
332
374
171
172
173
491 443
565
Index terms
Corrosion failures cont. mechanism modes MV KIRKI prevention probability subjective assessment reinforced concrete responsibility for corrosion failures Statue of Liberty steam generator tubes system management Corrosion forms Corrosion management monitoring reporting templates Corrosion monitoring: access fittings corrosion coupons electrical resistance electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical noise harmonic analysis inductive resistance monitoring points sensors strategies systems techniques direct indirect Corrosion prevention control measures preventive measures Corrosion rates: conversion thermodynamic calculations Corrosion surveillance, strategy Corrosion testing accelerating factors aluminum alloys anodic breakthrough method ASCOR ASTM B 117 ASTM G 3 ASTM G 44 ASTM G 78 ASTM handbook corrosion products
Links
245 353 352 4 360 382 356 186 10 58 397 7 193 276 406 356 409 417 423 424 425 424 417 413 82 438 406 409 182 431 416 416 360 8 308 529 32 74 148 500 498 500 495 489 525 300 495 494 496 256 357 280 358 338 368 349 382
342
345
334 373
410
429
430
385 441
397 445
409 918
437
413 440
427 445
430
9 361
10 401
1047 76
499
505
602
515 609
556
Index terms
Corrosion testing cont. electrochemical methods cyclic potentiodynamic polarization electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical noise polarization polarization diagram potentiodynamic polarization potentiostaircase field and service potentiodynamic polarization test facility types of exposure testing high-performance alloys high-purity water intergranular anodic test laboratory tests cabinet testing alternate immersion controlled humidity corrosive gas immersion testing high-temperature/high pressure windowed test vessels nuclear waste optimization protective coatings salt-spray testing stainless steels stress intensity welds Cost of corrosion Battelle study catastrophic damage corrosion of the infrastructure Hoars report influence of people Crevice corrosion
Links
522 531 539 549 523 527 526 526 555 536 557 557 561 520 505 512 513 517 513 514 516 517 518 561 559 561 502 527 521 487 1 2 3 4 1 5 25 141 338 539 678 767 4 460 552 734 401 730 269 365
528 536
924
514
518
519
504 537
515 538
556
359 58 157 365 552 723 775 337 465 553 62 269 399 618 727 776 338 554 73 277 443 652 752 931 440 140 289 508 656 756 449
aircraft corrosion testing critical temperature deposits duplex stainless steels modeling prevention
731
Index terms
Crevice corrosion cont. stainless steels underdeposits DC rail transit systems Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy constant phase element corrosion monitoring equivalent circuits Kramers-Kronig validating Electrochemical noise corrosion monitoring Electrochemistry of corrosion: diffusion coefficients Evans diagram exchange current electrode composition soluble species concentration surface impurities surface roughness instrumentation kinetic principles Luggin capillary overpotential: activation overpotential concentration overpotential hydrogen overpotential ohmic drop polarization Butler-Volmer equation Tafel slope thermodynamics, Nernst potential Ellingham diagrams Environmental cracking hydrogen embrittlement
Links
733 376 900 320 510 424 541 547 545 82 523 425 40 42 32 33 34 35 34 923 32 1025 35 35 15 35 35 36 43 844 43 222 297 31 347 676 768 367 82 297 366 549 612 691 732 141 559 274 545 540 435 547 539
436 1028
437
441
426 1052
865 1054
1057
1025 230
42 38 41 43 37 424 845 223 346 168 348 678 777 282 299 367 592 618 712 737 196
1055 1059
843
225 520 169 367 691 866 283 307 490 601 620 714 746 345
Index terms
Failure analysis Filiform corrosion Flade potential Flue gas desulfurization Fractal geometry Hurst exponent Galvanic corrosion
Links
302 28 924 397 271 273 32 344 582 809 655 32 363 3 283 426 869 864 279 441 332 337 933 677 550 58 345 601 1028 340 146 284 446 870 876 442 174 363 655 289 364 678 339 446 767 342 486 789
768
344 276 292 657 877 279 408 864 884 282 412 867 895
cathodic protection risk assessment Gas scrubbing, corrosion monitoring Heat exchanger tubes, corrosion monitoring Heat exchangers, anodic protection High performance alloys alloying elements applications carbon and carbides cobalt base corrosion resistance nickel-base alloys heat treatments intermetallic phases iron nickel base nickel base seawater specifications welding High-temperature corrosion ASSET carburization chlorides Co-S-O system creep strength Cr-O system Cr-S-O system deposits Ellingham diagrams F*A*C*T gaseous halogens high-temperature alloys hydrogen sulfide
443 922 664 666 680 668 664 676 677 673 669 664 561 140 680 671 221 264 255 261 231 241 226 232 262 222 265 260 242 250
932
691
680
691
671 664
672 666
676 671
676
265
228
259
Index terms
High-temperature corrosion cont. kinetics liquid metals mechanism metal dusting molten salts Ni-S-O system nitridation oxidation penetration damage Pilling-Bedworth rupture strength in service stability diagrams sulfidation thermodynamics vapor species diagrams History of corrosion science Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen: embrittlement
Links
230 263 233 258 263 230 260 223 239 231 240 237 230 245 222 223 11 583 774 31 367 678 768 691 15 427 612 178 839 850 837 834 851 841 833 834 845 836 838 851 845 856 855 854 853 269 561 836 837 175 236 234
229 247
238
243
247
249
253
256
264
756
346
cobalt-base alloys evolution monitoring stress-corrosion cracking Inhibitors acids aluminum alloys cathodic inhibitors classification copper alloys corrosion processes definition efficiency evaluation functionality scheme mechanism oil and gas operations acidizing application methods oxygen-influenced corrosion sour corrosion sweet corrosion organic inhibitors organophosphorus passivating inhibitors precipitation inhibitors reinforced concrete
833
857
837
838 178
Index terms
Inhibitors cont. selection steels pickling trans-cinnamaldehyde vapor phase volatile zinc Inspection
Links
860 849 845 846 838 838 850 4 376 464 376 375 400 375 377 382 372 73 399 508 717 352 365 351 324 101 103 102 830 933 933 547 106 109 166 1001 267 282 296 269 274 279 279 268 268 271 268 295 268 110 184 388
847 857 22 383 548 859 197 385 876 288 399 344 406 371 462
boilers inspection points nuclear reactors process piping risk-based probability of failures techniques Intergranular corrosion
383
aluminum alloys prevention stainless steels Internet Ion exchange selectivity types of resins Jointing compounds Kraft liquors composition Kramers-Kronig Langelier saturation index Larson-Skold index Life-cycle costing corrosion economics Life prediction aircraft aluminum alloys crevice corrosion extreme value statistics fault tree analysis gas pipelines modeling bottom up fractal models mathematical models probability estimation statistical models
103 104
300
289 291
274
Index terms
Life prediction, modeling cont. subjective assessment top down nuclear waste pitting corrosion reinforced concrete stainless steel cracking sweet gas corrosion Linear polarization, corrosion monitoring Localized corrosion: local environment
Links
291 277 276 274 184 318 320 414 13 192 365 336 1025
surface area ratio Luggin capillary Maintenance: asset management costs nuclear reactors poor practices predictive preventive prioritizing reliability-centered strategies Maintenance Steering Group environmental deterioration analysis structure significant items Materials selection COR SUR costs pitting index seawater Materials Technology Institute Maximum entropy method Methods of corrosion control Microbiologically influenced corrosion activity assays assays classification acid-producing fungi aerobes iron/manganese oxidizing methane producers organic acid producers slime formers sulfur/sulfide oxidizing direct inspection DNA probes
387 383 397 384 385 385 391 386 384 282 286 285 577 583 770 364 139 309 425 8 144 191 198 190 190 195 192 193 195 195 194 192 197 199
388 391
390
391
392
386
395
405
387
395
401
287
314
316
359
187 209
188 766
194
Index terms
Microbiologically influenced corrosion cont. effect of operating conditions cleanliness flow velocity oxygen pH temperature growth assays identification most probable number planktonic sampling soils sulfate-reducing bacteria Molybdenum alloys: applications corrosion resistance machining properties specifications welding Monitoring: acoustic emission aircraft corrosion potentials electrical field signature method fiber optics hydrogen potentiodynamic polarization reinforced concrete sensors thin layer activation zero resistance ammetry NACE International Niobium alloys applications corrosion resistance machining properties welding Nondestructive evaluation eddy current flaw size liquid penetrant magnetic particle radiographic inspection Compton backscatter imaging thermographic ultrasonic visual inspection borescopes fiberscopes
Links
195 196 196 196 196 196 198 197 198 200 200 148 189 695 694 696 693 694 697 426 437 416 426 448 427 426 432 417 426 425 309 878 699 699 700 699 693 700 182 473 480 471 471 471 473 477 475 465 469 470
888
698
427
432
359 909
582 911
583 1002
701
302
428
431
461
470
Index terms
Oil and gas operations: acidizing cathodic protection inhibitors oxygen-influenced corrosion pitting corrosion sour corrosion sweet corrosion Oxygen: high-temperature corrosion microbiologically-influenced corrosion oil and gas operations seawater solubility in seawater solubility in soils solubility in water Ozone Passivation: active-passive behavior anodic nose copper-nickel alloys hysteresis passivity of metals pitting potential polarization diagram repassivation potential stainless steels Phosphoric acid Pilling-Bedworth Pillowing Pitting corrosion
Links
845 876 851 855 274 854 853 223 196 855 658 38 144 25 215 229 243
133 38
copper-nickel alloys critical pitting temperature duplex stainless steels nickel-base alloys oil and gas operations pitting potential pitting resistance prevention stainless steels subjective assessment Potentiodynamic polarization monitoring scan rate in service solution resistance Pourbaix diagrams applications
525 535 656 534 923 533 527 533 725 666 925 231 4 22 385 679 652 679 730 679 274 531 364 364 733 357 320 426 529 536 530 13 842 16
930
933
744
776
806
336 602
364 650
731
733
435 536
523
526
531
532
269 866
427 1040
841
Index terms
Pourbaix diagrams cont. aluminum corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete filiform corrosion hydronic heating of buildings iron marine boilers Protective coatings inorganic coatings anodizing suitable alloys chromate filming nitriding passive films phosphate coatings metallic coatings applications chemical vapor deposition cladding costs diffusion coatings electroless plating electroplating hot dip galvanizing pack cementation physical vapor deposition properties techniques thermal spraying environmental concerns limitations materials non-stick coatings fluorinated polyols surface free energy organic coatings binders components epoxy intermediate coats pigments polyurethane primers solvents specifications standards topcoats variables volatile organic compounds water-borne coatings zinc phosphates processes surface preparation
Links
29 29 26 22 20 17 362 805 805 806 809 810 63 810 782 799 782 793 799 789 787 786 788 789 803 783 796 794 798 801 795 828 829 828 148 824 823 824 822 826 823 822 827 812 812 823 811 738 828 827 782 660
21 612
23 781
24
810
803
804
363
782
810
811
825
828
831
Index terms
Puckorius scaling index Pulp and paper industry Refractory metals Reinforced concrete alkali-aggregate reaction carbonation chlorides condition assessment corrosion products degradation processes de-icing salts freeze-thaw damage high-performance concrete hydrogen embrittlement life prediction mechanism monitoring re-alkalization rebar corrosion remedial measures cathodic protection concrete design de-icing methods electrochemical chloride ext raction epoxy coating galvanized rebar inhibitors stainless steel rebar repairs sulfate attack Resistivity
Links
108 755 692 153 186 30 162 180 159 158 159 187 179 31 184 162 182 30 30 180 166 168 178 166 170 175 177 175 175 173 187 143 706 900 890 146 41 402 396 5 279 383 384 108 105 715 830 933 934 935 936
156 165
186
166 432
174
178
178 174 146 708 931 874 148 872 530 884 587 885 695 888
electrolytic soil resistivity water resistivity Risk assessment: evaluation failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) fault tree analysis gas pipelines inspection safety hazards Ryznar stability index Scaling indices Schaeffler diagram Sealants
885
6 289
280 291
281
295
297
109
716
720
734
Index terms
Seawater brackish calcareous deposits calcium carbonate copper-nickel alloys corrosion resistance dissolved materials dissolved organic compounds materials selection: copper alloys nickel alloys stainless steels oxygen pH polluted salinity sulfides temperature effects treatments velocity effects Selective leaching dezincification graphitization SI Units Soil corrosion aluminum alloys bacteria cast iron chloride copper alloys corrosivity of soils ferrous alloys ions lead microbiologically-influenced corrosion nonferrous alloys oxygen content particle size pH prediction redox potential reinforced concrete resistivity soil classification soil horizon soil profile stainless steels water zinc Stainless steels anodic polarization
Links
129 137 131 132 656 138 129 135 140 140 140 133 132 136 129 658 141 658 140 152 152 345 939 142 153 148 152 146 152 143 151 147 153 147 152 144 143 144 150 146 153 146 142 142 142 152 143 153 140 725
138 130
345 345
617 366
618 631
653 648
492 149
648
147
148
710 726
721
Index terms
Stainless steels cont. austenitic anodic protection mechanical properties corrosion diagrams corrosion resistance alloying elements austenitic steels chemical environments crevice corrosion duplex steels ferritic steels martensitic steels pitting corrosion sensitization corrosion testing Cr equivalent duplex mechanical properties failure modes ferrite number ferritic mechanical properties heat treatments high temperatures intergranular corrosion martensitic mechanical properties Ni equivalent passivation pitting corrosion precipitation-hardening seawater sigma phase stress-corrosion cracking surface finishes testing welding filler metals imperfections Steel Structures Painting Council Steels anodic protection carbon steels corrosion resistance: acids alkalis alloying elements carbon steels organic solvents weathering steels inhibitors pickling
Links
712 922 713 583 723 723 729 735 733 730 727 729 733 734 537 716 714 715 723 716 712 713 716 733 351 712 714 716 63 364 714 140 734 349 716 525 716 718 720 811 736 928 737 744 737 746 741 745 739 849 845
925 585
734
538
725 719
721
810
722 528
724
934
744
Index terms
Steels cont. weathering steels welding Stochastic process detector Stress-corrosion cracking: aluminum alloys intergranular Sulfides: copper-nickel alloys high-temperature corrosion sulfide-stress cracking Sulfuric acid
Links
738 739 550 300 399 658 250 348 67 397 667 742 807 562 562 562 564 567 568 563 563 563 572 566 660 705 705 703 706 693 706 208 265 222 43 748 754 752 750 756 765 766 767 765 766 765 756
551 610
259 100 525 668 744 809 189 527 678 756 810 193 619 691 768 921 250 660 707 773 932 271 666 710 806 934
Surface characterization ASTM E 673 Auger electron spectroscopy detection characteristics photoelectron spectroscopy Rutherford backscattering scanning Auger microscopy scanning probe microscopy secondary electron microscopy secondary ion mass spectroscopy sensitivity problems Surface preparation Tantalum alloys applications corrosion resistance machining properties welding Thermal conductivity, biofouling Thermodynamics: Gibbs energy high-temperature corrosion Nernst potential Titanium alloys applications commercial grades corrosion resistance acids alkalis chlorine gas gases methanol natural waters organic acids oxidizing acids
831
707
270
1034
755 762
757
Index terms
Titanium alloys, corrosion resistance cont. seawater and salt solutions steam properties specifications welding Transmission towers Tungsten alloys applications corrosion resistance machining properties welding Uniform corrosion prevention Water chemistry biochemical oxygen demand hardness ion activity product mineral salts nuclear reactors organic matter pH priority pollutants saturation of water scaling carbon dioxide ion association model Langelier saturation index Larson-Skold index momentary excess index Oddo-Tomson index prediction Puckorius scaling index Ryznar stability index Stiff-Davis index total organic carbon Water-displacing compounds Water treatment: purification ion exchange methods Welding: aluminum alloys cast irons copper alloys high-performance alloys molybdenum alloys niobium alloys stainless steels
Links
766 766 749 753 752 391 708 708 711 709 693 709 333 362 99 399 96 94 105 93 399 96 96 97 105 105 92 112 106 109 110 110 125 108 108 110 97 830 87 99 91 598 616 627 671 697 700 716 108 521 95 107 110 522 96 108 117 561 122
392
111
112
119 124
122
109
88
Index terms
Welding cont. steels tantalum alloys tungsten alloys Welding titanium alloys Welds: corrosion monitoring heat adjacent zone Zero resistance ammetry monitoring Zirconium alloys applications corrosion resistance acids alkalis molten metals and salts organic compounds mechanical properties specifications
Links
739 706 709 752 445 351 425 769 773 772 775 776 777 777 770 770
486 435
774